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A bioinformatics investigation into the pharmacological mechanisms of the effect of Fufang Danshen on pain based on methodologies of network pharmacology. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5913. [PMID: 30976033 PMCID: PMC6459854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40694-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fufang Danshen (FFDS), a Chinese medicine formula widely used in the clinic, has proven therapeutic effects on pain relief. However, the mechanisms of these effects have not been elucidated. Here, we performed a systematic analysis to discover the mechanisms of FFDS in attenuating pain to gain a better understanding of FFDS in the treatment of other diseases accompanied by pain. Relevance analysis showed that Salvia miltiorrhizae was the best studied herb in FFDS. Most compounds in FFDS have good bioavailability, and we collected 223 targets for 35 compounds in FFDS. These targets were significantly enriched in many pathways related to pain and can be classified as signal transduction, endocrine system, nervous system and lipid metabolism. We compared Salvia miltiorrhizae and Panax notoginseng and found that they can significantly affect different pathways. Moreover, ten pain disease proteins and 45 therapeutic targets can be directly targeted by FFDS. All 45 therapeutic targets have direct or indirect connections with pain disease proteins. Forty-six pain disease proteins can be indirectly affected by FFDS, especially through heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein (HSPA8) and transcription factor AP-1 (JUN). A total of 109 targets of FFDS were identified as significant targets.
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Zhang W, Liu D, Han X, Ren J, Zhou P, Ding P. MicroRNA-451 inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell migration and intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury via Ywhaz/p38 MAPK pathway. Exp Cell Res 2019; 379:214-224. [PMID: 30930138 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has indicated that intimal hyperplasia is a common event in the pathophysiology of many vascular diseases including atherosclerosis (AS). Recently, deregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be associated with the pathophysiology of AS. However, the biological function and regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in intimal hyperplasia in AS remain largely unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of miRNAs on intimal hyperplasia and reveal the underlying mechanisms of their effects. Firstly, the model of rat vascular injury was successfully constructed in vivo. Then, the miRNAs expression profiles were analyzed by miRNA microarray. It was observed that miR-451 was significantly downregulated in injury carotid arteries. Subsequently, we investigated miR-451 function and found that upregulation of miR-451 by agomir-451 improves intimal thickening in rats following vascular injury. It was also observed that miR-451 was downregulated in the VSMCs following platelet-derived growth factor type BB (PDGF-BB) stimulation. The upregulation of miR-451 attenuated PDGF-BB-induced VSMCs injury, as evidenced by inhibition of proliferation, invasion and migration. Besides, overexpression of miR-451 blocked the activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway in PDGF-BB treated VSMCs, as demonstrated by the downregulation of phosphorylated (p-) p38. In addition, Ywhaz, a positive regulator of p38 MAPK signaling pathway, was found to be a direct target of miR-451 in the VSMCs and this was validated using a luciferase reporter assay. Overexpression of Ywhaz partially abolished the inhibitory effects of miR-451 overexpression on PDGF-BB induced VSMCs injury. Collectively, these findings indicated that miR-451 protected intimal hyperplasia and PDGF-BB-induced VSMCs injury by Ywhaz/p38 MAPK pathway, and miR-451 may be considered as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henan Province Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Jianzhuang Ren
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Pengli Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Pengxu Ding
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
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Wu YT, Bi YM, Tan ZB, Xie LP, Xu HL, Fan HJ, Chen HM, Li J, Liu B, Zhou YC. Tanshinone I inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by targeting insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 853:93-102. [PMID: 30878387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation plays a critical role in arterial remodeling during various vascular diseases including atherosclerosis and hypertension. Tanshinone I, a major component of Salvia miltiorrhiza, exerts protective effects against cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of tanshinone I on VSMC proliferation, as well as the underlying mechanisms. We found that this compound inhibited the proliferation of VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner, based on 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays. Western blotting demonstrated that tanshinone I inhibited the expression of proliferation-related proteins, including cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), cyclin D3, and cyclin D1, in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking showed that this compound docked to the inhibitor-binding site of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor (IGF-1R), and the binding energy between tanshinone I and IGF-1R was -9.021 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamic simulations showed that the IGF-1R-tanshinone I binding was stable. We also found that tanshinone I dose-dependently inhibited IGF-1R activation and its downstream molecules, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (PI3K), Akt, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), 70S6K, and ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6). Notably, activation of IGF-1R by recombinant IGF-1 rescued the activity of IGF-1R and its downstream molecules, and the proliferation of tanshinone I-treated VSMC. In addition, blocking PI3K signaling with LY294002 showed the important role of this pathway in tanshinone I-mediated suppression of VSMC proliferation. Collectively, these data demonstrated that tanshinone I might inhibit VSMC proliferation by inhibiting IGF-1R/PI3K signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yi-Ming Bi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhang-Bin Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ling-Peng Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hong-Lin Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hui-Jie Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hong-Mei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Ying-Chun Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Zhou X, Razmovski-Naumovski V, Kam A, Chang D, Li CG, Chan K, Bensoussan A. Synergistic study of a Danshen (Salvia Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) and Sanqi (Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma) combination on cell survival in EA.hy926 cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:50. [PMID: 30791910 PMCID: PMC6385400 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background This study investigated the protective effects of the Danshen (DS) and Sanqi (SQ) herb pair on cell survival in the human cardiovascular endothelial (EA.hy926) cell line exposed to injury. Methods Nine combination ratios of Danshen-Sanqi extracts (DS-SQ) were screened for their protective effects in the EA.hy926 cell line against two different cellular impairments induced by DL-homocysteine (Hcy) – adenosine (Ado) – tumour necrosis factors (TNF) and oxidative stress (H2O2), respectively. The type of interaction (synergistic, antagonistic, additive) between DS and SQ was analysed using a combination index (CI) model. The effects of key bioactive compounds from DS and SQ were tested using the same models. The compound from each herb that demonstrated the most potent activity in cell viability was combined to evaluate their synergistic/antagonistic interaction using CI. Results DS-SQ ratios of 6:4 (50–300 μg/mL) produced synergistic effects (CI < 1) in restoring cell viability, reducing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and caspase-3 expressions against Hcy-Ado-TNF. Additionally, DS-SQ 6:4 (50–150 μg/mL) was found to synergistically protect endothelial cells from impaired cellular injury induced by oxidative damage (H2O2) by restoring reduced cell viability and inhibiting excessive expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In particular, the combination of salvianolic acid A (SA) and ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) at 4:6 (1–150 μM) showed synergistic effects in preventing cytotoxic effects caused by Hcy-Ado-TNF (CI < 1). This simplified combination also demonstrated synergistic effects on H2O2-induced oxidative damage on EA.hy926 cells. Conclusions This study provides scientific evidence to support the traditional use of the DS-SQ combination on protecting endothelial cells through their synergistic interactions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-019-2458-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Li ZM, Xu SW, Liu PQ. Salvia miltiorrhizaBurge (Danshen): a golden herbal medicine in cardiovascular therapeutics. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:802-824. [PMID: 29698387 PMCID: PMC5943903 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Burge (Danshen) is an eminent medicinal herb that possesses broad cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protective actions and has been used in Asian countries for many centuries. Accumulating evidence suggests that Danshen and its components prevent vascular diseases, in particular, atherosclerosis and cardiac diseases, including myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, arrhythmia, cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis. The published literature indicates that lipophilic constituents (tanshinone I, tanshinone IIa, tanshinone IIb, cryptotanshinone, dihydrotanshinone, etc) as well as hydrophilic constituents (danshensu, salvianolic acid A and B, protocatechuic aldehyde, etc) contribute to the cardiovascular protective actions of Danshen, suggesting a potential synergism among these constituents. Herein, we provide a systematic up-to-date review on the cardiovascular actions and therapeutic potential of major pharmacologically active constituents of Danshen. These bioactive compounds will serve as excellent drug candidates in small-molecule cardiovascular drug discovery. This article also provides a scientific rationale for understanding the traditional use of Danshen in cardiovascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-ming Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Suo-wen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA
| | - Pei-qing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Wang L, Ma R, Liu C, Liu H, Zhu R, Guo S, Tang M, Li Y, Niu J, Fu M, Gao S, Zhang D. Salvia miltiorrhiza: A Potential Red Light to the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 23:1077-1097. [PMID: 27748194 PMCID: PMC5421141 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666161010105242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, also known as Danshen in Chinese, has been widely used to treat cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in China and other Asia countries. Here, we summarize literatures of the historical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) interpretation of the action of Salvia miltiorrhiza, its use in current clinical trials, its main phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological findings by consulting Pubmed, China Knowledge Resource Integrated, China Science and Technology Journal, and the Web of Science Databases. Since 2000, 39 clinical trials have been identified that used S. miltiorrhiza in TCM prescriptions alone or with other herbs for the treatment of patients with CVD. More than 200 individual compounds have been isolated and characterized from S. miltiorrhiza, which exhibited various pharmacological activities targeting different pathways for the treatment of CVD in various animal and cell models. The isolated compounds may provide new perspectives in alternative treatment regimes and reveal novel chemical scaffolds for the development of anti-CVD drugs. Meanwhile, there are also some rising concerns of the potential side effects and drug-drug interactions of this plant. The insights gained from this study will help us to better understanding of the actions of this herb for management of cardiovascular disorders. As an herb of red root, S. miltiorrhiza will act as a potential red light to prevent the development of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rufeng Ma
- Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chenyue Liu
- Chinese Material Medica School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ruyuan Zhu
- Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuzhen Guo
- Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Minke Tang
- Chinese Material Medica School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yu Li
- Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianzhao Niu
- Preclinical Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Min Fu
- The Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Sihua Gao
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
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Ren B, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Sun Y, Liang G, Xu J, Zheng J. Tanshinones inhibit hIAPP aggregation, disaggregate preformed hIAPP fibrils, and protect cultured cells. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:56-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02538f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinones act as common inhibitors to inhibit the aggregation of both hIAPP and Aβ, disaggregate preformed hIAPP and Aβ amyloid fibrils, and protect cells from hIAPP- and Aβ-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiping Ren
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices
- College of Life Science and Chemistry
- Hunan University of Technology
- Zhuzhou 412007
- P. R. China
| | - Yonglan Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Ohio 44325
- USA
| | - Yanxian Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Ohio 44325
- USA
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Ohio 44325
- USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Guizhao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology
- Ministry of Education College
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
- China
| | - Jianxiong Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices
- College of Life Science and Chemistry
- Hunan University of Technology
- Zhuzhou 412007
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Ohio 44325
- USA
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Simultaneous Determination of Seven Components in Human Plasma by LC–ESI–MS/MS After Oral Administration of Danqi Tablets with Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lee WD, Liang YJ, Chen BH. Effects of tanshinone nanoemulsion and extract on inhibition of lung cancer cells A549. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:495101. [PMID: 27834307 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/49/495101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), a Chinese medicinal herb, consists of several functional components including tanshinones responsible for prevention of several chronic diseases. This study intends to prepare tanshinone extract and nanoemulsion from danshen and determine their inhibition effect on lung cancer cells A549. A highly stable tanshinone nanoemulsion composed of Capryol 90, Tween 80, ethanol and deionized water with the mean particle size of 14.2 nm was successfully prepared. Tanshinone nanoemulsion was found to be more effective in inhibiting A549 proliferation than tanshinone extract. Both nanoemulsion and extract could penetrate into cytoplasm through endocytosis, with the former being more susceptible than the latter. A dose-dependent response in up-regulation of p-JNK, p53 and p21 and down-regulation of CDK2, cyclin D1 and cyclin E1 expressions was observed with the cell cycle arrested at G0/G1 phase. The cellular microcompartment change of A549 was also investigated. The study demonstrated that tanshinone nanoemulsion may be used as a botanic drug for treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Lee
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
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Jiang Q, Lu W, Yang K, Hadadi C, Fu X, Chen Y, Yun X, Zhang J, Li M, Xu L, Tang H, Yuan JXJ, Wang J, Sun D. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate inhibits hypoxia-induced enhancement of SOCE in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells via the PKG-PPAR-γ signaling axis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C136-49. [PMID: 27194472 PMCID: PMC4967135 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00252.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory previously showed that sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) inhibited store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) through store-operated Ca(2+) channels (SOCC) via downregulating the expression of transient receptor potential canonical proteins (TRPC), which contribute to the formation of SOCC (Wang J, Jiang Q, Wan L, Yang K, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang E, Lai N, Zhao L, Jiang H, Sun Y, Zhong N, Ran P, Lu W. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 48: 125-134, 2013). The detailed molecular mechanisms by which STS inhibits SOCE and downregulates TRPC, however, remain largely unknown. We have previously shown that, under hypoxic conditions, inhibition of protein kinase G (PKG) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) signaling axis results in the upregulation of TRPC (Wang J, Yang K, Xu L, Zhang Y, Lai N, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Zhong N, Ran P, Lu W. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 49: 231-240, 2013). This suggests that strategies targeting the restoration of this signaling pathway may be an effective treatment strategy for pulmonary hypertension. In this study, our results demonstrated that STS treatment can effectively prevent the hypoxia-mediated inhibition of the PKG-PPAR-γ signaling axis in rat distal pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and distal pulmonary arteries. These effects of STS treatment were blocked by pharmacological inhibition or specific small interfering RNA knockdown of either PKG or PPAR-γ. Moreover, targeted PPAR-γ agonist markedly enhanced the beneficial effects of STS. These results comprehensively suggest that STS treatment can prevent hypoxia-mediated increases in intracellular calcium homeostasis and cell proliferation, by targeting and restoring the hypoxia-inhibited PKG-PPAR-γ signaling pathway in PASMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cyrus Hadadi
- Department of Cardiology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meichan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China; and
| | - Haiyang Tang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China;
| | - Dejun Sun
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, The People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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Abstract
Tanshinones are lipophilic compounds derived fromSalvia miltiorrhiza(Danshen) that has been widely used to treat coronary heart diseases in China. The cardioprotective actions of tanshinones have been extensively studied in various models of myocardial infarction, cardiac ischemia reperfusion injury, cardiac hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, hypoxia, and cardiomyopathy. This review outlines the recent development in understanding the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the cardioprotective actions of tanshinones, in particular on mitochondrial apoptosis, calcium, nitric oxide, ROS, TNF-α, PKC, PI3K/Akt, IKK/NF-κB, and TGF-β1/Smad mechanisms, which highlights the potential of these compounds as therapeutic agents for treating cardiovascular diseases.
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Borneol Depresses P-Glycoprotein Function by a NF-κB Signaling Mediated Mechanism in a Blood Brain Barrier in Vitro Model. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27576-88. [PMID: 26593909 PMCID: PMC4661909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) that form the blood brain barrier (BBB), influences transportation of substances between blood and brain. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of borneol on P-gp efflux function on BBB and explore the potential mechanisms. We established an in vitro BBB model comprised of rat BMECs and astrocytes to measure the effects of borneol on the known P-gp substrates transport across BBB, and examined the function and expression of P-gp in BMECs and the signaling pathways regulating P-gp expression. Borneol increased intracellular accumulation of Rhodamine 123, enhanced verapamil and digoxin across the BBB in vitro model, and depressed mdr1a mRNA and P-gp expression. Borneol could activate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and inhibition of NF-κB with MG132 (carbobenzoxy-Leu-Leu-leucinal) and SN50 (an inhibitory peptide) obscuring the P-gp decreases induced by borneol. These data suggested that borneol depresses P-gp function in BMECs by a NF-κB signaling medicated mechanism in a BBB in vitro model.
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AP-1 Transcription Factor Serves as a Molecular Switch between Chlamydia pneumoniae Replication and Persistence. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2651-60. [PMID: 25895972 DOI: 10.1128/iai.03083-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes acute or chronic respiratory infections. As obligate intracellular pathogens, chlamydiae efficiently manipulate host cell processes to ensure their intracellular development. Here we focused on the interaction of chlamydiae with the host cell transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1) and its consequence on chlamydial development. During Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, the expression and activity of AP-1 family proteins c-Jun, c-Fos, and ATF-2 were regulated in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We observed that the c-Jun protein and its phosphorylation level significantly increased during C. pneumoniae development. Small interfering RNA knockdown of the c-Jun protein in HEp-2 cells reduced the chlamydial load, resulting in smaller inclusions and significantly lower chlamydial recovery. Furthermore, inhibition of the c-Jun-containing AP-1 complexes using tanshinone IIA changed the replicative infection phenotype into a persistent one. Tanshinone IIA-dependent persistence was characterized by smaller, aberrant inclusions, a strong decrease in the chlamydial load, and significantly reduced chlamydial recovery, as well as by the reversibility of the reduced recovery after the removal of tanshinone IIA. Interestingly, not only was tanshinone IIA treatment accompanied by a significant decrease of ATP levels, but fluorescence live cell imaging analysis by two-photon microscopy revealed that tanshinone IIA treatment also resulted in a decreased fluorescence lifetime of protein-bound NAD(P)H inside the chlamydial inclusion, indicating that chlamydial reticulate bodies have decreased metabolic activity. In all, these data demonstrate that the AP-1 transcription factor is involved in C. pneumoniae development, with tanshinone IIA treatment resulting in persistence.
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Liu M, Yang J, Li M. Tanshinone IIA attenuates interleukin-17A-induced systemic sclerosis patient-derived dermal vascular smooth muscle cell activation via inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2015; 70:250-6. [PMID: 26017791 PMCID: PMC4418395 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2015(04)06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salvia miltiorrhiza has long been used to treat systemic sclerosis. Tanshinone IIA, one of the phytochemicals derived from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, exhibits multiple biological activities. The present study aimed to investigate whether tanshinone IIA has an effect on the interleukin-17A-induced functional activation of systemic sclerosis patient-derived dermal vascular smooth muscle cells. METHODS Systemic sclerosis patient-derived dermal vascular smooth muscle cells were incubated with various dosages of tanshinone IIA in the presence of interleukin-17A or the serum of systemic sclerosis patients. Cell proliferation was assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8. The expression of collagen 1 and 3 in cells was evaluated by immunofluorescence. Cell migration was measured using a transwell assay. The expression of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Our data demonstrate that tanshinone IIA exerts an inhibitory effect on interleukin-17A-induced systemic sclerosis patient-derived dermal vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, collagen synthesis and migration. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that tanshinone IIA might serve as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of systemic sclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Abietanes/pharmacology
- Abietanes/therapeutic use
- Adult
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Blotting, Far-Western
- Cell Migration Assays
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Collagen Type I/analysis
- Collagen Type III/analysis
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/drug effects
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Interleukin-17/analysis
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Salvia miltiorrhiza/chemistry
- Scleroderma, Systemic/drug therapy
- Scleroderma, Systemic/metabolism
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengguo Liu
- Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
- Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Yang
- Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
- E-mail:
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Wang C, Du X, Yang R, Liu J, Xu D, Shi J, Chen L, Shao R, Fan G, Gao X, Tian G, Zhu Y, Zhang J. The prevention and treatment effects of tanshinone IIA on oestrogen/androgen-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 145:28-37. [PMID: 25290459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the major diseases of the urinary system in elderly men. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is the active ingredient extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia, and it has effects of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, vascular smooth muscle relaxation and tumour growth inhibition. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of Tan IIA in the prevention and treatment of BPH. In a rat model of oestradiol/testosterone-induced BPH, Tan IIA inhibited the increase in the thickness of the peri-glandular smooth muscle layer, suppressed the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in both prostate epithelial cells and stromal cells, downregulated the expression of androgen receptor (AR), oestrogen receptor α (ERα), cyclin B1 (CCNB1) and cyclin D1 (CCND1), and effectively prevented the development of the disorder. In vitro, Tan IIA inhibited the proliferation of human prostate stromal cell line WPMY-1 and epithelial cell line RWPE-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In WPMY-1 cells, Tan IIA treatment arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and downregulated the expression of CCNB1. However, in RWPE-1 cells, Tan IIA treatment arrested cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and reduced the expression of CCND1. Tan IIA also reduced the expression of ERα and AR in WPMY-1 and RWPE-1 cells. These results suggest that Tan IIA can inhibit the growth of prostate stromal and epithelial cells both in vivo and in vitro by a mechanism that may involve arresting the cell cycle and downregulating ERα and AR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoling Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Da Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiandang Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Linfeng Chen
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02445, USA
| | - Rui Shao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guanwei Fan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Guo Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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16
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Nicolin V, Bossi F, Viggiano A, Valentini R, Nori S. Tanshinone VI Inhibits the Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013; 26:977-82. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201302600418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the possible antitumor mechanisms of action of Tanshinone VI, one of the components of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, which is used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. To this end, the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), were evaluated in-vitro in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-stimulated endothelial cells, with, or without the addition of Tanshinone VI (10, 20, 30, or 40 mM) in the culture medium; the effects of Tanshinone VI on angiogenesis was also evaluated with an epithelial cell tube formation assay and its toxicity was evaluated with a colorimetric (MTT) cell viability assay. The results showed that the up-regulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 induced by TNF-α was dose-dependently inhibited by Tanshinone VI, with restoration of control levels at the dose of 40 mM; Tanshinone VI also had a remarkable anti-angiogenesis effect, already at the dose of 10 mM, while none of the doses tested had significant effects on cell viability. These results indicate that the antitumor properties of Tanshinone VI can be ascribed to the inhibition of cell adhesion, due to blockage of the up-regulation of cell adhesion molecules, with the consequent inhibition of metastases formation and/or angiogenesis. The lack of toxic effects at the dosage used makes Tanshinone VI a good candidate for its therapeutic use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Nicolin
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Bossi
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, Trieste, Italy
| | - A. Viggiano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - R. Valentini
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, Trieste, Italy
| | - S.L. Nori
- Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
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Wang Q, Yu X, Patal K, Hu R, Chuang S, Zhang G, Zheng J. Tanshinones inhibit amyloid aggregation by amyloid-β peptide, disaggregate amyloid fibrils, and protect cultured cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1004-15. [PMID: 23506133 PMCID: PMC3756451 DOI: 10.1021/cn400051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The misfolding and aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides into amyloid fibrils is regarded as one of the causative events in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tanshinones extracted from Chinese herb Danshen (Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge) were traditionally used as anti-inflammation and cerebrovascular drugs due to their antioxidation and antiacetylcholinesterase effects. A number of studies have suggested that tanshinones could protect neuronal cells. In this work, we examine the inhibitory activity of tanshinone I (TS1) and tanshinone IIA (TS2), the two major components in the Danshen herb, on the aggregation and toxicity of Aβ1-42 using atomic force microscopy (AFM), thioflavin-T (ThT) fluorescence assay, cell viability assay, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. AFM and ThT results show that both TS1 and TS2 exhibit different inhibitory abilities to prevent unseeded amyloid fibril formation and to disaggregate preformed amyloid fibrils, in which TS1 shows better inhibitory potency than TS2. Live/dead assay further confirms that introduction of a very small amount of tanshinones enables protection of cultured SH-SY5Y cells against Aβ-induced cell toxicity. Comparative MD simulation results reveal a general tanshinone binding mode to prevent Aβ peptide association, showing that both TS1 and TS2 preferentially bind to a hydrophobic β-sheet groove formed by the C-terminal residues of I31-M35 and M35-V39 and several aromatic residues. Meanwhile, the differences in binding distribution, residues, sites, population, and affinity between TS1-Aβ and TS2-Aβ systems also interpret different inhibitory effects on Aβ aggregation as observed by in vitro experiments. More importantly, due to nonspecific binding mode of tanshinones, it is expected that tanshinones would have a general inhibitory efficacy of a wide range of amyloid peptides. These findings suggest that tanshinones, particularly TS1 compound, offer promising lead compounds with dual protective role in anti-inflammation and antiaggregation for further development of Aβ inhibitors to prevent and disaggregate amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
| | - Xiang Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
| | - Kunal Patal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
| | - Rundong Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
| | - Steven Chuang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
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Fan CP, Yin WP, Cao XX, Yao JC. 2-Bromo-1,6,6-trimethyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrophenanthro[1,2- b]furan-10,11-dione. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2013; 69:o834. [PMID: 23795024 PMCID: PMC3684922 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813011483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C19H17BrO3, the ring skeleton is located on a crystallographic mirror plane; two C atoms of the cyclohexene ring are disordered over the two locations to satisfy the preferred ring conformation. In the crystal, C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains along the a axis. π–π stacking interactions between benzoquinone rings, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.7225 (4) Å, are also observed, which connect the chains into a two-dimensional networkparallel to the ab plane.
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19
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Shang T, Liu Z, Zhou M, Zarins CK, Xu C, Liu CJ. Inhibition of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm in a rat model by way of tanshinone IIA. J Surg Res 2012; 178:1029-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Dai H, Li X, Li X, Bai L, Li Y, Xue M. Coexisted components of Salvia miltiorrhiza enhance intestinal absorption of cryptotanshinone via inhibition of the intestinal P-gp. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:1256-1262. [PMID: 23041420 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cryptotanshinone, derived from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge and Salvia przewalskii Maxim, is the major active component and possesses significant antibacterial, antidermatophytic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. The objective of this study was to investigate the intestinal absorptive characteristics of cryptotanshinone as well as the absorptive behavior influenced by co-administration of the diterpenoid tanshinones and danxingfang using an in vitro everted rat gut sac model. The results showed a good linear correlation between cryptotanshinone of absorption and the incubation time from 10 to 70min. The concentration dependence showed that a non-linear correlation existed between the cryptotanshinone absorption and the concentration at 100 μg/ml. Coexisting diterpenoid tanshinones and danxingfang could significantly enhance the absorption of cryptotanshinone. Coexisting diterpenoid tanshinones and danxingfang, which influenced cryptotanshinone's absorption, manifested as similar to that of the P-glycoprotein inhibitor. The underlying mechanism of the improvement of oral bioavailability was proposed that coexisting diterpenoid tanshinones and danxingfang could decrease the efflux transport of cryptotanshinone by P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixue Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
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21
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Abstract
Tanshinones are a class of abietane diterpene compound isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen or Tanshen in Chinese), a well-known herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Since they were first identified in the 1930s, more than 40 lipophilic tanshinones and structurally related compounds have been isolated from Danshen. In recent decades, numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the isolation, identification, synthesis and pharmacology of tanshinones. In addition to the well-studied cardiovascular activities, tanshinones have been investigated more recently for their anti-cancer activities in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we update the herbal and alternative sources of tanshinones, and the pharmacokinetics of selected tanshinones. We discuss anti-cancer properties and identify critical issues for future research. Whereas previous studies have suggested anti-cancer potential of tanshinones affecting multiple cellular processes and molecular targets in cell culture models, data from in vivo potency assessment experiments in preclinical models vary greatly due to lack of uniformity of solvent vehicles and routes of administration. Chemical modifications and novel formulations had been made to address the poor oral bioavailability of tanshinones. So far, human clinical trials have been far from ideal in their design and execution for the purpose of supporting an anti-cancer indication of tanshinones.
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Tanshinone IIA: A Promising Natural Cardioprotective Agent. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:716459. [PMID: 22454677 PMCID: PMC3292221 DOI: 10.1155/2012/716459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a member of the major lipophilic components extracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, which is currently used in China and other neighboring countries to treat patients suffering from myocardial infarction (MI), angina pectoris, stroke, diabetes, sepsis, and other conditions. However, Tan IIA is not easy to be absorbed through intestinal pathway. To raise the bioavailability of the herb, sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) was developed. This paper discussed the pharmacology of Tan IIA, STS, and their potential cardioprotective effects.
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Cardiovascular actions and therapeutic potential of tanshinone IIA. Atherosclerosis 2012; 220:3-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Koon CM, Woo KS, Leung PC, Fung KP. Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix and Puerariae Lobatae Radix herbal formula mediates anti-atherosclerosis by modulating key atherogenic events both in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:175-183. [PMID: 21924338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (Danshen) and Puerariae Lobatae Radix (Gegen) are principal herbs have long been used in combination for treating cardiovascular disease. AIMS OF STUDY Danshen and Gegen in the ratio of 7:3 (DGW) have significantly reduced the carotid intimal-media thickening (IMT) in patients in our previous clinical study. In the present study, we have demonstrated the mechanisms on IMT reduction by investigating its key processes on both vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC) and endothelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-proliferative effects of DGW on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) induced vSMC proliferation were studied by cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, p-ERK and cyclin D expression level. The anti-migratory effect of DGW was investigated by using transwell apparatus. For human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC), the inhibitory effects of DGW on TNF-alpha induced cell adhesion, cell adhesion molecules expression, MCP-1 and IL-6 production were investigated. RESULTS DGW significantly inhibited A7r5 proliferation and exhibited G1/S cell cycle arrest by suppressing both p-ERK and cyclin D expression. Moreover, DGW showed anti-migratory effect against PDGF-induced A7r5 migration. In addition, DGW inhibited the cell adhesion as well as the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, the production of MCP-1 but not IL-6 in TNF-α stimulated HUVECs. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided strong scientific evidence on IMT reduction in patients by modulating the key atherogenic events in both vSMC and endothelial cells.
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MESH Headings
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Cell Physiological Phenomena/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Cyclin D/metabolism
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
- Humans
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Roots
- Pueraria
- Salvia miltiorrhiza
- Tunica Intima/cytology
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Media/cytology
- Tunica Media/drug effects
- Tunica Media/metabolism
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Koon
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Xu S, Little PJ, Lan T, Huang Y, Le K, Wu X, Shen X, Huang H, Cai Y, Tang F, Wang H, Liu P. Tanshinone II-A attenuates and stabilizes atherosclerotic plaques in apolipoprotein-E knockout mice fed a high cholesterol diet. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 515:72-9. [PMID: 21889487 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinone II-A (Tan), a bioactive diterpene isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen), possesses anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study investigated whether Tan can decrease and stabilize atherosclerotic plaques in Apolipoprotein-E knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice maintained on a high cholesterol diet (HCD). Six week-old mice challenged with a HCD were randomly assigned to 4 groups: (a) C57BL/6J; (b) ApoE(-/-); (c) ApoE(-/-)+Tan-30 (30 mg/kg/d); (d) ApoE(-/-)+Tan-10 (10mg/kg/d). After 16 weeks of intervention, Tan treated mice showed decreased atherosclerotic lesion size in the aortic sinus and en face aorta. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Tan rendered the lesion composition a more stable phenotype as evidenced by reduced necrotic cores, decreased macrophage infiltration, and increased smooth muscle cell and collagen contents. Tan also significantly reduced in situ superoxide anion production, aortic expression of NF-κB and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). In vitro treatment of RAW264.7 macrophages with Tan significantly suppressed oxidized LDL-induced reactive oxygen species production, pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1) expression, and MMP-9 activity. Tan attenuates the development of atherosclerotic lesions and promotes plaque stability in ApoE(-/-) mice by reducing vascular oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Our findings highlight Tan as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suowen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University (HEMC), 132 East Wai-huan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Lu SP, PinTing Z. Composition identification of Salvia extracts and testing of its inhibiting myocytes cell death caused by hypoxia/reoxygenation. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fang J, Xu SW, Wang P, Tang FT, Zhou SG, Gao J, Chen JW, Huang HQ, Liu PQ. Tanshinone II-A attenuates cardiac fibrosis and modulates collagen metabolism in rats with renovascular hypertension. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 18:58-64. [PMID: 20638255 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive changes that develop in the pressure-overloaded left ventricular myocardium include cardiac hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of Tanshinone II-A, a bioactive diterpene quinone isolated from Danshen, on cardiac fibrosis and collagen metabolism in rats with renovascular hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to two-kidney two-clip (2K2C) or sham operation (sham) and treated with Valsartan (Val, 26.7 mg/kg/d), Tanshinone II-A (Tsn, 70, 35 mg/kg/d) or vehicle. Six weeks later, systolic blood pressure (BP), LV weight, collagen abundance, cardiac function parameters, hydroxyproline content and mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 were evaluated. Both high-dose (Tsn-H, 70 mg/kg/d) and low-dose (Tsn-L, 35 mg/kg/d) of Tsn failed to attenuate 2K2C-induced BP elevation but significantly attenuated the attendant interstitial fibrosis. Val suppressed elevations of BP and left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) in 2K2C rats. Val and Tsn-H exerted comparable suppressive effects on the gene expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1, while Val decreased the MMP-2 mRNA level without affecting the transcript levels of TIMP-2. Both Val and Tsn-H attenuated cardiac dysfunction, while Tsn-L showed slight improvement. These data demonstrate for the first time, that Tsn prevented cardiac fibrosis and improved cardiac function in a rat model of renovascular hypertensive independent of hypotensive effect. Tsn conferred its beneficial effects on the collagen metabolism probably through its regulation of transcript levels of the MMPs/TIMPs balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Dong X, Dong J, Peng G. Growth-inhibiting and apoptosis-inducing effects of Tanshinone II A on human gastric carcinoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 27:706-9. [PMID: 18231749 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-007-0623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To explore the effects of Tanshinone II A on the proliferation, apoptosis and gene expression of p53 and bcl-2 in human gastric carcinoma MKN-45 cells. Cell count and MTT assay were used to study the proliferation-inhibiting effect of Tanshinone II A on MKN-45 cells. The effect of Tanshinone II A on the cell cycle and apoptosis of MKN-45 cells were examined by propidium iodide (PI) staining and flow cytometry. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to further verify the expression of p53 and bcl-2 gene after exposure to Tanshinone A in MKN-45 cells. The results showed that Tanshinone A significantly inhibited the growth and proliferation of MKN-45 cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner (P<0.05). Tanshinone A arrested MKN-45 cells in G(2)/M phase which led to an obvious accumulation of G(2)/M phase cells while decreased number of G(0)/G(1) phase cells. This resulted in apoptosis of MKN-45 cells and the apoptosis rate was as high as 43.91% after treatment with 2.0 microg/mL Tanshinone II A for 96 h. It was also found that Tanshinone II A up-regulated expression of p53 gene and down-regulated expression of bcl-2 gene. The cytostatic and antiproliferative effect of Tanshinone II A makes it a promising anticancer agent for the treatment of gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiarong Dong
- Cancer Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Liu Y, Li X, Li Y, Wang L, Xue M. Simultaneous determination of danshensu, rosmarinic acid, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone IIA, tanshinone I and dihydrotanshinone I by liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry and the application to pharmacokinetics in rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:698-704. [PMID: 20430561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS) was developed and validated for the separation and simultaneous determination of danshensu, rosmarinic acid and tanshinone compounds including cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, dihydrotanshinone I and tanshinone IIA in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation of the analytes was successfully achieved on a C(18) column using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile-water containing 0.5% glacial acetic acid. This method demonstrated good linearity and did not have endogenous material interfering with the active compounds and I.S. peaks. The limit of quantification of danshensu, rosmarinic acid, cryptotanshinone, dihydrotanshinone I, tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA were 5, 0.75, 0.1, 0.1, 1 and 0.5 ng/mL. The average extraction recoveries of these analytes from rat plasma were all over 60%. The precisions determined from five days were all within 10%. This method has been successfully applied in the simultaneous quantification and the pharmacokinetic studies of these six compounds in animals which were orally administered with danshen preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Beijing 100069, PR China
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Li X, Luo Y, Wang L, Li Y, Shi Y, Cui Y, Xue M. Acute and subacute toxicity of ethanol extracts from Salvia przewalskii Maxim in rodents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 131:110-115. [PMID: 20561576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety of the lipid-soluble ethanol extracts from rhizome of Salvia przewalskii Maxim (SPM) by determining its potential toxicity after acute and subacute administration in rodents. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the acute study, SPM extract was administered to mice in single doses given by gavage, intramuscular and intraperitoneal route. General behavior adverse effects and mortality were determined for up to 14 days. In the subacute study, the extract was administered orally at doses of 0, 50 and 250 mg/kg daily for 30 days to rats. Body weight, heart rate, blood pressure, biochemical and hematological parameters were determined at the end of 0, 15 and 30 days of daily administration. RESULTS In acute study, SPM extract caused dose-dependent general behavior adverse effects and mortality. The no-observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) of the extract were 1723, 288 and 500 mg/kg, when given by gavage, intramuscular and intraperitoneal routes, respectively, and the lowest-observed adverse effect levels (LOAEL) were 1981, 840 and 781 mg/kg. Mortality increased with increasing doses, with LD(50) of 2547.8, 901.3 and 780.8 mg/kg for the oral, intramuscular and intraperitonal administration. In subacute study, daily oral administration of SPM extract for up to 30 days did not result in death or significant changes in the body weight, heart rate and blood pressure, hematological and mainly biological parameters. In biological analysis, some significant changes occurred, including total protein and albumin, glucose and triglycerides, indicating that SPM extract has lipid-modulating activity. CONCLUSIONS SPM extract was found to be low or non-toxic when acute toxicities and subacute toxicities in rodents. In view of the doses of the components consumed in traditional medicine, there is a wide margin of safety for the therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chemical Biology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Youanmen, Beijing 100069, China
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Bi YF, Xu HW, Liu XQ, Zhang XJ, Wang ZJ, Liu HM. Synthesis and vasodilative activity of tanshinone IIA derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4892-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Li X, Du JR, Yu Y, Bai B, Zheng XY. Tanshinone IIA inhibits smooth muscle proliferation and intimal hyperplasia in the rat carotid balloon-injured model through inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 129:273-279. [PMID: 20363310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effect of tashinone IIA (TA) on intimal hyperplasia in a rat model of carotid artery balloon injury and on the proliferation of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by fetal bovine serum (FBS) and its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Carotid artery injury was induced in rats by balloon dilatation and they were treated with TA or vehicle for 2 weeks until killed for assessment of neointimal formation and lumen area. VSMC was cultured in vitro and proliferation was assessed by determining cell number, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and cell cycle analysis. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation and c-fos expression were assessed by Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) respectively. RESULTS TA could significantly decrease intimal thickening, suppress cell proliferation and BrdU incorporation into DNA, block cell cycle in G(0)/G(1) phase, inhibit ERK1/2 phosphorylation and c-fos expression. CONCLUSIONS TA abolishes VSMC proliferation and reduces intimal hyperplasia through inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and down-regulation of c-fos expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Tang C, Xue HL, Huang HB, Wang XG. Tanshinone IIA inhibits constitutive STAT3 activation, suppresses proliferation, and induces apoptosis in rat C6 glioma cells. Neurosci Lett 2010; 470:126-9. [PMID: 20045721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is usually constitutively activated in a variety of malignancies. Thus, STAT3 may be a promising target for treatment of tumor cells. Recently, Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), a major active constituent from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, was reported to have apoptosis inducing effects on a large variety of cancer cells. In this study, we evaluate the anti-proliferation and apoptosis inducing effects of Tan IIA on C6 glioma cells. Cell growth and proliferation were measured by MTT assay, cell apoptosis was observed by flow cytometry and DNA-fragmentation analysis. Further more, we investigated inhibitory effects of Tan IIA on STAT3 activity and its downstream targets: Bcl-XL, cyclin D1. Alteration of STAT3 activity was examined by measuring their DNA binding activity and tyrosine phosphorylation. Changes in the expression levels of Bcl-XL and cyclin D1 were examined by Western blot analysis. We found that the cellular growth were inhibited and cell apoptosis were observed after the treatment with Tan IIA. The STAT3 activity was significantly reduced by Tan IIA parallel with a significant attenuation of expression of Bcl-XL and cyclin D1. These results suggest that Tan IIA may serve as an effective adjunctive reagent in the treatment of glioma for its targeting of constitutive STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shen Yang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
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Wu L, Li X, Li Y, Wang L, Tang Y, Xue M. Proliferative inhibition of danxiongfang and its active ingredients on rat vascular smooth muscle cell and protective effect on the VSMC damage induced by hydrogen peroxide. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 126:197-206. [PMID: 19735709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Danxiongfang (DF) is a new Chinese medicine formula used to treat atherosclerosis and vascular restenosis. The active ingredients in DF are danshensu (DSS), tanshinones (cryptotanshinone, CT) and ferulic acid (FA). The aim of present study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of DF and its active ingredients on cell proliferation and protection against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced injury in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in vitro. METHODS VSMC proliferation was assayed by cell counting and measurement of cell viability using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol -2yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method and protein content was measured by the Bradford method. The nitric oxide (NO) level was detected by an assay kit. The endothelin-1 (ET-1) level was measured by ELISA. The protective effects of DF and its active ingredients on H(2)O(2)-induced cell injury was evaluated in terms of cell viability (MTT assay), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Hydroxyl free radicals generated by the Fenton reaction was detected with the spin-trapping technique on an electron spin resonance spectrometer. RESULTS The results suggest that DSS, CT, FA and DF inhibited VSMC proliferation by increasing the NO level and decreasing the ET-1 content. In rat VSMCs exposed to H(2)O(2), FA, DSS, CT and the six formulations of DF increased cell viability and SOD activity, and reduced the levels of MDA and hydroxyl free radicals. These effects of FA, DSS and CT occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Of the six formulas, DF 4 and DF 5 had the more significant activities. The effects of DF were much greater than those of the individual ingredients, even though the concentrations of these ingredients in the DF formulas were much lower than the doses of the individual ingredients used in each study, indicating markedly synergistic effects of DSS, CT and FA in DF on rat VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS these findings provide a pharmacological foundation for the clinical use of DF in the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis relevant to endothelial cell proliferation and damage.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Aorta
- Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Coumaric Acids/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Synergism
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Hydrogen Peroxide
- Hydroxyl Radical/metabolism
- Lactates/pharmacology
- Male
- Malondialdehyde/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Phenanthrenes/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chemical Biology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Huang YF, Liu ML, Dong MQ, Yang WC, Zhang B, Luan LL, Dong HY, Xu M, Wang YX, Liu LL, Gao YQ, Li ZC. Effects of sodium tanshinone II A sulphonate on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats in vivo and on Kv2.1 expression in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 125:436-443. [PMID: 19635545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effect of sodium tanshinone IIA sulphonate (STS), a water-soluble derivative of tanshinone II A, on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) in rats and its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were exposed to hypoxia for two or three weeks, pretreated with or without STS. We detected mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), the ratio of right ventricle weight to left ventricle with septum weight [RV/(LV+S)], wall thickness and voltage-activated potassium channel (Kv) 2.1 mRNA level of pulmonary arteries (PAs), respectively, and the in vitro effects of STS on proliferation and Kv2.1 expression of cultured pulmonary smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from normal rats. Cell proliferation was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazal-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromiede (MTT) assay and direct cell counting. Kv2.1 mRNA and protein level were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Chronic hypoxia increased values of mPAP and RV/(LV+S) and inhibited Kv2.1 mRNA level in PAs. Three weeks' daily STS pretreatment inhibited the hypoxia-induced increased mPAP and RV/(LV+S), pulmonary arterial thickening and up-regulated Kv2.1 mRNA level in PAs. Further study in vitro showed that STS suppressed significantly hypoxia-induced PASMCs proliferation and inhibition of Kv2.1 expression in PASMCs. CONCLUSIONS STS might play protective effects on HPH through decreasing mPAP, V/(LV+S) and inhibiting structural remodeling in distal PAs. The mechanism of these effects may be attributed to inhibiting PASMCs proliferation and stimulating Kv2.1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-fang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, PR China; Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, PR China
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Mao H, Zhang H, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhao F, Hu L, Yanagihara N, Gao X. Dual effects of lipophilic extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) on catecholamine secretion in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 125:59-67. [PMID: 19549564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) is a well known traditional Chinese herb, which has been used widely in China for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in clinic. AIM OF THIS STUDY The aim of the present study is to clarify the effects of lipophilic extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (LESM) on catecholamine (CA) secretion, a traditional Chinese medicine used widely for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in China. MATERIALS AND METHODS LESM was evaluated for its effects on CA secretion using HPLC-ECD method. The effects of LESM on 22Na+ influx and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) were also investigated. RESULTS Our results showed that LEMS directly stimulated basal CA secretion in an extracellular Ca2+-dependent manner. And the stimulation was not affected by combination of hexamethonium (Hex),an inhibitor of nAChR. LESM also directly elevated [Ca2+]i. In addition, using selective blockers of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, such as nitrendipine (for L-type), omega-agatoxin-IVA (for P-type) and -conotoxin-GVIA (for N-type), it was found that nitrendipine suppressed the elevation of [Ca2+]i induced by LESM, but not omega-agatoxin-IVA or omega-conotoxin-GVIA. Compared with acetylcholine (ACh) only, however, combination of LESM with ACh inhibited the raise of CA secretion, 22Na+ influx and [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, LESM also inhibited CA secretion induced by veratridine (Ver), and 56 mM K+ at concentrations similar to those for [Ca2+]i rise. One of the lipophilic active compounds, cryptotanshione (Cryp), also had the same effects on CA secretion with LESM. CONCLUSIONS All these findings suggest that LESM exerts dual effects on CA secretion in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells. LESM exerts antagonistic effects on nAChR, voltage-dependent Na+ and Ca2+ channels, whereas it is an agonist of L-type Ca2+ channel when it used alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoping Mao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300-193, China
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Fan GW, Gao XM, Wang H, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Hu LM, Su YF, Kang LY, Zhang BL. The anti-inflammatory activities of Tanshinone IIA, an active component of TCM, are mediated by estrogen receptor activation and inhibition of iNOS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 113:275-80. [PMID: 19429433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a major compound extracted from a traditional herbal medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE, which is used to treat cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and postmenopausal syndrome. It has also been shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity. Since Tan IIA has a similar structure to that of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)), the present study was undertaken to characterize the estrogenic activity of Tan IIA and to demonstrate a functional role of this activity in RAW 264.7 cells. In transient transfection assay, Tan IIA (10 microM) increases ERE-luciferase activity in an estrogen receptor (ER) subtype-dependent manner when either ERalpha or ERbeta were co-expressed in Hela cells. In LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, Tan IIA exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibition of iNOS gene expression and NO production, as well as inhibition of inflammatory cytokine (IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) expression via ER-dependent pathway. Therefore, it could serve as a potential selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) to treat inflammation-associated neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases without increasing the risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Wei Fan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Tianjin, China
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Kang YJ, Jin UH, Chang HW, Son JK, Lee SH, Son KH, Chang YC, Lee YC, Kim CH. Inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression and atherogenic risk factor apolipoprotein B100 secretion by tanshinone IIA in HepG2 cells. Phytother Res 2008; 22:1640-5. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wang C, Chen P, Jin H, Yan X, Gan L, Li Y, Zhou S, Chang J, Wang Y, Yang G, He G. Nidus vespae protein inhibiting proliferation of HepG2 hepatoma cells through extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways and inducing G1 cell cycle arrest. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2008; 40:970-8. [PMID: 18989579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2008.00476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A protein named NVP(1) was isolated from Nidus vespae. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether and how NVP(1) modulates the proliferation of HepG2 cells. NVP(1) at a concentration of 6.6 microg/ml could arrest the cell cycle at stage G1 and inhibit the mRNA expression of cyclinB, cyclinD1 and cyclinE. NVP(1) suppressed cdk2 protein expression, but increased p27 and p21 protein expression. However, NVP(1) did not alter p16 protein expression levels. NVP(1) promoted apoptosis in HepG2 cells as indicated by nuclear chromatin condensation, and in addition, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway was activated. Moreover, the p-ERK protein expression level was attenuated when the HepG2 cells were pretreated with ERK inhibitor PD98059. These results demonstrate that NVP(1) inhibits proliferation of HepG2 through ERK signaling pathway. NVP(1) could be a potential drug for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changdong Wang
- China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Vicario PP, Lu Z, Grigorian I, Wang Z, Schottman T. Cell adhesion and proliferation are reduced on stainless steel coated with polysaccharide-based polymeric formulations. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 89:114-21. [PMID: 18698617 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hydromer's polymeric formulations F200 and F202 were evaluated after application to a synthetic substrate for effects on cell adhesion and proliferation. A significant reduction in cell adhesion was observed when cells grown on medical-grade stainless steel coated with these polymers were stained and examined under a fluorescence microscope. This reduction in cell adhesion/proliferation was confirmed when cells were isolated and analyzed by the MTS cell proliferation assay. The rate of growth of cells on F200- and F202-coated stainless steel monitored over a period of 7 days was significantly less than that observed on uncoated stainless steel, suggesting that the rate of growth of cells was reduced. The adhesion/proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to coated substrates was also decreased significantly, indicating that the reduction in cell adhesion/proliferation is not restricted to only fibroblasts. Additional studies have indicated that the adhesion/proliferation of murine fibroblasts and human endothelial cells to stainless coated with a modified formulation exhibiting a high degree of lubricity was also significantly reduced. This lubricious formulation was also observed to be effective in reducing platelet adhesion, data supporting the view that lubricity also contributes to a reduction in cell and platelet adhesion. The application of these polymeric coatings on devices designed for medical implantation may not only prevent thrombus formation but may also retard the process of restenosis.
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Qu FN, Qi LW, Wei YJ, Wen XD, Yi L, Luo HW, Li P. Multiple target cell extraction and LC-MS analysis for predicting bioactive components in Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:501-6. [PMID: 18310918 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method for predicting bioactive candidates in herbal medicines (HMs) was developed using four types of target cell extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection-mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS) analysis. Through the proposed method, some potential bioactive components in Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae, a widely used HM for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, were screened in view of interacting with endothelial cells, myocardial cells, blood platelets and red cells. Specifically, eleven compounds were detected in the desorption eluate of endothelial cells, nine in myocardial cells, fifteen in blood platelets and five in red cells. Totally, sixteen compounds were detected and fourteen of them were identified qualitatively in terms of their MS spectra and in comparison with some of the reference compounds. The results indicate that the proposed method may be applied to prediction of the bioactive multi-compounds in HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Na Qu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education and Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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Yang Y, Yang R, Wei Y, Zheng X. MEKC Determination and Pharmacokinetic Study of Danshensu in Rabbits after Intragastric Administration of the Aqueous Extract from Danshen. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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43
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Qiao C, Zhao L, Jiang S, Song P. Separation and Determination of Water Soluble Active Components in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Its Pharmaceutical Preparations by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with Diode Array Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701588513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Qiao
- a Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou, P. R. China
- b The Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- a Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou, P. R. China
- b The Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shengxiang Jiang
- a Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou, P. R. China
- b The Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Pingshun Song
- c Gansu Provience Institute for Drug Control , Lanzhou, P. R. China
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Fang ZY, Lin R, Yuan BX, Liu Y, Zhang H. Tanshinone IIA inhibits atherosclerotic plaque formation by down-regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in rabbits fed a high-fat diet. Life Sci 2007; 81:1339-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Liu AH, Lin YH, Yang M, Guo H, Guan SH, Sun JH, Guo DA. Development of the fingerprints for the quality of the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its related preparations by HPLC-DAD and LC–MSn. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 846:32-41. [PMID: 16962399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) fingerprints were developed for identification of both lipophilic and hydrophilic components of the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and four related preparations. These samples were separated with an Agilent Zorbax Extend C(18) reserved-phase column (5 microm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm) by linear gradient elution using water-phosphoric acid (100:0.026, v/v) and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.8 ml/min and the detector wavelength was set at 280 nm. Mean chromatograms and correlation coefficients of samples were calculated by the software "Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM". The correlation coefficients of Danshen and Fufang Danshen tablets (FDT) samples were in the range of 0.352-0.993 and 0.768-0.987, respectively. The correlation coefficients of Compound Danshen dripping pills (CDDP), Danshen injection (DSI) and Xiangdan injection (XDI) samples were higher than 0.928, 0.850 and 0.960, respectively. It was the first time to identify 34 peaks by comparing with standard compounds and using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS(n)) technique. All results indicated that the developed fingerprint assay could be readily utilized as a quality control method for S. miltiorrhiza and its related preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Liu
- Shanghai Research Center for TCM Modernization, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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Ultrafine Grinding of Radix Salvia Miltiorrhiza Particles and the Physicochemical Properties by High Speed Centrifugal Sheering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Radix salvia miltiorrhiza is a commonly used herbal medicine in China, and tanshinone IIA is one of the major active ingredients. Nano Radix salvia miltiorrhiza particles were successfully prepared by high speed centrifugal sheering (HSCS) technology, and the prepared nanoparticles suspension was subsequently spray-dried. The different properties of nano particles and raw powder were systematically studied by laser light scattering granulometric analyzer, TEM, SEM and FTIR. The extractive quantity of tanshinone IIA was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results illustrate that raw Radix salvia miltiorrhiza powder can be ultrafinely ground to nanosize within 50min, and the molecular structure of active ingredients doesn’t change after being ground. Furthermore, the active ingredients can dissolve out directly and fully, and the extractive ratio of tanshinone IIA increases 28.6% by HSCS processing. It is valuable to combine nanotechnology and TCM to improve the bioavailability and rapid releasing.
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Yue KKM, Lee KW, Chan KKC, Leung KSY, Leung AWN, Cheng CHK. Danshen prevents the occurrence of oxidative stress in the eye and aorta of diabetic rats without affecting the hyperglycemic state. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 106:136-41. [PMID: 16431051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. We have previously demonstrated the occurrence of oxidative stress in the eye and aorta but not in the kidney of diabetic rats. In the present study we have investigated the effects of danshen, a herb used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat ailments related to diabetic complications, on the onset of oxidative stress in the above tissues. Diabetic rats were treated with 3 g/kg of danshen via oral intubation for 7 weeks. Afterwards, the tissue levels of glutathione (GSH), the primary endogenous antioxidant, and malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress, were measured. Our results showed that danshen treatment did not alter the hyperglycemic status of the diabetic animals. However, the GSH levels were normalized in both the eye and aorta of the diabetic rats when these rats were administered with danshen. Administration with danshen also restored the level of MDA in the eye and aorta of the diabetic rats to that found in the control rats. These changes, however, were not observed in the kidney where oxidative stress did not occur. These results suggested that oral administration of danshen can effectively prevent the occurrence of oxidative stress in the eye and aorta of the diabetic rats. Furthermore, danshen treatment did not affect the blood glucose concentration of the animals irrespective of their diabetic state. These data therefore provide important information on mode of action of danshen, thereby establishing a basis for this herb to be used as a supportive treatment regime to ameliorate the severity of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K M Yue
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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