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Costa Souza RM, Montenegro Pimentel LML, Ferreira LKM, Pereira VRA, Santos ACDS, Dantas WM, Silva CJO, De Medeiros Brito RM, Andrade JL, De Andrade-Neto VF, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL, Silva Junior VA, Pena L, Camara CA, Rathi B, De Oliveira RN. Biological activity of 1,2,3-triazole-2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives and their evaluation as therapeutic strategy for malaria control. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115400. [PMID: 37130472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Malaria can be caused by several Plasmodium species and the development of an effective vaccine is challenging. Currently, the most effective tool to control the disease is the administration of specific chemotherapy; however, resistance to the frontline antimalarials is one of the major problems in malaria control and thus the development of new drugs becomes urgent. The study presented here sought to evaluate the antimalarial activities of compounds derived from 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinones containing 1,2,3-triazole using in vivo and in vitro models. 1H-1,2,3-Triazole 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for antimalarial activity in vitro, using P. falciparum W2 chloroquine (CQ) resistant strain and in vivo using the murine-P. berghei ANKA strain. Acute toxicity was determined as established by the OECD (2001). Cytotoxicity was evaluated against HepG2 and Vero mammalian cell lines. Transmission electron microscopy of the Plasmodium falciparum trophozoite (early and late stages) was used to evaluate the action of compounds derived at ultra-structural level. The compounds displayed low cytotoxicity CC50 > 100 μM, neither did they cause hemolysis at the tested doses and nor the signs of toxicity in the in vivo acute toxicity test. Among the five compounds tested, one showed IC50 values in submicromolar range of 0.8 μM. Compounds 7, 8 and 11 showed IC50 values < 5 μM, and selectivity index (SI) ranging from 6.8 to 343 for HepG2, and from 13.7 to 494.8 for Vero cells. Compounds 8 and 11 were partially active against P. berghei induced parasitemia in vivo. Analysis of the ultrastructural changes associated with the treatment of these two compounds, showed trophozoites with completely degraded cytoplasm, loss of membrane integrity, organelles in the decomposition stage and possible food vacuole deterioration. Our results indicated that compounds 8 and 11 may be considered hit molecules for antimalarial drug discovery platform and deserve further optimization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Maria Costa Souza
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunoepidemiology of Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valéria Rêgo Alves Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Aline Caroline Da Silva Santos
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Willyenne Marília Dantas
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Carla Jasmine Oliveira Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ramayana Morais De Medeiros Brito
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, LaBMAT/DMP/CB, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Parasitology, Laboratory of Immunobiology and Parasites Control, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Lucas Andrade
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, LaBMAT/DMP/CB, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Valter Ferreira De Andrade-Neto
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Malaria and Toxoplasmosis Biology, LaBMAT/DMP/CB, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Department of Parasitology, Laboratory of Immunobiology and Parasites Control, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lilian Lacerda Bueno
- Department of Parasitology, Laboratory of Immunobiology and Parasites Control, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lindomar Pena
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Celso Amorim Camara
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Ronaldo Nascimento De Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Appiah-Opong R, Agyemang K, Dotse E, Atchoglo P, Owusu KBA, Aning A, Sakyiamah M, Adegle R, Ayertey F, Appiah AA, Nyarko AK. Anti-plasmodial, Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Selected Ghanaian Medicinal Plants. J Evid Based Integr Med 2022; 27:2515690X211073709. [PMID: 35037519 PMCID: PMC8772010 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x211073709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria affects about half of the world's population. The sub-Saharan African region is the most affected. Plant natural products have been a major source of antimalarial drugs; the first (quinine) and present (artemisinin) antimalarials are of natural product origin. Some secondary metabolites demonstrate adjuvant antioxidant effects and selective activity. The focus of this study was to investigate the anti-plasmodial activity, cytotoxicities and antioxidant properties of eight (8) Ghanaian medicinal plants. The anti-plasmodial activity was determined using the SYBR green assay and the tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay (MTT) was employed to assess cytotoxicity of extracts to human RBCs and HL-60 cells. Antioxidant potential of plant extracts was evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu and superoxide dismutase assays. Phytochemical contstituents of the plant extracts were also assessed. All the extracts demonstrated anti-plasmodial activities at concentrations <50 μg/ml. Parkia clappertoniana and Terminalia ivorensis elicited the strongest anti-plasmodial activities with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 1.13 μg/ml and 0.95 μg/ml, respectively. This is the first report on anti-plasmodial activities of Baphia nitida, Tabernaemontana crassa and Treculia Africana. T. Africana showed moderate anti-plasmodial activity with IC50 value of 6.62 µg/mL. Extracts of P. clappertoniana, T. Africana and T. ivorensis (0.4 mg/mL) showed >50% antioxidant effect (SOD). The extracts were not cytotoxicity towards RBCs at the concentration tested (200 μg/ml) but were weakly cytotoxic to HL-60 cell. Selectivity indices of most of the extracts were greater than 10. Our results suggest that most of the plant extracts have strong anti-plasmodial activity and antioxidant activity which warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Appiah-Opong
- 118922Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kojo Agyemang
- 118922Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eunice Dotse
- 118922Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Philip Atchoglo
- 118922Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kofi Baffour-Awuah Owusu
- 118922Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abigail Aning
- 118922Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Richard Adegle
- Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akuapim, Ghana
| | | | | | - Alexander K Nyarko
- University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, 58835University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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3
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Ceravolo IP, Aguiar AC, Adebayo JO, Krettli AU. Studies on Activities and Chemical Characterization of Medicinal Plants in Search for New Antimalarials: A Ten Year Review on Ethnopharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:734263. [PMID: 34630109 PMCID: PMC8493299 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.734263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an endemic disease that affected 229 million people and caused 409 thousand deaths, in 2019. Disease control is based on early diagnosis and specific treatment with antimalarial drugs since no effective vaccines are commercially available to prevent the disease. Drug chemotherapy has a strong historical link to the use of traditional plant infusions and other natural products in various cultures. The research based on such knowledge has yielded two drugs in medicine: the alkaloid quinine from Cinchona species, native in the Amazon highland rain forest in South America, and artemisinin from Artemisia annua, a species from the millenary Chinese medicine. The artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), proven to be highly effective against malaria parasites, and considered as “the last bullet to fight drug-resistant malaria parasites,” have limited use now due to the emergence of multidrug resistance. In addition, the limited number of therapeutic options makes urgent the development of new antimalarial drugs. This review focuses on the antimalarial activities of 90 plant species obtained from a search using Pubmed database with keywords “antimalarials,” “plants” and “natural products.” We selected only papers published in the last 10 years (2011–2020), with a further analysis of those which were tested experimentally in malaria infected mice. Most plant species studied were from the African continent, followed by Asia and South America; their antimalarial activities were evaluated against asexual blood parasites, and only one species was evaluated for transmission blocking activity. Only a few compounds isolated from these plants were active and had their mechanisms of action delineated, thereby limiting the contribution of these medicinal plants as sources of novel antimalarial pharmacophores, which are highly necessary for the development of effective drugs. Nevertheless, the search for bioactive compounds remains as a promising strategy for the development of new antimalarials and the validation of traditional treatments against malaria. One species native in South America, Ampelozyzyphus amazonicus, and is largely used against human malaria in Brazil has a prophylactic effect, interfering with the viability of sporozoites in in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela P Ceravolo
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anna C Aguiar
- Departamento de Biociência, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Joseph O Adebayo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Antoniana U Krettli
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Bhattacharya A, Purkait S, Bag A, Chattopadhyay RR. Evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of hydro ethanol extract of peels of
Kufri Chandramukhi
,
Kufri Chipsona‐3
, and
Kufri Jyoti
potato varieties alone and in combination. J Food Saf 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bhattacharya
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata India
| | - Shilpa Purkait
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata India
| | - Anwesa Bag
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata India
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Amoateng P, Tagoe TA, Karikari TK, Kukuia KKE, Osei-Safo D, Woode E, Frenguelli BG, Kombian SB. Synedrella nodiflora Extract Depresses Excitatory Synaptic Transmission and Chemically-Induced In Vitro Seizures in the Rat Hippocampus. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:610025. [PMID: 33762938 PMCID: PMC7982396 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.610025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracts of the tropical Cinderella plant Synedrella nodiflora are used traditionally to manage convulsive conditions in the West African sub-region. This study sought to determine the neuronal basis of the effectiveness of these plant extracts to suppress seizure activity. Using the hippocampal slice preparation from rats, the ability of the extract to depress excitatory synaptic transmission and in vitro seizure activity were investigated. Bath perfusion of the hydro-ethanolic extract of Synedrella nodiflora (SNE) caused a concentration-dependent depression of evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) recorded extracellularly in the CA1 region of the hippocampus with maximal depression of about 80% and an estimated IC50 of 0.06 mg/ml. The SNE-induced fEPSP depression was accompanied by an increase in paired pulse facilitation. The fEPSP depression only recovered partially after 20 min washing out. The effect of SNE was not stimulus dependent as it was present even in the absence of synaptic stimulation. Furthermore, it did not show desensitization as repeat application after 10 min washout produced the same level of fEPSP depression as the first application. The SNE effect on fEPSPs was not via adenosine release as it was neither blocked nor reversed by 8-CPT, an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist. In addition, SNE depressed in vitro seizures induced by zero Mg2+ and high K+ -containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) in a concentration-dependent manner. The results show that SNE depresses fEPSPs and spontaneous bursting activity in hippocampal neurons that may underlie its ability to abort convulsive activity in persons with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Amoateng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Thomas A Tagoe
- Department of Physiology, UG Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kennedy K E Kukuia
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, UG Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dorcas Osei-Safo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eric Woode
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Bruno G Frenguelli
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel B Kombian
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
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6
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Purkait S, Bhattacharya A, Bag A, Chattopadhyay RR. TLC bioautography-guided isolation of essential oil components of cinnamon and clove and assessment of their antimicrobial and antioxidant potential in combination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:1131-1140. [PMID: 32833171 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate possible synergistic interactions on antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of clove and cinnamon oil components in combination and characterization of compounds responsible for synergistic interactions using TLC bioautography followed by checkerboard titration, isobologram analysis, and spectrometric characterization. Among the combinations tested, cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon oil and eugenol from clove oil in combination showed a synergistic antimicrobial interaction against foodborne microbes Listeria monocytogenes (fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI): 0.31), Salmonella typhimurium (FICI: 0.41), and Aspergillus niger (FICI: 0.48), and synergistic antioxidant efficacy (combination index: 0.78) in in vitro model. Cinnamaldehyde/eugenol blend did not show any cytotoxic effect (IC50 > 1000 μg/ml) in human normal keratinocyte cell line. The results provide evidence that the cinnamaldehyde/eugenol blend may help in designing a more potent novel natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agent in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Purkait
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700 108, India.
| | - Abhishek Bhattacharya
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700 108, India
| | - Anwesa Bag
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700 108, India
| | - Rabi Ranjan Chattopadhyay
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700 108, India
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Friedman M, Tam CC, Cheng LW, Land KM. Anti-trichomonad activities of different compounds from foods, marine products, and medicinal plants: a review. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:271. [PMID: 32907567 PMCID: PMC7479404 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human trichomoniasis, caused by the pathogenic parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease that contributes to reproductive morbidity in affected women and possibly to prostate cancer in men. Tritrichomonas foetus strains cause the disease trichomoniasis in farm animals (cattle, bulls, pigs) and diarrhea in domestic animals (cats and dogs). Because some T. vaginalis strains have become resistant to the widely used drug metronidazole, there is a need to develop alternative treatments, based on safe natural products that have the potential to replace and/or enhance the activity of lower doses of metronidazole. To help meet this need, this overview collates and interprets worldwide reported studies on the efficacy of structurally different classes of food, marine, and medicinal plant extracts and some of their bioactive pure compounds against T. vaginalis and T. foetus in vitro and in infected mice and women. Active food extracts include potato peels and their glycoalkaloids α-chaconine and α-solanine, caffeic and chlorogenic acids, and quercetin; the tomato glycoalkaloid α-tomatine; theaflavin-rich black tea extracts and bioactive theaflavins; plant essential oils and their compounds (+)-α-bisabolol and eugenol; the grape skin compound resveratrol; the kidney bean lectin, marine extracts from algae, seaweeds, and fungi and compounds that are derived from fungi; medicinal extracts and about 30 isolated pure compounds. Also covered are the inactivation of drug-resistant T. vaginalis and T. foetus strains by sensitized light; anti-trichomonad effects in mice and women; beneficial effects of probiotics in women; and mechanisms that govern cell death. The summarized findings will hopefully stimulate additional research, including molecular-mechanism-guided inactivations and human clinical studies, that will help ameliorate adverse effects of pathogenic protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, 94710, USA.
| | - Christina C Tam
- United States Department of Agriculture, Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- United States Department of Agriculture, Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
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Cock IE, Selesho MI, van Vuuren SF. A review of the traditional use of southern African medicinal plants for the treatment of malaria. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 245:112176. [PMID: 31446074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMALOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is one of the most prevalent and deadly parasitic diseases globally, with over 200 million new cases and nearly 500,000 deaths reported annually. It is estimated that approximately half of the world's population lives in malaria endemic areas. Malaria is substantially less prevalent in South Africa than in other African regions and the disease is limited to some regions of the Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. However, it still has a significant impact on the health of the populations living in those regions. Traditional medicines have long been used in South Africa by multiple ethic groups and many people continue to rely on these natural therapies for their healthcare. The usage of South African medicinal plants in several traditional healing systems to treat malaria have been documented (particularly for Zulu and Venda traditional medicine), although ethnobotanical investigations of other ethnic groups living in endemic malaria areas remains relatively neglected. AIM OF THE STUDY To document the use of South African medicinal plants known to be used traditionally to treat Plasmodium spp. infections. We also critically reviewed the literature on the therapeutic properties of these and other South African plants screened against Plasmodium spp. parasites with the aim of highlighting neglected studies and fostering future research in this area. MATERIALS AND METHODS Books and ethnobotanical reviews were examined for medicinal plants used specifically for fever. Exclusion criteria were studies not involving southern African medicinal plants. Furthermore, while fever is a common symptom of malaria, if not accompanied by the term "malaria" it was not considered. Databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar were used to source research relevant to southern African plants and malaria. Exclusion criteria were those publications where full articles could not be accessed. RESULTS Eighty South African plant species were identified as traditional therapies for malaria. The majority of these species were documented in Zulu ethnobotanical records, despite malaria occurring in only a relatively small portion of the Zulu's traditional territory. Surprisingly, far fewer species were reported to be used by Venda, Ndebele, northern Sotho, Tsonga, Tswana, and Pedi people, despite them living in endemic malaria areas. Interestingly many of the identified species have not been investigated further. This review summarises the available ethnobotanical and laboratory research in this field, with the aim of promoting and focusing research on priority areas. CONCLUSION Although malaria remains a serious disease affecting millions of people, medicinal plants while used extensively, have not been given the attention warranted for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Cock
- School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - M I Selesho
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - S F van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa.
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Spectrophotometric determination of antiplasmodial cochloxanthins from roots of Cochlospermum planchonii Hook.f. (Bixaceae). SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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Obbo CJD, Kariuki ST, Gathirwa JW, Olaho-Mukani W, Cheplogoi PK, Mwangi EM. In vitro antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activities of selected medicinal plants from Ugandan flora: Refocusing into multi-component potentials. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 229:127-136. [PMID: 30273736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Seven medicinal plants from Ugandan flora, namely Entada abyssinica, Khaya anthotheca, Vernonia amygdalina, Baccharoides adoensis, Schkuhria pinnata, Entandropragma utile and Momordica foetida, were selected in this study. They are used to treat conditions and infections ranging from inflammations, pains and fevers to viruses, bacteria, protozoans and parasites. Two of the plants, V. amygdalina and M. foetida, are also used as human food or relish, while others are important in ethnoveterinary practices and in zoopharmacognosy in the wild. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activities, along with cytotoxicity of the multi-component extracts of these plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different parts of the plants were prepared and serially extracted with hexane, petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and double distilled water. Solvent free extracts were assayed for in vitro inhibition against four reference parasite strains, Plasmodium falciparum (K1), Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (STIB 900), Trypanosoma cruzi (Talahuen C2C4) and Leishmania donovani (MHOM-ET-67/L82) using standard methods. Toxicity was assessed against L6 skeletal fibroblast and mouse peritoneal macrophage (J774) cells and selectivity indices (SIs) calculated for the most active extracts. RESULTS The strongest activities, demonstrating median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ≤ 2 μg/ml, were observed for the dichloromethane and petroleum ether extracts of K. anthotheca, B. adoensis and S. pinnata. Overall, IC50 values ranged from < 1 μg/ml to > 90 μg/ml. Out of 22 extracts demonstrating IC50s < 20 μg/ml, seven were against T. b. rhodesiense (IC50: 1.6-16.2 μg/ml), six against T. cruzi (IC50: 2.1-18.57 μg/ml), none against L. donovani (IC50: falling > 3.3 and >10 μg/ml), and nine against P. falciparum (IC50: 0.96 μg/ml to 4.69 μg/ml). Selectivity indices (SI) calculated for the most active extracts ranged from <1.00 to 94.24. However, the B. adoensis leaf dichloromethane extract (a) was equipotent (IC50 = 3.3 μg/ml) against L. donovani and L6 cells respectively, indicating non-specific selection. Trypanosome and Plasmodium parasites were comparatively more sensitive to the test extracts. CONCLUSIONS The benefits achieved from the seven tested plant species as traditional ethnomedicinal and ethnoveterinary therapies or in zoopharmacognosy against infections and conditions of animals in the wild are strongly supported by results of this study. The synergy of plant extracts, so achieved by concerted actions of the ligands, produces adequate perturbation of targets in the four parasite genera, resulting in the strong potencies exhibited by low IC50 values. The total inhibitory effect, achieved as a sum of perturbations contributed by each participating compound in the extract, minimises toxic effects of the compounds as seen in the high SI's obtained with some extracts. Those extracts demonstrating SI ≥ 4 form promising candidates for further cell-based and system pharmacology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J D Obbo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya; Department of Biological Sciences, Kyambogo University, Post Box 1, Kyambogo, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - S T Kariuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya
| | - J W Gathirwa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
| | - W Olaho-Mukani
- African Union-Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources, P.O. Box 30786, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - P K Cheplogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya.
| | - E M Mwangi
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya
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11
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Larayetan R, Ojemaye MO, Okoh OO, Okoh AI. Silver nanoparticles mediated by Callistemon citrinus extracts and their antimalaria, antitrypanosoma and antibacterial efficacy. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Ferrari M, Negri A, Romeo C, Boccazzi IV, Nodari R, Habluetzel A, Molteni G, Corbett Y. Adenosine Triphosphate-Binding Cassette Transporters Are Not Involved In the Detoxification of Azadirachta indica Extracts In Anopheles stephensi Larvae. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2018; 34:311-314. [PMID: 31442140 DOI: 10.2987/18-6779.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Detoxifying pathways of mosquitoes against the neem (Azadirachta indica) extracts are still unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in this process in Anopheles stephensi, one of the main malaria vectors in southern Asia. Third-stage larvae of An. stephensi were fed with fish food alone or in combination with neem extract at 0.5%, 1%, 5%, and 10%. Six ABC-transporter genes from 3 different subfamilies (B, C, and G) were analyzed to assess their relative expression compared with controls. A bioassay was also performed to assess larval mortality rate at different concentrations and in combination with verapamil, an ABC-transporter inhibitor. No significant variation in the expression levels of any transporter belonging to the B, C, and G subfamilies was detected. Furthermore, the use of verapamil did not induce an increase in mortality at any of the tested neem extract concentrations, indicating that ABC transporters are not involved in the detoxification of neem extracts in An. stephensi larvae.
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Gorki V, Singh R, Walter NS, Bagai U, Salunke DB. Synthesis and Evaluation of Antiplasmodial Efficacy of β-Carboline Derivatives against Murine Malaria. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13200-13210. [PMID: 30411030 PMCID: PMC6217594 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The difficulty of developing an efficient malaria vaccine along with increasing spread of multidrug resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum to the available antimalarial drugs poses the need to discover safe and efficacious antimalarial drugs to control malaria. An alternative strategy is to synthesize compounds possessing structures similar to the active natural products or marketed drugs. Several biologically active natural products and drugs contain β-carboline moiety. In the present study, few selected β-carboline derivatives have been synthesized and tested for their in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity against the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei (NK-65). The designed analogs exhibited considerable in vitro antimalarial activity. Two compounds (1R,3S)-methyl 1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate (9a) and (1R,3S)-methyl 1-(pyridin-3-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate (9b) were further selected for in vivo studies. Both the lead compounds (9a and 9b) were observed to be safe for oral administration. The therapeutic effective dose (ED50) for 9a and 9b were determined and in the animal model, 9a (at 50 mg/kg dose) exhibited better activity in terms of parasite clearance and enhancement of host survival. Biochemical investigations also point toward the safety of the compound to the hepatic and renal functions of the rodent host. Further studies are underway to explore its activity alone as well as in combination therapy with artesunate against the human malaria parasite P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Gorki
- Parasitology
Laboratory, Department of Zoology, and Department of Chemistry and Centre
of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab
University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Parasitology
Laboratory, Department of Zoology, and Department of Chemistry and Centre
of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab
University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Neha Sylvia Walter
- Parasitology
Laboratory, Department of Zoology, and Department of Chemistry and Centre
of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab
University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Upma Bagai
- Parasitology
Laboratory, Department of Zoology, and Department of Chemistry and Centre
of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab
University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Deepak B. Salunke
- Parasitology
Laboratory, Department of Zoology, and Department of Chemistry and Centre
of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab
University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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14
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Adamantane amine-linked chloroquinoline derivatives as chloroquine resistance modulating agents in Plasmodium falciparum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1287-1291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Lobo L, Cabral LIL, Sena MI, Guerreiro B, Rodrigues AS, de Andrade-Neto VF, Cristiano MLS, Nogueira F. New endoperoxides highly active in vivo and in vitro against artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 2018; 17:145. [PMID: 29615130 PMCID: PMC5883364 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence and spread of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapy in Southeast Asia prompted the need to develop new endoperoxide-type drugs. METHODS A chemically diverse library of endoperoxides was designed and synthesized. The compounds were screened for in vitro and in vivo anti-malarial activity using, respectively, the SYBR Green I assay and a mouse model. Ring survival and mature stage survival assays were performed against artemisinin-resistant and artemisinin-sensitive P. falciparum strains. Cytotoxicity was evaluated against mammalian cell lines V79 and HepG2, using the MTT assay. RESULTS The synthesis and anti-malarial activity of 21 new endoperoxide-derived compounds is reported, where the peroxide pharmacophore is part of a trioxolane (ozonide) or a tetraoxane moiety, flanked by adamantane and a substituted cyclohexyl ring. Eight compounds exhibited sub-micromolar anti-malarial activity (IC50 0.3-71.1 nM), no cross-resistance with artemisinin or quinolone derivatives and negligible cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells. From these, six produced ring stage survival < 1% against the resistant strain IPC5202 and three of them totally suppressed Plasmodium berghei parasitaemia in mice after oral administration. CONCLUSION The investigated, trioxolane-tetrazole conjugates LC131 and LC136 emerged as potential anti-malarial candidates; they show negligible toxicity towards mammalian cells, ability to kill intra-erythrocytic asexual stages of artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum and capacity to totally suppress P. berghei parasitaemia in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lis Lobo
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira no 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.,Laboratório de Biologia da Malária e Toxoplasmose, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Lília I L Cabral
- Centre of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, UAlg, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.,Departmento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês Sena
- Centre of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, UAlg, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Guerreiro
- Centre of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, UAlg, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.,Departmento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - António Sebastião Rodrigues
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Valter Ferreira de Andrade-Neto
- Laboratório de Biologia da Malária e Toxoplasmose, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Maria L S Cristiano
- Centre of Marine Sciences, CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, UAlg, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal. .,Departmento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Fatima Nogueira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira no 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.
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16
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Chenniappan K, Murugan K. Therapeutic and fertility restoration effects of Ionidium suffruticosum on sub-fertile male albino Wistar rats: effects on testis and caudal spermatozoa. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:946-957. [PMID: 28183234 PMCID: PMC6130764 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1278453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ionidium suffruticosum (L.) Ging (Violaceae) is an important medicinal plant widely used as a herbal traditional medicine in Ayurveda for the treatment of infertility. Currently, little pharmacological information is available on its male fertility properties following prolonged use. OBJECTIVE To investigate I. suffruticosum leaf extracts for male fertility parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ethanol lyophilized fraction was administered orally on carbendazim-induced sub-fertility rats (250 mg/kg body weight for 28 days). The effects of fractions on rat's fertility parameters i.e., body and testes weight, sperm motility, sperm vitality, epididymal sperm counts, its morphology, enzyme and antioxidant stress and histopathology were studied and compared with clomiphene citrate. RESULTS The sub-fertile male rats treated with I. suffruticosum leaf extract increased the body weight of 7 g, testis weight of 97 mg, increased cauda epididymal sperm counts of 34.2 × 106 sperm/mL, motility of sperm 46% and vitality 28% also increased and normal sperm morphology also improved up to 32%. The carbendazim-treated group showed loss in body weight of 33 g, testis weight of 851 mg, decreased epididymal sperm counts of 15 × 106 sperm/mL, with sluggish motility and a highly significant fall in the live sperms of about 57%. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The leaf fraction of I. suffructicosum increased the testicular weight, spermatogenesis, sperm counts, lessened sperm agglutination, and increased testicular oxidative biomarkers, SOD, and CAT. This study therefore supports the usage of I. suffructicosum in traditional medicine for infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuppusamy Chenniappan
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
- CONTACT Kuppusamy ChenniappanDepartment of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Mbosso Teinkela JE, Siwe Noundou X, Nguemfo EL, Meyer F, Wintjens R, Isaacs M, Mpondo Mpondo AE, Hoppe HC, Krause RWM, Azebaze AGB. Biological activities of plant extracts from Ficus elastica and Selaginella vogelli: An antimalarial, antitrypanosomal and cytotoxity evaluation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 25:117-122. [PMID: 29379367 PMCID: PMC5775106 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic, antiplasmodial, and antitrypanosomal activities of two medicinal plants traditionally used in Cameroon were evaluated. Wood of Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. aerial roots (Moraceae) and Selaginella vogelii Spring (Selaginellaceae) leaves were collected from two different sites in Cameroon. In vitro cell-growth inhibition activities were assessed on methanol extract of plant materials against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 and Trypanosoma brucei brucei, as well as against HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells. Criteria for activity were an IC50 value < 10 μg/mL. The extract of S. vogelii did not significantly reduce the viability of P. falciparum at a concentration of 25 μg/mL but dramatically affected the trypanosome growth with an IC50 of 2.4 μg/mL. In contrast, at the same concentration, the extract of F. elastica exhibited plasmodiacidal activity (IC50 value of 9.5 μg/mL) and trypanocidal (IC50 value of 0.9 μg/mL) activity. Both extracts presented low cytotoxic effects on HeLa cancer cell line. These results indicate that the selected medicinal plants could be further investigated for identifying compounds that may be responsible for the observed activities and that may represent new leads in parasitical drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Emmanuel Mbosso Teinkela
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques (FMSP), Université de Douala, BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box. 24157, Douala, Cameroon.,Laboratory of Biopolymers and Supramolecular Nanomaterials, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Plaine (CP 206/4), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Siwe Noundou
- Nanomaterials and Medicinal Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Edwige Laure Nguemfo
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques (FMSP), Université de Douala, BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Franck Meyer
- Laboratory of Biopolymers and Supramolecular Nanomaterials, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Plaine (CP 206/4), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rene Wintjens
- Laboratory of Biopolymers and Supramolecular Nanomaterials, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Plaine (CP 206/4), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michelle Isaacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Albert Emmanuel Mpondo Mpondo
- Département de Pharmacie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques (FMSP), Université de Douala, BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Rui Werner Maçedo Krause
- Nanomaterials and Medicinal Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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18
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Kinda PT, Zerbo P, Guenné S, Compaoré M, Ciobica A, Kiendrebeogo M. Medicinal Plants Used for Neuropsychiatric Disorders Treatment in the Hauts Bassins Region of Burkina Faso. MEDICINES 2017; 4:medicines4020032. [PMID: 28930246 PMCID: PMC5590068 DOI: 10.3390/medicines4020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background: In Burkina Faso, phytotherapy is the main medical alternative used by populations to manage various diseases that affect the nervous system. The aim of the present study was to report medicinal plants with psychoactive properties used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders in the Hauts Bassins region, in the western zone of Burkina Faso. Methods: Through an ethnobotanical survey using structured questionnaire, 53 traditional healers (TH) were interviewed about neuropsychiatric disorders, medicinal plants and medical practices used to treat them. The survey was carried out over a period of three months. Results: The results report 66 plant species used to treat neuropsychiatric pathologies. Roots (36.2%) and leaves (29%) were the main plant parts used. Alone or associated, these parts were used to prepare drugs using mainly the decoction and the trituration methods. Remedies were administered via drink, fumigation and external applications. Conclusions: It appears from this study a real knowledge of neuropsychiatric disorders in the traditional medicine of Hauts Bassins area. The therapeutic remedies suggested in this work are a real interest in the fight against psychiatric and neurological diseases. In the future, identified plants could be used for searching antipsychotic or neuroprotective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper T Kinda
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Chimie Appliquées, Université Ouaga I-Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 PB 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - Patrice Zerbo
- Laboratoire de Biologie et écologie végétale, Université Ouaga I-Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - Samson Guenné
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Chimie Appliquées, Université Ouaga I-Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 PB 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - Moussa Compaoré
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Chimie Appliquées, Université Ouaga I-Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 PB 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - Alin Ciobica
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Faculty of Biology, Department of Research, Carol I Avenue, No. 20A, Iasi 700505, Romania.
| | - Martin Kiendrebeogo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Chimie Appliquées, Université Ouaga I-Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 PB 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
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Applequist WL, Ratsimbason M, Kuhlman A, Rakotonandrasana S, Rasamison V, Kingston DGI. Antimalarial Use of Malagasy Plants is Poorly Correlated with Performance in Antimalarial Bioassays. ECONOMIC BOTANY 2017; 71:75-82. [PMID: 29129935 PMCID: PMC5677511 DOI: 10.1007/s12231-017-9373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay screening of plant extracts can identify unique lead compounds for drug development, but the "hit rate" from random screening is very low. Targeted screening of medicinal plants has been repeatedly reported to increase the percentage of samples displaying bioactivity. Contrarily, Maranz (2012) suggested that African antimalarial plants were unsuitable sources of antimalarial drugs because high prevalence of malaria would result in rapid evolution of resistance to active compounds that directly targeted the parasite. As malaria is highly prevalent in much of Madagascar, it was of interest to determine whether Malagasy antimalarial plants would outperform randomly selected plants in conventional antimalarial assays being conducted as part of a discovery program. Of 1294 plant samples screened for antimalarial activity, 39.6% had an IC50 <50 μg/ml and 21.1% had an IC50 <20 μg/ml (the minimum to qualify as a first-pass "hit"). Ethnobotanical uses were coded at both the generic and the species level, as neither samples nor use reports in literature were always identifiable to species level. The 526 samples belonging to genera having reported uses for malaria were slightly more likely than average to display activity (44.3% with IC50 <50 μg/ml, p < .01; 23.2% with IC50 <20 μg/ml). Of these, 67 samples from individual species with documented use were still more likely to be modestly active (49.3% with IC50 <50 μg/ml), yet less likely to be highly active (17.9% with IC50 <20 μg/ml). Thus, in this specific context, ethnobotanically directed screening would not have substantially improved screening efficiency, and would have missed most of the potential hits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Ratsimbason
- Centre National d’Application des Recherches Pharmaceutiques, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | - Vincent Rasamison
- Centre National d’Application des Recherches Pharmaceutiques, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - David G. I. Kingston
- Department of Chemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Tarkang PA, Appiah-Opong R, Ofori MF, Ayong LS, Nyarko AK. Application of multi-target phytotherapeutic concept in malaria drug discovery: a systems biology approach in biomarker identification. Biomark Res 2016; 4:25. [PMID: 27999673 PMCID: PMC5154004 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-016-0077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new anti-malaria drugs with broad therapeutic potential and novel mode of action, for effective treatment and to overcome emerging drug resistance. Plant-derived anti-malarials remain a significant source of bioactive molecules in this regard. The multicomponent formulation forms the basis of phytotherapy. Mechanistic reasons for the poly-pharmacological effects of plants constitute increased bioavailability, interference with cellular transport processes, activation of pro-drugs/deactivation of active compounds to inactive metabolites and action of synergistic partners at different points of the same signaling cascade. These effects are known as the multi-target concept. However, due to the intrinsic complexity of natural products-based drug discovery, there is need to rethink the approaches toward understanding their therapeutic effect. This review discusses the multi-target phytotherapeutic concept and its application in biomarker identification using the modified reverse pharmacology - systems biology approach. Considerations include the generation of a product library, high throughput screening (HTS) techniques for efficacy and interaction assessment, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-based anti-malarial profiling and animal pharmacology. This approach is an integrated interdisciplinary implementation of tailored technology platforms coupled to miniaturized biological assays, to track and characterize the multi-target bioactive components of botanicals as well as identify potential biomarkers. While preserving biodiversity, this will serve as a primary step towards the development of standardized phytomedicines, as well as facilitate lead discovery for chemical prioritization and downstream clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Protus Arrey Tarkang
- Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P. O. Box 8013, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra Ghana
| | - Regina Appiah-Opong
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra Ghana
| | - Michael F. Ofori
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG581, Legon, Accra Ghana
| | - Lawrence S. Ayong
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Centre Pasteur Cameroon, BP 1274 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alexander K. Nyarko
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra Ghana
- School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG43, Legon, Accra Ghana
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Fernández-Calienes Valdés A, Monzote Fidalgo L, Sariego Ramos I, Marrero Delange D, Morales Rico CL, Mendiola Martínez J, Cuéllar AC. Antiprotozoal screening of the Cuban native plant Scutellaria havanensis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:3197-3202. [PMID: 27564587 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1216130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Scutellaria havanensis Jacq. (Lamiaceae) is a native medicinal herb with a history of use in Cuba. OBJECTIVE This study screens the antiprotozoal activity of S. havanensis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chloroform and methanol extracts from leaves and stems were evaluated in vitro at doses between 0.015 and 200 μg/mL against protozoan parasites: Plasmodium berghei, Trichomonas vaginalis and Leishmania amazonensis. Chloroform and methanol extracts were characterized by GC/MS. Cytotoxicity against mouse peritoneal macrophages was tested in parallel. RESULTS Scutellaria havanensis extracts exhibited IC50 values between 7.7 and 32.2 μg/mL against trophozoites of P. berghei and T. vaginalis; while the extracts were inactive against L. amazonensis promastigotes. Trichomonicidal activity of methanol extract exhibited the best selectivity but chloroform extract showed the highest antiplasmodial, trichomonicidal and cytotoxic activity. The majority of compounds in the chloroform extract were hydroxy and/or methoxyflavones (77.96%), in particular, wogonin (48.27%). In methanol extract, wogonin (5.89%) was detected. Trichomonicidal effect of wogonin was moderate (IC50 = 56 μM) and unspecific with respect to macrophages (SI = 2). On the contrary, antiplasmodial activity of wogonin were particularly active (IC50 = 15 μM) demonstrating a higher selectivity index (SI = 7.4). CONCLUSIONS Wogonin is an active principle compound of the chloroform extract of S. havanensis against P. berghei and T. vaginalis trophozoites, whereas the methanol extract of S. havanensis should be investigated more deeply as a trichomonicide. Our findings suggest that wogonin is potentially useful for the development of antimalarial alternative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lianet Monzote Fidalgo
- a Department of Parasitology , Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" , La Lisa , Havana , Cuba
| | - Idalia Sariego Ramos
- a Department of Parasitology , Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" , La Lisa , Havana , Cuba
| | | | | | - Judith Mendiola Martínez
- a Department of Parasitology , Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" , La Lisa , Havana , Cuba
| | - Armando Cuéllar Cuéllar
- c Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Pharmacy and Foods, University of Havana , Havana , Cuba
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Catarino L, Havik PJ, Romeiras MM. Medicinal plants of Guinea-Bissau: Therapeutic applications, ethnic diversity and knowledge transfer. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 183:71-94. [PMID: 26923540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The rich flora of Guinea-Bissau, and the widespread use of medicinal plants for the treatment of various diseases, constitutes an important local healthcare resource with significant potential for research and development of phytomedicines. The goal of this study is to prepare a comprehensive documentation of Guinea-Bissau's medicinal plants, including their distribution, local vernacular names and their therapeutic and other applications, based upon local notions of disease and illness. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnobotanical data was collected by means of field research in Guinea-Bissau, study of herbarium specimens, and a comprehensive review of published works. Relevant data were included from open interviews conducted with healers and from observations in the field during the last two decades. RESULTS A total of 218 medicinal plants were documented, belonging to 63 families, of which 195 are native. Over half of these species are found in all regions of the country. The medicinal plants are used to treat 18 major diseases categories; the greatest number of species are used to treat intestinal disorders (67 species). More than thirty ethnic groups were identified within the Guinea-Bissau population; 40% of the medicinal plants have been recorded in the country's principal ethnic languages (i.e. Fula and Balanta). CONCLUSIONS This multi-disciplinary, country-wide study identifies a great diversity of plants used by indigenous communities as medicinal, which constitute an important common reservoir of botanical species and therapeutic knowledge. The regional overlap of many indigenous species, the consensual nature of disease groups based upon local perceptions of health conditions, and the relevance of local vernacular including Guinean Creole are key factors specific to the country which enhance the potential for the circulation and transmission of ethno-botanical and therapeutic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Catarino
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Philip J Havik
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Rua da Junqueira no. 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Maria M Romeiras
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C), Lisbon, Portugal; University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Lisbon, Portugal.
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Haidara M, Bourdy G, De Tommasi N, Braca A, Traore K, Giani S, Sanogo R. Medicinal Plants Used in Mali for the Treatment of Malaria and Liver Diseases. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, ethno-pharmacology is a very important resource in order to discover new therapies for the current diseases. Moreover, another good justification for the ethno-pharmacological approach is to obtain new, effective, less expensive and simple therapies, limiting at the same time the cost of pharmaceutical research. Two major anti-malarial drugs widely used today, i.e. quinine and artemisinin, came respectively from Peruvian and Chinese ancestral treatments reported in the traditional medicines. In this contest, there is an urgent need for the discovery of new drugs, due to the critical epidemiological situation of this disease and to the growth of resistances. In Mali, malaria and liver diseases remain one of the leading public health problems. Many medicinal plants are often used, in local traditional medicine, for the treatment at the same time of malaria and liver diseases, including hepatic syndromes, jaundice, hepatitis and other hepatic disorders. Moreover, in the local language Bamanan, the word “ Sumaya” is used both for malaria and some liver diseases. In addition, we noted that some of the improved traditional phytomedicines produced by the Department of Traditional Medicine are prescribed by modern doctors both for malaria and liver diseases. In this review, pharmacological, toxicological and phytochemical data on Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae), Cochlospermum tinctorium Perr. ex A. Rich (Cochlospermaceae), Combretum micranthum G.Don (Combretaceae), Entada africana Guillet Perr. (Mimosaceae), Erythrina senegalensis A. DC (Fabaceae), Mitragyna inermis (Willd) Kuntze (Rubiaceae), Nauclea latifolia Smith syn. Sarcocephalus latifolius (Smith) Bruce (Rubiaceae), Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen (Polygalaceae), Trichilia emetica Vahl. (Meliaceae), and Vernonia colorata (Willd) Drake (Asteraceae) are reported. Some of the collected data could be used to improve the actual herbal drugs and to propose new phytomedicines for the management of malaria and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamane Haidara
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Mali
| | - Geneviève Bourdy
- Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie et Pharmacologie pour le Développement (PharmaDev) de Toulouse, France
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Alessandra Braca
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Rokia Sanogo
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Mali
- Département Médecine Traditionnelle, Bamako, Mali
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Exploration of Scaffolds from Natural Products with Antiplasmodial Activities, Currently Registered Antimalarial Drugs and Public Malarial Screen Data. Molecules 2016; 21:104. [PMID: 26784165 PMCID: PMC6273396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of current resistance to antimalarial drugs, there is a need to discover new classes of antimalarial agents with unique mechanisms of action. Identification of unique scaffolds from natural products with in vitro antiplasmodial activities may be the starting point for such new classes of antimalarial agents. We therefore conducted scaffold diversity and comparison analysis of natural products with in vitro antiplasmodial activities (NAA), currently registered antimalarial drugs (CRAD) and malaria screen data from Medicine for Malaria Ventures (MMV). The scaffold diversity analyses on the three datasets were performed using scaffold counts and cumulative scaffold frequency plots. Scaffolds from the NAA were compared to those from CRAD and MMV. A Scaffold Tree was also generated for each of the datasets and the scaffold diversity of NAA was found to be higher than that of MMV. Among the NAA compounds, we identified unique scaffolds that were not contained in any of the other compound datasets. These scaffolds from NAA also possess desirable drug-like properties making them ideal starting points for antimalarial drug design considerations. The Scaffold Tree showed the preponderance of ring systems in NAA and identified virtual scaffolds, which may be potential bioactive compounds.
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25
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Lamien-Meda A, Kiendrebeogo M, Compaoré M, Meda RNT, Bacher M, Koenig K, Pacher T, Fuehrer HP, Noedl H, Willcox M, Novak J. Quality assessment and antiplasmodial activity of West African Cochlospermum species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 119:51-61. [PMID: 26429632 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on development of phytochemical methods for quality assessment of two West-African Cochlospermum species (Cochlospermum planchonii and Cochlospermum tinctorium) traditionally used for malaria treatment in Burkina Faso. Antimalarial activity of preparations from dried rhizomes (decoction) was tested against the chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium strain 3D7 using the histidine-rich protein II (HRP2) drug susceptibility assay and compared with extract preparations using organic solvents of different polarity. Two main apocarotenoids were isolated from rhizomes of C. planchonii and unambiguously identified as dihydrocochloxanthine and cochloxanthine by spectroscopic methods. Comparative HPLC analyses of thirty-nine (39) samples from markets and from collections in natural habitats of both species showed a high variability in the accumulation of cochloxanthines and related carotenoids which were proven to be characteristic for rhizomes of both species and generally absent in leaves. Furthermore, content of total phenolics and antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP) as well as haemolytic activity of various extracts was tested. The HPLC method presented here was validated and provides a good separation of both compounds including 10 minor carotenoids. Extracts from both species and pure cochloxanthine offered pronounced antioxidant activities and weak haemolytic activity while, in contrast, dihydrocochloxanthine had a strong haemolytic effect at the highest concentration analysed. However, cochloxanthine as well as dihydrocochloxanthine showed erythroprotective effects against the haemolytic activity of the reference saponin. Moderate antiplasmodial activity between 16 and 63 μg/ml were observed with all tested extracts, and lower IC50 values were obtained with pure dihydrocochloxanthine (IC50=6.9 μg/ml), cochloxanthine (IC50=6.8 μg/ml), the DCM fraction (IC50=2.4 μg/ml) and the ethyl acetate fraction (IC50=11.5μg/ml) derived from a methanolic extract of C. planchonii. This study shows a major variability of carotenoid content and antiplasmodial activity of both C. planchonii and C. tinctorium. The high haemolytic activity of dihydrocochloxanthine (at 100 μg/ml) should be considered as a selection criterion for choosing species phenotypes for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Lamien-Meda
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martin Kiendrebeogo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Chimie Appliquées, LABIOCA, University of Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa Compaoré
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Chimie Appliquées, LABIOCA, University of Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Roland N T Meda
- UFR Sciences et Techniques, Polytechnic University of Bobo Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Markus Bacher
- Division of Chemistry of Renewables, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Karin Koenig
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Pacher
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Noedl
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Merlin Willcox
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Johannes Novak
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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Memvanga PB, Tona GL, Mesia GK, Lusakibanza MM, Cimanga RK. Antimalarial activity of medicinal plants from the Democratic Republic of Congo: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 169:76-98. [PMID: 25862959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is the most prevalent parasitic disease and the foremost cause of morbidity and mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo. For the management of this disease, a large Congolese population recourses to traditional medicinal plants. To date the efficacy and safety of many of these plants have been validated scientifically in rodent malaria models. In order to generate scientific evidence of traditional remedies used in the Democratic Republic of Congo for the management of malaria, and show the potential of Congolese plants as a major source of antimalarial drugs, this review highlights the antiplasmodial and toxicological properties of the Congolese antimalarial plants investigated during the period of 1999-2014. In doing so, a useful resource for further complementary investigations is presented. Furthermore, this review may pave the way for the research and development of several available and affordable antimalarial phytomedicines. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to get information on the different studies, a Google Scholar and PubMed literature search was performed using keywords (malaria, Congolese, medicinal plants, antiplasmodial/antimalarial activity, and toxicity). Data from non-indexed journals, Master and Doctoral dissertations were also collected. RESULTS Approximately 120 extracts and fractions obtained from Congolese medicinal plants showed pronounced or good antiplasmodial activity. A number of compounds with interesting antiplasmodial properties were also isolated and identified. Some of these compounds constituted new scaffolds for the synthesis of promising antimalarial drugs. Interestingly, most of these extracts and compounds possessed high selective activity against Plasmodium parasites compared to mammalian cells. The efficacy and safety of several plant-derived products was confirmed in mice, and a good correlation was observed between in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity. The formulation of several plant-derived products also led to some clinical trials and license of three plant-derived drugs (Manalaria(®), Nsansiphos(®), and Quinine Pharmakina(®)). CONCLUSION The obtained results partly justify and support the use of various medicinal plants to treat malaria in folk medicine in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Antimalarial plants used in Congolese traditional medicine represent an important source for the discovery and development of new antimalarial agents. However, in order to ensure the integration of a larger number of plant-derived products in the Congolese healthcare system, some parameters and trends should be considered in further researches, in agreement with the objectives of the "Traditional Medicine Strategy" proposed by the World Health Organization in 2013. These include evaluation of geographical and seasonal variation, investigation of reproductive biology, assessment of prophylactic antimalarial activity, evaluation of natural products as adjuvant antioxidant therapy for malaria, development of plant-based combination therapies and monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Memvanga
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Phytopharmaceutical Drugs Development, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | - Gaston L Tona
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Gauthier K Mesia
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Mariano M Lusakibanza
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Richard K Cimanga
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, B.P. 212 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo; University of Antwerp, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Ranasinghe S, Ansumana R, Lamin JM, Bockarie AS, Bangura U, Buanie JAG, Stenger DA, Jacobsen KH. Herbs and herbal combinations used to treat suspected malaria in Bo, Sierra Leone. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 166:200-204. [PMID: 25794802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Most adults in West Africa treat acute febrile illnesses with local herbs, but the patterns of herbs used for malaria have not been recently described in Sierra Leone. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a population-based cross-sectional approach to interview 810 randomly-sampled rural and urban adult residents of Bo, Sierra Leone, in December 2013 and January 2014 about their use of herbal remedies when they suspect they have malaria. RESULTS In total, 55% of the participants reported taking one or more of seven herbs to treat symptoms of malaria. Among herb users, the most commonly used anti-malarial herbs were Moringa oleifera (moringa, 52%) and Sarcocephalus latifolius (yumbuyambay, 50%). The other herbs used included Senna siamea (shekutoure, 18%), Cassia sieberiana (gbangba, 18%), Uvaria afzelii (gone-botai, 14%), Morinda chrysorhiza (njasui, 14%), and Craterispermum laurinum (nyelleh, 7%). Combination herbal therapy was common, with 37% of herb users taking two or more herbs together when ill with suspected malaria. CONCLUSIONS Indigenous medical knowledge about herbal remedies and combinations of local herbs remains an integral part of malaria case management in Sierra Leone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rashid Ansumana
- Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Kulanda Town, Bo, Sierra Leone; Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone.
| | - Joseph M Lamin
- Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Kulanda Town, Bo, Sierra Leone.
| | | | - Umaru Bangura
- Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Kulanda Town, Bo, Sierra Leone.
| | - Jacob A G Buanie
- Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Kulanda Town, Bo, Sierra Leone.
| | - David A Stenger
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
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Dembo EG, Abay SM, Dahiya N, Ogboi JS, Christophides GK, Lupidi G, Chianese G, Lucantoni L, Habluetzel A. Impact of repeated NeemAzal-treated blood meals on the fitness of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:94. [PMID: 25884799 PMCID: PMC4330930 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbal remedies are widely used in many malaria endemic countries to treat patients, in particular in the absence of anti-malarial drugs and in some settings to prevent the disease. Herbal medicines may be specifically designed for prophylaxis and/or for blocking malaria transmission to benefit both, the individual consumer and the community at large. Neem represents a good candidate for this purpose due to its inhibitory effects on the parasite stages that cause the clinical manifestations of malaria and on those responsible for infection in the vector. Furthermore, neem secondary metabolites have been shown to interfere with various physiological processes in insect vectors. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of the standardised neem extract NeemAzal on the fitness of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi following repeated exposure to the product through consecutive blood meals on treated mice. METHODS Batches of An. stephensi mosquitoes were offered 5 consecutive blood meals on female BALB/c mice treated with NeemAzal at an azadirachtin A concentration of 60, 105 or 150 mg/kg. The blood feeding capacity was estimated by measuring the haematin content of the rectal fluid excreted by the mosquitoes during feeding. The number of eggs laid was estimated by image analysis and their hatchability assessed by direct observations. RESULTS A dose and frequency dependent impact of NeemAzal treatment on the mosquito feeding capacity, oviposition and egg hatchability was demonstrated. In the 150 mg/kg treatment group, the mosquito feeding capacity was reduced by 50% already at the second blood meal and by 50 to 80% in all treatment groups at the fifth blood meal. Consequently, a 50 - 65% reduction in the number of eggs laid per female mosquito was observed after the fifth blood meal in all treatment groups. Similarly, after the fifth treated blood meal exposure, hatchability was found to be reduced by 62% and 70% in the 105 and 150 mg/kg group respectively. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study, taken together with the accumulated knowledge on neem open the challenging prospects of designing neem-based formulations as multi-target phytomedicines exhibiting preventive, parasite transmission-blocking as well as anti-vectorial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson G Dembo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Solomon M Abay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy. .,School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Nisha Dahiya
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Johnbull S Ogboi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | | | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Chianese
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Lucantoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy. .,Current address: Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Annette Habluetzel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
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Ntie-Kang F, Onguéné PA, Lifongo LL, Ndom JC, Sippl W, Mbaze LM. The potential of anti-malarial compounds derived from African medicinal plants, part II: a pharmacological evaluation of non-alkaloids and non-terpenoids. Malar J 2014; 13:81. [PMID: 24602358 PMCID: PMC3975711 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is currently a public health concern in many countries in the world due to various factors which are not yet under check. Drug discovery projects targeting malaria often resort to natural sources in the search for lead compounds. A survey of the literature has led to a summary of the major findings regarding plant-derived compounds from African flora, which have shown anti-malarial/antiplasmodial activities, tested by in vitro and in vivo assays. Considerations have been given to compounds with activities ranging from "very active" to "weakly active", leading to >500 chemical structures, mainly alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, phenolics, polyacetylenes, xanthones, quinones, steroids and lignans. However, only the compounds that showed anti-malarial activity, from "very active" to "moderately active", are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luc Meva'a Mbaze
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon.
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Lifongo LL, Simoben CV, Ntie-Kang F, Babiaka SB, Judson PN. A bioactivity versus ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants from Nigeria, west Africa. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2014; 4:1-19. [PMID: 24660132 PMCID: PMC3956980 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-014-0005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Traditional medicinal practices play a key role in health care systems in countries with developing economies. The aim of this survey was to validate the use of traditional medicine within local Nigerian communities. In this review, we examine the ethnobotanical uses of selected plant species from the Nigerian flora and attempt to correlate the activities of the isolated bioactive principles with known uses of the plant species in African traditional medicine. Thirty-three (33) plant species were identified and about 100 out of the 120 compounds identified with these plants matched with the ethnobotanical uses of the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia L. Lifongo
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Conrad V. Simoben
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Smith B. Babiaka
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Philip N. Judson
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre, 22-23 Blenheim Terrace, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9HD UK
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, LS11 5PY UK
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Simoben CV, Ntie-Kang F, Lifongo LL, Babiaka SB, Sippl W, Mbaze LM. The uniqueness and therapeutic value of natural products from West African medicinal plants, part III: least abundant compound classes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, a continuation of our in-depth coverage of natural products derived from West African medicinal plants with diverse biological activities has been given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad V. Simoben
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Lydia L. Lifongo
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Smith B. Babiaka
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
- Halle, Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Luc Meva'a Mbaze
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Douala
- Douala, Cameroon
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Ntie-Kang F, Lifongo LL, Simoben CV, Babiaka SB, Sippl W, Mbaze LM. The uniqueness and therapeutic value of natural products from West African medicinal plants. Part I: uniqueness and chemotaxonomy. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review gives an in depth coverage of the natural products derived from West African medicinal plants with diverse biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Lydia L. Lifongo
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Conrad V. Simoben
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Smith B. Babiaka
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
- Halle, Germany
| | - Luc Meva'a Mbaze
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Douala
- Douala, Cameroon
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Ntie-Kang F, Lifongo LL, Simoben CV, Babiaka SB, Sippl W, Mbaze LM. The uniqueness and therapeutic value of natural products from West African medicinal plants, part II: terpenoids, geographical distribution and drug discovery. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04543b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review series, an attempt has been made to give indepth coverage of natural products derived from West African medicinal plants with diverse biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Lydia L. Lifongo
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Conrad V. Simoben
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Smith B. Babiaka
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
- Halle, Germany
| | - Luc Meva'a Mbaze
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Douala
- Douala, Cameroon
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Amoa Onguéné P, Ntie-Kang F, Lifongo LL, Ndom JC, Sippl W, Mbaze LM. The potential of anti-malarial compounds derived from African medicinal plants, part I: a pharmacological evaluation of alkaloids and terpenoids. Malar J 2013; 12:449. [PMID: 24330395 PMCID: PMC3878730 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicine caters for about 80% of the health care needs of many rural populations around the world, especially in developing countries. In addition, plant-derived compounds have played key roles in drug discovery. Malaria is currently a public health concern in many countries in the world due to factors such as chemotherapy faced by resistance, poor hygienic conditions, poorly managed vector control programmes and no approved vaccines. In this review, an attempt has been made to assess the value of African medicinal plants for drug discovery by discussing the anti-malarial virtue of the derived phytochemicals that have been tested by in vitro and in vivo assays. This survey was focused on pure compounds derived from African flora which have exhibited anti-malarial properties with activities ranging from "very active" to "weakly active". However, only the compounds which showed anti-malarial activities from "very active" to "moderately active" are discussed in this review. The activity of 278 compounds, mainly alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, phenolics, polyacetylenes, xanthones, quinones, steroids, and lignans have been discussed. The first part of this review series covers the activity of 171 compounds belonging to the alkaloid and terpenoid classes. Data available in the literature indicated that African flora hold an enormous potential for the development of phytomedicines for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Amoa Onguéné
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, PO Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Lydia Likowo Lifongo
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, PO Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jean Claude Ndom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck Str. 4, Halle, Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Luc Meva’a Mbaze
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
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Ozbilgin A, Durmuskahya C, Kayalar H, Ostan I. Assessment of in vivo antimalarial activities of some selected medicinal plants from Turkey. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:165-73. [PMID: 24146207 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3639-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Resistant infections lead to increased necessity of searching novel drugs and drug combinations. The purpose of this paper was to investigate antimalarial properties of some selected medicinal plants that have been traditionally used in Turkey for antipyretic and analgesic purposes. Lavandula stoecheas subsp. cariensis, Phlomis nissolii, Phlomis bourgaei, Phlomis leucophracta, Centaurea hierapolitana, Centaurea polyclada, Centaurea lydia, Scrophularia cryptophila, Scrophularia depauperata, Scrophularia floribunda, Rubia davisiana, and Alkanna tinctoria subsp. subleiocarpa were investigated for their in vivo antimalarial activities in mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii. Two hundred fifty to 500 mg/kg doses of plant extracts were given to mice as a single daily dose for 4 days. P. nissolii water extract, C. lydia chloroform extract, S. cryptophila ethanol extract, and C. polyclada methanol extract showed antimalarial activity with reducing parasitaemia. The chemotherapeutic effects of plant extracts ranged between 13.5% and 66.91%. The chemosuppressions exerted by combined plant extracts of P. nissolii, S. cryptophila, and C. lydia with C. polyclada methanol extract were detected as 51.25%, 57.33%, and 58.33%, respectively. Investigation of cytotoxic activities against brine shrimps revealed that methanol extract of C. polycada, chloroform extract of C. lydia, and ethanol extract of S. cryptophila showed cytotoxic activities, while water extract of P. nissolii was not active against brine shrimps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Ozbilgin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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Garcia-Alvarez MC, Moussa I, Njomnang Soh P, Nongonierma R, Abdoulaye A, Nicolau-Travers ML, Fabre A, Wdzieczak-Bakala J, Ahond A, Poupat C, Ikhiri K, Benoit-Vical F. Both plants Sebastiania chamaelea from Niger and Chrozophora senegalensis from Senegal used in African traditional medicine in malaria treatment share a same active principle. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:676-684. [PMID: 23906782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Based on ethnobotanical data obtained from Nigerien and Senegalese traditional healers, two Euphorbiaceae plants, Sebastiania chamaelea and Chrozophora senegalensis, traditionally used to treat malaria, were selected for further investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant extracts were prepared with different solvents and tested both in vitro on several strains of Plasmodium falciparum, and in vivo to evaluate their antiplasmodial properties and isolate their active principles. RESULTS With IC50 values around 6.5µg/ml and no significant cytotoxicity (>50µg/ml), the whole plant aqueous extract from S. chamaelea showed the best in vitro results. In vitro potentiation assays showed strong synergistic activity of S. chamaelea extract with the antiplasmodial drug chloroquine on the chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum strain W2-Indochina. In other respects, the aqueous crude extract of C. senegalensis leaves showed the most significant antiplasmodial activity in vitro (IC50 values less than 2µg/ml). We also demonstrated the prophylactic activity of C. senegalensis in vivo in a murine malaria model. Bioassay-guided fractionation of aqueous extracts of these plants enabled the isolation and identification of ellagic acid (EA, 1) as the main compound responsible for their antiplasmodial activity. Together with EA, other derivatives belonging to different chemical groups were isolated but showed moderate antimalarial activity: gallic acid (2), brevifolin carboxylic acid (3), protocatechuic acid (4), corillagin (5), rutin (6) and 3,4,8,9,10-pentahydroxy-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one (7). The structures were determined by the usual spectroscopic methods and by comparison with published data. Furthermore, we report here the quantification of compound 1 (EA) by RP-HPLC in the dried extracts of these plants, reported for the first time in both these species, and possessing the highest in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values from 180 to 330nm. CONCLUSIONS These in vitro and in vivo results support the traditional use in Africa of crude extracts of both S. chamaelea and C. senegalensis as an antimalarial treatment and prove the significant antiplasmodial property of EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Garcia-Alvarez
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Antimalarial potential of extracts and isolated compounds from four species of genus Ammannia. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dua VK, Verma G, Singh B, Rajan A, Bagai U, Agarwal DD, Gupta NC, Kumar S, Rastogi A. Anti-malarial property of steroidal alkaloid conessine isolated from the bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica. Malar J 2013; 12:194. [PMID: 23758861 PMCID: PMC3685520 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the face of chronic and emerging resistance of parasites to currently available drugs and constant need for new anti-malarials, natural plant products have been the bastion of anti-malarials for thousands of years. Moreover natural plant products and their derivatives have traditionally been a common source of drugs, and represent more than 30% of the current pharmaceutical market. The present study shows evaluation of anti-malarial effects of compound conessine isolated from plant Holarrhena antidysenterica frequently used against malaria in the Garhwal region of north-west Himalaya. Methods In vitro anti-plasmodial activity of compound was assessed using schizont maturation and parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay. Cytotoxic activities of the examined compound were determined on L-6 cells of rat skeletal muscle myoblast. The four-day test for anti-malarial activity against a chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK65 strain in BALB/c mice was used for monitoring in vivo activity of compound. In liver and kidney function test, the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was examined by p-NPP method, bilirubin by Jendrassik and Grof method. The urea percentage was determined by modified Berthelot method and creatinine by alkaline picrate method in serum of mice using ENZOPAK/CHEMPAK reagent kits. Results Compound conessine showed in vitro anti-plasmodial activity with its IC50 value 1.9 μg/ml and 1.3 μg/ml using schizont maturation and pLDH assay respectively. The compound showed cytotoxity IC50= 14 μg/ml against L6 cells of rat skeletal muscle myoblast. The isolated compound from plant H. antidysenterica significantly reduced parasitaemia (at 10 mg/kg exhibited 88.95% parasite inhibition) in P. berghei-infected mice. Due to slightly toxic nature (cytotoxicity = 14), biochemical analysis (liver and kidney function test) of the serum from mice after administration of conessine were also observed. Conclusion The present investigation demonstrates that the compound conessine exhibited substantial anti-malarial property. The isolated compound could be chemically modified to obtain a more potent chemical entity with improved characteristics against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra K Dua
- Field Unit, Sector-3, Health Centre, BHEL, National Institute of Malaria Research, Hardwar 249403, India.
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Kaushik NK, Bagavan A, Rahuman AA, Mohanakrishnan D, Kamaraj C, Elango G, Zahir AA, Sahal D. Antiplasmodial potential of selected medicinal plants from eastern Ghats of South India. Exp Parasitol 2013; 134:26-32. [PMID: 23399920 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Malaria caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum, is a major health problem of the developing world. In the present study medicinal plants from Eastern Ghats of South India have been extracted with ethyl acetate and assayed for growth inhibition of asexual erythrocytic stages of chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive (3D7) and (CQ)-resistant (INDO) strains of P. falciparum in culture using the fluorescence-based SYBR Green I assay. Studied extracts showed a spectrum of antiplasmodial activities ranging from (a) very good (IC(50)<10-10 μg/mL: Cyperus rotundus and Zingiber officinale); (b) good (IC(50), >10-15 μg/mL: Ficus religiosa and Murraya koenigii); (c) moderate (IC(50)>15-25 μg/mL: Ficus benghalensis); (d) poor activity (IC(50)>25-60 μg/mL) and (e) inactive (IC(50)>60 μg/mL). Resistance indices ranging from 0.78 to 1.28 suggest that some of these extracts had equal promise against the CQ resistant INDO strain of P. falciparum. Cytotoxicity assessment of the extracts against HeLa cell line using MTT assay revealed that the selectivity indices in the range of 3-15 suggesting a good margin of safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Kaushik
- Malaria Research Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Yetein MH, Houessou LG, Lougbégnon TO, Teka O, Tente B. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in plateau of Allada, Benin (West Africa). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:154-63. [PMID: 23266332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains one of the most important illnesses in sub-Saharan Africa. In Benin, it constitutes a major public health preoccupation particularly for children and pregnant women. Until now, population still mostly relies on herbal medicine for malaria healing. Hence this study was carried out to document the medicinal plants used in the plateau of Allada in Benin and to assess local knowledge on traditional medicine in the management of malaria and related symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected from 53 informants composed of 23 traditional healers and 30 medicinal plants sellers using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 82 plants species belonging to 78 genera in 43 plant families were recorded as antimalarial in the study area. The families of Rubiaceae and Caesalpiniaceae were the most represented with seven species each. High informant consensus factor (ICF) was recorded in the treatment of malaria (ICF=0.90). High fidelity level (FL=100%) was also recorded for 45.67% of the species used as antimalarial. Dichapetalum madagascariense was the species of high relative frequency of citation (RFC=0.81). The dominant plant parts used in the preparation of remedies were leaves (68%). The decoction (79%) was the main mode of preparation, while oral route (92%) was the principal route of remedies administration. CONCLUSION This study provides plant species used in the plateau of Allada for malaria and related symptoms treatment. We hope that this study could be important for the conservation of traditional knowledge on the antimalarial plants and the improvement of malaria management. However, several plant species used as antimalarial by the traditional medicine practitioners in the study area need to be screened in order to identify the species having antiplasmodial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius H Yetein
- Department of geography, Faculty of Letter, Arts and Human Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 PO Box 526, Cotonou, Benin.
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Tabuti JRS, Kukunda CB, Kaweesi D, Kasilo OMJ. Herbal medicine use in the districts of Nakapiripirit, Pallisa, Kanungu, and Mukono in Uganda. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2012; 8:35. [PMID: 22943789 PMCID: PMC3484030 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-8-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional medicine (TM) occupies a special place in the management of diseases in Uganda. Not with standing the many people relying on TM, indigenous knowledge (IK) related to TM is getting steadily eroded. To slow down this loss it is necessary to document and conserve as much of the knowledge as possible. This study was conducted to document the IK relevant to traditional medicine in the districts of Mukono, Nakapiripirit, Kanungu and Pallisa, in Uganda. METHODS An ethnobotanical survey was conducted between October 2008 and February 2009 using techniques of key informant interviews and household interviews. RESULTS The common diseases and conditions in the four districts include malaria, cough, headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, flu, backache and eye diseases. Respondents stated that when they fall sick they self medicate using plant medicines or consult western-trained medicine practitioners. Self medication using herbal medicines was reported mostly by respondents of Nakapiripirit and Mukono. Respondents have knowledge to treat 78 ailments using herbal medicines. 44 species, mentioned by three or more respondents have been prioritized. The most frequently used part in herbal medicines is the leaf, followed by the stem and root. People sometime use animal parts, soil, salt and water from a grass roof, in traditional medicines. Herbal medicines are stored for short periods of time in bottles. The knowledge to treat ailments is acquired from parents and grandparents. Respondents' age and tribe appears to have a significant influence on knowledge of herbal medicine, while gender does not. CONCLUSION This survey has indicated that IK associated with TM stills exists and that TM is still important in Uganda because many people use it as a first line of health care when they fall sick. Age and tribe influence the level of IK associated with herbal medicine, but gender does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- John RS Tabuti
- Makerere University, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (MUCAES), P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Collins B Kukunda
- Department of Botany, Herbarium and Botanic Garden, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daniel Kaweesi
- Uganda National Commission for UNESCO, Ministry of Education & Sports, Embassy House, King George VI Way, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ossy MJ Kasilo
- World Health Organization, WHO Regional Office for Africa, P.O. Box 6, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
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Maranz S. An alternative paradigm for the role of antimalarial plants in Africa. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:978913. [PMID: 22593717 PMCID: PMC3346345 DOI: 10.1100/2012/978913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most investigations into the antimalarial activity of African plants are centered on finding an indigenous equivalent to artemisinin, the compound from which current frontline antimalarial drugs are synthesized. As a consequence, the standard practice in ethnopharmacological research is to use in vitro assays to identify compounds that inhibit parasites at nanomolar concentrations. This approach fails to take into consideration the high probability of acquisition of resistance to parasiticidal compounds since parasite populations are placed under direct selection for genetic that confers a survival advantage. Bearing in mind Africa's long exposure to malaria and extensive ethnobotanical experimentation with both therapies and diet, it is more likely that compounds not readily overcome by Plasmodium parasites would have been retained in the pharmacopeia and cuisine. Such compounds are characterized by acting primarily on the host rather than directly targeting the parasite and thus cannot be adequately explored in vitro. If Africa's long history with malaria has in fact produced effective plant therapies, their scientific elucidation will require a major emphasis on in vivo investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Maranz
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
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Musuyu Muganza D, Fruth BI, Nzunzu Lami J, Mesia GK, Kambu OK, Tona GL, Cimanga Kanyanga R, Cos P, Maes L, Apers S, Pieters L. In vitro antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activity of 33 ethonopharmacologically selected medicinal plants from Democratic Republic of Congo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 141:301-308. [PMID: 22394563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activity of the aqueous extracts from 33 medicinal plants, used by traditional healers for the treatment of various parasitic diseases and collected after an ethnopharmacological inventory conducted in the Bolongo area, Bandundu province in DR Congo, was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Decoctions were prepared, lyophilized and evaluated for in vitro antiprotozoal activity against Trypanosoma b. brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania infantum, and the chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Cytotoxicity against MRC-5 cells was included to assess selectivity of activity. RESULTS Most of the tested extracts exhibited pronounced (IC(50)≤5μg/ml) or good (5<IC(50)≤10μg/ml) antiprotozoal activity against one or more of the selected protozoa. A total of 19 plant extracts inhibited Trypanosoma b. brucei, especially the extract from Isolona hexaloba stem bark (IC(50)=1.95μg/ml, SI=16.5); 8 plant extracts were active against Trypanosoma cruzi, the extracts from Enanatia chlorantha stem bark and Quassia africana root bark being the most active with IC(50) values of 1.87 and 1.88μg/ml, respectively (SI=3.0 and 3.3, respectively); 8 plant extracts showed activity against Leishmania infantum, with extracts from Napoleona vogelii stem bark and Quassia africana root bark as the most active with IC(50) values of 5.66 and 5.04μg/ml (SI=11.3 and 1.2). Finally, 9 plant extracts inhibited Plasmodium falciparum K1 with the extracts from Quassia africana (root bark and stem bark) being the most active ones with IC(50) values of 0.46 and 1.27μg/ml (SI=13.7 and 13.6). Extracts from Enantia chlorantha stem bark, Piptadeniastrum africanum stem bark and Quassia africana root bark were cytotoxic for MRC-5 cells (CC(50)<10μg/ml). CONCLUSIONS These results can partly support and justify the traditional use of some of these plant species for the treatment of parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Musuyu Muganza
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, PO. Box 212, Kinshasa XI, Congo
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Yerbanga RS, Lucantoni L, Lupidi G, Dori GU, Tepongning NR, Nikiéma JB, Esposito F, Habluetzel A. Antimalarial plant remedies from Burkina Faso: their potential for prophylactic use. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 140:255-260. [PMID: 22301449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Saye, a combination remedy prepared from Cochlospermum planchonii Hook.f. (Cochlospermaceae), Cassia alata L. (Fabaceae) and Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. et Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae), N'Dribala, a Cochlospermum planchonii root decoction, and a fruit preparation of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) are plant remedies of the folk medicine in Burkina Faso and are commonly used by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed at validating the antiplasmodial activity of the preparations and at estimating their potential for prophylaxis, using the murine malaria system Plasmodium berghei/Anopheles stephensi. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extracts were orally administered to mice (6 animals per treatment group) at a daily dose of 200mg/kg body weight for nine days, applying protocols that mimic as much as possible traditional recipes and treatment schemes. RESULTS Saye, N'Dribala and Azadirachta indica preparations revealed prophylactic activity, reducing parasitaemia in treated mice, with respect to controls, by 52.0% (CI(95) 46.1-57.9), 45.5% (CI(95) 44.5-46.5) and 45.0% (CI(95) 41.1-48.9), respectively. No evidence of transmission blocking effects was detected with any of the tested remedies. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms, in the murine malaria system, the antiplasmodial properties of the examined remedies on the Plasmodium stages developing in the vertebrate host, thus encouraging studies aiming at identifying the active fractions and compounds responsible for the described activity and to develop standardized prophylactic remedies.
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Saad S, Taher M, Susanti D, Qaralleh H, Rahim NABA. Antimicrobial activity of mangrove plant (Lumnitzera littorea). ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 4:523-5. [PMID: 21803301 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antimicrobial activities of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the leaves of Lumnitzera littorea (L. littorea) against six human pathogenic microbes. METHODS The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using disc diffusion and microdilution methods. RESULTS The antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts were increased with increasing the concentration. It is clear that n-hexane extract was the most effective extract. Additionally, Gram positive Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) appear to be the most sensitive strain while Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and the yeast strains (Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans)) appear to be resistance to the tested concentrations since no inhibition zone was observed. The inhibition of microbial growth at concentration as low as 0.04 mg/mL indicated the potent antimicrobial activity of L. littorea extracts. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results are considered sufficient for further study to isolate the compounds responsible for the activity and suggesting the possibility of finding potent antibacterial agents from L. littorea extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahbudin Saad
- Institute of Oceanography and Maritime Studies, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
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Koudouvo K, Karou SD, Ilboudo DP, Kokou K, Essien K, Aklikokou K, de Souza C, Simpore J, Gbéassor M. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of crude extracts from Togolese medicinal plants. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 4:129-32. [PMID: 21771436 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antimalarial effect of a few plants in Togo folk medicine. METHODS After ethnobotanical survey, Opilia celtidifolia, Pavetta corymbosa (P. corymbosa) and Tamarindus indica (T. indica) were selected for screening. In vitro antimalarial tests were performed on crude extracts against fresh clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum using the semi microtest. RESULTS Different IC(50) values of the extracts ranged from 2.042 to 100.000 μg/mL. According to the results, the methanol extract of aerial part of P. corymbosa followed by aqueous extract of fruit of T. indica were the most active (IC(50) of 2.042 and 4.786 μg/mL, respectively). Qualitative test revealed the presence of alkaloids in the leaves of P. corymbosa that may be responsible for the activity of the plant. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides scientific evidence for usage of plant in the folk medicine, and further studies are needed for identification and purification of the active principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koffi Koudouvo
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo
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Ortet R, Prado S, Regalado EL, Valeriote FA, Media J, Mendiola J, Thomas OP. Furfuran lignans and a flavone from Artemisia gorgonum Webb and their in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:637-640. [PMID: 21982788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of the aerial parts of the Cape Verdean endemic shrub Artemisia gorgonum Webb (Asteraceae) was careful investigated, which led to the isolation and identification of six known furfuran lignans: eudesmin (1), magnolin (2), epimagnolin A (3), aschantin (4), kobusin (5), sesamin (6) and a flavone: artemetin (7). Compounds 1-7 were evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxicity in a screening panel consisting of various mammalian tumor cell lines, for their antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (FcB1 strain) and for their cytotoxicity against murine normal cells (CFU-GM). While no promising cytotoxicity against human tumor cells were noticed, marginal potency and selectivity was found for compounds 1-5 against murine colon 38. Besides, compounds 2-7 showed mild antiplasmodial activities, 6 and 7 being the most active compounds (IC(50) 3.37 and 3.50 μg/ml respectively) without noticeable toxicity on mammalian normal cells. This is the first report of antiplasmodial activity for furfuran lignans and the first isolation of 1-7 from Artemisia gorgonum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risoleta Ortet
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Laboratoire de Chimie des Molécules Bioactives et des Arômes, UMR 6001 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, 28 Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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Passemar C, Saléry M, Soh PN, Linas MD, Ahond A, Poupat C, Benoit-Vical F. Indole and aminoimidazole moieties appear as key structural units in antiplasmodial molecules. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:1118-1125. [PMID: 21612900 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
From a library of compounds of natural sources, a big series of molecules was chosen by random sampling to evaluate their in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum and their antifungal activity against Candida sp. From 184 molecules tested, no molecules were active against Candida sp. (MIC>10μg/ml) whereas 13 clearly showed high antiplasmodial activity in vitro, with an IC(50) less than 1μg/ml against the chloroquine-resistant strain of P. falciparum FcM29-Cameroon. The molecules with the best antiplasmodial efficacy were 10-hydroxy-ellipticin (IC(50): 0.08μg/ml), tchibangensin (IC(50): 0.13μg/ml), ellipticin hydrochloride (IC(50): 0.17μg/ml), usambarensin (IC(50): 0.23μg/ml), 7S,3S-ochropposinine oxindole (IC(50): 0.25μg/ml), 3,14-dihydro-ellipticin (IC(50): 0.25μg/ml), tetrahydro-4',5',6'17-usambarensin 17S (IC(50): 0.26μg/ml), ellipticine (IC(50): 0.28μg/ml), aricin (IC(50): 0.3μg/ml), 10-methoxy-ellipticin (IC(50): 0.32μg/ml), aplysinopsin (IC(50): 0.43μg/ml), descarbomethoxydihydrogambirtannin (IC(50): 0.46μg/ml) and ochrolifuanin A (IC(50): 0.47μg/ml). Among these 13 promising molecules, all except descarbomethoxydihydrogambirtannin, ochrolifuanine A and usambarensine presented here novel biological activities since they had never been described in the literature for their antiplasmodial activity. In spite of the large diversity of the molecules which have been tested, it is interesting to note that the ones active against Plasmodium are all indole derivatives (and one is both indolic and aminoimidazolic). To find new antiplasmodial compounds, ethnopharmacological approaches studying traditional medicine treatments for malaria is largely used but random research produced here an interesting yield (7%) of new antiplasmodial hits and appears therefore complementary to the traditional medicine way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Passemar
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) UPR8241, 205, route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
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Sarr SO, Perrotey S, Fall I, Ennahar S, Zhao M, Diop YM, Candolfi E, Marchioni E. Icacina senegalensis (Icacinaceae), traditionally used for the treatment of malaria, inhibits in vitro Plasmodium falciparum growth without host cell toxicity. Malar J 2011; 10:85. [PMID: 21481272 PMCID: PMC3090372 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the aim of discovering new natural active extracts against malaria parasites, Icacina senegalensis was selected after an ethnopharmacological survey conducted on plants used in traditional malaria treatment in Senegal. Methods Different concentrations of the plant extract and fractions were tested on synchronized Plasmodium falciparum cultures at the ring stage using the parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay. Their haemolytic activity and in vitro cytoxicity were evaluated. The chromatographic profiles of active fractions were also established. Results The plant extract and fractions revealed anti-plasmodial activity (IC50 < 5 μg/mL) with no toxicity (Selectivity indexes >10). The dichloromethane fraction showed stronger anti-plasmodial activity than the total extract. Conclusion Anti-plasmodial activity and toxicity of I. senegalensis are reported for the first time and showed promising results in malaria field research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serigne O Sarr
- Equipe de Chimie Analytique des Molécules BioActives IPHC-LC4, UMR 7178, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, route du Rhin, 67400, Illkirch, France
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Willcox M, Benoit-Vical F, Fowler D, Bourdy G, Burford G, Giani S, Graziose R, Houghton P, Randrianarivelojosia M, Rasoanaivo P. Do ethnobotanical and laboratory data predict clinical safety and efficacy of anti-malarial plants? Malar J 2011; 10 Suppl 1:S7. [PMID: 21411018 PMCID: PMC3059465 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-s1-s7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over 1200 plant species are reported in ethnobotanical studies for the treatment of malaria and fevers, so it is important to prioritize plants for further development of anti-malarials. Methods The “RITAM score” was designed to combine information from systematic literature searches of published ethnobotanical studies and laboratory pharmacological studies of efficacy and safety, in order to prioritize plants for further research. It was evaluated by correlating it with the results of clinical trials. Results and discussion The laboratory efficacy score correlated with clinical parasite clearance (rs=0.7). The ethnobotanical component correlated weakly with clinical symptom clearance but not with parasite clearance. The safety component was difficult to validate as all plants entering clinical trials were generally considered safe, so there was no clinical data on toxic plants. Conclusion The RITAM score (especially the efficacy and safety components) can be used as part of the selection process for prioritising plants for further research as anti-malarial drug candidates. The validation in this study was limited by the very small number of available clinical studies, and the heterogeneity of patients included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Willcox
- Research Initiative on Traditional Antimalarial Methods, 66 Lye Valley, Oxford OX3 7ER, UK.
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