Anti-bacterial activity of some Brazilian medicinal plants

Erythrina velutina Willd.: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Erythrina velutina Willd., commonly known as "mulungu" in Brazil, is a leguminous tree with various traditional medicinal uses. These uses include treating insomnia, central nervous system disorders, convulsions, nervous cough, and inflammation.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This review aims to comprehensively summarize the ethnomedicinal uses, chemical constituents, pharmacology, and toxicology of E. velutina to explore its potential as a source for new therapeutic agents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Information was collected from scientific databases, dissertations, and books. Chemical structures were generated using ChemDraw. To ensure the accuracy of the plant names, "World Flora Online" (www.worldfloraonline.org) was consulted for the accepted names of plants.

RESULTS

E. velutina is indigenous to Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and Hispaniola. Approximately 244 compounds, mainly alkaloids and flavonoids, have been isolated from it. The plant and its extracts have exhibited various bioactivities, such as anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, analgesic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects, validating some of its traditional medicinal uses. Erythrina velutina shows promising therapeutic potential for conditions like convulsion, central nervous disorders, anxiety, insomnia, and inflammation, primarily due to its alkaloid and flavonoid content.

CONCLUSION

The traditional medicinal uses of the plant, combined with modern scientific research, underscore its pharmacological potential. This makes it a significant candidate for drug development. Further research should focus on conducting toxicological studies, clinical trials, and mechanistic investigations. These efforts will enable a comprehensive exploration of its pharmacological properties and potential applications in drug development.

Cordia oncocalyx and oncocalyxones: From the phytochemistry to the anticancer action and therapeutic benefits against chronic diseases

Cordia oncocalyx Allemão is an endemic economically underexploited plant from Brazilian semi-arid region. Herein, we carried out a well-defined bibliographic review about the pharmacological activities of oncocalyxones from C. oncocalyx and mechanisms responsible for the biomedical properties. MeSH terms were used in the scientific databases for a narrative exploration. Technological development and bioproducts were also examined. Cordia oncocalyx is a deciduous tree of sexual reproduction rich in terpenoid quinones. Among them, oncocalyxone A, a 1,4-benzoquinone, the main compound from heartwood ethanol extracts, revealed anti-inflammatory and anti-edematogenic actions induced by carrageenan and dextran and antinociceptive potential in mice provoked by acetic acid and formalin. Oncocalyxone A inhibits platelet aggregation via activation of the soluble guanylate cyclase enzyme and blocks glycation processes. In addition to the antimicrobial effects against protozoa, fungi and bacteria and relaxation of smooth muscles, oncocalyxone A reduces mean blood pressure and glycemia in diabetic rats, decreases glomerular filtration parameters and tubular transport of electrolytes, and presents in vitro antimitotic and cytotoxic action upon different types of cancers, including resistant lung carcinoma lines. It has low oral acute toxicity (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg) and activates cellular apoptosis through the production of free radicals and interactions with DNA. However, no patents were found, which also emphasizes that Brazil, as the cradle of the main articles on C. oncocalyx, is wasting time and money. Moreover, slight systemic deleterious effects in mammals stimulate the use of oncocalyxone A and related compounds as lead constituents of safer drugs against chronic diseases.

Evaluation of the biological activities of Copaiba (Copaifera spp): a comprehensive review based on scientometric analysis

Copaíba oil-resin is extracted from the trunk of the Copaíba tree and has medicinal, cosmetic, and industrial properties. As a result, widespread knowledge about the use of Copaíba oil-resin has evolved, attracting the scientific community's attention. This paper aims to map the global knowledge production regarding the biological activities of Copaíba (Copaifera spp.). Bibliometric methodological instruments were used to conduct a search of the Web of Science-Core Collection database. The search resulted in 822 references. After screening titles and abstracts, 581 references did not meet the eligibility criteria, leaving 246 references for full-text examination. Subsequently, 15 studies were excluded, resulting in a final set of 232 records for the bibliometric analysis. In vitro was the most published study type, mainly from Brazil, from 2010 to 2020. Regarding the authors, Bastos, JK, and Ambrosio, SR were the ones with the most significant number of papers included. The most frequent keywords were Copaíba oil, Copaíba, and Copaifera. Our findings revealed global study trends about Copaíba, mainly related to its various effects and use over time. In general, all countries have conducted more research on antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, also exposing its antioxidant and healing properties. Copaifera reticulata was the most investigated, followed by Copaifera langsdorffi and Copaifera multijuga in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Therefore, there is a need for human reports, given the promising results that Copaíba oils have been demonstrating.

Seasonality, Composition, and Antioxidant Capacity of Limonene/δ-3-Carene/(E)-Caryophyllene Schinus terebinthifolia Essential Oil Chemotype from the Brazilian Amazon: A Chemometric Approach

Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi is widely used in traditional Brazilian medicine to treat respiratory diseases, as an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and hemostatic agent. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of climatic parameters on the yield, antioxidative capacity, and chemical composition of the S. terebinthifolia leaf essential oil. The specimen was collected monthly from October 2021 to September 2022. Leaf essential oils (EOs) were obtained by hydrodistillation, and their chemical compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Statistical analyses were performed to verify the climatic influences on the yields, chemical composition, and antioxidative capacity. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging and inhibition of β-carotene/linoleic acid oxidation assays were performed to assess the antioxidant activity. The leaf essential oil yields ranged from 0.1% (July) to 0.7% (May and September), averaging 0.5 ± 0.2%. There was no significant difference in essential oil production during the dry (0.4 ± 0.2%) and rainy (0.6 ± 0.1%) seasons. The main chemical constituents identified in essential oils were limonene (11.42-56.24%), δ-3-carene (8.70-33.16%) and (E)-caryophyllene (4.10-24.98%). The limonene annual average was 43.57 ± 12.74% and showed no statistical difference during the dry (40.53 ± 13.38%) and rainy (52.68 ± 3.27%) seasons. Likewise, the annual average of δ-3-carene was 22.55 ± 7.11%, displaying no statistical difference between dry (26.35 ± 7.90%) and rainy (31.14 ± 1.63%) seasons. The annual average of (E)-caryophyllene was 11.07 ± 7.15% and this constituent did not show a statistical difference in Tukey's test (p > 0.05) during the dry (12.72 ± 7.56%) and rainy (6.10 ± 1.78%) season. Limonene showed a moderate positive and significant correlation (p < 0.05) with precipitation (r = 0.56) and a weak correlation with temperature (r = -0.40), humidity (r = 0.40), and insolation (r = -0.44). All samples inhibited the oxidation in the β-carotene/linoleic acid system (22.78-44.15%) but displayed no activity in the DPPH method.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Insecticidal Activity, and Comparative Analysis of Essential Oils of Leaves and Fruits of Schinus molle and Schinus terebinthifolius

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi. and Schinus molle L. are perennial woody plants belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, widely distributed in the United States, Europe, Asia, and Africa, and they are broadly used for many applications such as in traditional medicine as an antipyretic, analgesic, depurative, and in the treatment of diseases of the urogenital system as well as culinary and ornamental species. Our work aims to study and compare the chemical composition and the antioxidant and insecticidal activity of the essential oils of the leaves and fruits of the two species of the genus Schinus. The essential oils were characterized by a very spicy aromatic odor, and by the abundance of hydrocarbon monoterpenes in the leaves and fruits of Schinus molle (49.70% and 42.65%), unlike the EOs of the fruits of Schinus terebinthifolius which have a high content in hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (40.57%). Usually, these oils have shown relatively low antioxidant activity was expressed in IC₅₀; especially, the essential oil of the fruits of S. terebinthifolius revealed a concentration of 3.292 ± 2.82 mg/mL. The evaluation of the insecticidal activity gave good results in the method of exposure of adults of Sitophilus oryzae to EOs by contact; thus, the fruits of Schinus molle are more active against this species of beetle than the other essential oil.

Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Annonacae

In 1789, the Annonaceae family was catalogued by de Jussieu. It encompasses tropical and subtropical plants which are widespread in distribution across various continents such as Asia, South and Central America, Australia and Africa. The genus of Annona is one of 120 genera of the Annonaceae family and contains more than 119 species of trees and shrubs. Most species are found in tropical America, where over 105 species have been identified. Due to its edible fruits and medicinal properties, Annona is the most studied genus of Annonaceae family. To date, only a limited number of these species have economic value, including A. squamosa L. (sugar apple), A. cherimola Mill. (Cherimoya), A. muricata L. (guanabana or soursop), A. atemoya Mabb. (atemoya), a hybrid between A. cherimola and A. squamosa, A. reticulata L. (custard apple), A. glabra L. (pond-apple) and A. macroprophyllata Donn. Sm. (ilama). Phytochemically, several classes of secondary metabolites, including acetogenins, essential oils, alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids. The pharmacological activities of Annona species leaves and seeds include antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties.

Toxic Potential of Cerrado Plants on Different Organisms

Cerrado has many compounds that have been used as biopesticides, herbicides, medicines, and others due to their highly toxic potential. Thus, this review aims to present information about the toxicity of Cerrado plants. For this purpose, a review was performed using PubMed, Science Direct, and Web Of Science databases. After applying exclusion criteria, 187 articles published in the last 20 years were selected and analyzed. Detailed information about the extract preparation, part of the plant used, dose/concentration tested, model system, and employed assay was provided for different toxic activities described in the literature, namely cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal, antiparasitic, and molluscicidal activities. In addition, the steps to execute research on plant toxicity and the more common methods employed were discussed. This review synthesized and organized the available research on the toxic effects of Cerrado plants, which could contribute to the future design of new environmentally safe products.

Virucidal and antiviral activities of pomegranate (Punica granatum) extract against the mosquito-borne Mayaro virus

BACKGROUND

The arthropod-borne Mayaro virus (MAYV) causes "Mayaro fever," a disease of medical significance, primarily affecting individuals in permanent contact with forested areas in tropical South America. Recently, MAYV has attracted attention due to its likely urbanization. There are currently no licensed drugs against most mosquito-transmitted viruses. Punica granatum (pomegranate) fruits cultivated in Brazil have been subjected to phytochemical investigation for the identification and isolation of antiviral compounds. In the present study, we explored the antiviral activity of pomegranate extracts in Vero cells infected with Mayaro virus.

METHODS

The ethanol extract and punicalagin of pomegranate were extracted solely from the shell and purified by chromatographic fractionation, and were chemically identified using spectroscopic techniques. The cytotoxicity of the purified compounds was measured by the dye uptake assay, while their antiviral activity was evaluated by a virus yield inhibition assay.

RESULTS

Pomegranate ethanol extract (CC₅₀ = 588.9, IC₅₀ = 12.3) and a fraction containing punicalagin as major compound (CC₅₀ = 441.5, IC₅₀ = 28.2) were shown to have antiviral activity (SI 49 and 16, respectively) against Mayaro virus, an alphavirus. Immunofluorescence analysis showed the virucidal effect of pomegranate extract, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed damage in viral particles treated with this extract.

CONCLUSIONS

The P. granatum extract is a promising source of antiviral compounds against the alphavirus MAYV and represents an excellent candidate for future studies with other enveloped RNA viruses.

Chemical composition and anti-Mayaro virus activity of Schinus terebinthifolius fruits

Brazilian traditional medicine has explored the antiviral properties of many plant extracts, including those from the Brazilian pepper tree, Schinus terebinthifolius. In the present study, we investigated the chemical composition and anti-mayaro virus (MAYV) activity of S. terebinthifolius fruit. Extensive virucidal activity (more than 95%) was detected for the ethyl acetate extract and the isolated biflavonoids. From the ethyl acetate extract of Schinus terebinthifolius fruits, two bioflavonoids were isolated ((2S, 2″S)-2,3,2″,3″-tetrahydroamentoflavone and agathisflavone), which showed strong virucidal activity against Mayaro virus. Furthermore, several other compounds like terpenes and phenolics were identified by hyphenated techniques (GC-MS, LC-MS and HPLC-UV), as well as by mass spectrometry. Immunofluorescence assay confirmed antiviral activity and transmission electron microscopy revealed damage in viral particles treated with biflavonoids. The data suggest the direct action of the extract and the biflavonoids on the virus particles. The biflavonoids tetrahydroamentoflavone and agathisflavone had strong virucidal activity and reduced MAYV infection.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-021-00698-z.

Phytochemical characterization, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) against multiresistant pathogens

The objective of this work was to perform the phytochemical characterization, to determine total phenols, antioxidant (AAO%) and antimicrobial potential of the ethanolic extracts of carambola. The phytochemical study was carried out through a qualitative analysis of the chemical constituents and quantitative determination of the phenol content By the Folin-Ciocalteu test. Qualitative and quantitative antioxidant tests were performed using the DPPH method (2,2 diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazila) and iron reduction (FRAP). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by microdilution in 96-well plates. The presence of pyrogallic tannins, steroids and saponins has been identified. The highest total phenol content, quantified in the samples, was found in the stem bark (0.0866 mgEAG/g) and in the fruit (0.0734 mgEAG/g). In the antioxidant evaluation, the extracts of the green fruit bagasse (AAO% 71.9%,) and stem bark at 50 μg/mL (AAO% 94%) with CE50 23.7 μg/mL. Leaf extracts, stem bark, ripe fruit bagasse and green fruit bagasse presented MICs of 100 μg/mL against multiresistant pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

Effects of plant extracts from Stryphnodendron adstringens (mart.) coville, Lafoensia pacari a. st.-hil, copaifera spp., and Pterodon emarginatus Vogel on in vitro rumen fermentation

The effects of doses CTL (0 mg), 30, 300 and 3000 mg/L of extracts from Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville (SA), Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil (LP), Copaifera spp. (CO) and Pterodon emarginatus Vogel (PE) on ruminal fermentation were investigated in eight experiments conducted in randomized complete block designs. The in vitro system contained four fermentation vessels. Each treatment was allocated in one vessel in each run. Incubation was run four and five times with diets 50:50 and 10:90 (roughage to concentrate ratio) respectively. Incubation vessel was the experimental unit, and each incubation run was a block. All plant extracts negatively affected DM degradation at 3000 mg/L. In diet 50:50, SA-3000 increased the molar proportion of propionate (p < 0.05), yet it decreased the concentration of fermentation products (p < 0.05); LP-300 reduced ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH₃ -N; 98 vs. 120 mg/dl for LP-300 and average of CTL and LP-30, respectively) and isobutyrate (p < 0.05); CO-300 reduced (p < 0.05) NH₃ -N (98 vs. 123 mg/dl for CO-300 and average of CTL and CO-30, respectively); and P. emarginatus had no positive effects on rumen fermentation (p > 0.05). In diet 10:90, SA-300 reduced (p < 0.001) NH₃ -N and total volatile fatty acids (VFA); LP-30 increased (p < 0.05) total VFA (85 vs. 63 mM for LP-30 and CTL, respectively), molar proportions of acetate and propionate, and had lower C₂ :C₃ than CTL (3.6 vs. 4.3, respectively); CO-300 decreased acetate and increased propionate, reducing C₂ :C₃ (p < 0.001; 2.8 vs. 3.6 for CO-300 and average of other doses, respectively); PE-30 and PE-300 reduced NH₃ -N by 14% and increased total VFA by 29% compared with CTL (p < 0.05). Further in vivo investigations may consider L. pacari (LP-30), Copaifera spp. (CO-300) oleoresin and P. emarginatus oleoresin (PE-30 and PE-300) in diets with high inclusion of concentrate.

Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul) L.P. Queiroz: A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological-pharmacological activities

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) LP Queiroz (Fabaceae) is an endemic tree in the Northeast of Brazil. Its flowers, leaves, stem bark and root have been used over the years to treat infections, abdominal pain, inflammation, diarrhea, heartburn, and dyspepsia.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study is a critical assessment of the state-of-the-art concerning traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of P. pyramidalis performed through the application of a robust research strategy to explore the therapeutic potential of P. pyramidalis extracts and isolated compounds for the treatment of human disorders.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Information related to this review was systematically collected from scientific literature databases for P. pyramidalis, including papers and patents (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Google scholar, INPI, WIPO, EPO and USPTO), published books (e.g. Plantas Forrageiras das Caatingas), dissertations and theses. Plant taxonomy has been confirmed in the "The Plant List" database (www.theplantlist.org).

RESULTS

Phytochemical analysis of P. pyramidalis shows several constituents such as flavonoids, triterpenoids and phenylpropanoids. The extract and isolated constituents exhibited a wide range of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects including antimicrobial, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective and neuroprotective activities. In addition, toxicity studies showed that the administration of P. pyramidalis extract was safe in non-pregnant rats but displayed teratogenic effects in rats and goats. On the other hand, the search in patent databases reported a single filing, which highlights the disparity between a large number of published scientific articles versus the almost nonexistent filing of patents. This fact evidences a still little explored technological potential of the species.

CONCLUSION

P. pyramidalis represents an important therapeutic resource for the population from the Northeast of Brazil. Pharmacological studies confirmed the effectiveness of the extract or isolated compounds in the treatment of various pathologies traditionally treated with P. pyramidalis. The authors emphasize the need for in-depth research and future clinical trials in order to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of P. pyramidalis.

Preparation of glass-ionomer cement containing ethanolic Brazilian pepper extract (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) fruits: chemical and biological assays

Plants may contain beneficial or potentially dangerous substances to humans. This study aimed to prepare and evaluate a new drug delivery system based on a glass-ionomer-Brazilian pepper extract composite, to check for its activity against pathogenic microorganisms of the oral cavity, along with its in vitro biocompatibility. The ethanolic Brazilian pepper extract (BPE), the glass-ionomer cement (GIC) and the composite GIC-BPE were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and thermal analysis. The BPE compounds were identified by UPLC–QTOF–MS/MS. The release profile of flavonoids and the mechanical properties of the GIC-BPE composite were assessed. The flavonoids were released through a linear mechanism governing the diffusion for the first 48 h, as evidenced by the M_t/M_∞ relatively to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sqrt t$$\end{document}t, at a diffusion coefficient of 1.406 × 10^–6 cm² s⁻¹. The ATR-FTIR analysis indicated that a chemical bond between the GIC and BPE components may have occurred, but the compressive strength of GIC-BPE does not differ significantly from that of this glass-ionomer. The GIC-BPE sample revealed an ample bacterial activity at non-cytotoxic concentrations for the human fibroblast MRC-5 cells. These results suggest that the prepared composite may represent an alternative agent for endodontic treatment.

Starch-Capped Silver Nanoparticles Impregnated into Propylamine-Substituted PVA Films with Improved Antibacterial and Mechanical Properties for Wound-Bandage Applications

This research endeavor aims to develop polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based films capable of blends with silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) for improved antibacterial properties and good mechanical strength to widen its scope in the field of wound dressing and bandages. This study reports synthesis of propylamine-substituted PVA (PA-PVA), Ag-NPs via chemical and green methods (starch capping) and their blended films in various proportions. Employment of starch-capped Ag-NPs as nanofillers into PVA films has substantially improved the above-mentioned properties in the ensuing nanocomposites. Synthesis of PA-PVA, starch-capped Ag-NPs and blended films were well corroborated with UV/Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, NMR, XRD and SEM analysis. Synthesized Ag-NPs were of particle shape and have an average size 20 nm and 40 nm via green and chemical synthesis, respectively. The successful blending of Ag-NPs was yielded up to five weight per weight into PA-PVA film as beyond this self-agglomeration of Ag-NPs was observed. Antibacterial assay has shown good antimicrobial activities by five weight per weight Ag-NPs(G)-encapsulated into PA-PVA blended film, i.e., 13 mm zone inhibition against Escherichia coli and 11 mm zone inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. Physical strength was measured in the terms of young's modulus via tensile stress-strain curves of blended films. The five weight per weight Ag-NPs(G)/PA-PVA blend film showed maximum tensile strength 168.2 MPa while three weight per weight Ag-NPs(G)/PVA blend film showed highest values for ultimate strain 297.0%. Ag-NPs embedment into PA-PVA was resulted in strong and ductile film blend than pristine PA-PVA film due to an increase in hydrogen bonding. These good results of five weight per weight Ag-NPs(G)/PA-PVA product make it a potent candidate for wound dressing application in physically active body areas.

The crystal structure of 1-carboxy-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N,N-trimethylethan-1-ammonium chloride, C14H19N2O2Cl

C14H19N2O2Cl, tetragonal, P41 (no. 76), a = 6.8614(8) Å, c = 29.820(5) Å, V = 1403.9(4) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0311, wR ref(F 2) = 0.0549, T = 150(2) K.

Phytochemical Compounds of Branches from P. halepensis Oily Liquid Extract and S. terebinthifolius Essential Oil and Their Potential Antifungal Activity

In the present study, the antifungal activity of wood treated with Pinus halepensis branch n-hexane oily liquid extract (OLE) and Schinus terebinthifolius branch essential oil (EO) was evaluated against the growth of four phytopathogenic fungi—Bipolaris oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Rhizoctonia solani. Air-dried wood samples of Pinus roxburghii were autoclaved, and each wood received 100 µL of the concentrated oils from P. halepensis and S. terebinthifolius. The main compounds identified in S. terebinthifolius branch EO were terpinen-4-ol (18.25%), cis-β-terpineol (15.60%), γ-terpinene (12.46%), sabinene (9.83%), α-terpinene (8.56%), and 4-thujanol (6.71%), while the main compounds in P. halepensis branch HeO were 2-undecenal (22.25%), 4-hydroxy-10-methyl-3,4,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-2H-oxecin-2-one (8.43%), (Z)-2-decenal (6.88%), nonanal (5.85%), (2E)-2-decenal (4.65%), (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (4.41%), arachidonic acid methyl ester (4.36%), and 2-(7-heptadecynyloxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran (4.22%). P. halepensis OLE at a concentration of 3% showed the highest inhibition percentage of fungal growth (IPFG) of B. oryzae, followed by S. terebinthifolius EO at 3% and 2%, with IPFG values of 80%, 74.44%, and 71.66%, respectively. At a concentration of 3%, branch oils from S. terebinthifolius and P. halepensis were found to have the highest IPFG values with 45.55% and 40.55%, respectively, against F. oxysporum growth. Moderate to weak activity was found against F. solani when S. terebinthifolius EO and P. halepensis OLE were applied to wood. EO and OLE-treated wood samples at 3% produced inhibitions of 54.44% and 41.11%, respectively, against R. solani.

Schinus terebinthifolius Essential Oil Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficits via Cholinergic Modulation and Antioxidant Properties in a Zebrafish Model

Schinus terebinthifolius is a plant well recognized for its therapeutic profile such as anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities, promoting antibacterial activity and antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. This study aimed at examining whether Schinus terebinthifolius memory-enhancing activities are mediated by cholinergic and brain antioxidant systems in a scopolamine zebrafish model. Schinus terebinthifolius essential oil (10, 25, and 50 μL/L) was delivered to zebrafish by immersion in water for 8 days. Memory deficits were induced by scopolamine (100 μM) administration. Zebrafish were divided into seven groups (n = 15/group): vehicle group, scopolamine (100 μM) group, Schinus terebinthifolius essential oil groups (STF; 10, 25, and 50 μL/L), the imipramine group (IMP; 20 mg/L, as the positive control in the NTT test), and the donepezil group (DP; 10 mg/L, as the positive control in the Y-maze test). Memory status was estimated by the novel tank diving test (NTT) and the Y-maze test and finally was validated by comparison with imipramine (20 mg/L) and donepezil (10 mg/L). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to detect oil compounds. Brain levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and antioxidant enzymes were measured. After being exposed to Schinus terebinthifolius essential oil, the scopolamine zebrafish exhibited an improvement of memory processes in the NTT and Y-maze tests. The essential oil attenuated the elevated level of AChE and brain oxidative stress. Schinus terebinthifolius essential oil was found to support memory formation through the inhibition of the AChE activity and decreasing oxidative stress in the scopolamine-treated zebrafish brains.

Alternative Cutaneous Substitutes Based on Poly(l-co-d,l-lactic acid-co-trimethylene carbonate) with Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Extract Designed for Skin Healing

The search for new therapies and drugs that act as topical agents to relieve pain and control the inflammatory processes in burns always attracted interest in clinical trials. As an alternative to synthetic drugs, natural extracts are useful in the development of new strategies and formulations for improving the quality of life. The aim of this study was to develop a wound dressing using poly(l-co-d,l-lactic acid-co-trimethylene carbonate) (PLDLA-TMC) containing Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (S.T.R.). S.T.R. is a native Brazilian plant known for its strong anti-inflammatory responses. The membrane of PLDLA-TMC + S. terebinthifolius Raddi was prepared at different concentrations of S.T.R. (5, 10, 15, and 50%). The Fourier transform infrared results showed no change in the PLDLA-TMC spectrum after S.T.R. addition, whereas the swelling test showed changes only in PLDLA-TMC + S.T.R. at 50%. The wettability measurements showed a mass loss due to the decrease in the contact angle in all samples after the S.T.R. addition in the polymer, whereas the S.T.R. release test showed a linear delivery pattern. The scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that S.T.R. was homogeneously distributed at only 5 and 10%. Tensile tests demonstrated an increase in Young's modulus and a reduction in the elongation till rupture of PLDLA-TMC after the addition of S.T.R. The biocompatibility in vitro evaluation with rat fibroblast cells seeded in the membranes of PLDLA-TMC + S.T.R. showed that although S.T.R. interfered in cell morphology, all concentrations tested showed that cells were able to adhere and proliferate during 7 days. Thus, S.T.R. at 50% was chosen to be tested for in vivo trials. The histological and immunohistochemistry results revealed an accelerated skin healing at 7 days after controlled secondary burns were introduced in the dorsal skin, with a striking total recovery of the epidermis and high rates of molecular activation of cell proliferation. Due to the known biocompatibility properties of PLDLA-TMC and its stable release of S.T.R., we strongly recommend S.T.R.-containing PLDLA-TMC as a curative device to favor skin healing.

The ethanolic extract from Erythrina mulungu Benth. flowers attenuates allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Erythrina mulungu Benth. ("mulungu", Fabaceae) is a Brazilian native species with ethnopharmacological use for respiratory diseases. However, the effects of E. mulungu on the respiratory were never studied.

AIMS OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the effects of an ethanolic extract from flowers of E. mulungu in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma in mice, and to study the mechanisms involved.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

OVA-sensitized mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) treated with four doses (200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg) of the E. mulungu extract or dexamethasone (DEXA, 2 mg/kg) during seven consecutive days and simultaneously challenged with intranasal OVA. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was evaluated in vivo, 24 h after the last OVA challenge. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was collected for counting the number of total and differential inflammatory cells. Blood was collected for measurement of anti-OVA IgE levels. Levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)- 4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and interferon (INF)-γ were measured in pulmonary homogenate by ELISA. The recruitment of inflammatory cells to the lung tissue was determined using hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E). The extract's chromatographic profile was evaluated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS).

RESULTS

The treatment with E. mulungu extract significantly reduced bronchial hyperresponsiveness, significantly reduced the number of leukocytes, eosinophils, and lymphocytes in BAL, and significantly decreased the levels of IL-4 and IL-5, while increased levels of IL-13 and INF-γ. In addition, E. mulungu significantly decreased the cellular inflammatory infiltration in the lung tissue. Erysotrine, erysotrine-N-oxide, and hypaphorine were the major constituents identified in the extract.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, these results confirm the potential of E. mulungu for asthma treatment, through modulation of inflammatory response, supporting its ethnopharmacological use for respiratory diseases.

Hepatic and gastroprotective activity of Serjania marginata leaf aqueous extract in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The aim of this study was to assess the leaf aqueous extract composition of Serjania marginata and the effects of its inclusion on the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), with respect to the activity of digestive enzymes and enzymes associated with the metabolism of the liver and intestine and liver histopathology. Fish (initial mean weight, 54.36 ± 17.04 g) were divided into groups: fasting (without feeding), control (commercial feed), and treatment (commercial feed with leaf aqueous extract of Serjania marginata), and in each aquarium, there were five individuals and the fish fed ad libitum for 15 days. Treatment fish had ingested on average 224.3 mg of extract/kg of fish/day. In the extract analysis by mass spectrometry, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, A-type proanthocyanidin trimer, and quinic acid were identified. In the enzymatic activity, fish from the treatment group showed higher level of alkaline phosphatase, while the hepatotoxic markers (AST and ALT) and levels of lipase, amylase, and nonspecific protease did not differ (p > 0.05). In liver histopathological analysis, it was observed that fish from the treatment showed normal structure, while abnormalities were associated with control (fibrosis, loss of cordonal architecture, vacuolated hepatocytes with nucleus displaced to the periphery) and fasting (reduction in hepatocyte size and sinusoidal space). The intestine histopathology evidenced that the extract favored the development of goblet cells and intestinal fold height. The results indicated that the leaf aqueous extract of S. marginata assists in the structural maintenance of the liver and intestine and stimulates intestinal alkaline phosphatase production in Nile tilapia, suggesting that the identified compounds act on the liver and intestine, showing hepatoprotective effects and stimulating intestinal digestion.

Toxicological safety evaluation in acute and 28-day studies of aqueous extract from Serjania marginata Casar. (Sapindaceae) leaves in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Serjania marginata Casar. (Sapindaceae) is a species traditionally known to be used for the treatment of gastric pain and inflammatory symptoms.

AIM OF THIS STUDY

Due to the therapeutic importance of this species, this study investigated the toxicological effects of S. marginata leaves (AESM), after a single and a repeated exposure in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For the acute toxicity test, 2000 mg/kg of AESM was administered to male and female rats by gavage, whereas for subacute toxicity test, 30, 150, or 750 mg/kg of AESM were used.

RESULTS

No evidence of toxicity was observed in the animals acutely exposed to the extract, indicating that the LD₅₀ is higher than 2000 mg/kg. After the repeated administration of AESM the hematological and biochemical parameters were unaltered, except the erythrocytes number and albumin levels in the exposed animals. Moreover, daily administration of this extract caused alteration on kidney histology. AESM also induced an increase of abnormal sperm, however the other reproductive parameters analyzed, in both sexes, were not altered by the treatment.

CONCLUSION

Although AESM was not toxic after a single exposure, its use after prolonged periods affected some analyzed parameters, indicating that precautions should be taken when it is given over longer periods.

Transference of bioactive compounds from support plants to the termites Constrictotermes cyphergaster (Isoptera)

This study aims to investigate the microbiological potential of the termite species Constrictotermes cyphergaster (Silvestri, 1901) and its support plants. We collected five C. cyphergaster nests from three different support plant species. Microbiological assays were performed on these extracts using the serial microdilution method in triplicate to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each microorganism for the analysed extract. The ethanol extracts of the termite C. cyphergaster showed no significant activity against strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with an MIC >1000 μg mL-1. Only the extracts of the nests and termites with the nest had the same MICs. These results were in contrast to the extracts of Spondias tuberosa (Umbuzeiro), Poincianella pyramidalis (Catingueira), and Amburana cearensis (Cumaru), which demonstrated significant activity against S. aureus with MICs <1000 μg mL-1. The modulating activity of the extracts tested in the present study demonstrated potentiation of most antibiotics across the bacterial strains tested when combined with the extracts for both S. aureus and E. coli. These results indicate that the extracts tested in the present study may be composed of animal and vegetable origins with the potential to modify the activity of antibiotics and thus may aid in antimicrobial therapy.

Embryonic mortality and abortion in goats caused by ingestion of Poincianella pyramidalis

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to characterize the embryotoxic, teratogenic and abortifacient effect of Poincianella pyramidalis in goats. Twenty pregnant goats with 18 days of gestation were divided into five groups of four animals each. After collection, the leaves of P. pyramidalis were dried in the shade and crushed. The daily feed provided to the goats was equivalent to 3% of their body weight, being 1% concentrated feed and 2% roughage. In Group 1 (control), the provided roughage was Cynodon dactylon (Tifton) hay; in Groups 2, 3 and 4, 10%, 20% and 80% of the C. dactylon roughage was replaced by dry and ground P. pyramidalis, respectively. In Group 5, all the roughage was replaced by green P. pyramidalis ad libitum, collected daily. Ultrasonographic examination was performed twice a week throughout the pregnancy. Goats in Groups 1, 2 and 3, delivered normal kids. Two goats in Group 4 aborted at 127 and 90 days of gestation. In group 5, three goats showed embryonic death at 25, 30 and 31 days of gestation and the other goat aborted at 39 days of pregnancy. Malformations were not observed. It is suggested that P. pyramidalis, which is very common in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil, should be considered as an important cause of reproductive losses in this area. Due to its high palatability, it is important to avoid the ingestion of P. pyramidalis by pregnant and mating goats.

Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil.: Wound healing activity and mechanism of action of standardized hydroethanolic leaves extract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE

Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil., (Lythraceae) is a native tree of Brazilian Cerrado and commonly known in Brazil as "mangava-brava". Its leaves are used in Brazilian folk medicine in wound healing, cutaneous mycoses, and in the treatment of gastritis and ulcers.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study was designed to evaluate the wound healing activity and mechanism of action of the hydroethanolic extract of Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. leaves (HELp), and to advance in its chemical profiling.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

HELp was prepared by maceration in 70% hydroethanolic solution (1:10, w/v). The phytochemical analyses were investigated using colorimetry and electrospray ionization/mass spectrometric detection (ESI-MSⁿ). Its in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated in CHO-K1 and L929 cells, while the in vivo acute toxicity was performed in mice. The potential in vivo wound healing activity was assessed using excision and incision rat models and histopathology of the wounded skin (excision model) was carried out. The in vitro wound healing activity of HELp was demonstrated by scratch assay in L-929 cells, by measuring proliferation/migration rate and p-ERK 1/2 protein expression using western blot analysis. HELp's in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced peritonitis in mice, along with the determination of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-10) in the peritoneal lavages. Its potential in vitro antibacterial activity was performed using microbroth dilution assay, while in vitro antioxidant activities was by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays.

RESULTS

The phytochemical analysis of HELp revealed the presence of polyphenols with ellagic acid, punicalagin, punicalin, kaempferol, quercetin-3-O-xylopyranoside and quercetin-3-O-rhamnopyranoside being the most prominent. HELp showed no toxicity on CHO-k1 and L929 cell lines. Topical treatment with HELp (10 and 30 mg/g of gel) presented increased rates of wound contraction at all the days evaluated with complete wound re-epithelialization at 22.0 ± 1.5 (p < 0.05) and 21.7 ± 1.6 (p < 0.01) days, respectively. Topical application of HELp (10, 30 or 100 mg/g of gel) in incised wounds caused an increase in tensile break strength at all concentrations resulting in moderate re-epithelialization and neovascularization, increased cell proliferation an accelerated remodeling phase of the wound, in a manner comparable to standard drug (Madecassol^®, 10 mg/g). In the scratch assay with L929 cells, HELp (0.1 and 0.03 mg/mL) and PDGF (5 ng/mL) resulted in the increased proliferation/migration rate of fibroblasts and higher expression of p-ERK 1/2 protein. In LPS-induced peritonitis, HELp (100 and 200 mg/kg p.o.) decreased total leukocyte migration, comparable to the dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg p.o.). In RAW 264.7 macrophages activated by LPS, HELp produced anti-inflammatory activity dependent on increased concentrations of IL-10, reduction in NO production, without altering the TNF-α levels. HELp also presented potent antioxidant activity in the DPPH and FRAP, but lacks in vitro antibacterial activity.

CONCLUSION

The present study results support the popular use of the leaves of L. pacari in the treatment of wounds. Its wound healing activity is multi-targeted and involves inhibition of the proliferative and anti-inflammatory phases, antioxidant and positive modulation of the remodeling phase that might be involved different secondary metabolites, with emphasis on the ellagic acid, punicalagin, punicalin, kaempferol, quercetin-3-O-xylopyranoside and quercetin-3-O-rhamnopyranoside.

Tissue reaction to Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva) extracts associated with microorganisms: an in vivo study

Based on aroeira's (Myracrodruon urundeuva) antimicrobial activity and a future trend to compose intracanal medication, the aim of this study was to assess in vivo inflamatory tissue response to the extracts by edemogenic and histological analysis containing inactivated facultative and anaerobic microorganisms. For edema quantification, eighteen animals were divided into three groups (n = 3, periods: 3 and 6 hours) and 0.2 mL of 1% Evans blue per 100 g of body weight was injected into the penile vein under general anesthesia. After 30 min the animals received a subcutaneous injection in the dorsal region of aqueous or ethanolic extract of aroeira or saline (control) containing inactivated bacteria. Samples were collected, immersed in formamide for 72h, and evaluated by spectrophotometry (630 m). For histological analysis, polyethylene tubes with the extracts were implanted in the dorsal of 30 male rats. Analysis of the fibrous capsule and inflammatory infiltrate were performed after 7 and 30 days. The aqueous extract group induced less edema in both postoperative periods compared to the other groups, but the differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Tissue repair was significantly better after 30 days than after 7 days (p < 0.01). The aqueous solution showed less inflammatory response than the ethanolic solution (p < 0.05), with tendency for better results than control after 7 days. After 30 days, the response to both extracts was similar to control. The aqueous and ethanolic aroeira extracts containing inactivated microorganisms showed a trend for better results than saline, even when associated with microorganisms, and facilitated the tissue repair process.

Antibacterial activity of extracted bioactive molecules of Schinus terebinthifolius ripened fruits against some pathogenic bacteria

The aim of this work is to identify the chemical constituents and the bioactivity of essential oil (EO), acetone extract (ACE) and n-hexane extract (HexE) of S. terebinthifolius ripened fruits using GC-MS. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of extracts were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively. The toxicity against the growth of Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus flavus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sarcina lutea, and Staphylococcus aureus was determined with measuring the inhibition zones (IZs) using the disc diffusion method at the concentrations from 125 to 2000 μg/mL, also, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using 96-well micro-plates and ranged from 4 to 2000 μg/mL. The major components in EO were α-pinene (36.9%), and α-phellandrene (32.8%). The major components in ACE were oleic acid (38.7%), α-phellandrene (13.33%), and δ-cadinene (11.1%), while the major methyl esters of fatty acids detected in HexE were oleic (12.8%), and palmitic (10.9%). The EO showed good activity against the growth of Staph. aureus and P. aeruginosa with MIC values of 16 μg/mL and 32 μg/mL, the ACE showed broad activity against the studied bacterial pathogens with MIC values ranged from of 4-128 μg/mL against the studied bacterial isolates, while HexE, however, showed weak antibacterial activity. The IC₅₀ values of EO, ACE and HexE were 15.11 ± 0.99, 118.16 ± 1.7 and 324.26 ± 2.45 μg/mL, respectively, compared to IC₅₀ of Tannic acid (23.83 ± 1.9 μg/mL) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 2.9 ± 0.1 μg/mL). Data suggested that the ripened fruits of S. terebinthifolius have potent antioxidant and antibacterial activities.

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi ( Aroeira) leaves oil attenuates inflammatory responses in cutaneous wound healing in mice 1

PURPOSE

To investigated the inflammatory, angiogenic and fibrogenic activities of the Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi leaves oil (STRO) on wound healing.

METHODS

The excisional wound healing model was used to evaluate the effects of STRO. The mice were divided into two groups: Control, subjected to vehicle solution (ointment lanolin/vaseline base), or STRO- treated group, administered topically once a day for 3, 7 and 14 days post-excision. We evaluated the macroscopic wound closure rate; the inflammation was evaluated by leukocytes accumulation and cytokine levels in the wounds. The accumulation of neutrophil and macrophages in the wounds were determined by assaying myeloperoxidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities. The levels of TNF-α, CXCL-1 and CCL-2 in wound were evaluated by ELISA assay. Angiogenesis and collagen fibers deposition were evaluated histologically.

RESULTS

We observed that macroscopic wound closure rate was improved in wounds from STRO-group than Control-group. The wounds treated with STRO promoted a reduction in leucocyte accumulation and in pro-inflammatory cytokine. Moreover, STRO treatment increased significantly the number of blood vessels and collagen fibers deposition, as compared to control group.

CONCLUSION

Topical application of STRO display anti-inflammatory and angiogenic effects, as well as improvement in collagen replacement, suggesting a putative use of this herb for the development of phytomedicines to treat inflammatory diseases, including wound healing.

The Effect of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) Bark Extract on Histamine-Induced Paw Edema and Ileum Smooth Muscle Contraction

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), popularly known as red aroeira, is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory, gastric, and respiratory disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antihistaminic activity of S. terebinthifolius (St) bark extract by using in vivo and in vitro experimental models. The effects of St were investigated on contractions induced by histamine, carbachol, and potassium chloride in isolated guinea pig ileum. St was also studied in response to hind paw edema induced by histamine in rats. Experiments revealed that although St (250, 500, and 1,000 µg/mL) reduced the histamine-induced contractions by 9.1 ± 1.8, 50.2 ± 2.0, and 68.9 ± 2.0%, respectively, it did not inhibit contractions induced by carbachol or KCl. The association of St (250 and 500 µg/mL) with hydroxyzine, an H1-antihistamine (0.125 and 0.250 µM), increased the inhibitory effect to 67.0 ± 3.2 and 85.1 ± 2.1%, respectively. Moreover, St (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) decreased paw edema from its peak by 33.9, 48.4, and 54.8%, respectively, whereas hydroxyzine (70 mg/kg) inhibited the peak edema by 56.5%. Altogether, the results suggest that the bark extract of S. terebinthifolius has an antihistaminic effect (H1).

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Ribeirinhos in the North Araguaia microregion, Mato Grosso, Brazil

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE

Currently, in many traditional communities, such as the riverine community in the North Araguaia microregion (Mato Grosso, Brazil), plant knowledge and use represent the main, if not the only, therapeutic resource for the maintenance of health and/or treatment of diseases. This study aimed to identify and document species of medicinal plants used by local experts from riverine communities in the North Araguaia microregion in Mato Grosso State, and to further chemical and pharmacological studies on species selected based on searches in the relevant literature.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is a cross-sectional ethnobotanical study, with non-probabilistic sampling (n =60), that applied the snowball method to select local riverine experts who understand medicinal plant use. Socio-demographic, ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological data (vernacular name, uses, geographical origin, habit, method of preparation and part used) on medicinal plants were collected during semi-structured interviews. The results were analyzed by descriptive and quantitative means: indices of use-report (UR) were used to select plant species with therapeutic potential.

RESULTS

In total, 309 plant species belonging to 86 botanical families were cited; 73% were native to Brazil, and Fabaceae was the most representative family (11.3%). Arboreal was the predominant life form (37.2%). The leaf was the most used part (28.9%). Infusion was the most commonly reported method of preparation (31.3%). The plants reported in the survey were indicated for 18 of the 22 ICD-10 disease categories. The disease categories most commonly cited were the infectious and parasitic diseases (IPD, 718 UR), digestive system diseases (DSD, 565 UR) and respiratory system diseases (RSD, 504 UR), representing 16.6%, 13.1% and 11.7%, respectively of the total UR. Dysphania ambrosioides L. was the most sighted in the IPD category 50 UR. Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (133), Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. (131), and Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (126) were the species with the highest UR. Bidens pilosa L., Vernonia ferruginea Less, and L. pacari, respectively, were the most cited native plants used to treat such diseases. Of the 8 investigated native plants, C. langsdorffii, and Brosimum gaudichaudii are the most prominent: in addition to having been widely studied, in terms of phytochemical and pharmacological, these species have been marketed as pharmaceutical products, with associated patent deposits.

CONCLUSIONS

Local riverine experts from the North Araguaia microregion use a wide variety of medicinal plants in self-care health, especially those species used to treat IPD. The therapeutic potential of some of these plants has been scientifically validated; however, there are other species whose pharmacological effects and safety remain to be properly investigated. Thus, the present study, aside from being a basis for future chemical, pharmacological and agronomic bioprospecting studies, may contribute to the development of the management, conservation and sustainable use of medicinal flora in the microregion studied.

Anti-Leishmania amazonensis activity of Serjania lethalis A. St.-Hil

Extracts of Serjania lethalis A. St.-Hil leaves and stems were tested in order to identify potential agents against Leishmania amazonensis. The hexane fraction (HF) and dichloromethane subfractions (DDF and MDF) showed leishmanicidal effect. The anti-promastigote IC₅₀ values were 10.29 (HF), 11.41 (DDF) and 28.33μg⁄mL (MDF); whereas those against amastigote were 7.2 (HF), 8.1 (DDF) and 6.5μg⁄mL (MDF). Among the fractions and subfractions assayed, only HF altered the cell cycle of the parasite, increasing 3-fold the number of cells in the sub-G0/G1 phase. HF also changed the parasite mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and the percentage of annexin-V-propidium iodide positive promastigotes. Our evaluations of the IC₅₀ values showed that HF, DDF and MDF decreased NO production in infected macrophages stimulated with IFN-γ and LPS. Moreover, HF increased the production of TNF-α in Leishmania infected macrophages. This paper reports for the first time the leishmanicidal activity of extracts and fractions of Serjania lethalis leaves and also characterizes its leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory properties.

Atividade antimicrobiana in vitro das folhas de araçá (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) contra micro-organismos da mucosa oral

Resumo Introdução A espécie Psidium cattleianum Sabine tem despertado o interesse dos pesquisadores por apresentar, além de atividade cicatrizante, analgésica e antioxidante, propriedades antimicrobianas frente a micro-organismos da mucosa oral que podem atuar como agentes cariogênicos. Objetivo Foi avaliada, neste trabalho, a atividade antimicrobiana de extratos bruto e fracionados das folhas do araçá, além do seu perfil cromatográfico. Material e método Para avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana, foi utilizada a técnica de microdiluição, para determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM), e repique do inóculo em Ágar Muller Hinton (Himedia), para averiguação da Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM). O extrato foi testado nas concentrações entre 10 e 500 µg/mL. O perfil cromatográfico foi realizado pelo método de Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). Resultado Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a uma análise descritiva e foi possível observar a atividade inibitória dos extratos do P. cattleianum contra S. mutans e S. oralis. Conclusão A atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos de P. cattleianum contra micro-organismos orais justifica maiores estudos para a utilização medicinal dessa espécie, como, por exemplo, sua utilização em enxaguantes bucais.

Polyphenols from Erythrina crista-galli: Structures, Molecular Docking and Phytoestrogenic Activity

OBJECTIVES

The current study aimed at exploring the secondary metabolites content of Erythrina crista-galli aqueous methanol extract and assessing its phytoestrogenic and cytoprotective activities.

METHODS

Isolation of the compounds was carried out using conventional chromatographic techniques. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on the UV, NMR spectral data along with their mass-spectrometric analyses. The phytoestrogenic activity was evaluated in-silico and in vitro using the Arabidopsis thaliana pER8: GUS reporter assay and the proliferation-enhancing activity of MCF-7 cells.

KEY FINDINGS

Phytochemical investigation of E. crista-galli aqueous methanol extract resulted in the isolation and identification of five flavonoids. The plant extract and its fractions showed significant estrogenic activities compared to controls.

CONCLUSION

Five flavonoids were identified from E. crista-galli aqueous methanol extract. To the best of our knowledge, among these flavonoids, apigenin-7-O-rhamnosyl-6-C-glucoside was isolated for the first time from nature. Moreover, luteolin-6-C-glucoside was isolated for the first time from this plant. The plant revealed promising phytoestrogenic activities. This gives rationale to some of its pharmacological properties and suggests additional phytoestrogenic effects, which have not been reported yet.

Evaluation of the Interaction between the Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) LP Queiroz Extract and Antimicrobials Using Biological and Analytical Models

Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) LP Queiroz (Fabaceae) is an endemic tree of northeastern Brazil, occurring mainly in the Caatinga. Its medicinal use is widespread and is an important therapeutic option against diarrhea, dysentery, and respiratory and urinary infections, among other diseases. In this study we determined the chemical marker and evaluated the interaction between P. pyramidalis extract and a commercial antimicrobial through the use of biological and analytical models. To obtain the extract, an ethanol-water mixture (50:50 v/v) was used as solvent. It was nebulized in a spray dryer using colloidal silicon dioxide as a drying adjuvant. The extract (ENPp) was subjected to HPLC analysis to verify the presence of certain secondary metabolites. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extract against Gram-negative bacteria was determined by broth microdilution and the MIC of synthetic antimicrobial drugs in the presence and absence of the extract. The antioxidant activity of ENPp was evaluated by the DPPH method. The compatibility between the antimicrobial and the extract was evaluated by thermal analysis (TG/DTA). The acute toxicity of the extract was evaluated in vivo in rodents. The results indicate significant additive action of the extract on synthetic antibiotics, considerable antioxidant activity and absence of toxicity. This extract shows high potential for the development of formulations for antimicrobial therapy when used with a vegetable-active ingredient.

Chinese herb medicine against Sortase A catalyzed transformations, a key role in gram-positive bacterial infection progress

Many Gram-positive bacteria can anchor their surface proteins to the cell wall peptidoglycan covalently by a common mechanism with Sortase A (SrtA), thus escaping from the host's identification of immune cells. SrtA can complete this anchoring process by cleaving LPXTG motif conserved among these surface proteins and thus these proteins anchor on the cell wall. Moreover, those SrtA mutants lose this capability to anchor these relative proteins, with these bacteria no longer infectious. Therefore, SrtA inhibitors can be promising anti-infective agents to cure bacterial infections. Chinese herb medicines (CHMs) (chosen from Science Citation Index) have exhibited inhibition on SrtA of Gram-positive pathogens irreversibly or reversibly. In general, CHMs are likely to have important long-term impact as new antibacterial compounds and sought after by academia and the pharmaceutical industry. This review mainly focuses on SrtA inhibitors from CHMs and the potential inhibiting mechanism related to chemical structures of compounds in CHMs.

In vitro Cytotoxicity and Anti-herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Activity of Hydroethanolic Extract, Fractions, and Isolated Compounds from Stem Bark of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi

Background:

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is associated with orofacial infections and is transmitted by direct contact with infected secretions. Several efforts have been expended in the search for drugs to the treatment for herpes. Schinus terebinthifolius is used in several illnesses and among them, for the topical treatment of skin wounds, especially wounds of mucous membranes, whether infected or not.

Objective:

To evaluate the cytotoxicity and anti-HSV-1 activity of the crude hydroethanolic extract (CHE) from the stem bark of S. terebinthifolius, as well as its fractions and isolated compounds.

Materials and Methods:

The CHE was subjected to bioguided fractionation. The anti-HSV-1 activity and the cytotoxicity of the CHE, its fractions, and isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro by SRB method. A preliminar investigation of the action of CHE in the virus–host interaction was conducted by the same assay.

Results:

CHE presented flavan-3-ols and showed anti-HSV-1 activity, better than its fractions and isolated compounds. The class of substances found in CHE can bind to proteins to form unstable complexes and enveloped viruses, as HSV-1 may be vulnerable to this action. Our results suggest that the CHE interfered with virion envelope structures, masking viral receptors that are necessary for adsorption or entry into host cells.

Conclusion:

The plant investigated exhibited potential for future development treatment against HSV-1, but further tests are necessary, especially to elucidate the mechanism of action of CHE, as well as preclinical and clinical studies to confirm its safety and efficacy.

SUMMARY

Crude hydroethanolic extract (CHE) presents promising activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1), with selectivity index (SI) = 22.50

CHE has flavan-3-ols in its composition, such as catechin and gallocatechin

The fractions and isolated compounds obtained from CHE by bioguided fractionation are less active than the CHE against HSV-1

CHE interferes with viral entry process in the host cell and acts directly on the viral particle.

Abbreviations used: HSV: Herpes simplex virus, CHE: Crude hydroethanolic extract, WF: Water fraction, AF: Ethyl-acetate fraction, MPLC: Medium-performance liquid chromatography, TLC: Thin-layer chromatography, NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance, ESI-MS: Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, SRB: Sulforhodamine B, CPE: Cytopathic effect, CC50: 50% cytotoxic concentration, EC50: 50% effective concentration, PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline.

An In Vitro Attempt for Controlling Severe Phytopathogens and Human Pathogens Using Essential Oils from Mediterranean Plants of Genus Schinus

Growing concerns about food safety and environmental protection enhanced the need for new and safe plant disease control strategies. The chemical composition of the three essential oils (EOs) extracted from leaves and fruits of Schinus terebinthifolius and leaves of Schinus molle, growing in Tunisia, was studied by GC and GC-MS. In all, 12 compounds were identified. The oils were mainly composed of terpene compounds. α-Pinene, α-phellandrene, and D-limonene were the major constituents. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effectiveness of three EOs derived from plants of genus Schinus and extracted from leaves and fruits of S. terebinthifolius and leaves of S. molle. Both antifungal and antibacterial activities of the EOs were examined. The antifungal activity of the studied EOs was investigated against Colletotrichum acutatum and Botrytis cinerea in comparison with the systemic fungicide azoxystrobin used at 0.8 μL mL(-1). The antibacterial activity was evaluated against three strains of Gram-positive (G+ve) bacteria (Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus mojavensis and Clavibacter michiganensis) and four strains of Gram-negative (G-ve) bacteria (Escherichia coli, Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas savastanoi, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola) compared with the synthetic antibiotic tetracycline at a concentration of 1600 μg mL(-1). The minimum inhibitory concentration of the studied EOs has been evaluated against the above microorganisms using the 96-well microplate method. Tested microorganisms exhibited different levels of sensitivity to each tested EO. All investigated EOs reduced the fungal mycelial growth when used at low concentrations from 250 to 1000 ppm and from 2000 to 8000 ppm against C. acutatum and B. cinerea, respectively. Higher concentrations of the same EOs exhibited a fungicidal effect against both mitosporic fungi. The EO extracted from leaves of S. terebinthifolius significantly inhibited the growth of tested bacterial strains. Nevertheless, E. coli showed a weak resistance toward the same EO and a high resistance toward the other two tested EOs. Finally, P. savastanoi and P. syringae pv. phaseolicola showed a high resistance toward all tested EOs.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi hydroalcoholic extract on neutrophil migration in zymosan-induced arthritis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Schinus terebinthifolius is a species of plant from the Anacardiaceae family, which can be found in different regions of Brazil. Schinus is popularly known as aroeirinha, aroeira-vermelha, or Brazilian pepper. In folk medicine, S. terebinthifolius is used for several disorders, including inflammatory conditions, skin wounds, mucosal membrane ulcers, respiratory problems, gout, tumors, diarrhea and arthritis. According to chemical analyses, gallic acid, methyl gallate and pentagalloylglucose are the main components of hydroalcoholic extracts from S. terebinthifolius leaves. In the present study, we demonstrated the ability of a hydroalcoholic extract to inhibit cell migration in arthritis and investigated the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The anti-inflammatory effect of S. terebinthifolius hydroalcoholic leaf extract (ST-70) was investigated in a zymosan-induced experimental model of inflammation. Male Swiss and C57Bl/6 mice received zymosan (100 µg/cavity) via intra-thoracic (i.t.) or intra-articular (i.a.) injection after oral pre-treatment with ST-70. The direct action of ST-70 on neutrophils was evaluated via chemotaxis.

RESULTS

ST-70 exhibited a dose-dependent effect in the pleurisy model. The median effective dose (ED50) was 100mg/kg, which inhibited 70% of neutrophil accumulation when compared with the control group. ST-70 reduced joint diameter and neutrophil influx for synovial tissues at 6h and 24h in zymosan-induced arthritis. Additionally, ST-70 inhibited synovial interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (CXCL1/KC) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α production at 6h and CXCL1/KC and IL-1β production at 24h. The direct activity of ST-70 on neutrophils was observed via the impairment of CXCL1/KC-induced chemotaxis in neutrophils. Oral administration of ST-70 did not induce gastric damage. Daily administration for twenty days did not kill any animals. In contrast, similar administrations of diclofenac induced gastric damage and killed all animals by the fifth day.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects of ST-70, suggesting a putative use of this herb for the development of phytomedicines to treat inflammatory diseases, such as joint inflammation.

Flavanones of Erythrina livingstoniana with antioxidant properties

Six new flavanones (1-6), together with six known compounds were isolated from Erythrina livingstoniana. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR data and HRMS(n) fragmentation pathway and by comparison with literature data. Compounds 5, 7 and 8 showed remarkable DPPH free radical scavenging efficacies. The compounds, however, did not demonstrate an anti-inflammatory potential when tested using a PGE2 (prostaglandin E2) competitive enzyme immunoassay. The plausible biosynthetic pathways of the isolated compounds are described.

Bio-guided Isolation of a New Sesterterpene from Serjania goniocarpa

Serjania goniocarpa is a plant used in Mayan traditional medicine as a remedy for the treatment of cancer-like symptoms. Bio-guided fractionation of the methanol extract of the leaves led to the isolation of an α- and β-amyrin mixture, palmitic acid, phytol and the new sesterterpene goniocarpic acid whose structure was elucidated by IR, GC-MS, and NMR spectroscopic analyses. Goniocarpic acid exhibited cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity against several cancer cell lines.

Involvement of monoaminergic systems in the antidepressant-like properties of Lafoensia pacari A. St. Hil

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. (Lythraceae), known popularly as "pacari" or "mangaba-brava" is popularly used in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The stem bark or leaves are used to treat cancer, gastric disorders, inflammation and as a tonic to treat loss of enthusiasm.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Previous results suggest that the ethanol:water 7:3 extract of the stem bark of L. pacari (PEx) has antidepressant-like activity in male mice. Our aim was to perform the PEx׳s bioguided fractionation and evaluate the monoaminergic system involvement in the antidepressant effect as well as progress in the study of L. pacari mechanism of action.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Mice (30-35g) orally treated (24, 5 and 1h) with PEx (100, 300 or 1000mg/kg), chloroform (ChloF-70mg/kg), ethyl acetate (180mg/kg), n-butanol (370mg/kg) and aqueous (1g/kg) fractions were submitted to the forced swimming test. To assess the mechanism of action, different groups of mice were pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA-100mg/kg, 4 days, i.p.) and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT-100mg/kg, 4h, i.p.) to assess the involvement of serotoninergic and catecholaminergic systems in the ChloF effects, respectively. A putative in vitro inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity as well as the ex vivo hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) quantification were carried out. Phytochemical screening, spectroscopy and chromatography analysis were used for identification of compounds present in ChloF.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

After the fractionation, the ChloF 70mg/kg was the most active fraction, reducing the immobility time by 22%. Pre-treatments with both PCPA and AMPT abolished the ChloF effects, suggesting that ChloF antidepressant-like effect is dependent on serotonergic and catecholaminergic systems. ChloF did not inhibited MAO-A or MAO-B activity, excluding this as possible mechanism of action. ChloF augmented hippocampal BDNF level, which could be accounted for its antidepressant-like effect. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of saponins, tannins, steroids and triterpene in the PEx, and the presence of triterpene and steroids in ChloF. The spectroscopy and chromatography analysis identified lupeol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol in ChloF.

CONCLUSION

ChloF is the fraction that better retained the crude extract active constituents. ChloF presents antidepressant-like effect that involves both serotonergic and catecholaminergic systems without inhibiting MAO enzymatic activity; this fraction also increases the hippocampal BDNF levels.