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Chang CH, Wang SC, Lee CY, Su CH, Lai YJ, Lin WD, Hsu YM. Influence of administration timing of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang treatment on attenuating Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:4298-4307. [PMID: 38717028 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella infections are a serious global health concern, particularly in developing countries, and are further exacerbated by the emergence of antibiotic resistance. San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXXT), a traditional herbal medicine with potent anti-inflammatory properties, has recently gained attention as an alternative treatment. Our study emphasizes on the importance of precise timing in accordance with traditional Chinese medicine principles. A mouse infection model was established while different administration times of SHXXT were recorded for the body weight, clinical scores, bacterial counts in blood, and organs. Additionally, cytokine levels, fatty acids, and amino acids in the serum were also monitored. We found that administering SHXXT 1 day after Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection (T1 group) leads to positive outcomes. This includes restoration of body weight, improved clinical scores, and reduced bacterial counts in blood and vital organs. Interferon-gamma levels remained consistently high across all treatment groups 6 days post-infection. However, the T1 group showed exclusive suppression of serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). The timing of administration significantly influenced serum fatty acid concentrations, countering Salmonella-induced disruptions, aligning with TNF-α and IL-1β levels. SHXXT had also restored amino acid profiles disrupted by the infection, with notable effects when administered at the correct timing. Our research highlights SHXXT's potential in treating S. Typhimurium infection, emphasizing the importance of precise timing in line with traditional Chinese medicine principles for effective treatment at different disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hung Chang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chiu Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Lee
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Hsian Su
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Lai
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-De Lin
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Post Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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The Use of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang Reduces the Mortality Rate among Breast Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041213. [PMID: 36831555 PMCID: PMC9953925 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths. In Taiwan, it is the most prevalent cancer among females. Since San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXXT) exerts not only an anti-inflammatory but an immunomodulatory effect, it may act as a potent anti-tumor agent. Herein, the study aimed to explore the influence of SHXXT and its constituents on the mortality rate among breast cancer patients in Taiwan regarding the component effect and the dose-relationship effect. By using the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) Research Database (NHIRD), the study analyzed 5387 breast cancer patients taking Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) and 5387 breast cancer patients not using CHM. CHM means SHXXT and its constituents in the study. The Kaplan-Meier method was utilized to determine the mortality probabilities among patients. Whether the CHM influences the mortality rate among patients was estimated by Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. The use of CHM could lower the cancer mortality rate by 59% in breast cancer patients. The protective effect was parallel to the cumulative days of CHM use and the annual average CHM dose. In addition, the mortality rate was lower in patients who used SHXXT compared to those who only used one of its constituents. SHXXT and its constituents were all promising therapeutic weapons against breast cancer.
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Liu Z, Wang W, Luo J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Gan Z, Shen X, Zhang Y, Meng X. Anti-Apoptotic Role of Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction and Anisodamine in Endotoxemia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:531325. [PMID: 33967742 PMCID: PMC8099151 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.531325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxemia is characterized by initial uncontrollable inflammation, terminal immune paralysis, significant cell apoptosis and tissue injury, which can aggravate or induce multiple diseases and become one of the complications of many diseases. Therefore, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic therapy is a valuable strategy for the treatment of endotoxemia-induced tissue injury. Traditional Chinese medicine exhibits great advantages in the treatment of endotoxemia. In this review, we have analyzed and summarized the active ingredients and their metabolites of Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction, a famous formula in endotoxemia therapy. We then have summarized the mechanisms of Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction against endotoxemia and its mediated tissue injury. Furthermore, silico strategy was used to evaluate the anti-apoptotic mechanism of anisodamine, a well-known natural product that widely used to improve survival in patients with septic shock. Finally, we also have summarized other anti-apoptotic natural products as well as their therapeutic effects on endotoxemia and its mediated tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Liu
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingrui Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunsen Zhang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gan
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Innovative Institutes of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Wang X, Li S, Wang Y, Hu R. HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF/MS-Based Screening and Analysis of the Multiple Absorbed Bioactive Components in Rat Serum after Oral Administration of Xiexin Tang. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190314130053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Xiexin Tang (XXT) is a classic Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula
that has been used in herbal clinics for more than 1800 years. Recently, many studies have investigated
the pharmacological effects and chemical composition of XXT. However, there is little information
about systematic studies on the material basis of its efficacy. In the present study, the serum pharmacochemistry
technique and HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF/MS were performed to screen and analyze the multiple
absorbed bioactive components and metabolites of orally dosed XXT in rat serum.
Methods:
Bio-samples and herbal extracts were analyzed and detected by HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF/MS.
Upon comparison of the chromatograms of the single-constituent decoctions with that of the XXT formulation,
the peak quantity and peak intensity of the formulated decoction showed some variation from
those of the single-constituent decoctions.
Results:
Twenty-one serum-adsorbed constituents were identified after intragastric administration of
herbal extracts, of which 8 originated from Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (RRR), 5 from Coptidis Rhizoma
(CR), and 8 from Scutellariae Radix (SR). The results showed that the main adsorbed constituents in the
serum were anthraquinones, anthrones, chromones, and butyrophenones, alkaloids, and flavonoids.
Conclusion:
The results demonstrate that an effective and reliable analytical method is set up for
screening the bioactive components of Chinese herbal medicine, which provided a meaningful basis for
further pharmacology and active mechanism research of XXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Shujiao Li
- Center of Scientific Research, Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Xianyang 712046, China
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Lee K, Kim B, Hur H, Chinannai KS, Ham I, Choi HY. Experimental research of hypotensive and hypolipidemic effects with Modified Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction (). Chin J Integr Med 2017:10.1007/s11655-017-2771-7. [PMID: 29264840 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-017-2771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the hypotensive and hypolipidemic effects of Modified Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction (, HVC1), a herbal prescription for the vascular diseases in Chinese medicine and evaluate the acute and subchronic oral toxicities. METHODS Fifty-six spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) were used to investigate the hypotensive and hypolipidemic effect of HVC1. Rats in the normal group (n=8) were fed with normal diet. The rats in the other groups (n=48) were fed with high fat and cholesterol diet for inducing hyperlipidemia models. Forty-eight rats were randomly divided into 6 groups [model, positive control (amlodipine, simvastain), 50, 250, and 1,000 mg/(kg•d) HVC1 groups] with 8 animals in each group. Normal and model groups were treated with distilled water [1 mL/(kg•d)], the positive control group was treated with amlodipine [5 mg/(kg•d)] or simvastatin [10 mg/(kg•d)], and the HVC1 groups were treated with HVC1 [50, 250, or 1,000 mg/(kg•d)] for 8 weeks, respectively. Blood pressure (BP) of the rats was measured using a non-invasive tail cuff system. On the last day of the experiment, serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured. To investigate the safety of HVC1, acute and subchronic toxicity studies were conducted on Sprague-Dawley rats. In toxicity studies, the body weight, food and water consumption of rats were measured and clinical signs observation, ophthalmologic examinations, urinalysis, hematological analysis, and serum biochemical analysis were performed. RESULTS A dose of 50 and 250 mg/(kg•d) HVC1 lowered systolic and diastolic BP (P<0.05). HVC1 at 1,000 mg/(kg•d) decreased TC, LDL-C and TG levels, respectively (P<0.01 or P<0.05) and 250 mg/(kg•d) HVC1 decreased TG levels on hyperlipidemic SHRs (P<0.05). In the acute toxicity study, oral administration of HVC1 did not show any toxicity effect, and the median lethal dose value of HVC1 was greater than 5,000 mg/kg. In the subchronic toxicity study, oral administration of HVC1 for 4 weeks also did not show any toxicity effect, and the no-observedadverse-effect-level of HVC1 was established as 2,000 mg/(kg•d). CONCLUSION These results could be used as preclinical data for clinical trials that develop HVC1 as a herbal medicine for treating or preventing hypertension and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungjin Lee
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjung Kim
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Heseung Hur
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Khanita Suman Chinannai
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhye Ham
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Choi
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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Wang YQ, Li SJ, Zhuang G, Geng RH, Jiang X. Screening free radical scavengers in Xiexin Tang by HPLC-ABTS-DAD-Q-TOF/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Wang
- The center for Scientific Research; Nanyang Medical College; Nanyang China
| | - Shu-Jiao Li
- The center for Scientific Research; Nanyang Medical College; Nanyang China
| | - Guo Zhuang
- The center for Scientific Research; Nanyang Medical College; Nanyang China
| | - Rong-Hui Geng
- The center for Scientific Research; Nanyang Medical College; Nanyang China
| | - Xu Jiang
- The center for Scientific Research; Nanyang Medical College; Nanyang China
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Lee MJ, Choi JH, Lee SJ, Cho IH. Oriental Medicine Samhwangsasim-tang Alleviates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Suppressing Th1 Cell Responses and Upregulating Treg Cell Responses. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:192. [PMID: 28458638 PMCID: PMC5394181 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oriental medicine Samhwangsasim-tang (SHSST) has traditionally been used in East Asia to treat hypertension and its complications. However, little is known about its potential value regarding the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we investigated whether SHSST has a beneficial effect in treating myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Onset-treatment with SHSST was found to alleviate neurological symptoms as well as demyelination and glial activation in the spinal cords from the EAE mice. The SHSST also attenuated the mRNA or protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1beta and tumor necrotic factor-alpha); chemokines (RANTES, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha); inducible nitric oxide synthase; and cyclooxygenase-2 in correspondence with the down-regulation of the nuclear factor-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases signal pathways in the spinal cords from EAE mice. Interestingly, the protective effect of the SHSST was related to a decreased number of Th1 cells and an increased number of Treg cells in spinal cords from EAE mice. Taken together, our finding firstly suggested that SHSST could delay or mitigate EAE with a wide therapeutic time-window by suppressing Th1 cell responses and upregulating Treg cell responses. Also, our findings are strong enough to warrant further investigation of SHSST as a treatment for chronic autoimmune diseases including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min J Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Jong H Choi
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Sung J Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea.,Institute of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
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Mousavi S, Ghannadi A, Meidani M. New horizon in the treatment of sepsis: a systematic review of alternative medicine. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 13:317-332. [PMID: 27394050 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2016-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundDespite great advancement in treatment of sepsis, mortality of sepsis remains unacceptably high, even with the modern antibiotic and intensive care technologies. Considering the key role of immune dysfunction in sepsis pathophysiology, different treatments were evaluated, but failed to improve survival of patients. Natural remedies have been tested in various studies to overcome sepsis. In this study, we aim to review some of the evidence from clinical, in vitro and in vivo studies about the effect of alternative medicine on sepsis management. MethodsThe following databases were searched up to March 2014: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid and Google Scholar using combination of Mesh term. All in vitro and in vivo studies, also clinical trials, published in English, which evaluated alternative medicine in management of sepsis were included. Results Out of 95 relevant studies, the inclusion criteria were met for 79 cases. Among them, 18 studies were performed on humans. The most herbal medicine, including Xubijing (n=10) and then Rhubarb (n=3). Most of the reviewed botanical medicines modulate the immune system. Reduction of mortality was also reported in studies. ConclusionsModulation of immune system, anti-inflammatory activities and improvement of survival were the action of herbal medicine. A monovalent approach is not enough for treatment of sepsis, we recommend further studies to identify active component of herbal and use them in combination. Also an animal model of sepsis does not exactly mimic human sepsis, so more clinical studies should be performed. With no new drug on the horizon, herbal medicine will be promising for treatment of sepsis.
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Hu Y, Mao A, Yu Z, He K. Anti-endotoxin and anti-inflammatory effects of Chinese herbal medicinal alkaloid ingredients in vivo. Microb Pathog 2016; 99:51-55. [PMID: 27498361 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to investigate the anti-endotoxin and anti-inflammatory effects of sinomenine, fangchinoline, stachydrine, chuanxionggzine, oxymartrine, and evodiamine alkaloids commonly found in Chinese herbal medicines. In an endotoxin (LPS) control group, each mouse was challenged with 1 mg LPS/kg by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. In high-, middle- and low-dose alkaloid groups, mice were initially challenged with 1 mg LPS/kg by IP injection and, 3 h later, dosed intramuscularly (IM) with one of the six alkaloids at one of three levels (1, 5, or 10 mg/kg body weight). In the drug control group, mice were dosed IM with 10 mg/kg body weight of a given alkaloid; mice in a naïve control group were administered the same volume of normal saline. The results revealed the six alkaloids could reduce the incidence/severity of LPS- induced toxicities, e.g., body temperature elevation, weight loss, systemic inflammation, multiple organ dysfunction. Taken together, the data suggested to us that these alkaloids might effectively regulate inflammatory responses and have a potential to be used in anti-endotoxin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Hu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Aihua Mao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyu Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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Wu J, Zhang H, Hu B, Yang L, Wang P, Wang F, Meng X. Coptisine from Coptis chinensis inhibits production of inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 780:106-14. [PMID: 27018392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coptis chinensis has been used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in China and other Asian countries for centuries. However, the chemical constituents and mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory activity of this medicinal plant are poorly understood. Here, coptisine, the main constituent of C. chinensis, was shown to potently inhibit the production of nitric oxide (NO) by suppressing the protein and mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Coptisine also inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by suppressing expression of cytokine mRNA. Coptisine suppressed the degradation of inhibitor of nuclear factor κBα (IκBα) and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt). Coptisine had no effect on the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) as well as LPS binding to TLR-4. Coptisine also inhibited carrageenan-elicited rat paw edema and reduced the release of TNF-α and NO in rat inflamed tissue. These results suggest that coptisine inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammation by blocking nuclear factor-kappa B, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt activation in macrophages, and can be used as an agent for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasi Wu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Boyang Hu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Xianli Meng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
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Nidhi B, Sharavana G, Ramaprasad TR, Vallikannan B. Lutein derived fragments exhibit higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties than lutein in lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation in rats. Food Funct 2016; 6:450-60. [PMID: 25469663 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00606b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we appraise the anti-inflammatory efficacy of lutein oxidative degradation derivatives mediated through UV-irradiation over lutein in counteracting the inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats (n = 5 per group). UV-irradiated lutein fragments were identified as anhydrolutein (B, C40H54O), 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,4-dienylium (M1, C9H13), (2E,4E,6E,8E)-9-(4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-1en-1-yl)-3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ylium (M2, C20H29O), 4-[(1E,3E,5E,7E)-3,7,-dimethyldeca-1,3,5,7-tetraen-1-yl]-3,5,5-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-ol (M3, C21H30O) and zeaxanthin (M4, C40H56O) and its isomers as 13'-Z zeaxanthin, 13'-Z lutein, all-trans zeaxanthin, and 9-Z lutein. Induction of inflammation by LPS significantly increased the production of nitrites (3.3 fold in the serum and 2.6 fold in the liver), prostaglandin E2 (26 fold in the serum), and pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α (6.6 fold in the serum), and interleukin-6 (4.8 fold in the serum). Oxidative derivatives of lutein, especially M1, M2 and M3, ameliorated acute inflammation in rats by inhibiting the production of nitrites, malondialdehyde (MDA), PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-6 cytokines more efficiently than lutein in rats. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of derivatives might be related to the decrease of inflammatory cytokines and the increase of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S transferase, glutathione reductase), which would result in the reduction of iNOS, COX-2 and MDA and subsequently inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhatiwada Nidhi
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore - 570020, Karnataka, India.
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Hu Y, He K, Zhu H. Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients affect secretion of NO, IL-10, ICAM-1 and IL-2 by endothelial cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2015; 37:324-8. [PMID: 25986990 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1046991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-endotoxin effects of sinomenine, fangchinoline, stachydrine, chuanxionggzine, oxymartrine and evodiamine alkaloids commonly found in Chinese herbal medicines. Porcine endothelial cells were challenged with 1 μg LPS/ml for 3 h and then treated with one of the six alkaloids at three concentrations (1, 5 or 10 μg/ml) for a further 21 h. The supernatants of the cultures were then collected and analyzed for levels of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-10, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and IL-2 using ELISA kits. The results revealed that sinomenine, stachydrine and chuanxionggzine inhibited production of NO; stachydrine and evodiamine inhibited secretion of IL-10; sinomenine and chuanxionggzine down-regulated ICAM-1 expression; oxymartrine and evodiamine decreased production of IL-2 by the LPS-stimulated endothelial cells. Overall, the data from these studies suggested to us that these six alkaloids might effectively reduce inflammatory responses in situ via changes in the formation of these key regulatory molecules/proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Hu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products , Nanjing, P.R. China , and
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Hwang MW, Ahn TS, Hong NR, Jeong HS, Jung MH, Ha KT, Kim BJ. Effects of traditional Chinese herbal medicine San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang on gastrointestinal motility in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:1117-1124. [PMID: 25632184 PMCID: PMC4306155 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i4.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXXT), a herbal product used in traditional Chinese medicine, on gastrointestinal (GI) motility in mice.
METHODS: The in vivo effects of SHXXT on GI motility were investigated by measuring the intestinal transit rates (ITRs) using Evans blue in normal mice and in mice with experimentally induced GI motility dysfunction (GMD).
RESULTS: In normal ICR mice, ITRs were significantly and dose-dependently increased by SHXXT (0.1-1 g/kg). GMD was induced by injecting acetic acid or streptozotocin intraperitoneally. The ITRs of GMD mice were significantly reduced compared to normal mice, and these reductions were significantly and dose-dependently inhibited by SHXXT (0.1-1 g/kg).
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that SHXXT is a novel candidate for the development of a prokinetic agent that may prevent or alleviate GMD.
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Kim BJ, Kim H, Lee GS, So I, Kim SJ. Effects of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-tang, a traditional Chinese prescription for clearing away heat and toxin, on the pacemaker activities of interstitial cells of Cajal from the murine small intestine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:744-752. [PMID: 24953035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXXT) is a traditional Chinese medicinal formula composed of Coptidis rhizoma (Coptis chinesis Franch), Scutellariae radix (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi), and Rhei rhizoma (Rheum officinale Baill) and is widely used in Eastern Asia, especially to ameliorate the symptoms of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders related to gastritis, gastric bleeding, peptic ulcers, and abnormal GI motility AIM OF THE STUDY Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are pacemaker cells in the GI tract that generate rhythmic oscillations in membrane potentials known as slow waves. Because GI disorders, especially abnormal GI motility, are major lifelong problems, the authors investigated the effects of SHXXT on mouse small intestine ICCs, and sought to identify the receptors and the action mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enzymatic digestions were used to dissociate ICCs from small intestines, and the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration was used to record potentials generated by cultured ICCs. RESULTS SHXXT produced membrane depolarization in current-clamp mode, and Y25130 (a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) and RS39604 (a 5-HT4 receptor antagonist) blocked SHXXT-induced membrane depolarizations, whereas SB269970 (a 5-HT7 receptor antagonist) did not. However, during external Ca2+ free conditions or in the presence of thapsigargin, SHXXT did not exhibit membrane depolarization. Furthermore, the application of flufenamic acid (a nonselective cation channel (NSCC) blocker) or DIDS (a chloride channel blocker) abolished pacemaker potential generation and blocked SHXXT-induced membrane depolarizations. In addition, SHXXT-induced membrane depolarizations, which are dependent on G-protein, in ICCs were blocked by PD 98059 (a p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor), SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor), and by a c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) II inhibitor. Regarding the components of SHXXT, Coptidis rhizome and Rhei rhizoma modulated ICC pacemaking activity, whereas Scutellariae radix did not. CONCLUSION SHXXT modulates pacemaker potentials via 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptor-mediated pathways, external Ca2+ influx, and Ca2+ release from internal stores. Furthermore, NSCCs and Cl- channels play important roles in the regulation of pacemaking activity in a MAPK dependent manner in ICCs. The regulation of pacemaking activity by SHXXT may be due to the activity of Coptidis rhizome and Rhei rhizome. The study shows SHXXT can modulate the pacemaking activity of ICCs in the GI tract, and thus, suggests SHXXT has potential pharmacological relevance for the treatment of GI motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Joo Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyungwoo Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Guem San Lee
- Wonkwang University College of Korean Medicine, Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Bio-Artificial Muscle and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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Ahn TG, Lee JY, Cheon SY, An HJ, Kook YB. Protective effect of Sam-Hwang-Sa-Sim-Tang against hepatic steatosis in mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:366. [PMID: 24364887 PMCID: PMC3900264 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sam-Hwang-Sa-Sim-Tang (SHSST) is a traditional Oriental medication that has been commonly used in Korea for the treatment of hypertension, insomnia, and chest pain. In addition, some studies reported that administration of SHSST results suppression of hyperlipidemia in rats or lowering lipid plasma level such as total cholesterol (TC). Those results made us find and demonstrate positive effect of SHSST much more. The aim of the current study was to examine whether SHSST exerts an effect against hepatic steatosis and two type of SHSST has different efficacy on liver steatosis. METHODS Total 40 mice were divided randomly and equally into 4 groups: a normal diet (CON) group, high-cholesterol diet (HC) group, and treatment groups fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) with a 30% or 80% ethanol extract of SHSST (SHSST-L and SHSST-H, respectively). The HCD was given for 9 weeks. The SHSST-treated groups were orally administered SHSST at a dose of 150 mg/kg, whereas the other groups received physiological saline. RESULTS SHSST administration to mice resulted in a decline in serum levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. Histological examination showed that lipid droplets were smaller in the SHSST-treated group than in the HC group. At the protein level, expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-2) was suppressed by SHSST. In addition, the mRNA expression of cholesterol metabolism-related molecules such as SREBP-2, liver X receptor (LXR), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and 3-hydroxy-3methylglutary-CoA (HMG-CoA) was also suppressed in SHSST-treated groups in the liver. In the aorta tissue, SHSST decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and fibronectin. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that SHSST protects against liver steatosis and protects vessels against inflammation arising from excessive ingestion of cholesterol. These findings may also suggest that SHSST could be used as an adjuvant remedy for protection against liver steatosis.
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Poudel A, Kim SG, Lamichhane R, Kim YK, Jo HK, Jung HJ. Quantitative assessment of traditional Oriental herbal formulation Samhwangsasim-tang using UPLC technique. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:176-85. [PMID: 23403059 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A specific and reliable ultra-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection method has been developed and validated for the quantitative assessment of a traditional Oriental herbal formulation, Samhwangsasim-tang (SST). A Halo reversed-phase amide column (2.7 µm, 4.6 × 150 mm) was used to separate marker compounds; detection was conducted by ultraviolet absorbance at 250 nm. The column temperature was maintained at 45°C. A mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water (B) was found to be suitable for the separation, at a flow rate of 1.8 mL/min with gradient elution. Linearity, specificity, precision and recovery were calculated to validate the method and instrumentation. Under the described conditions, all marker compounds (rhaponticin, berberine, palmatine, baicalin, baicalein and wogonin) were collected within 25 min. All calibration curves of components showed good linearity (correlation coefficient > 0.9996). The limit of detection and limit of quantification ranged from 0.08-3.05 and 0.23-8.12 µg/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) and repeatability values of intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 2.30, 2.99 and 1.82%, respectively. In the recovery test, the accuracy ranged from 97.56-103.30% with RSD values less than 2.63%. The developed method was simple, specific, sensitive, accurate, precise and reproducible for the quantification of the active chemical constituents of SST. The simultaneous analysis of the contents of marker compounds in different SST samples prepared by different extraction procedures and different commercial products was successfully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Poudel
- 1Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
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Wang Z, Hu H, Chen F, Lan K, Wang A. Reduced system exposures of total rhein and baicalin after combinatory oral administration of rhein, baicalin and berberine to beagle dogs and rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 145:442-449. [PMID: 23159470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhein (Rh), baicalin (BG) and berberine (Be) are important coexisted constituents of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang, which was widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of gastritis, hypertension, gastric bleeding and peptic ulcers, etc. AIM OF THE STUDY Based on the extensive phase II conjugation reactions of polyphenols (Rh and BG) in vivo, the aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of combination (Rh, BG and Be) on the system exposures of total Rh and BG involving the phase II conjugates metabolites and its possible mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 3×3 Latin square single heavy design was used to investigate the pharmacokinetics influence of total Rh and BG after combination of Be by treating plasma samples with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase both in beagle dogs and Wistar rats. In vitro and in situ experiment models including in situ rat intestinal perfusion, Caco-2 cell monolayer transport and small intestinal flora incubation system were used to discuss the possible mechanism. RESULTS The results of pharmacokinetic interactions showed that combination significantly reduced the system exposures of total Rh and BG. Compared with Rh or BG alone, the mean area under concentration-time curves (AUC(0-t)) of total Rh and BG reduced by 31% and 77% in beagle dog experiment. In Wistar rat experiment, the AUC(0-t) of total Rh and BG reduced by 22% and 21%. Subsequently, the results of in situ rat intestinal perfusion and small intestinal flora incubation system tests revealed that combination may decrease the absorption and metabolism of BG. However, combination could not affect the transport profile of BG across the Caco-2 cell. Moreover, combination did not affect the absorption or metabolism profile of Rh in all three in situ/in vitro experiments. CONCLUSIONS It was deduced that the possible mechanism of the reduction of the system exposures of total Rh and BG was related to that combination decreased the metabolism of BG to B or the phase II conjugates of Rh/BG excreted from liver/bile duct to their free aglycones in vivo by inhibiting intestinal flora. The potent effects of combination on the phase II conjugates of Rh and B in pharmacokinetics, shown in this paper, indicated that more attention should be paid to the phase II conjugates metabolites of these polyphenols (undergo extensive phase II conjugation reactions in vivo) when applied herbal products composed of these coexist compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanguo Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, First Ring Road, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan Province, PR China
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Neuroprotective Effects of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang in the MPP(+)/MPTP Models of Parkinson's Disease In Vitro and In Vivo. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:501032. [PMID: 22474505 PMCID: PMC3303814 DOI: 10.1155/2012/501032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXT), composed of Coptidis rhizoma, Scutellariae radix, and Rhei rhizoma, is a traditional Chinese medicine used for complementary and alternative therapy of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases via its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effects of SHXT in the 1–methyl–4–phenylpyridinium (MPP+)/1–methyl–4–phenyl–1,2,3,6–tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) models of Parkinson's disease. Rat primary mesencephalic neurons and mouse Parkinson disease model were used in this study. Oxidative stress was induced by MPP+ in vitro and MPTP in vivo. In MPP+-treated mesencephalic neuron cultures, SHXT significantly increased the numbers of TH-positive neurons. SHXT reduced apoptotic signals (cytochrome and caspase) and apoptotic death. MPP+-induced gp91phox activation and ROS production were attenuated by SHXT. In addition, SHXT increased the levels of GSH and SOD in MPP+-treated neurons. In MPTP animal model, SHXT markedly increased TH-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and improved motor activity of mice. In conclusion, the present results reveal the evidence that SHXT possesses beneficial protection against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in this model of Parkinson's disease via its antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects. SHXT might be a potentially alternative and complementary medicine for neuroprotection.
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Hu YY, He KW, Guo RL. Six Alkaloids Inhibit Secretion of IL-1α, TXB2, ET-1 and E-selectin in LPS-induced Endothelial Cells. Immunol Invest 2011; 41:261-74. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.626826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via inhibition of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. J Nat Med 2011; 66:311-20. [PMID: 21979292 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-011-0592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been widely implicated in the pathogenesis of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXT), a widely used traditional Chinese medication, has been shown to possess antioxidant effects. Here, we investigated whether SHXT and its main component baicalin can attenuate oxidative stress induced by H/R injury. H9c2 rat ventricular cells were exposed to SHXT or baicalin followed by hypoxia for 24 h and/or reoxygenation for 8 h. Pretreatment with SHXT and baicalin both significantly prevented cell death and production of reactive oxygen species induced by hypoxia or H/R in H9c2 cardiomyoctes. In addition, SHXT and baicalin also inhibited hypoxia- or H/R-induced apoptosis, with associated decreased Bax protein, increased Bcl-2 protein, and decreased caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, we found that hypoxia and H/R decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and nitrite production, and these effects were counteracted by SHXT and baicalein. Finally, SHXT inhibited H/R-induced activation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation in H9c2 rat ventricular cells. The present study demonstrates for the first time that SHXT can protect cardiomyocytes from H/R injury via inhibition of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. These cardioprotective effects are possibly mediated through eNOS enhancement and p38 MAPK and JNK-dependent signaling pathways.
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Lee J, Tseng C, Wu S, Chang F, Chiu C, Wu Y. San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang extract suppresses hepatitis C virus replication and virus-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression. J Viral Hepat 2011; 18:e315-24. [PMID: 21692943 PMCID: PMC7185454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with chronic inflammation of liver, which leads to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Because of severe side effects and only a 50-70% cure rate in genotype 1 HCV-infected patients upon current standard treatment with pegylated interferon-α plus ribavirin, new therapeutic regimens are still needed. San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXT) is a transitional Chinese herbal formula, composed of Rhei rhizoma, Scutellaria radix and Coptidis rhizome, and possesses anti-inflammatory effect. Here, we describe a (+)-catechin-containing fraction extracted from SHXT, referred as SHXT-frC, exhibited effective inhibition of HCV replication, with selectivity index value (SI; CC50 /EC50) of 84, and displayed synergistic anti-HCV effects when combined with interferon-α, HCV protease inhibitor telaprevir or polymerase inhibitor 2'-C-methylcytidine. The activation of factor-κB (NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) signalling pathway has particular relevance to HCV-associated HCC. SHXT-frC treatment also caused a concentration-dependent decrease in the induction of COX-2 and NF-κB expression caused by either HCV replication or HCV NS5A protein. Collectively, SHXT-frC could be an adjuvant treatment for patients with HCV-induced liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.‐C. Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science,Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - C.‐k. Tseng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science
| | - S.‐F. Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - F.‐R. Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - C.‐C. Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science
| | - Y.‐C. Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University,Natural Medicinal Products Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, China
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Huang S, Chang SJ, Yang M, Chen JJC, Chang WH. Nanoscale hepatoprotective herbal decoction attenuates hepatic stellate cell activity and chloroform-induced liver damage in mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1365-71. [PMID: 21760731 PMCID: PMC3133527 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s19503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXXT) decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine containing Rhei rhizome, Coptidis rhizome, and Scutellariae radix, is widely used in hepatoprotective therapy. However, preparation of the decoction requires addition of boiling water that causes loss of numerous effective components. METHODS To improve the bioavailability of the decoction, nanoscale SHXXT was developed. Chloroform-induced liver injury and hepatic stellate cell activity in mice were used to demonstrate the hepatoprotective characteristics of nanoscale SHXXT decoction. RESULTS Liver/body weight ratio and serum aspartate and alanine aminotranferase levels were recovered by the nanoscale SHXXT. TIMP-1 gene expression was inhibited and MMP-2 gene expression was accelerated in activated hepatic stellate cells. CONCLUSION Nanoscale SHXXT decoction prepared in room temperature water could have preserved hepatoprotective ability. The results of this study indicate that nanoscale SHXXT could be extracted easily. The simple preparation of this herbal decoction is more convenient and energy-efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taiwan
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Shia CS, Hou YC, Juang SH, Tsai SY, Hsieh PH, Ho LC, Chao PDL. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of san-huang-xie-xin-tang, a polyphenol-rich chinese medicine formula, in rats and ex-vivo antioxidant activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:721293. [PMID: 19737807 PMCID: PMC3137274 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXXT), a widely used Chinese herbal formula, consists of rhizomes of Rheum officinale, roots of Scutellaria baicalensis and rhizomes of Coptis chinesis. This study investigated the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of polyphenols in SHXXT, including baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, emodin, aloe-emodin, rhein and chrysophanol. The quantitation methods of SHXXT decoction and rat serum using high performance liquid chromatography were developed and validated in this study. After oral administration of SHXXT decoction to rats, the parent forms of various constituents and their conjugated metabolites in serum were determined before and after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase and sulfatase. The results showed that only free form of rhein can be quantitated, whereas the parent forms of coptisine, palmatine, berberine, baicalein, wogonin, emodin, aloe-emodin and chrysophanol were not detected in serum. The glucuronides of baicalein, wogonin, emodin, aloe-emodin, rhein and chrysophanol were the predominant forms in bloodstream. In order to evaluate the in vivo antioxidant activity of SHXXT, the serum metabolite of SHXXT was prepared, characterized and followed by evaluation of the effect on AAPH-induced hemolysis. The results indicated that metabolites of SHXXT exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity. We suggest that biologists redirect their focus to the bioactivity of the conjugated metabolites of these polyphenols.
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Liou SF, Ke HJ, Hsu JH, Liang JC, Lin HH, Chen IJ, Yeh JL. San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang Prevents Rat Hearts from Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Apoptosis through eNOS and MAPK Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:915051. [PMID: 21785641 PMCID: PMC3137793 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXT) is a traditional Chinese medication consisting of three herbs, namely Coptidis rhizome, Scutellariae radix and Rhei rhizome. This study aimed to examine the cardioprotective effects of SHXT in a rat model of acute myocardial apoptosis induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Vehicle (intravenous saline) or SHXT (intravenous or oral) was administered prior to I/R (occlusion of left coronary artery for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 2 h). In the vehicle group, myocardial I/R caused myocardial infarction with increased plasma cardiac enzymes, severe arrhythmia and mortality. Myocardial apoptosis was induced by I/R as evidenced by DNA ladder and Bcl-2/Bax ratio. In the SHXT group, we found that SHXT significantly reduced plasma levels of cardiac enzymes, arrhythmia scores (from 5 ± 1 to 2 ± 1, P < .01) and mortality rate (from 53 to 0%, P < .01). In addition, pretreatment with intravenous SHXT reduced the infarct size dose-dependently when compared with the vehicle group (10 mg kg(-1): 14.0 ± 0.2 versus 44.5 ± 5.0%, and 30 mg kg(-1): 6.2 ± 1.2% versus 44.5 ± 5.0%, both P < .01). Similarly, oral administration of SHXT reduced the infarct size dose-dependently. Furthermore, SHXT markedly decreased the apoptosis induced by I/R with increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Finally, we found that SHXT counteracted the I/R-induced downstream signaling, resulting in increased myocardial eNOS expression and plasma nitrite, and decreased activation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK. These data suggest that SHXT has cardioprotective effects against I/R-induced apoptosis, and that these effects are mediated, at least in part, by eNOS and MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fen Liou
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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Wang YS, Lin RT, Cheng HY, Yang SF, Chou WW, Juo SHH. Anti-atherogenic effect of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang, a traditional Chinese medicine, in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:442-7. [PMID: 20974241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY San-huang-xie-xin-tang (SHXXT) is a traditional Chinese medicine and it has been shown to have an anti-inflammatory effect. Since inflammation is one of the major mechanisms of atherosclerosis, we aimed to investigate anti-atherosclerotic effect of SHXXT in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) were used in the present study, and rendered atherosclerosis by adding lipopolysaccharides. We first tested the effects of SHXXT on HASMC migration and proliferation as they present the major morphological change of atherosclerosis. We also examined whether SHXXT can influence the production of several biomarkers of inflammation and atherosclerosis including reactive oxygen species (ROS), COX-2, ERK1/2, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1. RESULTS Using the dimethyl-thiazol-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) and wound repair assay, SHXXT was shown to significantly reduce HASMC proliferation and migration, respectively. From the fluorometric assay, SHXXT significantly reduced ROS production. SHXXT down regulated mRNA and protein levels for the COX-2 gene. In addition, phosphorylated ERK1/2 levels were suppressed by SHXXT suggesting HASMC division can be inhibited under pro-inflammatory condition. SHXXT significantly inhibited the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 after LPS stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that SHXXT can influence several mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis, which suggests that SHXXT may have a therapeutic potential for cardiovascular disease associated with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Song Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Shih YT, Chen IJ, Wu YC, Lo YC. San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang Protects against Activated Microglia- and 6-OHDA-Induced Toxicity in Neuronal SH-SY5Y Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:429384. [PMID: 19339484 PMCID: PMC3135633 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXT), composed of Coptidis rhizoma, Scutellariae radix and Rhei rhizoma, is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used to treat gastritis, gastric bleeding and peptic ulcers. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of SHXT on microglia-mediated neurotoxicity using co-cultured lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia-like BV-2 cells with neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Effects of SHXT on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity were also examined in SH-SY5Y cells. Results indicated SHXT inhibited LPS-induced inflammation of BV-2 cells by downregulation of iNOS, NO, COX-2, PGE2, gp91phox, iROS, TNF-α, IL-1β, inhibition of IκBα degradation and upregulation of HO-1. In addition, SHXT increased cell viability and down regulated nNOS, COX-2 and gp91phox of SH-SY5Y cells co-cultured with LPS activated BV-2 cells. SHXT treatment increased cell viability and mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), decreased expression of nNOS, COX-2, gp91phox and iROS, and inhibited IκBα degradation in 6-OHDA-treated SH-SY5Y cells. SHXT also attenuated LPS activated BV-2 cells- and 6-OHDA-induced cell death in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells with db-cAMP. Furthermore, SHXT-inhibited nuclear translocation of p65 subunit of NF-κB in LPS treated BV-2 cells and 6-OHDA treated SH-SY5Y cells. In conclusion, SHXT showed protection from activated microglia- and 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity by attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tzu Shih
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Zan B, Shi R, Wang T, Wu J, Ma Y, Cheng N. Simultaneous quantification of multiple active components from Xiexin decoction in rat plasma by LC-ESI-MS/MS: application in pharmacokinetics. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:816-26. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Li CY, Hou YC, Lee Chao PD, Shia CS, Hsu IC, Fang SH. Potential ex vivo immunomodulatory effects of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang and its component herbs on mice and humans. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 127:292-8. [PMID: 19903515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXXT), an important Chinese medicine formula, contains Rhei Rhizoma (RR), Scutellariae Radix (SR) and Coptidis Rhizoma (CR). RR and SR are abundant in anthraquinone and flavonoid polyphenols. Pharmacokinetic study of SHXXT indicated that glucuronides were the predominant forms of polyphenols in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS As an extension of pharmacokinetic study, the serum metabolites of SHXXT, RR, SR and CR were prepared from rats and quantitated, then the immunomodulation effects were examined by culturing these serum metabolites with murine and human immune cells. RESULTS The results indicated that the inhibitions on nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine production from mitogen-activated peritoneal macrophages by the serum metabolites of SHXXT, RR, SR and CR were through reducing the protein expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and the IC(50) were 0.8%, 1.5%, 3.0% and 0.8% of their blood concentrations, respectively. In addition, the serum metabolites of SHXXT, RR, SR and CR significantly decreased the ratios of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to interleukin (IL)-4 in mitogen-stimulated mice spleen cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Moreover, the serum metabolites of SHXXT and SR significantly arrested the mitogen-stimulated mice spleen cells at G2/M stage. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the serum metabolites of SHXXT and the component herbs exerted promising modulation activities on the immune functions and the cell cycle distribution of mice and human immune cells. We suggest that SHXXT is a promising remedy for immunomodulation through Th1/Th2 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Ma BL, Ma YM, Yan DM, Zhou H, Shi R, Wang TM, Yang Y, Wang CH, Zhang N. Effective constituents in Xiexin Decoction for anti-inflammation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 125:151-156. [PMID: 19505563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To ascertain the effective constituents in Xiexin Decoction for anti-inflammation and the interactions of these constituents at the pharmacodynamic level. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were administered oral Xiexin Decoction 1h before intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide. Nitric oxide production and Xiexin Decoction constituents in venous serum samples were quantified and the correlation between nitric oxide production and each constituent in serum was calculated. Raw264.7 cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and one or more Xiexin Decoction constituents; cell viability and nitric oxide production was quantified. RESULTS Xiexin Decoction significantly decreased nitric oxide production in vivo, which correlated well with rhein, baicalin, emodin and aloe-emodin. All the typical constituents of Xiexin Decoction, with the exception of physcione and chrysophanol, dose-dependently inhibited nitric oxide production in vitro. In an orthogonal designed in vitro study, rhein was the most powerful constituent, followed by baicalin then berberine and no synergy was found among these constituents. CONCLUSIONS Rhein was the most effective anti-inflammatory constituent in Xiexin Decoction followed by baicalin; no synergy was observed between rhein, baicalin and berberine at the pharmacodynamic level in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Liang Ma
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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30
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Yan D, Ma Y, Shi R, Xu D, Zhang N. Pharmacokinetics of anthraquinones in Xiexin decoction and in different combinations of its constituent herbs. Phytother Res 2009; 23:317-23. [PMID: 18844291 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Xiexin decoction (XXD), a classic pyretolysis formula, is composed of Rhei Rhizoma (DH), Radix Scutellaria (HQ) and Coptis Chinensis (HL) and is commonly used in the clinical setting. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic differences of the five anthraquinones in rats after oral administration of XXD and different combinations of its constituent herbs. Twenty rats were randomly divided into four groups and were administered one of the four extracts: DH, DH-HQ, DH-HL and XXD (DH-HQ-HL) via intragastric gavage. Anthraquinone concentrations in plasma were determined by an HPLC technique. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the plasma concentration-time data. Compared with DH alone, the DH-HL combination decreased C(max) of all five anthraquinones and AUC of four anthraquinones (except physcion), and the DH-HQ combination decreased AUC of aloe-emodin and C(max) of rhein. Finally, XXD increased AUC of all five anthraquinones compared with DH-HL combination. These results showed that the oral bioavailabilities of five anthraquinones were decreased significantly by combining DH with HL, whereas HQ weakened the effect of HL that inhibited the absorption of anthraquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Yan
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Hu Y, Chen X, Lin H, Hu Y, Mu X. Study on the antiendotoxin action of Pulsatillae Decoction using an Affymetrix rat genome array. Cell Immunol 2009; 257:32-7. [PMID: 19298953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput and efficient Affymetrix rat genome array was used to investigate the pharmacological mechanism of the traditional Chinese medicine, Pulsatillae Decoction (PD), used for the treatment of diseases induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Rat intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (RIMECs) were challenged with 1mug/ml LPS for 3h, and then treated with PD at a concentration of 1mg/ml for 24h. Total RNA from each treatment group was extracted from cultured RIMECs for detection by the Affymetrix Rat Genome 230 2.0 Array. The results showed that 36 genes were upregulated and 33 genes were downregulated in the LPS group vs. the blank control group; 566 genes were upregulated and 12 genes were downregulated in the PD-treated group vs. the LPS group; and 93 genes were upregulated and 29 genes were downregulated in the PD-treated group vs. the blank control group. The analysis of these data suggested that PD specifically and effectively reduce damage induced by LPS, and improved physiological and biochemical responses to counteract the effects of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Hu
- Institue of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China.
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Cheng WY, Wu SL, Hsiang CY, Li CC, Lai TY, Lo HY, Shen WS, Lee CH, Chen JC, Wu HC, Ho TY. Relationship Between San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang and its herbal components on the gene expression profiles in HepG2 cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2008; 36:783-97. [PMID: 18711774 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x08006235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for thousands of years. Most Chinese herbal formulae consist of several herbal components and have been used to treat various diseases. However, the mechanisms of most formulae and the relationship between formulae and their components remain to be elucidated. Here we analyzed the putative mechanism of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXXT) and defined the relationship between SHXXT and its herbal components by microarray technique. HepG2 cells were treated with SHXXT or its components and the gene expression profiles were analyzed by DNA microarray. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that SHXXT and its components displayed a unique anti-proliferation pattern via p53 signaling, p53 activated, and DNA damage signaling pathways in HepG2 cells. Network analysis showed that most genes were regulated by one molecule, p53. In addition, hierarchical clustering analysis showed that Rhizoma Coptis shared a similar gene expression profile with SHXXT. These findings may explain why Rhizoma Coptis is the principle herb that exerts the major effect in the herbal formula, SHXXT. Moreover, this is the first report to reveal the relationship between formulae and their herbal components in TCM by microarray and bioinformatics tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Cheng
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Yani DM, Ma YM, Shi R, Xu DS, Zhang N. Anthraquinone pharmacokinetics in Xiexin decoction and the different combinations of its constituent herbs. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2008; 33:69-75. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03191023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tsai HH, Chen IJ, Lo YC. Effects of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang on U46619-induced increase in pulmonary arterial blood pressure. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 117:457-62. [PMID: 18387761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXT), composed of Coptidis rhizoma, Scutellariae radix and Rhei rhizoma, is traditionally used to treat hypertension. AIM OF THE STUDY Our aim was to investigate the pharmacology effect of SHXT on a thromboxane A(2) analogue U46619-induced increase in pulmonary hypertension and protein expression in primary pulmonary smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Arterial blood pressure and isometric tension in the aorta and pulmonary artery of rats were measured by pressure and force transducers, respectively. Protein expressions on PASMCs were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS SHXT significantly attenuated U46619-induced increase in arterial blood pressure. The inhibitory effect of SHXT on pulmonary arterial pressure was greater than systemic arterial pressure in U46619 treated rats. Similarly, the inhibitory effect of SHXT on U46619-induced vasoconstriction in rat pulmonary arterial rings was greater than that in aortic rings. In U46619 treated PASMCs, SHXT down-regulated expression of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), Rho-kinase (ROCK) II, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and up-regulated expression of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) alpha(1) and sGCbeta(1). CONCLUSIONS SHXT attenuated U46619-induced increase in systemic and pulmonary arterial blood pressure. Inhibition of PDE5, ROCK-II, COX-2 and stimulation of sGC may play important roles in the cardiovascular effects of SHXT.
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MESH Headings
- 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Separation
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5/biosynthesis
- Cyclooxygenase 2/biosynthesis
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Isometric Contraction/drug effects
- Male
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Vasoconstrictor Agents
- rho-Associated Kinases/biosynthesis
- rho-Associated Kinases/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hung Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Shih YT, Wu DC, Liu CM, Yang YC, Chen IJ, Lo YC. San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang inhibits Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation in human gastric epithelial AGS cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 112:537-44. [PMID: 17537603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection leads to gastroduodenal inflammation, peptic ulceration, gastric lymphoma and gastric cancer. Certain herbal remedies have been used to treat gastric disease. In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effect of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXT) and its main component baicalin on Helicobacter pylori-infected human gastric epithelial AGS cell. AGS cells were treated with Helicobacter pylori at a bacterium/cell ratio of 300:1. mRNA expression and protein levels were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and western blot analysis, respectively. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) level and the translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme-linked DNA-protein interaction assay (ELDIA), respectively. Nitric oxide production was measured by Griess reagent. We found that SHXT and baicalin inhibited Helicobacter pylori-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enhancement and IkappaBalpha degradation in both mRNA and protein levels. SHXT and baicalin also inhibited Helicobacter pylori-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IL-8 mRNA expression, and decreased NO and IL-8 production. Furthermore, SHXT and baicalin inhibited nuclear translocation of p50 subunit of NF-kappaB in Helicobacter pylori-infected AGS cells. Based on the above findings, SHXT and baicalin might exert anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective effects in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tzu Shih
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Lo YC, Lin YL, Yu KL, Lai YH, Wu YC, Ann LM, Chen IJ. San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang attenuates inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-exposed rat lungs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 101:68-74. [PMID: 15878812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the potential anti-inflammatory effect of San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXT) and its main component baicalin on LPS-induced lung injury were investigated and compared to the profile of dexamethasone (DEXA) in a pre-clinical animal model. Post-treatment with SHXT (75 mg/kg), baicalin (1.5 mg/kg) and DEXA (0.5 mg/kg), significantly inhibited LPS-induced hypotension, lung edema and acute survival rates. Western blotting analysis results indicated that all of them significantly inhibited LPS-induced iNOS, TGF-beta, p38MAPK, and ICAM-1 expressions in the lung tissues. Results from ELISA analysis showed that SHXT, baicalin and DEXA all decreased plasma levels of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and MCP-1 caused by LPS. Based on these findings, SHXT and baicalin decreased plasma concentrations of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and expressions of TGF-beta, ICAM-1, phosphorylated p38 MAPK, and iNOS, which were associated with lung injury and lethality. These evidences indicated that SHXT and baicalin showed strong anti-inflammatory activity, similar to that observed for DEXA, and therefore implicated that herbal SHXT might be therapeutically useful for the treatment of endotoxic lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Lo
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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