Cytopiloyne, a novel polyacetylenic glucoside from Bidens pilosa, functions as a T helper cell modulator

Comparative Effects of Crude Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Bidens pilosa and Bidens alba on Nonspecific Immune Responses and Antibacterial Activity Against Vibrio sp. in Coculture with Lactic Acid Bacteria in Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂)

This study investigated the effect of substances on nonspecific immune responses of head kidney leukocytes, the antimicrobial activity against Vibrio sp., as well as the time-kill of Vibrio sp. by combining the substances with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Pediococcus sp. The substances are B. pilosa hot water extract, B. pilosa powder extract, B. pilosa methanol extract, B. pilosa ethanol extract, B. alba hot water extract, B. alba powder extract, B. alba methanol extract, B. alba ethanol extract, and bioactive compounds, namely cytopiloyne, flavonoid, phenol, ethyl caffeate, luteolin, chlorogenic acid, butein, and linoleic acid. The results showed that some of them were nontoxic to the head kidney leukocytes, which can increase the phagocytic rate, phagocytic index, and respiratory burst. These substances were able to inhibit the growth of Vibrio sp.; they can even completely kill the pathogenic bacteria. The largest of the inhibition zone formed from the EC group at a concentration range of 5-50 µg/mL against V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, and V. harveyi with a value of 19.7 ± 0.56, 19.3 ± 1.53, and 20.6 ± 1.53 mm. Furthermore, the time-kill studies showed that the LAB and P. acidilactici can completely kill the Vibrio sp. at 6 h incubation time, mainly in the group of combination with EC.

Inhibition of DNA Topoisomerase Ι by Flavonoids and Polyacetylenes Isolated from Bidens pilosa L

Human DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I) is an essential enzyme in regulating DNA supercoiling during transcription and replication, and it is an important therapeutic target for anti-tumor agents. Bidens pilosa L. is a medicinal herb that is used as a folk medicine for cancers in China. A new flavonoid (1) and a new polyacetylene (20), along with eighteen flavonoids (2-19) and nine polyacetylenes (21-29), were isolated and identified from the methanol extract of the whole plant of B. pilosa, and some of the compounds (4, 5, 6 and 7) exhibited potent cytotoxicity against a panel of five human cancer cell lines. The DNA relaxation assay revealed that some flavonoids and polyacetylenes exerted inhibitory activities on human DNA Topo I, among them compounds 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, 19, 20, 22, and 24 were the most active ones, with IC50 values of 393.5, 328.98, 145.57, 239.27, 224.38, 189.84, 89.91, 47.5, 301.32, 178.03, and 218.27 μM, respectively. The structure-activity analysis of flavonoids was performed according to the results from the Topo I inhibition assay. The DNA content analysis revealed that 5, 6, and 7 potently arrested cell cycle at the G1/S and G2/M phases in human colon cancer cell DLD-1 depending on the concentration of the inhibitors. The levels of protein expression related to the G1/S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints were in accordance with the results from the DNA content analysis. These findings suggest that flavonoids are one of the key active ingredients accounting for the anti-tumor effect of B. pilosa.

Current Landscape of Therapeutics for the Management of Hypertension - A Review

Hypertension is a critical health problem. It is also the primary reason for coronary heart disease, stroke, and renal vascular disease. The use of herbal drugs in the management of any disease is increasing. They are considered the best immune booster to fight against several types of diseases. To date, the demand for herbal drugs has been increasing because of their excellent properties. This review highlights antihypertensive drugs, polyphenols, and synbiotics for managing hypertension. Evidence is mounting in favour of more aggressive blood pressure control with reduced adverse effects, especially for specific patient populations. This review aimed to present contemporary viewpoints and novel treatment options, including cutting-edge technological applications and emerging interventional and pharmaceutical therapies, as well as key concerns arising from several years of research and epidemiological observations related to the management of hypertension.

Immunomodulatory Properties of Natural Extracts and Compounds Derived from Bidens pilosa L.: Literature Review

Bidens pilosa L. has been used in different parts of the world mainly to treat diseases associated with immune response disorders, such as autoimmunity, cancer, allergies, and infectious diseases. The medicinal properties of this plant are attributed to its chemical components. Nevertheless, there is little conclusive evidence that describes the immunomodulatory activity of this plant. In this review, a systematic search was carried out in the PubMed-NLM, EBSCO Host and BVS databases focused on the pre-clinical scientific evidence of the immunomodulatory properties of B. pilosa. A total of 314 articles were found and only 23 were selected. The results show that the compounds or extracts of Bidens modulate the immune cells. This activity was associated with the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids that control proliferation, oxidative stress, phagocytosis, and the production of cytokines of different cells. Most of the scientific information analyzed in this paper supports the potential use of B. pilosa mainly as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumoral, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial immune response modulator. It is necessary that this biological activity be corroborated through the design of specialized clinical trials that demonstrate the effectiveness in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, and infectious diseases. Until now there has only been one clinical trial in phase I and II associated with the anti-inflammatory activity of Bidens in mucositis.

Cellular and Molecular Signaling as Targets for Cancer Vaccine Therapeutics

Plenty of evidence has recently shown that various inflammatory activities at the local tissue, organ, or even the whole body (systemic) level are strongly linked to many life-threatening chronic diseases, most notably various cancers. However, only very limited information is available for making good use of our supporting immune-modulatory therapeutics for the treatment of cancers. This may result from a lack of studies on specific remedies for efficacious control or modulatory suppression of inflammation-related cancerous diseases. Our group and laboratories were fortunate to have initiated and consistently pursued an integrated team-work program project, aimed at investigating selected medicinal herbs and the derived, purified phytochemical compounds. We focused on the study of key and specific immune-signaling mechanisms at the cellular and molecular levels. We were fortunate to obtain a series of fruitful research results. We believe that our key findings reported herein may be helpful for proposing future thematic and integrated research projects that aim to develop future phytochemical drugs against cancers. The mechanisms of the cellular and molecular systems involved in inflammation are becoming increasingly recognized as keystones for the development of future therapeutic approaches for many chronic and cancerous diseases. Recently, the immune checkpoint inhibitors such as antibodies against PD-1 and/or PD-L1 have been shown to be too expensive for general clinical use, and their effects far from optimal, often showing little or no effect or only short-term efficacy. These results point to the need for developing future immune-regulatory or modulatory therapeutics.

Comparative toxicity, phytochemistry, and use of 53 Philippine medicinal plants

The study compares the toxicity of 53 selected medicinal plants commonly used in the Philippines to treat various diseases. It uses as a benchmark Vitex negundo L., which was approved by the Philippine Food and Drug Administration as an herbal drug for cough and asthma after passing clinical trials for safety and efficacy. The methods were chosen for their simplicity and accessibility even for resource-limited laboratories. Extracts (95 % ethanol) of the medicinal parts of the plants were (1) chemically profiled using qualitative phytochemical tests that detect the presence of key classes of bioactive compounds; and (2) evaluated for toxicity using the brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) lethality assay (BSLA). General phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins in 50 plant extracts, alkaloids in 43, glycosides in 33, flavonoids in 31, steroids in 21, triterpenoids in 20, anthraquinones in 10, and saponins in 8. Extracts from eight plants had LC50 values lower than the potassium dichromate control (approximately 12 μg/mL) and were considered highly toxic; extracts from 21 plants had LC50 values between 12 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL and were considered moderately toxic; extracts from 19 plant extracts, including Vitex negundo and some common vegetables, had LC50 values between 100 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL, and were considered mildly toxic and likely to have reasonable safety margins; five plant extracts, including common vegetables, had LC50 values above 500 μg/mL and were considered essentially nontoxic. No apparent correlation could be found between toxicity and chemical diversity or a specific class of phytochemicals present. Our findings may serve as a guide for herbal drug and nutraceutical development, especially in prioritizing plants for more detailed safety studies.

Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants on Gau Island, Fiji: differences between sixteen villages with unique characteristics of cultural value

BACKGROUND

Traditional resource management (TRM) systems develop depending on local conditions, such as climate, culture, and environment. Most studies have focused on the TRM system itself, excluding the people who manage the system, and the relationship between the system and the people. The use of resources and people is intimately linked through the practice of TRM systems on Gau Island and this relationship needs to be understood to advance sustainable resource use.

METHODS

A survey was conducted on the use of medicinal plants on Gau Island, Fiji. Interviews were conducted from September 2013 to January 2015 with knowledgeable members of each community. The types of plants, prescriptions, and health problems were documented, and social and ecological factors affecting the sustainability of TRM of medicinal plants used in each of the 16 villages were statistically analysed by linear regression analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 58 medicinal plants used on a daily basis to treat 27 health problems were identified on Gau. Two medicinal plants, Botebotekoro (Ageratum conyzoides) and Totodro (Centella asiatica), were used in all districts to treat various health problems. There were contrasts between the villages in the medical lore and prescriptions, and villages often used different traditional treatments than others for the same ailment; therefore, the status and knowledge of medicinal plants have developed distinctly in each village. Geographical and social factors have been suggested as possible reasons for the differences in regional resource utilisation among villages. Statistical analysis of the relationship between the state of TRM and social and ecological factors suggest that community solidarity has a positive impact on the sustainable practice of TRM. This study showed that traditional practices simultaneously contribute to the conservation of the natural environment and the binding of communities.

CONCLUSIONS

The results highlight the importance of understanding how TRM systems can contribute to the conservation of the natural environment. Cultural activities are essential to raise community solidarity, which has led to the sustainable use of natural resources. This suggests that merely documenting the use of medicinal plants is not enough to ensure that the skills and knowledge are passed down to the next generation.

Elucidation of enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of bioactive polyacetylenes in Bidens pilosa using integrated omics approaches

Polyacetylene compounds from Bidens pilosa are known to have several pharmacological activities. In this study, we identified major genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polyacetylene in B. pilosa. Seven polyacetylene metabolites present in B. pilosa leaves were induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment and physical wounding. Transcriptome analysis via high-throughput sequencing revealed 39 202 annotated gene fragment sequences. A DNA microarray established by the 39 202 annotated genes was used to profile gene expression in B. pilosa leaf and root tissues. As no polyacetylene compounds were found in roots, the gene expression pattern in root tissue was used as a negative control. By subtracting MeJA-induced genes in roots, we obtained 1216 genes in leaves showing an approximate three-fold increase in expression post-MeJA treatment. Nine genes encoding enzymes with desaturation function were selected for confirmation of expression by qRT-PCR. Among them, two genes, BPTC030748 and BPTC012564, were predicted to encode Δ12-oleate desaturase (OD) and Δ12-fatty acid acetylenase (FAA), respectively. In B. pilosa leaves, RNAi knock-down concomitantly decreased, while virus-mediated transient overexpression of either gene elevated polyacetylene content. In summary, we demonstrate that two important enzymes, Δ12-oleate desaturase and Δ12-fatty acid acetylenase, involved in desaturation of linear fatty acid precursors play a role in polyacetylene biosynthesis in an important medicinal plant, Bidens pilosa.

Secondary Metabolites in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: A Paradigm Shift

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, polygenic and non-infectious group of diseases that occurs due to insulin resistance or its low production by the pancreas and is also associated with lifelong damage, dysfunction and collapse of various organs. Management of diabetes is quite complex having many bodily and emotional complications and warrants efficient measures for prevention and control of the same. As per the estimates of the current and future diabetes prevalence, around 425 million people were diabetic in 2017 which is anticipated to rise up to 629 million by 2045. Various studies have vaguely proven the fact that several vitamins, minerals, botanicals and secondary metabolites demonstrate hypoglycemic activity in vivo as well as in vitro. Flavonoids, anthocyanin, catechin, lipoic acid, coumarin metabolites, etc. derived from herbs were found to elicit a significant influence on diabetes. However, the prescription of herbal compounds depend on various factors, including the degree of diabetes progression, comorbidities, feasibility, economics as well as their ADR profile. For instance, cinnamon could be a more favorable choice for diabetic hypertensive patients. Diabecon®, Glyoherb® and Diabeta Plus® are some of the herbal products that had been launched in the market for the favorable or adjuvant therapy of diabetes. Moreover, Aloe vera leaf gel extract demonstrates significant activity in diabetes. The goal of this review was to inscribe various classes of secondary metabolites, in particular those obtained from plants, and their role in the treatment of DM. Recent advancements in recognizing the markers which can be employed for identifying altered metabolic pathways, biomarker discovery, limitations, metabolic markers of drug potency and off-label effects are also reviewed.

Transformation and Characterization of Δ12-Fatty Acid Acetylenase and Δ12-Oleate Desaturase Potentially Involved in the Polyacetylene Biosynthetic Pathway from Bidens pilosa

Bidens pilosa is commonly used as an herbal tea component or traditional medicine for treating several diseases, including diabetes. Polyacetylenes have two or more carbon–carbon triple bonds or alkynyl functional groups and are mainly derived from fatty acid and polyketide precursors. Here, we report the cloning of full-length cDNAs that encode Δ12-fatty acid acetylenase (designated BPFAA) and Δ12-oleate desaturase (designated BPOD) from B. pilosa, which we predicted to play a role in the polyacetylene biosynthetic pathway. Subsequently, expression vectors carrying BPFAA or BPOD were constructed and transformed into B. pilosa via the Agrobacterium-mediated method. Genomic PCR analysis confirmed the presence of transgenes and selection marker genes in the obtained transgenic lines. The copy numbers of transgenes in transgenic lines were determined by Southern blot analysis. Furthermore, 4–5 FAA genes and 2–3 OD genes were detected in wild-type (WT) plants. Quantitative real time-PCR revealed that some transgenic lines had higher expression levels than WT. Western blot analysis revealed OD protein expression in the selected transformants. High-performance liquid chromatography profiling was used to analyze the seven index polyacetylenic compounds, and fluctuation patterns were found.

Three new polyacetylene glycosides (PAGs) from the aerial part of Launaea capitata (Asteraceae) with anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus

Four polyacetylenic glycosides, three of which are new, together with two known flavonoids were isolated from the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Launaea capitate, designated bidensyneoside A1 (1), 6´-O-acetyl-bidensyneoside A1 (2), bidensyneoside E (3), bidensyneoside F (4), luteolin (5) and luteolin-7-glucoside (6) also known as cynaroside. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive analysis of 1D, 2D-NMR and HR-MS data. The absolute configuration of the bidensyneosides was determined by Mosher ester analysis and the optical rotation values. The isolated compounds were tested against biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus as well as against several pathogens including Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and yeasts. Furthermore, they were tested for their cytotoxicity against two cancer cell lines L929 and KB-3-1. Compound 4 showed moderate inhibition of S. aureus biofilm formation with 30% and 25% at 256 and 128 μg/mL, respectively, while compounds 1 and 5 showed weak inhibition with 20% at 256 μg/mL. Compound 5 showed moderate cytotoxicity against both cell lines L929 and KB-3-1, with IC₅₀ values of 18 μg/mL.

Acetonic Fraction of Bidens pilosa Enriched for Maturase K Is Able to Control Cerebral Parasite Burden in Mice Experimentally Infected With Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii infection can cause abortions or congenital infection for a vast number of domestic animals and humans, leading to economic loss in veterinary sciences, as well as severe consequences for immunocompromised patients. Bidens pilosa Linné has been used in ethnopharmacology for treatment of diseases, as malaria, diabetes and hepatitis, in addition to its use as antioxidant, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral. The components of this plant have never been studied before for treatment of toxoplasmosis, and the conventional drugs currently used to treat this disease have high degree of toxicity. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of B. pilosa against T. gondii, by analyzing a total extract of this plant in parallel with a fraction obtained by precipitation in acetone. Also, it was assessed if the acetonic fraction could present lectinic activity, followed by its identification by mass spectrometry. It was observed with the experimental models designed that both total extract and acetonic fraction of B. pilosa were able to control T. gondii infection by in vitro and in vivo experiments, in addition to their low toxicity to host cells. Both total extract and acetonic fraction of this plant display capacity to impair replication of T. gondii tachyzoites. Interesting, the B. pilosa acetonic fraction treatment for 10 days after infection decreases significantly the number of T. gondii brain cyst in comparison with controls. The protein isolated from B. pilosa acetonic fraction was characterized as a novel lectin identified as maturase K. Taken together, these findings open new perspectives to treat patients infected by T. gondii. Future studies will be necessary to investigate the precise mechanism underlying the control of T. gondii infection to impair the replication of this parasite in the host cells after treatment with B. pilosa maturase K.

Rise of Conjugated Poly-ynes and Poly(Metalla-ynes): From Design Through Synthesis to Structure-Property Relationships and Applications

Conjugated poly-ynes and poly(metalla-ynes) constitute an important class of new materials with potential application in various domains of science. The key factors responsible for the diverse usage of these materials is their intriguing and tunable chemical and photophysical properties. This review highlights fascinating advances made in the field of conjugated organic poly-ynes and poly(metalla-ynes) incorporating group 4-11 metals. This includes several important aspects of conjugated poly-ynes viz. synthetic protocols, bonding, electronic structure, nature of luminescence, structure-property relationships, diverse applications, and concluding remarks. Furthermore, we delineated the future directions and challenges in this particular area of research.

Chemical Compounds in Natural Medicines That Affect Macropharges and Adipocyte Cells

Macrophages play major roles in inflammation, immunity and host defense mechanisms. Once activated they produce and release cytokines, oxygen and nitrogen species, and eicosanoids. The best characterized stimuli to induce the transcription of genes encoding pro-inflammatory proteins in macrophages in vitro is bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS could be used alone or in combination with recombinant mouse interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Such stimulation results in cytokine release and the synthesis of enzymes such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The nitric oxide (NO) radical is known to play a central role in inflammatory and immune reactions for self-protection. However, the excessive production of NO may lead to tissue damage. In inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, excessive NO production by activated macrophages has been observed. Adipose tissue is composed of various cell types such as mature adipocytes, preadipocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, vascular cells, and macrophages. Recent studies indicate that obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation of adipose tissues, and that such inflammation is one of the potential mechanisms leading to the insulin resistance. It has been demonstrated that obese adipose tissue is characterized by the increased infiltration of macrophages. Therefore, we attempted to identify natural anti-inflammatory compounds that not only inhibit the secretion of NO from RAW 264.7 cells, but also inhibit triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This review describes the NO prpduction inhibitory activity or the TG accumulation inhibitory activity of the compounds obtained from 18 plants and a fungi that have been used as traditional medicines.

Inhibiting MDSC differentiation from bone marrow with phytochemical polyacetylenes drastically impairs tumor metastasis

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are implicated in the promotion of tumor metastasis by protecting metastatic cancerous cells from immune surveillance and have thus been suggested as novel targets for cancer therapy. We demonstrate here that oral feeding with polyacetylenic glycosides (BP-E-F1) from the medicinal plant Bidens pilosa effectively suppresses tumor metastasis and inhibits tumor-induced accumulation of granulocytic (g) MDSCs, but does not result in body weight loss in a mouse mammary tumor-resection model. BP-E-F1 is further demonstrated to exert its anti-metastasis activity through inhibiting the differentiation and function of gMDSCs. Pharmacokinetic and mechanistic studies reveal that BP-E-F1 suppresses the differentiation of gMDSCs via the inhibition of a tumor-derived, G-CSF-induced signaling pathway in bone marrow cells of test mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that specific plant polyacetylenic glycosides that target gMDSC differentiation by communicating with bone marrow cells may hence be seriously considered for potential application as botanical drugs against metastatic cancers.

Cytopiloyne, a polyacetylenic glucoside from Bidens pilosa, acts as a novel anticandidal agent via regulation of macrophages

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Bidens pilosa, a tropical and sub-tropical herbal plant, is used as an ethnomedicine for bacterial infection or immune modulation in Asia, America and Africa. It has been demonstrated that cytopiloyne (CP), a bioactive polyacetylenic glucoside purified from B. pilosa, increases the percentage of macrophages in the spleen but the specific effects on macrophages remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of CP on macrophage activity and host defense in BALB/c mice with Candida parapsilosis infection and investigate the likely mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RAW264.7 cells, a mouse macrophage cell line, were used to assess the effects of CP on macrophage activity by phagocytosis assay, colony forming assay and acridine orange/crystal violet stain. To evaluate the activity of CP against C. parapsilosis, BALB/c mouse infection models were treated with/without CP and histopathological examination was performed. The role of macrophages in the infection model was clarified by treatment with carrageenan, a selective macrophage-toxic agent. RAW264.7 macrophage activities influenced by CP were further investigated by lysosome staining, phagosomal acidification assay, lysosome enzyme activity and PKC inhibitor GF109203X.

RESULTS

The results showed that CP in vitro enhances the ability of RAW264.7 macrophages to engulf and clear C. parapsilosis. In the mouse model, CP treatment improved the survival rate of Candida-infected mice and lowered the severity of microscopic lesions in livers and spleens via a macrophage-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, with CP treatment, the fusion and acidification of phagolysosomes were accelerated and the lysosome enzyme activity of RAW264.7 macrophages was elevated. PKC inhibitor GF109203X reversed the increase in phagocytic activity by CP demonstrating that the PKC pathway is involved in the macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of C. parapsilosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggested that CP, as an immunomodulator, enhances macrophage activity against C. parapsilosis infections.

Chemistry and pharmacology of Bidens pilosa: an overview

Bidens pilosa L. is an edible herb and has been traditionally used for a wide range of ailments in many countries. The aim of this review is to present comprehensive information of the chemical constituents, nutraceutical and ethnomedical uses as well as the biological and pharmacological effects and toxicity of this plant based on 218 literary sources reported over 40 years. Major chemical constituents (including 301 compounds) belonging to polyacetylenes, polyacetylene glycosides, flavonoids, flavone glycosides, aurones, chalcones, okanin glycosides, phenolic acids, terpenes, pheophytins, fatty acids and phytosterols have been identified or isolated from the different parts of this plant. Many of them have been considered as the bioactive compounds which are potentially responsible for the pharmacological actions. Various types of preparations, extracts and individual compounds derived from this plant have been found to possess biological and pharmacological activities such as anti-malarial, anti-allergy, anti-hypertensive and smooth muscle relaxant, anti-cancerogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant. The results of data analysis on the chemicals, pharmacological and toxicological characteristics of B. pilosa validate the view of its folk worldwide-medicinal uses. This herb has a great beneficial therapeutic property and is possibly used for complement or alternative to pharmaceutical drugs in some specific cases. However, this herb is known as hyperaccumulator and as-excluder; therefore, harvesting the herb for medicinal uses should be judiciously cautioned.

Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) regulates LPS-induced expression of IL-12 and IL-23 in human dendritic cells

IL-12 p40, a common subunit for both IL-12 p70 and IL-23, plays a critical role in the development of Th1 and Th17 cells and autoimmune diseases. Regulation of IL-12 p40 expression is thus considered to be a strategy for developing therapies for Th1- and Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases. The mTOR protein is a subunit mTORC1 and mTORC2. Although mTORC1 has been shown to mediate IL-12 p40 expression in DCs and relevant signaling, the role of mTORC2 in IL-12 p40 expression remains largely unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that blocking mTORC2 activity using the phytochemical cytopiloyne can specifically inhibit LPS-induced expression of IL-12 p70, IL-23, and IL-12 p40 in human DCs. This regulation by mTORC2 involving Akt activation and the persistent phase of NF-κB activation is further confirmed by siRNA knockdown of Rictor and Sin1 gene expression and the use of alternative inhibition approaches. In terms of IL-12 p40 expression, our findings reveal a new role for the mTORC2 pathway that is antagonistic to that of mTORC1. Our study provides new insight into mTOR regulation of IL-12 p40-mediated Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th17 (IL-17) responses and suggests that the phytochemical cytopiloyne might have useful applications in therapies for Th1 and Th17 cell-mediated inflammatory diseases.

Mucoadhesive formulation of Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) reduces intestinal injury from 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis in mice

Gastrointestinal mucositis induced during cancer treatment is considered a serious dose-limiting side effect of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Frequently, interruption of the cancer treatment due to this pathology leads to a reduction in cure rates, increase of treatment costs and decrease life quality of the patient. Natural products such as Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae), represent a potential alternative for the treatment of mucositis given its anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, B. pilosa glycolic extract was formulated (BPF) with poloxamer, a mucoadhesive copolymer, was used for treatment of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced mucositis in mice. As expected, animals only treated with 5-FU (200 mg/kg) presented marked weight loss, reduction of intestinal villi, crypts and muscular layer, which was associated with severe disruption of crypts, edema, inflammatory infiltrate and vacuolization in the intestinal tissue, as compared to the control group and healthy animals only treated with BPF. On the other hand, the treatment of intestinal mucositis-bearing mice with BPF (75, 100 or 125 mg/kg) managed to mitigate clinical and pathologic changes, noticeably at 100 mg/kg. This dose led to the restoration of intestinal proliferative activity through increasing Ki-67 levels; modulated the expression of Bax, Bcl2 and p53 apoptotic markers protecting intestinal cells from cell death. Moreover, this treatment regulated lipid peroxidation and inflammatory infiltration. No acute toxic effects were observed with this formulation. This work demonstrated that BPF was safe and effective against 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis in mice. Additional studies are already in progress to further characterize the mechanisms involved in the protective effects of this technological formulation toward the development of a new medicine for the prevention and treatment of intestinal injury in patients undergoing chemotherapy/radiotherapy.

Botanical, Pharmacological, Phytochemical, and Toxicological Aspects of the Antidiabetic Plant Bidens pilosa L

Bidens pilosa L. is an easy-to-grow, widespread, and palatable perennial on earth. Hence, it has traditionally been used as foods and medicines without noticeable adverse effects. Despite significant advancement in chemical and biological studies of B. pilosa over the past few years, comprehensive and critical reviews on its anti-diabetic properties are missing. The present review is to summarize up-to-date information on the pharmacology, phytochemistry, and toxicology of B. pilosa, in regard to type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes from the literature. In addition to botanical studies and records of the traditional use of B. pilosa in diabetes, scientific studies investigating antidiabetic action of this species and its active phytochemicals are presented and discussed. The structure and biosynthesis of B. pilosa and its polyynes in relation to their anti-diabetic action and mechanism are emphasized. Although some progress has been made, rigorous efforts are further required to unlock the molecular basis and structure-activity relationship of the polyynes isolated from B. pilosa before their clinical applications. The present review provides preliminary information and gives guidance for further anti-diabetic research and development of this plant.

Polyacetylenes from the leaves of Vernonia scorpioides (Asteraceae) and their antiproliferative and antiherpetic activities

Polyacetylenes constitute an underexplored and unstable class of compounds that are found mainly in the Apiaceae, Araliaceae and Asteraceae families. Vernonia scorpioides (Lam.) Pers., Asteraceae is a lianous neotropical herb that usually grows in soils that have been deforested and are of poor quality. It is used in folk medicine for the treatment of several skin conditions. This study addresses the characterisation of eight polyacetylenes isolated from the leaves of V. scorpioides. Their structures were established on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and MS analysis. Ab initio calculations including solvent effects were employed to aid the elucidation of the absolute configurations of the compounds. The in vitro antiproliferative and anti-herpetic activities of the polyacetylenes were determined. The isolated compounds presented no inhibitory effect against a human cell line of non-small cell lung cancer, but presented a mild non-selective in vitro antiviral activity, although their corresponding glycosides were inactive.

Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae): Botanical Properties, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology

There are 230 to 240 known Bidens species. Among them, Bidens pilosa is a representative perennial herb, globally distributed across temperate and tropical regions. B. pilosa has been traditionally used in foods and medicines without obvious adverse effects. Despite significant progress in phytochemical and biological analyses of B. pilosa over the past few years, comprehensive and critical reviews of this plant are anachronistic or relatively limited in scope. The present review aims to summarize up-to-date information on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of B. pilosa from the literature. In addition to botanical studies and records of the traditional use of B. pilosa in over 40 diseases, scientific studies investigating the potential medicinal uses of this species and its constituent phytochemicals for a variety of disorders are presented and discussed. The structure, bioactivity, and likely mechanisms of action of B. pilosa and its phytochemicals are emphasized. Although some progress has been made, further rigorous efforts are required to investigate the individual compounds isolated from B. pilosa to understand and validate its traditional uses and develop clinical applications. The present review provides preliminary information and gives guidance for further basic and clinical research into this plant.

Effect of floral sources on the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities of honeys in Taiwan

We evaluated the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of honey made from different floral sources, including the medicinal herb Bidens pilosa, fruit trees, Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis, and Citrus maxima, the Taiwanese endemic plant Aglaia formosana, and a multifloral forest. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the honey made from B. pilosa were significantly higher than those of the other honeys. The honey from B. pilosa also had significantly greater scavenging activities for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) and hydroxyl radical, and substantially more reducing power. In addition, the honey from B. pilosa showed greater antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. However, B. pilosa honey showed little inhibitory activity against IL-8 secretion, whereas the other honeys did. These findings suggest that the levels of antioxidant and antibacterial activities are attributable to the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of honeys, while the IL-8 inhibition is attributable to components other than phenols.

Ethnopharmacological survey of native remedies commonly used against infectious diseases in the tropical island of Mauritius

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Infectious diseases (IDs) still remain a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. This study has been geared to gather primary ethnopharmacological information on common native remedies (NRs) used to treat and/or manage common infectious diseases from different regions of Mauritius, a tropical multicultural island in the Indian Ocean. Given the dearth of updated information on traditional medicine of Mauritius, this work can provide an opportunity to establish valuable primary information on the different NRs used by the local people and hence open new perspectives for further pharmacological research.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To collect, preserve and document primary ethnopharmacological data from the local population concerning NRs commonly used against IDs in the tropical island of Mauritius.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Face to face interviews were conducted with Mauritians and herbalists (n=307) using a semi-structured questionnaire. Quantitative ethnobotany parameters such as informant consensus factor (F(IC)), fidelity level (FL), use value (UV) and variety of use (VU) were used for herbal and animal products. Statistical analysis such as Pearson correlation and Chi-squared test were performed to delineate any association.

RESULTS

It was found that 94.8% of the local people claimed that managing IDs with NRs was part of their culture and have been using it since childhood. A total of 39 plant species belonging to 24 families and 9 animal species were reported to be traditionally used in the formulation of herbal remedies and animal products, respectively. Sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age, place of residence and income) had a significant (p<0.01) impact on the use of these NRs. The most relevant family contributing much to the medicinal flora was Zingiberaceae (No of citation=301). The average F(IC) for all ailments for medicinal plants and animal products were 0.963 and 0.972, respectively. Acalypha indica L. had the highest FL (0.83) for skin and subcutaneous tissue problems. Panoply of animal products (Anguilla japonica, Periplaneta americana and Helix aspersa) were culturally used, whereby products from Bos taurus, (42.0%) were the most utilized zootherapy. Other remedies used in concurrence with herbal and animal products involved cultural rituals and prayers that were never reported in previous studies. Therapeutic properties of some herbal remedies reported correlated to some extent with those of previous studies while others have open potential perspectives for further research as their chemistry and pharmacology have not been published.

CONCLUSIONS

Given the plethora of novel information obtained from the present survey, it is obvious that the indigenous population still relies to a great extent on NRs which need to be preserved and used sustainably. Nonetheless, further research is needed to probe the possible active constituents that could be the basis of an evidence based investigation to discover new drugs.

The first total synthesis of cytopiloyne, an anti-diabetic, polyacetylenic glucoside

The first total synthesis of cytopiloyne 1, a novel bioactive polyacetylenic glucoside isolated from the extract of Bidens pilosa, is described. The structure of cytopiloyne was determined to be 2-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-1-hydroxytrideca-5,7,9,11-tetrayne by using various spectroscopic methods, but the chirality of the polyyne moiety was unknown. Herein, the convergent synthesis of two diastereomers of cytopiloyne by starting from commercially available 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-diozolane is described. The synthetic sequence involved two key steps: stereoselective glycosylation of the glucosyl trichloroacetimidate with 1-[(4-methoxybenzyl)oxy]hex-5-yn-2-ol to give the desired β-glycoside and the construction of the glucosyl tetrayne skeleton by using a palladium/silver-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction to form the alkyne-alkyne bond, the first such use of this reaction. Comparison between the observed and published characterization data showed the 2R isomer to be the natural product cytopiloyne.

Compilation of secondary metabolites from Bidens pilosa L

Bidens pilosa L. is a cosmopolitan annual herb, known for its traditional use in treating various diseases and thus much studied for the biological activity of its extracts, fractions and isolated compounds. Polyacetylenes and flavonoids, typical metabolite classes in the Bidens genus, predominate in the phytochemistry of B. pilosa. These classes of compounds have great taxonomic significance. In the Asteraceae family, the acetylene moiety is widely distributed in the Heliantheae tribe and some representatives, such as 1-phenylhepta-1,3,5-triyne, are noted for their biological activity and strong long-wave UV radiation absorbance. The flavonoids, specifically aurones and chalcones, have been reported as good sub-tribal level markers. Natural products from several other classes have also been isolated from different parts of B. pilosa. This review summarizes the available information on the 198 natural products isolated to date from B. pilosa.

Differential functional genomic effects of anti-inflammatory phytocompounds on immune signaling

BACKGROUND

Functional comparative genomic analysis of the cellular immunological effects of different anti-inflammatory phytocompounds is considered as a helpful approach to distinguish the complex and specific bioactivities of candidate phytomedicines. Using LPS-stimulated THP-1 monocytes, we characterize here the immunomodulatory activities of three single phytocompounds (emodin, shikonin, and cytopiloyne) and a defined phytocompound mixture extracted from Echinacea plant (BF/S+L/Ep) by focused DNA microarray analysis of selected immune-related genes.

RESULTS

Shikonin and emodin significantly inhibited the early expression (within 0.5 h) of approximately 50 genes, notably cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-4, chemokines CCL4 and CCL8, and inflammatory modulators NFATC3 and PTGS2. In contrast, neither cytopiloyne nor BF/S+L/Ep inhibited the early expression of these 50 genes, but rather inhibited most late-stage expression (~12 h) of another immune gene subset. TRANSPATH database key node analysis identified the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation pathway as the putative target of BF/S+L/Ep and cytopiloyne. Western blot confirmed that delayed inactivation of the ERK pathway was indeed demonstrable for these two preparations during the mid-stage (1 to 4 h) of LPS stimulation. We further identified ubiquitin pathway regulators, E6-AP and Rad23A, as possible key regulators for emodin and shikonin, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The current focused DNA microarray approach rapidly identified important subgenomic differences in the pattern of immune cell-related gene expression in response to specific anti-inflammatory phytocompounds. These molecular targets and deduced networks may be employed as a guide for classifying, monitoring and manipulating the molecular and immunological specificities of different anti-inflammatory phytocompounds in key immune cell systems and for potential pharmacological application.

A C14-polyacetylenic glucoside with an alpha-pyrone moiety and four C10-polyacetylenic glucosides from Mediasia macrophylla

Polyacetylenic glucosides (1-5) were isolated from the MeOH extract of Mediasia macrophylla, and their structures were established by spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 2-4 were the first examples of C(10)-polyacetylenic glucosides found in the family Umbelliferae, while compound 1 was a unique polyacetylenic glucoside possessing an alpha-pyrone moiety.

Naturally occurring and synthetic polyyne glycosides

Polyyne glycosides are a class of natural products that have been found in terrestrial plants, fungi, and marine algae. Many display interesting and potentially useful biological activities, which in some cases has initiated synthetic efforts toward their formation. This review provides a comprehensive report of polyyne glycosides isolated from natural sources, as well as the synthesis of these molecules and their analogues.

Anti-diabetic properties of three common Bidens pilosa variants in Taiwan

Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata (BPR), B. pilosa L. var. pilosa (BPP), and B. pilosa L. var. minor (BPM) are common variants of a plant often used as a folk remedy for diabetes in Taiwan. However, the three variants are often misidentified and little is known about their relative anti-diabetic efficacy and chemical composition. In this paper, we have first developed a method based on GC-MS and cluster analysis with visualization to assist in rapidly determining the taxonomy of these three Bidens variants. GC-MS was used to determine the chemical compositions of supercritical extracts, and differences and similarities in the variants were determined by hierarchical cluster analysis. Next, the HPLC profiles of the methanol crude extracts in the Bidens plants and evaluated anti-diabetic effects of methanol crude extracts were compared, as well as three polyacetylenic compounds of the Bidens plants using db/db mice. Single-dose and long-term experiments showed that the BPR extract had higher glucose-lowering and insulin-releasing activities than extracts from the other two variants, and that cytopiloyne was the most effective pure compound among the three polyacetylenic compounds. BPR extract and cytopiloyne also significantly reduced the percentage of the glycosylated hemoglobin A1c in db/db mice. Besides, both animal studies and HPLC analysis demonstrated a good correlation between anti-diabetic efficacy of the Bidens extracts and the particular polyacetylenes present.

Anti-hyperglycemic effects and mechanism of Bidens pilosa water extract

AIM OF STUDY

Bidens pilosa has traditionally been used as an anti-diabetic phytomedicine. However, its alleged benefits and mechanism remain elusive. This study aimed to evaluate the effect and action of Bidens pilosa water extract on type 2 diabetes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A daily dose of Bidens pilosa water extract or glimepiride, a positive control, was given orally to C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice once or for 28 days. Levels of blood glucose, serum insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobulin A1C, glucose tolerance, and islet structure were used to evaluate its anti-diabetic effects in db/db mice. Rat pancreatic islets and streptozocin-treated mice were tested for insulin-releasing mechanism of Bidens pilosa water extract.

RESULTS

A daily dose of Bidens pilosa water extract given once or for 28 days significantly decreased blood glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels in db/db mice. Besides, 28-day treatment with Bidens pilosa water extract significantly improved glucose tolerance, decreased HbA1C levels and protected islet structure in db/db mice. Mechanism study showed that Bidens pilosa water extract stimulated insulin secretion via pancreatic islets.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that Bidens pilosa water extract ameliorates type 2 diabetes in db/db mice via regulation of insulin secretion and islet protection.