Inhibitory effects of Angelica sinensis ethyl acetate extract and major compounds on NF-kappaB trans-activation activity and LPS-induced inflammation

Selenium prevented renal tissue damage in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats

OBJECTIVES

Kidney diseases are one of the common diseases, which are one of the main causes of death in society and impose costs on the health system of the society. A growing body of evidence has well documented that inflammatory responses and oxidative damage play a significant role in the progress of various kidney diseases.

METHODS

This study examined whether selenium (Sel) could prevent the detrimental influences of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats. Four groups of Wistar rats were considered: control, LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p., for 14 days), LPS-Sel 1 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p., for 14 days), and LPS-Sel 2 (0.2 mg/kg, i.p., for 14 days).

RESULTS

Sel treatment markedly attenuated oxidative stress damage in the kidney tissue in LPS-induced renal toxicity. Generally, the administration of Sel resulted in improved antioxidant indicators such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, or total thiol content, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) in the kidney tissue. It also decreased interleukin-6 in kidney homogenates. Furthermore, Se treatment significantly inhibited the elevation of serum biochemical markers of kidney function including serum, BUN, and creatinine.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the findings of the current study, it seems that the administration of Sel to LPS-treated rats improves renal function by reducing oxidative damage and inflammation in kidney tissue. However, more research is needed to reveal the accurate mechanisms for the effect of Sel on renal outcomes of LPS in human subjects.

A comprehensive review of the classical prescription Yiguan Jian: Phytochemistry, quality control, clinical applications, pharmacology, and safety profile

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Yiguan Jian (YGJ) is a classical prescription, which employs 6 kinds of medicinal herbs including Rehmanniae Radix, Lycii Fructus, Angelicae sinensis Radix, Glehniae Radix, Ophiopogonis Radix, and Toosendan Fructus. YGJ decoction is originally prescribed in Qing Dynasty (1636 CE ∼ 1912 CE) in China, and is commonly used to treat liver diseases. There remain abundant literature investigating YGJ decoction from multiple aspects, but few reviews summarized the research and gave a precise definition, which impedes further applications and commercialization of YGJ decoction.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive descriptions of YGJ decoction, tackling with issues in the research and development of YGJ decoction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The literature and clinical reports were obtained from the databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science Periodical Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and SinoMed since 2000. The phytochemical characteristics, quality control, pharmaceutical forms, clinical position, pharmacological effects, and toxic events of YGJ decoction were included for analysis.

RESULT

This review firstly summarized the progress of the chemical existences of YGJ decoction and discussed the advanced methods in monitoring quality of YGJ decoction and its herbal ingredients, particularly in the form of granules. Whilst this review aims to identify the pharmacological actions and clinical impacts of YGJ decoction, the medicinal materials that could provide these benefits were observed in the remaining herbs to exert the anti-fibrotic effects, anti-inflammatory activities, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic effects, and to universally treat liver and gastric diseases. This review provided supplementary descriptions on the safety issues, especially in Glehniae Radix and Toosendan Fructus, to define the alterations between hepatoprotective activities and unclear toxics in YGJ decoction application.

CONCLUSIONS

Our comprehensively organized review discussed the chemical characteristics and the research in altering or identifying these essences. The effects of YGJ decoction on the non-clinical and clinical tests exert the good management of sophisticated diseases. In this review, current issues are discussed to inform and inspire subsequent research of YGJ decoction and other classical prescriptions.

Bioactive metabolites identified from Aspergillus terreus derived from soil

Aspergillus terreus has been reported to produce many bioactive metabolites that possess potential activities including anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities. In the present study, we report the isolation and identification of A. terreus from a collected soil sample. The metabolites existing in the microbial ethyl acetate extract were tentatively identified by HPLC/MS and chemically categorized into alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, γ-butyrolactones, quinones, and peptides. In addition, a new triglyceride (1) and a diketopiperazine derivative namely asterrine (4), together with two known butyrolactone (2-3) were purified from the extract. The chemical skeleton of the purified compounds was established by comprehensive analysis of their ESI/MS, 1 and 2D-NMR data. The extract and compounds 3,4 exhibited a strong inhibitory activity for the binding of ACE2 to SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein receptor with IC50 7.4, 9.5, and 8.5 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the extract, 1 and 2 displayed a potent anti-inflammatory effect with IC50 51.31 and 37.25 pg/mL (Il-6) and 87.97, 68.22 pg/mL (TNF-α), respectively, in comparison to LPS control. In addition, the extract and compound 4 displayed an antimicrobial effect towards S. aureus by MIC 62.5 and 125 μg/mL, while the extract exhibited a potent effect against C. albicans (MIC of 125 μg/mL). Collectively, our data introduce novel bioactivities for the secondary metabolites produced by the terrestrial fungus Aspergillus terreus.

Anti-inflammatory Study on the Constituents of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav., Angelica pubescence Maxim and Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Essential Oils

Umbelliferae plants, which are widely used as traditional Chinese medicine because of their characteristics of relieving rheumatism, alleviating fever, circulating blood and easing pain. This experimental study was based on ear edema model caused by 12-O-tetracycline-propylphenol-13-acetic acid (TPA) in mice and compared with the Ibuprofen (Ib) group. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyse the composition of the essential oils from the four studied Umbelliferae plants (Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, A. dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav., A. pubescens Maxim and Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Biologically active components in volatile oils from the four studied Umbelliferae plants were evaluated. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and RelA (p65) in mouse skin were determined by immunohistochemical method. The refractive index of the four essential oils was calculated. A total of 239 compounds were identified by GC-MS from the four studied plants, and the main constituents were osthole (44.61%, APEOs), obepin (0.59%, APEOs & 86.58%, FVEOs), undecanol (8.58%, ADEOs), α-muurolene (7.95%, ADEOs) and cis-anethol (9.11%, ADEOs). E-ligustilide (0.14%, APEOs & 81.14%, ASEOs), (-)-spathulenol (0.08%, FVEOs & 1.21%, ASEOs), (-)-terpinen-4-ol (4.91%, FVEOs), 2-butylthiolane (5.76%, APEOs) and α-bisabolol (3.80%, APEOs). This study showed that all the essential oils from the four studied Umbelliferae plants contained various lactones, including ligustrongolactone, trans-anisol and imperatorin. According to the results of the TPA induction test in the mouse ear edema model, the essential oils of four Umbelliferae plants reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, COX-2, IL-6 and p65. All of them showed extraordinary biological activity in anti-inflammatory, so they have potential application value for biomedical products, pharmaceutical preparations, natural functional nutrients and cosmetic additives.

Depicting Precise Temperature and Duration of Vernalization and Inhibiting Early Bolting and Flowering of Angelica sinensis by Freezing Storage

Angelica sinensis is a perennial rhizomatous herb that is widely used for the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, which largely rely on metabolites, such as alkylphthalides, polysaccharides, and ferulic acid. This plant must experience low-temperature vernalization and long-day conditions for the occurrence of early bolting and flowering (EBF) that reduces yield and quality of fleshy root. In current commercial planting, the EBF of more than 40% is mainly attributed to the completion of vernalization of seedlings during overwinter storage. While effects of storage temperatures [vernalization temperature (0-10°C) and freezing temperature (-2 to -12°C)] and seedling sizes on the EBF have been observed in previous studies, the precise vernalization temperature and duration for different size seedlings, the effective freezing storage to avoid vernalization of seedlings, and physiological characteristics have not been systematically investigated. Here, the EBF rate, the anatomical structure of shoot apical meristem (SAM), and physiological characteristics of different size seedlings at different storage temperatures (0, 3, 5, -3, and -5°C) and durations (14-125 d) are reported. The vernalization duration of seedlings was predicated from 57 to 85 d with temperatures ranging from 0 to 5°C based on the linearization regression analysis via Matrix Laboratory software. The EBF can be effectively inhibited by freezing storage. The anatomical structure of SAM, levels of primary metabolites (soluble sugar, starch, amino acid, and protein), and endogenous hormones (GA₃, IAA, and ABA), exhibited a dynamical change in the seedlings at different storage temperatures. These findings will provide useful information for predicting the vernalization of seedlings and inhibiting the EBF in large-scale commercial cultivation.

Conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs combined with Chinese Herbal Medicine for rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) remains a major global public health challenge. Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are standard therapeutic drugs for RA. Conventional DMARDs (c-DMARDs) are a subgroup of approved synthetic DMARDs. The c-DMARDs experienced lesser response with longer disease duration or drug exposure, and unwanted adverse events (AEs). The combination treatments (CTs) of c-DMARDs and Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs) were often used in RA clinical trials for increasing the therapeutic effectiveness and reducing the AEs. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the CTs for RA. Databases were searched from inception to October 2020 for identification of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the CTs in the management of RA. Twenty-three RCTs with 2,441 participants were included. The assessments and analyses found CTs improved American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20 (RR: 1.33, 95% CI [1.21, 1.45], 10 studies, n=1,075) and alleviated AEs (RR: -0.40, 95% CI [-0.30, -0.53], 19 studies, n=2,011) in comparison with c-DMARDs. The CTs also significantly improved RA symptoms and patient-reported outcomes; reduced disease activity score (DAS) 28, serum acute-phase reactants and RA biomarkers. The five most commonly used herbs in included studies were Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Cinnamomi Ramulus, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma. Pharmacological studies indicated these CHMs could contribute to the outcomes. The integrated CHMs potentially increased the overall effectiveness of c-DMARDs and alleviated AEs in management of RA. Large sample and rigorously designed RCTs are required for future studies.

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An up-to-date systematic review of conventional DMARDs combined with Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs) for rheumatoid arthritis.

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Integrated CHMs increased overall effectiveness of conventional DMARDs and reduced adverse events.

•

Five most commonly used CHMs possessed multi-pharmacological effects contributing to the outcomes.

FJU-C28 inhibits the endotoxin-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines expression via suppressing JNK, p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways

Despite marked improvements in supportive care, the mortality rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome due to the excessive inflammatory response caused by direct or indirect lung injury induced by viral or bacterial infection is still high. In this study, we explored the anti-inflammatory effect of FJU-C28, a new 2-pyridone-based synthetic compound, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo models. FJU-C28 suppressed the LPS-induced mRNA and protein expression of iNOS, COX2 and proinflammatory cytokines. The cytokine protein array results showed that LPS stimulation enhanced the secretion of IL-10, IL-6, GCSF, Eotaxin, TNFα, IL-17, IL-1β, Leptin, sTNF RII, and RANTES. Conversely, the LPS-induced secretion of RANTES, TIMP1, IL-6, and IL-10 was dramatically suppressed by FJU-C28. FJU-C28 suppressed the LPS-induced expression of RANTES, but its parental compound FJU-C4 was unable to diminish RANTES in cell culture media or cell lysates. FJU-C28 blocked the secretion of IL-6 and RANTES in LPS-activated macrophages by regulating the activation of JNK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). FJU-C28 prevented the LPS-induced decreases in lung function including vital capacity (VC), lung compliance (C chord), forced expiratory volume at 100 ms (FEV100), and forced vital capacity (FVC) in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammatory responses. FJU-C28 also reduced neutrophil infiltration in the interstitium, lung damage and circulating levels of IL-6 and RANTES in mice with systemic inflammation. In conclusion, these findings suggest that FJU-C28 possesses anti-inflammatory activities to prevent endotoxin-induced lung function decrease and lung damages by down-regulating proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and RANTES via suppressing the JNK, p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Transcriptional Controls for Early Bolting and Flowering in Angelica sinensis

The root of the perennial herb Angelica sinensis is a widely used source for traditional Chinese medicines. While the plant thrives in cool-moist regions of western China, early bolting and flowering (EBF) for young plants significantly reduces root quality and yield. Approaches to inhibit EBF by changes in physiology during the vernalization process have been investigated; however, the mechanism for activating EBF is still limited. Here, transcript profiles for bolted and unbolted plants (BP and UBP, respectively) were compared by transcriptomic analysis, expression levels of candidate genes were validated by qRT-PCR, and the accumulations of gibberellins (GA₁, GA₄, GA₈, GA₉ and GA₂₀) were also monitored by HPLC-MS/MS. A total of over 72,000 unigenes were detected with ca. 2600 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) observed in the BP compared with UBP. While various signaling pathways participate in flower induction, it is genes associated with floral development and the sucrose pathway that are observed to be coordinated in EBF plants, coherently up- and down-regulating flowering genes that activate and inhibit flowering, respectively. The signature transcripts pattern for the developmental pathways that drive flowering provides insight into the molecular signals that activate plant EBF.

Integrated transcriptomics and metabolites at different growth stages reveals the regulation mechanism of bolting and flowering of Angelica sinensis

The root of Angelica sinensis is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese medicines. In commercial planting, early bolting and flowering (EBF) of ca. 40% of 2-year-old plants reduces root yield and quality. Although changes in physiology in bolted plants have been investigated, the mechanism activating EBF has not been identified. Here, transcriptomics profiles at four different growth stages (S1 to S4) were performed, gene expression was validated by qRT-PCR and the accumulation of endogenous hormones quantified by HPLC. A total of 60,282 unigenes were generated, with 2,282, 1,359 and 2,246 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) observed at S2 versus S1, S3 versus S2 and S4 versus S3, respectively; 558 genes that co-exist in at least three stages from S1 to S4 were obtained. Functional annotation classified 38 DEGs linked to flowering pathways: photoperiodism, hormone signalling, carbohydrate metabolism and floral development. The levels of gene expression, hormones (GA₁ , GA₄ and IAA) and soluble sugars were consistent with the EBF. It can be concluded that the EBF of A. sinensis is controlled by multiple genes. This integrated analysis of transcriptomics, together with targeted hormones and soluble sugars, provides new insights into the regulation of EBF of A. sinensis.

Traditional Chinese medicine for food allergy and eczema

OBJECTIVE

To summarize the recent evidence of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for food allergy and eczema.

DATA SOURCES

Published literature from PubMed database and abstract conference presentations.

STUDY SELECTIONS

Studies relevant to TCM for food allergy and eczema were included.

RESULTS

TCM is the main component of complementary and alternative medicine in the United States. Food Allergy Herbal Formula 2 (FAHF-2) (derived from the classical formula Wu Mei Wan) prevented systemic anaphylaxis in murine models and was found to have safety and preliminary immunomodulatory effects on T cells and basophils. The phase II trial of combined TCM with oral immunotherapy and omalizumab for multiple food allergy is ongoing. Retrospective practice-based evidence study revealed that comprehensive TCM therapy effectively prevented frequent and severe food anaphylaxis triggered by skin contact or protein inhalation. The traditional Japanese herbal medicine Kakkonto suppressed allergic diarrhea and decreased mast cells in intestinal mucosa in a murine model. The active compounds from TCM were found to have potent inhibition of immunoglobulin (Ig) E, mast cell activation, and proinflammatory cytokine or signaling pathway (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 8, NF-κB) suggesting value for both IgE and non-IgE-mediated food allergy. Triple TCM therapy including ingestion, bath, and cream markedly improved skin lesion, itching, and sleep loss in patients with corticosteroid dependent, recalcitrant, or topical steroid withdrawal. Xiao Feng San and Japanese and Korean formulas were found to have effectiveness in eczema. Furthermore, acupuncture reduced wheal size, skin itching, and basophil activation in atopic dermatitis. Moreover, TCM is generally safe.

CONCLUSION

TCM has potential as safe and effective therapy for food allergy and eczema. Further research is needed for botanical drug development and to further define the mechanisms of actions.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

FAHF-2: https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT00602160; ethyl acetate and butanol purified FAHF-2: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02879006.

An innovative cell model revealed the inhibitory effect of flavanone structure on peroxynitrite production through interaction with the IKKβ kinase domain at ATP binding site

It is hypothesized that the oxidative/nitrosative stress inhibitory effect of a flavanone is governed by its chemical structure. However, the existing cell-based antioxidant assays primarily focus on single chemical to initiate toxic species production. In this study, a novel cell model using macrophage treated with a combination of PMA and LPS leading to generation of peroxynitrite was proposed to provide a more real physiological condition. Three flavanones (eriodictyol, naringenin, and pinocembrin) with different number of ortho-dihydroxyl groups on B-ring were used to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the role of chemical structure in the new model. Dihydrorhodamine123 assay, protein immunoblotting, immunofluorescence assay, and in silico analysis by molecular docking between the flavanones and IKKβ catalytic kinase domain at the ATP binding site were employed. Results indicated that the generation of peroxynitrite was decreased at 10 µM of flavanones; eriodictyol was the most effective inhibitor. Western blot analysis and confocal fluorescence image also showed that eriodictyol could inhibit iNOS and p47 protein expressions through the inhibition of NF-kB translocation and performed the maximal inhibition compared to that of the other groups. In addition, the highest CDOCKER energy values of eriodictyol (38.6703 kcal/mol) confirmed that the 3',4'-ortho-dihydroxylation on the B-ring played a crucial role in binding with IKKβ kinase domain at ATP binding site. Finally, we propose that the ortho-dihydroxyl groups on B-ring of flavanone may influence directly the occupation of the ATP binding site of IKKβ kinase domain leading to the abrogation of peroxynitrite formation in the innovative cell model.

Fushiming Capsule Attenuates Diabetic Rat Retina Damage via Antioxidation and Anti-Inflammation

Aims

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains one of the leading causes of acquired blindness. Fushiming capsule (FSM), a compound traditional Chinese medicine, is clinically used for DR treatment in China. The present study was to investigate the effect of FSM on retinal alterations, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress triggered by diabetes.

Main Methods

Diabetic rat model was induced by 6-week high-fat and high-sugar diet combined with 35 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). 30 days after successful establishment of diabetic rat model, full field electroretinography (ffERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed to detect retinal pathological alterations. Then, FSM was administered to diabetic rats at different dosages for 42-day treatment and diabetic rats treated with Calcium dobesilate (CaD) capsule served as the positive group. Retinal function and structure were observed, and retinal vascular endothelial growth factor-α (VEGF-α), glial fibrillary acidic (GFAP), and vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1) expressions were measured both on mRNA and protein levels, and a series of blood metabolic indicators were also assessed.

Key Findings

In DR rats, FSM (1.0 g/kg and 0.5 g/kg) treatment significantly restored retinal function (a higher amplitude of b-wave in dark-adaptation 3.0 and OPs2 wave) and prevented the decrease of retinal thickness including inner nuclear layer (INL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), and entire retina. Additionally, FSM dramatically decreased VEGF-α, GFAP, and VCAM-1 expressions in retinal tissues. Moreover, FSM notably improved serum antioxidative enzymes glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities, whereas it reduced serum advanced glycation end products, methane dicarboxylic aldehyde, nitric oxide, and total cholesterol and triglycerides levels.

Significance

FSM could ameliorate diabetic rat retina damage possibly via inhibiting inflammation and improving antioxidation.

Xuebijing injection for acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Xuebijing injection (XBJ) treatment for acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning.

Methods

Using the PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Sinomed, Wanfang, CNKI, and Weipu (VIP) databases from the beginning of the datasets until December 2017, all of the relevant randomized controlled trials were identified. Relative risks (RR), weighted mean difference (WMD), along with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to analyze the main outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using the RevMan software version 5.3. The qualities of the involved studies were assessed by the risk of bias according to the Cochrane handbook.

Results

Twenty-six randomized controlled trials with 1,880 participants were collected in total. Compared with just conventional therapy alone, XBJ combined with conventional therapy significantly reduced the 7-day mortality rate (RR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.22-0.49), CRP in the 50 mL group (WMD: -11.60; 95% CI: -14.38 to -8.83), CRP in the 100 mL group (WMD: -1.73; 95% CI: -2.91 to -0.55), AChE in the 50 mL group (WMD: -4.58;95% CI: -5.87 to -3.28), AChE in the 100 mL group (WMD: -1.73; 95% CI: -2.07 to -1.39), hospital stays in the 50 mL group (WMD: -4.26; 95% CI: -4.89 to -3.64), TNF-α in the 50 mL group (WMD: -2.66; 95% CI: -4.99 to -0.32), NF-κB in the 50 mL group (WMD: -13.07; 95% CI: -14.67 to -11.47), and CK-MB in the 50 mL group (WMD: -32.28; 95% CI: -40.62 to -23.93). However, there was no statistical difference of TNF-α in the 100 mL group (WMD: -2.17; 95% CI: -4.66 to 0.32).

Conclusions

XBJ has a significant clinical efficacy for the treatment of patients with acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. The most effective dose is 50 mL, while the most effective frequency is twice a day. However, more studies are needed to confirm the extract efficacy of XBJ.

Urinary metabolomics analysis reveals the effect of volatile oil from Angelica sinensis on LPS-induced inflammation rats

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation occurs commonly and volatile oil from Angelica sinensis (VOAS) can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent. The molecular mechanisms that allow the anti-inflammatory factors to be expressed are still unknown. In this paper, we applied gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF-MS) based on a metabolomics platform coupled with a network approach to analyze urine samples in three groups of rats: one with LPS-induced inflammation (MI); one with intervention with VOAS; and normal controls (NC). Our study found definite metabolic footprints of inflammation and showed that all three groups of rats, MI, intervention with VOAS and NC have distinct metabolic profiles in urine. The concentrations of 48 metabolites differed significantly among the three groups. The metabolites in urine were screened by the GC-MS and LC-Q/TOF-MS methods. The significantly changed metabolites (p < 0.05, variable importance in projection > 1.5) between MI, NC and VOAS were included in the metabolic networks. Finally, hub metabolites were screened, including glycine, arachidonic acid, l-glutamate, pyruvate and succinate, which have high values of degree (k). the Results suggest that disorders of glycine, arachidonic acid, l-glutamate, pyruvate and succinate metabolism might play an important part in the predisposition and development of LPS-induced inflammation. By applying metabolomics with network methods, the mechanisms of diseases are clearly elucidated.

Beneficial effect of traditional Chinese medicine fumigation "Bone-healing Powder" in postoperative pain and recovery of neurological function of traumatic thoracolumbar spine fractures: A case-control study

BACKGROUND

Thoracolumbar spine (TLS) fractures are commonly associated with the young healthy population, with its risk factors including both high-energy traumas and neurological deficit. The underlying mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and TLS fractures have been explored. Therefore, our prospective study was conducted in order to explore the beneficial effects of TCM fumigation "Bone-healing Powder" method in both postoperative pain as well as the recovery of the patient's neurological function following healing from their traumatic TLS fractures.

METHODS

Patients dealing with traumatic TLS fractures were randomly assigned into both the control and the intervention groups based on whether or not they received prior TCM fumigation in addition to any and all conventional therapy. Imaging indexes, including height of the injured vertebra (%), Cobb angle (°), horizontal displacement (%), compression area (%), sagittal diameter (%), and degree of both the swelling and pain regarding the fractures were observed and recorded both before and after the treatment for proper progression documentation. The neurological function was evaluated according to American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) classification in order to investigate whether TCM fumigation "Bone-healing Powder" could affect the recovery of the patient's neurological function.

RESULTS

Following the treatment as well as 1 year after its completion, patients who received TCM fumigation presented a higher height of their previously injured vertebra (%) and sagittal diameter (%), while a lower Cobb angle (°), horizontal displacement (%), and compression area (%) than those who were part of the conventional therapy group. A week posttreatment, patients that received TCM fumigation also showed no signs of swelling or mild pain. One year following the treatment, patients receiving TCM fumigation demonstrated an improved neurological function.

CONCLUSION

These findings help to indicate that TCM fumigation "Bone-healing Powder" reduces the degrees of postoperative pain and swelling, and effectively improves recovery of the neurological function of those patients with traumatic TLS fractures, proving its worth as a clinical method in treatment.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels Water Extract on RAW 264.7 Induced with Lipopolysaccharide

The dry root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, also known as “female ginseng”, is a popular herbal drug amongst women, used to treat a variety of health issues and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the detailed molecular mechanism for anti-inflammatory effects of Angelica sinensis root water extract (ASW). The anti-inflammatory effect of ASW on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages was evaluated by the tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay (MTT), Griess reagent assay, multiplex cytokine assay, real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Fluo-4 calcium assay. ASW restored cell viability in RAW 264.7 at concentrations of up to 200 µg/mL. ASW showed notable anti-inflammatory effects. ASW exhibited IC₅₀ = 954.3, 387.3, 191.7, 317.8, 1267.0, 347.0, 110.1, 573.6, 1171.0, 732.6, 980.8, 125.0, and 257.0 µg/mL for interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemotactic activating factor (MCP)-1, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine (LIX), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, IL-10, and intracellular calcium, respectively. Additionally, ASW inhibited the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and the LPS-induced mRNA expression of CHOP (GADD153), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1), first apoptosis signal receptor (FAS), and c-Fos, NOS2, and PTGS2 (COX2) in RAW 264.7 significantly (p < 0.05). Data suggest that ASW exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 via NO-bursting/calcium-mediated JAK-STAT pathway.

Naringenin (4,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone) suppresses the development of precancerous lesions via controlling hyperproliferation and inflammation in the colon of Wistar rats

Colon cancer is a world-wide health problem and one of the most dangerous type of cancer, affecting both men and women. Naringenin (4, 5, 7-trihydroxyflavanone) is one of the major flavone glycoside present in citrus fruits. Naringenin has long been used in Chinese's traditional medicine because of its exceptional pharmacological properties and non-toxic nature. In the present study, we investigated the chemopreventive potential of Naringenin against 1,2-dimethyhydrazine (DMH)-induced precancerous lesions, that is, aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin depleted foci (MDF), and its role in regulating the oxidative stress, inflammation and hyperproliferation, in the colon of Wistar rats. Animals were divided into five groups. In groups 3-5, Naringenin was administered at the dose of 50 mg/kg b. wt. orally while in groups 2-4, DMH was administered subcutaneously in the groin at the dose of 20 mg/kg b. wt. once a week for first 5 weeks and animals were euthanized after 10 weeks. Administration of Naringenin ameliorated the development of DMH-induced lipid peroxidation, ROS formation, precancerous lesions (ACF and MDF) and it also reduced the infiltration of mast cells, suppressed the immunostaining of NF-κB-p65, COX-2, i-NOS PCNA and Ki 67 Naringenin treatment significantly attenuated the level of TNF-α and it also prevented the depletion of the mucous layer. Our findings suggest that Naringenin has strong chemopreventive potential against DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis but further studies are warranted to elucidate the precise mechanism of action of Naringenin.

Kaempferol 7-O-β-D-glucoside isolated from the leaves of Cudrania tricuspidata inhibits LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators through inactivation of NF-κB, AP-1, and JAK-STAT in RAW 264.7 macrophages

Kaempferol 7-O-β-D-glucoside (KPG), a natural flavonol isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata, has been reported to exert anti-cancer effects; however, its anti-inflammatory effects have not yet been reported. In this study, we demonstrate the suppressive effect of KPG on the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. KPG downregulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the protein level and iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 at the mRNA level in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, we elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism, demonstrating that KPG attenuated LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation by decreasing p65 nuclear translocation, inhibiting κBα (IκBα) phosphorylation/degradation and IκB kinaseα/β (IKKα/β) phosphorylation. KPG additionally reduced LPS-induced activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity by inhibiting c-Fos expression in the nucleus, though c-Jun was not affected. Furthermore, we revealed that KPG significantly abrogated the LPS-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 (Ser 727, Tyr 701) and STAT3 (Tyr 705) through inhibiting the phosphorylation of Janus kinase (JAK) 1 and JAK2, its upstream activating proteins. Taken together, our data suggest that KPG induces anti-inflammatory activity by blocking NF-κB, AP-1, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages, thus suppressing inflammatory mediators.

Integrated metabonomic-proteomic studies on blood enrichment effects of Angelica sinensis on a blood deficiency mice model

CONTEXT

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Umbelliferae) (AS) is a well-known Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that enriches and regulates the blood.

OBJECTIVE

An integrated metabonomic and proteomic method was developed and applied to study the blood enrichment effects and mechanisms of AS on blood deficiency (BD) mouse model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty mice were randomly divided into the control, BD, High-dose of AS (ASH), Middle-dose of AS (ASM), and Low-dose of AS (ASL) groups. BD model mice were established by injecting N-acetylphenylhydrazine (APH) and cyclophosphamide (CTX) (ip). The aqueous extract of AS was administered at three dose of 20, 10, or 5 g/kg b. wt. orally for 7 consecutive days before/after APH and CTX administration. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with pattern recognition method and 2D gel electrophoresis (2-DE) proteomics were performed in this study to discover the underlying hematopoietic regulation mechanisms of AS on BD mouse model.

RESULTS

Unlike in the control group, the HSP90 and arginase levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the BD group, but the levels of carbonic anhydrase, GAPDH, catalase, fibrinogen, GSTP, carboxylesterase and hem binding protein in the BD group decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Unlike the levels in the BD group, the levels of these biomarkers were regulated to a normal state near the control group in the ASM group. Unlike in the control group, l-alanine, arachidonic acid, l-valine, octadecanoic acid, glycine, hexadecanoic acid, l-threonine, butanoic acid, malic acid, l-proline and propanoic acid levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the BD group, the levels of d-fructose in the BD group decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The relative concentrations of 12 endogenous metabolites were also significantly affected by the ASL, ASM, and ASH treatments. Notably, most of the altered BD-related metabolites were restored to normal state after ASM administration.

CONCLUSION

AS can promote hematopoietic activities, inhibit production of reactive oxygen species, regulate energy metabolism, increase antiapoptosis, and potentially contribute to the blood enrichment effects of AS against APH- and CTX-induced BD mice.

Inhibition of dengue virus replication by novel inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and protease activities

Dengue virus (DENV) is the leading mosquito-transmitted viral infection in the world. With more than 390 million new infections annually, and up to 1 million clinical cases with severe disease manifestations, there continues to be a need to develop new antiviral agents against dengue infection. In addition, there is no approved anti-DENV agents for treating DENV-infected patients. In the present study, we identified new compounds with anti-DENV replication activity by targeting viral replication enzymes - NS5, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and NS3 protease, using cell-based reporter assay. Subsequently, we performed an enzyme-based assay to clarify the action of these compounds against DENV RdRp or NS3 protease activity. Moreover, these compounds exhibited anti-DENV activity in vivo in the ICR-suckling DENV-infected mouse model. Combination drug treatment exhibited a synergistic inhibition of DENV replication. These results describe novel prototypical small anti-DENV molecules for further development through compound modification and provide potential antivirals for treating DENV infection and DENV-related diseases.

Solving the puzzle: What is behind our forefathers' anti-inflammatory remedies?

Inflammation is a ubiquitous host response in charge of restoring normal tissue structure and function but is a double-edged sword, as the uncontrolled or excessive process can lead to the injury of host cells, chronic inflammation, chronic diseases, and also neoplastic transformation. Throughout history, a wide range of species has been claimed to have anti-inflammatory effects worldwide. Among them, Angelica sinensis, Tropaeolum majus, Castilleja tenuiflora, Biophytum umbraculum, to name just a few, have attracted the scientific and general public attention in the last years. Efforts have been made to assess their relevance through a scientific method. However, inflammation is a complex interdependent process, and phytomedicines are complex mixtures of compounds with multiple mechanisms of biological actions, which restricts systematic explanation. For this purpose, the omics techniques could prove extremely useful. They provide tools for interpreting and integrating results from both the classical medical tradition and modern science. As a result, the concept of network pharmacology applied to phytomedicines emerged. All of this is a step toward personalized therapy.

Botanicals and Their Bioactive Phytochemicals for Women's Health

Botanical dietary supplements are increasingly popular for women's health, particularly for older women. The specific botanicals women take vary as a function of age. Younger women will use botanicals for urinary tract infections, especially Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry), where there is evidence for efficacy. Botanical dietary supplements for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) are less commonly used, and rigorous clinical trials have not been done. Some examples include Vitex agnus-castus (chasteberry), Angelica sinensis (dong quai), Viburnum opulus/prunifolium (cramp bark and black haw), and Zingiber officinale (ginger). Pregnant women have also used ginger for relief from nausea. Natural galactagogues for lactating women include Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) and Silybum marianum (milk thistle); however, rigorous safety and efficacy studies are lacking. Older women suffering menopausal symptoms are increasingly likely to use botanicals, especially since the Women's Health Initiative showed an increased risk for breast cancer associated with traditional hormone therapy. Serotonergic mechanisms similar to antidepressants have been proposed for Actaea/Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) and Valeriana officinalis (valerian). Plant extracts with estrogenic activities for menopausal symptom relief include Glycine max (soy), Trifolium pratense (red clover), Pueraria lobata (kudzu), Humulus lupulus (hops), Glycyrrhiza species (licorice), Rheum rhaponticum (rhubarb), Vitex agnus-castus (chasteberry), Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed), Epimedium species (herba Epimedii, horny goat weed), and Medicago sativa (alfalfa). Some of the estrogenic botanicals have also been shown to have protective effects against osteoporosis. Several of these botanicals could have additional breast cancer preventive effects linked to hormonal, chemical, inflammatory, and/or epigenetic pathways. Finally, although botanicals are perceived as natural safe remedies, it is important for women and their healthcare providers to realize that they have not been rigorously tested for potential toxic effects and/or drug/botanical interactions. Understanding the mechanism of action of these supplements used for women's health will ultimately lead to standardized botanical products with higher efficacy, safety, and chemopreventive properties.

Effects of volatile oils of Angelica sinensis on an acute inflammation rat model

Context Despite several pharmacological studies of volatile oils of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Umbelliferae) (VOAS), its anti-inflammatory mechanism remains unknown. Objective The study investigates the effects of VOAS on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute inflammation rat model and analyzes its possible anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Materials and methods Fourty rats were randomly divided into the control, model, VOAS and dexamethasone (Dex) groups. The VOAS and Dex groups were given VOAS (0.176 mL/kg) and Dex (40 μg/kg), respectively. Rats in all groups except the control group were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (100 μg/kg), their exterior behaviour and liver pathological changes were observed, and the level of white blood cell (WBC), the number of neutrophils (NE)%, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, histamine (HIS), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) were detected. Results Compared with the model group, VOAS and Dex significantly accelerated the recovery of the exterior behaviour, the liver pathological changes of rats, and increased the level of IL-10, but decreased the level of WBC, NE%, GOT, GPT, ALP, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, HIS, 5-HT, NO, PGE2, iNOS and COX-2 (p < 0.05). Conclusion VOAS exhibits anti-inflammatory and liver protection effects by inhibiting the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), the inflammatory mediators (HIS, 5-HT, PGE2 and NO), the inflammation-related enzymes (iNOS and COX-2), as well as promoting the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10.

Angelica sinensis in China-A review of botanical profile, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and chemical analysis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, known as Dang Gui (in Chinese), is a traditional medicinal and edible plant that has long been used for tonifying, replenishing, and invigorating blood as well as relieving pain, lubricating the intestines, and treating female irregular menstruation and amenorrhea. A. sinensis has also been used as a health product and become increasingly popular in China, Japan, and Korea.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This paper aims to provide a systemic review of traditional uses of A. sinensis and its recent advances in the fields of phytochemistry, analytical methods and toxicology. In addition, possible trends, therapeutic potentials, and perspectives for future research of this plant are also briefly discussed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An extensive review of the literature was conducted, and electronic databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Reaxys were used to assemble the data. Ethnopharmacological literature and digitalised sources of academic libraries were also systematically searched. In addition, information was obtained from local books and The Plant List (TPL, www.theplantlist.org).

RESULT

This study reviews the progress in chemical analysis of A. sinensis and its preparations. Previously and newly established methods, including spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC), and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis (NMR), are summarized. Moreover, identified bioactive components such as polysaccharides, ligustilide and ferulic acid were reviewed, along with analytical methods for quantitative and qualitative determination of target analytes, and fingerprinting authentication, quality evaluation of A. sinensis, and toxicology and pharmacodynamic studies. Scientific reports on crude extracts and pure compounds and formulations revealed a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory activity, antifibrotic action, antispasmodic activity, antioxidant activities, and neuroprotective action, as well as cardio- and cerebrovascular effects.

CONCLUSIONS

Within the published scientific literature are numerous reports regarding analytical methods that use various chromatographic and spectrophotometric technologies to monitor various types of components with different physicochemical properties simultaneously. This review discusses the reasonable selection of marker compounds based on high concentrations, analytical methods, and commercial availabilities with the goal of developing quick, accurate, and applicable analytical approaches for quality evaluation and establishing harmonised criteria for the analysis of A. sinensis and its finished products. Compounds isolated from A. sinensis are abundant sources of chemical diversity, from which we can discover active molecules. Thus, more studies on the pharmacological mechanisms of the predominant active compounds of A. sinensis are needed. In addition, given that A. sinensis is one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines, its main therapeutic aspects, toxicity, and adverse effects warrant further investigation in the future.

Angelica archangelia Prevented Collagen Degradation by Blocking Production of Matrix Metalloproteinases in UVB-exposed Dermal Fibroblasts

Angelica archangelia (AA), a traditional herb, has attracted attention as an agent with potential for use in the prevention of chronic skin diseases. This study examined the photoprotective effects of AA on the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and collagen degradation in UVB-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblasts. Our results showed that AA markedly blocked collagen degradation by restraining the production of MMPs in UVB-exposed fibroblasts. We also investigated the underlying mechanism behind the effects of AA. AA attenuated UVB-triggered interleukin-6 (IL-6) and promoted the expression of transforming growth factor β1. Application of AA extract (10, 100 μg mL(-1) ) significantly diminished UVB-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Jun-N-terminal kinase phosphorylation, which consequently reduced phosphorylated c-Fos and c-Jun. Our results indicated that AA inhibited the UVB-induced expression of MMPs by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways and activator protein-1 activation. Our results suggest that AA is a promising botanical agent for use against skin photoaging.

Neocryptotanshinone inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages by suppression of NF-κB and iNOS signaling pathways

Neocryptotanshinone (NCTS) is a natural product isolated from traditional Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. In this study, we investigated its anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage (RAW264.7) cells. MTT results showed that NCTS partly reversed LPS-induced cytotoxicity. Real-time PCR results showed that NCTS suppressed LPS-induced mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Moreover, NCTS could decrease LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. Western blotting results showed that NCTS could down-regulate LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), p-IκBα, p-IKKβ and p-NF-κB p65 without affecting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In addition, NCTS inhibited LPS-induced p-NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that NCTS showed anti-inflammatory effect by suppression of NF-κB and iNOS signaling pathways.

Traditional chinese medicine Xuebijing treatment is associated with decreased mortality risk of patients with moderate paraquat poisoning

Paraquat poisoning causes multiple organ injury and high mortality due to severe toxicity and lack of effective treatment. Xuebijing (XBJ) injection, a traditional Chinese medicine preparation of five Chinese herbs (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhiae, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Flos Carthami, Angelica Sinensis and Radix Paeoniae Rubra), has an anti-inflammatory effect and is widely used in the treatment of sepsis. This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the effects of XBJ combined with conventional therapy on mortality risk of patients with acute paraquat poisoning. Out of 68 patients, 27 were treated with conventional therapy (control group) and 41 were treated with intravenous administration of XBJ (100 ml, twice a day, up to 7 days) plus conventional therapy (XBJ group). Vital organ function, survival time within 28 days and adverse events during the treatment were reviewed. Results indicated that XBJ treatment significantly increased median survival time among patients ingesting 10-30 ml of paraquat (P=0.02) compared with the control group. After adjustment for covariates, XBJ treatment was associated significantly with a lower mortality risk (adjusted HR 0.242, 95% CI 0.113 to 0.516, P=0.001) compared with the control group. Additionally, compared with Day 1, on Day 3 the value of PaO2/FiO2 was significantly decreased, and the values of serum alanine aminotransferase, creatinine and troponin T were significantly increased in the control group (all P<0.05), but these values were significant improved in the XBJ group (all P<0.05). Only one patient had skin rash with itch within 30 minutes after injection and no severe adverse events were found in the XBJ group. In conclusion, XBJ treatment is associated with decreased mortality risk of patients with moderate paraquat poisoning, which may be attributed to improved function of vital organs with no severe adverse events.

Construction and analysis of correlation networks based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry metabonomics data for lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and intervention with volatile oil from Angelica sinensis in rats

Angelica sinensis (AS) is a well-known important traditional Chinese medicine that yields a volatile oil with anti-inflammatory effects.

Angelica Sinensis polysaccharides stimulated UDP-sugar synthase genes through promoting gene expression of IGF-1 and IGF1R in chondrocytes: promoting anti-osteoarthritic activity

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joints disease characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage due to the loss of cartilage matrix. Previously, we found, for the first time, that an acidic glycan from Angelica Sinensis Polysaccharides (APSs), namely the APS-3c, could protect rat cartilage from OA due to promoting glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis in chondrocytes. In the present work, we tried to further the understanding of ASP-3c's anti-OA activity.

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS

Human primary chondrocytes were treated with APS-3c or/and recombinant human interleukin 1β (IL-1β). It turned out that APS-3c promoted synthesis of UDP-xylose and GAG, as well as the gene expression of UDP-sugar synthases (USSs), insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), and attenuated the degenerative phenotypes, suppressed biosynthesis of UDP-sugars and GAG, and inhibited the gene expression of USSs, IGF1 and IGF1R induced by IL-1β. Then, we induced a rat OA model with papain, and found that APS-3c also stimulated GAG synthesis and gene expression of USSs, IGF1 and IGF1R in vivo. Additionally, recombinant human IGF1 and IGF1R inhibitor NP-AEW541 were applied to figure out the correlation between stimulated gene expression of USSs, IGF1 and IGF1R induced by APS-3c. It tuned out that the promoted GAG synthesis and USSs gene expression induced by APS-3c was mediated by the stimulated IGF1 and IGF1R gene expression, but not through directly activation of IGF1R signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCES

We demonstrated for the first time that APS-3c presented anti-OA activity through stimulating IGF-1 and IGF1R gene expression, but not directly activating the IGF1R signaling pathway, which consequently promoted UDP-sugars and GAG synthesis due to up-regulating gene expression of USSs. Our findings presented a better understanding of APS-3c's anti-OA activity and suggested that APS-3c could potentially be a novel therapeutic agent for OA.

Ethyl acetate fraction from Angelica sinensis inhibits IL-1β-induced rheumatoid synovial fibroblast proliferation and COX-2, PGE2, and MMPs production

Background

The root of Angelica sinensis (AS), also known as “Dang-gui,” was a popular herbal medicine widely used in the treatment of gynecological diseases in China, Korea, and Japan for a long time. This study aimed to determine the effects of ethyl acetate fraction from Angelica sinensis (EAAS) on the interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs), and production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cyclooxygenase (COX) 2, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), involved in articular bone and cartilage destruction, by RASFs.

Results

RASF proliferation was evaluated with cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) reagent in the presence of IL-1β with/without EAAS. Expression of MMPs, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), COXs, PGE2, and intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling molecules, including p-ERK, p-p38, p-JNK, and NF-κB, were examined using immunoblotting or semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. EAAS inhibited IL-1β-induced RASF proliferation; MMP-1, MMP-3, and COX-2 mRNA and protein expressions; and PGE2 production. EAAS also inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK-1/2, p38, and JNK, and activation of NF-κB by IL-1β.

Conclusion

EAAS might be a new therapeutic modality for rheumatoid arthritis management.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Siegesbeckia orientalis ethanol extract in in vitro and in vivo models

This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory responses and mechanisms of Siegesbeckia orientalis ethanol extract (SOE). In cell culture experiments, RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with SOE and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for inflammatory mediators assay. In animal experiments, mice were tube-fed with SOE for 1 week, and s.c. injected with λ-carrageenan or i.p. injected with LPS to simulate inflammation. The degree of paw edema was assessed, and cytokine profile in sera and mouse survival were recorded. Data showed that SOE significantly reduced NO, IL-6, and TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that mice supplemented with 32 mg SOE/kg BW/day significantly lowered sera IL-6 level and resulted a higher survival rate compared to the control group (P = 0.019). Furthermore, SOE inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation by blocking the degradation of IκB-α. The SOE also reduced significantly the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK in a dose-dependent manner. In summary, the in vitro and in vivo evidence indicate that SOE can attenuate acute inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory mediators via suppression of MAPKs- and NF-κB-dependent pathways.

Hybrid molecule from Farnesylthiosalicylic acid-diamine and phenylpropenoic acid as Ras-related signaling inhibitor with potent antitumor activities

Novel series of Farnesylthiosalicylic acid-diamine/phenylpropenoic acid hybrids were designed and synthesized. Their in vitro growth inhibitory assays showed that most compounds displayed strong antiproliferation activity against seven cancer cells. Especially, the new hybrid 12 f, by the conjugation of 10a with ferulic acid, could selectively suppress the proliferation of tumor cells and display significantly lower toxicities to normal cells than its intermediate 10a. Furthermore, 12 f dose-dependently induced SMMC-7721 cell apoptosis. Additionally, our observations demonstrated that 12 f inhibited both Ras-related signaling and phosphorylated NF-κB synergistically, which may be advantageous to the strong antitumor activities of 12 f. Our findings suggest that these novel hybrids may hold a great promise as therapeutic agents for the intervention of human cancers.

HPLC method with fluorescence detection for the determination of ligustilide in rat plasma and its pharmacokinetics

CONTEXT

Few methods have been reported for the quantification of ligustilide (LIG) in biosamples: the pretreatment of the biological samples were laborious and time-consuming.

OBJECTIVE

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) for the determination of LIG in rat plasma was developed and validated. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of LIG were determined by systematic investigation in Sprague-Dawley rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

LIG was isolated from the volatile oil of Radix Angelica sinensis and further purified by silica gel column chromatography. Podophyllotoxin was used as an internal standard. The analytes were detected by using fluorescence detection at an excitation and emission wavelength of 290 and 395 nm during 0-4 min, and 336 and 453 nm during 4-14 min, respectively. LIG pharmacokinetics was studied in rats after oral and intravenous administration of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg doses.

RESULTS

Two calibration curves (Y = 133.49 X - 14.27 (r = 0.9995), Y = 145.61 X + 13.76 (r = 0.9996)) were constructed in the range of 2.44-10,000 ng/mL for LIG with a lower limit of quantitation of 2.44 ng/mL. Both intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 6%. Accuracy ranged from 88.93 to 99.52%. The recovery ranged from 89.07 to 99.71%. The absolute bioavailability values were 71.36, 68.26 and 75.44% for oral doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The present HPLC-FLD method was rapid, sensitive and reliable. LIG was absorbed and eliminated rapidly in rat.

The neuroprotective effect of modified "Shengyu" decoction is mediated through an anti-inflammatory mechanism in the rat after traumatic brain injury

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

"Shengyu" decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used to treat diseases with deficit in "qi" and "blood" induced frequently by profound loss of blood or by long sores with heavy pus, in which a potential anti-inflammatory effect is implied. The modified "Shengyu" decoction (MSD) used in the present study was designed on the basis of the "Shengyu" decoction, additional four herbs were added in. Many ingredients in these herbs have been demonstrated to be anti-inflammatory and thus MSD may be used for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). To evaluate the neuroprotective effect and the underlying mechanisms of MSD on the rat brain after TBI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

TBI was induced in the right cerebral cortex of male adult rats using Feeney's weight-drop method. The rats were administered a gavage of MSD (0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 ml/200 g) 6h after TBI. The neurological functions, brain water content, contusion volume, and neuron loss were determined. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 and the number of GFAP- and Iba1-positive cells in the brain ipsilateral to TBI were also measured. Moreover, the influence of MSD on these variables was observed at the same time.

RESULTS

The neurological deficits, brain water content, and neuron loss were significantly reduced after 1.0 or 2.0 ml/200 g of MSD treatment but not after 0.5 ml/200 g. In addition, treatment with MSD (1.0 ml/200 g) significantly increased the level of IL-10 and reduced the level of TNF-α and IL-1β and the number of GFAP- and Iba1-positive cells after TBI. However, the contusion volume of brain tissue and the expression of IL-6 were not significantly changed.

CONCLUSION

MSD may be a potential therapeutic for the treatment of TBI because MSD alleviated secondary brain injury induced by TBI. In addition, MSD inhibited the inflammatory response through reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the activation of microglial cells and astrocytes in the brain tissue of rats after TBI. Therefore, a potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of the "Shengyu" decoction was confirmed, which may be one of the main reasons of "Shengyu" decoction used to treat diseases with obvious inflammatory responses.

Attenuation of diabetic nephropathy by Chaihuang-Yishen granule through anti-inflammatory mechanism in streptozotocin-induced rat model of diabetics

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Traditional Chinese medical herbs have been used in China for a long time to treat different diseases. Based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) principle, Chaihuang-Yishen granule (CHYS) was developed and has been employed clinically to treat chronic kidney disease including diabetic nephropathy (DN). The present study was designed to investigate its mechanism of action in treatment of DN.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Diabetic rats were established by having a right uninephrectomy plus a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Rats were divided into four groups of sham, diabetes, diabetes with CHYS and diabetes with fosinopril. CHYS and fosinopril were given to rats by gavage for 20 weeks. Samples from blood, urine and kidney were collected for biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses.

RESULTS

Rats treated with CHYS showed reduced 24h urinary protein excretion, decreased serum TC and TG levels, but CHYS treatment did not affect blood glucose level. Glomerular mesangial expansion and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic rats were significantly alleviated by CHYS treatment. Moreover, CHYS administration markedly reduced mRNA levels of NF-κB p65 and TGF-β1, as well as decreased protein levels of NF-κB p65, MCP-1, TNF-α and TGF-β1 in the kidney of diabetic rats.

CONCLUSIONS

CHYS ameliorates renal injury in diabetic rats through reduction of inflammatory cytokines and their intracellular signaling.

Inhibitory effect of Coptis chinensis on inflammation in LPS-induced endotoxemia

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Rhizoma coptidis (RC) has been used as a remedy for inflammation-related diseases in traditional medicine. Although it is known to have anti-inflammatory activities, its mechanism of action on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation has not yet been identified in detail.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study was designed to assess the beneficial effects of pretreatment with RC in ameliorating LPS-induced liver inflammation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mice were orally administered RC (500, 1000 mg/kg) for three days in a row. 1h after the last RC administration, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (35 mg/kg). After treatment, histological alterations and inflammatory factor levels in the liver and proinflammatory cytokines in the serum associated with inflammation were examined.

RESULTS

We found that pretreatment with RC (500 and 1000 mg/kg) exerted a significant protective effect by attenuating liver histopathological changes in endotoxemic mice. The results also demonstrated that RC suppressed secretion of LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). Furthermore, RC inhibited LPS-mediated nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation via the prevention of IκB-α phosphorylation, as well as the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPKs. These results were associated with decreases in the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (I-NOS).

CONCLUSIONS

The results presented here clearly demonstrate that RC could significantly protect mice against LPS-induced acute liver injury.

An Experimental Novel Study: Angelica sinensis Prevents Epidural Fibrosis in Laminectomy Rats via Downregulation of Hydroxyproline, IL-6, and TGF- β 1

With laminectomy being widely accepted as the treatment for lumbar disorders, epidural fibrosis (EF) is a common complication for both the patients and the surgeons alike. Currently, EF is thought to cause recurrent postoperative pain after laminectomy or after discectomy. Angelica sinensis is a traditional Chinese medicine which has shown anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antiproliferative properties. The object of this study was to investigate the effects of Angelica sinensis on the prevention of post-laminectomy EF formation in a rat model. A controlled double-blinded study was conducted in sixty healthy adult Wistar rats that underwent laminectomy at the L1-L2 levels. They were divided randomly into 3 groups according to the treatment method, with 20 in each group: (1) Angelica sinensis treatment group, (2) saline treatment group, and (3) sham group (laminectomy without treatment). All rats were euthanized humanely 4 weeks after laminectomy. The hydroxyproline content, Rydell score, vimentin cells density, fibroblasts density, inflammatory cells density, and inflammatory factors expressions all suggested better results in Angelica sinensis group than the other two groups. Topical application of Angelica sinensis could inhibit fibroblasts proliferation and TGF-β1 and IL-6 expressions and prevent epidural scar adhesion in postlaminectomy rat model.

An Aqueous Extract of Radix Astragali, Angelica sinensis, and Panax notoginseng Is Effective in Preventing Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), in which inflammation has been implicated playing important roles, is one of the most common diabetes complications. Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang (DBT), an aqueous extract of Radix Astragali and Radix Angelica sinensis, is a classical prescription in Traditional Chinese Medicine for treating inflammation and ischemic diseases. Here, we investigated the effects of a modified recipe of DBT, with addition of Panax notoginseng, in treating diabetic retinopathy. An aqueous extract of Radix Astragali, Radix Angelica sinensis, and Panax notoginseng (RRP) was given to Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats and streptozotocin-induced Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Leukostasis, vascular leakage, and acellular capillaries in retinal vasculature of animals were determined. Expression of retinal inflammatory biomarkers was assessed. We found that RRP reduced leukostasis, acellular capillaries, and vascular leakage compared to diabetic control rats. We also found that RRP decreased the expression of inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, MCP-1, ICAM-1, or VCAM-1 in the retinas of GK rats and reversed high glucose-induced inhibition of endothelial cell migration and proliferation in vitro. We conclude that RRP has a potent effect in preventing the pathogenesis and/or progression of DR and thus may serve as a promising nontoxic therapeutic approach of DR.

Naturally derived anti-inflammatory compounds from Chinese medicinal plants

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Though inflammatory response is beneficial to body damage repair, if it is out of control, it can produce adverse effects on the body. Although purely western anti-inflammatory drugs, orthodox medicines, can control inflammation occurrence and development, it is not enough. The clinical efficacy of anti-inflammation therapies is unsatisfactory, thus the search for new anti-inflammation continues. Chinese Material Medica (CMM) remains a promising source of new therapeutic agents. CMM and herbal formulae from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), unorthodox medicines, play an improtant anti-inflammatory role in multi-targets, multi-levels, and multi-ways in treating inflammation diseases in a long history in China, based on their multi-active ingredient characteristics. Due to these reasons, recently, CMM has been commercialized as an anti-inflammation agent which has become increasingly popular in the world health drug markets. Major research contributions in ethnopharmacology have generated vast amount of data associated with CMM in anti-inflammtion aspect. Therefore, a systematic introduction of CMM anti-inflammatory research progress is of great importance and necessity.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This paper strives to describe the progress of CMM in the treatment of inflammatory diseases from different aspects, and provide the essential theoretical support and scientific evidence for the further development and utilization of CMM resources as a potential anti-inflammation drug through a variety of databases.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Literature survey was performed via electronic search (SciFinder®, Pubmed®, Google Scholar and Web of Science) on papers and patents and by systematic research in ethnopharmacological literature at various university libraries.

RESULTS

This review mainly introduced the current research on the anti-inflammatory active ingredient, anti-inflammatory effects of CMM, their mechanism, anti-inflammatory drug development of CMM, and toxicological information.

CONCLUSION

CMM is used clinically to treat inflammation symptoms in TCM, and its effect is mediated by multiple targets through multiple active ingredients. Although scholars around the world have made studies on the anti-inflammatory studies of CMM from different pathways and aspects and have made substantial progress, further studies are warranted to delineate the inflammation actions in more cogency models, establish the toxicological profiles and quality standards, assess the potentials of CMM in clinical applications, and make more convenient preparations easy to administrate for patients. Development of the clinically anti-inflammatory drugs are also warranted.

Soy isoflavones (daidzein & genistein) inhibit 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced cutaneous inflammation via modulation of COX-2 and NF-κB in Swiss albino mice

It is well established that aberrant production of inflammatory mediators has been associated with most the toxic manifestations and the genesis of different chronic diseases including cancer. The basic aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of soy isoflavones (SIF) on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced cutaneous inflammatory responses and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. We have studied the protective effects of SIF against TPA induced oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines level, activation of NF-κB, expression of COX-2 and ki-67 in mouse skin. Animals were divided into five groups I-V (n=6). Groups II, III and IV received topical application of TPA at the dose of 10 nmol/0.2 ml of acetone/animal/day, for 2 days. Animals of the groups III and IV were pre-treated with SIF 1.0 μg (D1) and 2.0 μg (D2) topically 30 min prior to each TPA administration, while groups I and V were given acetone (0.2 ml) and SIF (D2), respectively. We have found that SIF pretreatment significantly inhibited TPA induced oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines production and activation of NF-κB. SIF also inhibited the expression of COX-2 and ki-67. Histological findings further supported the protective effects of SIF against TPA-induced cutaneous damage. Thus, our results suggest that inhibitory effect of SIF on TPA-induced cutaneous inflammation includes inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, attenuation of oxidative stress, activation of NF-κB and expression of COX-2.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Sosihotang via inhibition of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

Sosihotang (SO) is an herbal medication, which has been widely used to treat fever, chill and vomiting due to common cold in east-Asian countries. In this study, to provide insight into the effects of SO on inflammation, we investigated its effect on pro-inflammatory mediator production in RAW 264.7 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. SO significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 as well as gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), its synthesizing enzyme. In addition, SO inhibited nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and suppressed extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 and c- Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation. Furthermore, we found SO suppresses the production of NO and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophage cells. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed SO contains many active anti-inflammatory constituents such as liquiritigenin, baicalin, baicalein, glycyrrhizin and wogonin. We first elucidated the inhibitory mechanism of SO on inflammation induced by LPS in macrophage cells. Our results suggest SO has potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent for various inflammatory diseases.