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Ahmadu PU, Victor E, Ameh FS. Studies on some neuropharmacological properties of Nevirapine in mice. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 12:12-19. [PMID: 34935003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nevirapine (NVP) is non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an anti-retroviral drug (ARV) with the highest BBB penetrating ability. Its specific pharmacologic effects on central nervous system (CNS) are not well known. The objective of the study was to investigate some CNS effects of Nevirapine. Oral acute toxicity test (Lorke, 1983) was used to estimate the LD50. Exploratory or sedative effects were tested using open field test(OFT), Hole-board test (HBT), diazepam-induced sleeping time test, and ketamine-induced sleeping time test. Five groups of mice were used (5 mice /group). The negative control group received vehicle (distilled water) (10 mL /kg) while groups II, III, and IV received NVP- 15.625 mg/kg, 31.25 mg/kg, 62.5 mg/kg body weight respectively while group V received 0.25 mg/kg of diazepam intraperitoneal. Groups I to IV were treated orally. The oral LD50 was determined to be 2154. 07 mg/kg. NVP, in a dose dependent fashion, increased the number of line-crossing in the OFT. Also, NVP in a dose-dependent fashion, significantly reduced the duration of diazepam-induced sleeping time as well as delayed onset. NVP significantly potentiated ketamine-induced sleeping time duration. Nevirapine possess excitatory effects possibly through antagonism of GABA receptors. Nevirapine causes wakefulness (shortening of sleep) possibly via antagonism of GABAergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Uchogu Ahmadu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Federal Ministry of Health, P.M.B 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ejigah Victor
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Fidelis Solomon Ameh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Federal Ministry of Health, P.M.B 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
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Abdelaziz SM, Lemine FMM, Tfeil HO, Filali-Maltouf A, Boukhary AOMS. Phytochemicals, Antioxidant Activity and Ethnobotanical Uses of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Fruits from the Arid Zone of Mauritania, Northwest Africa. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030401. [PMID: 32213817 PMCID: PMC7154911 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of fruits of 30 B. aegyptiaca trees naturally growing in the hyper-arid and arid zones in Mauritania were evaluated by following standard procedures. Ethnobotanical uses of fruit pulps and kernel were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Balanites aegyptiaca fruit pulp is a good source of sugars (33 g/100 g dry matter (DM)), polyphenols (264 mg GAE/100 g DM) and flavonoids (34.2 mg/100 g DM) with an average antioxidant activity of 519 µmol TEAC/100 g DM. The fruit kernel is rich in lipids (46.2 g/100 g DM) and proteins (29.5 g/100 g DM). Fruits from the hyper-arid zone exhibited high level of polyphenols, antioxidant activity and soluble tannins. Almost all of the informants (97.14%) reported the use of fruit pulp in folk medicine to treat diabetes, while 72.86% reported using the fruit pulp to treat hypertension. Kernel oil is mainly employed as ointments in the treatment of paronychia (57.14%) and dermal infections (35.71%). The predominant methods for preparing/administering fruit pulp/Kernel were maceration (58.8%), sucking fruit pulp (25.7%) and decoction (24.2%). Balanites aegyptiaca fruit contain both nutritional and health-promoting phytochemicals that could be of interest in the development of strategies for sustainable use of this neglected indigenous fruit tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selouka Mint Abdelaziz
- Université de Nouakchott Al Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Unité de recherche génomes et milieux, nouveau campus universitaire, Nouakchott, P.O. Box 880, Mauritanie; (S.M.A.); (F.M.M.L.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
| | - Fouteye Mint Mohamed Lemine
- Université de Nouakchott Al Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Unité de recherche génomes et milieux, nouveau campus universitaire, Nouakchott, P.O. Box 880, Mauritanie; (S.M.A.); (F.M.M.L.)
| | - Hasni Ould Tfeil
- Laboratoire de chimie, Office national d’inspection sanitaire des produits alimentaires (ONISPA), Nouakchott P.O. Box 137, Mauritanie;
| | - Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Université de Nouakchott Al Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Unité de recherche génomes et milieux, nouveau campus universitaire, Nouakchott, P.O. Box 880, Mauritanie; (S.M.A.); (F.M.M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +222-2677-9299
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Shanmugasundaram J, Subramanian V, Nadipelly JS, Kathirvelu P, Sayeli V, Cheriyan BV. Sedative-hypnotic like effect of 5-methoxyflavone in mice and investigation on possible mechanisms by in vivo and in silico methods. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:85-94. [PMID: 30218862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids have been shown to possess central nervous system (CNS) depressant effect mediated through the ionotropic GABAA receptors. In the present study, 5-methoxyflavone was evaluated for sedative-hypnotic like activity in mice and the mechanisms involved by employing a battery of tests including molecular docking studies. In the open field test, 5-methoxyflavone in various doses (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg, i.p) exhibited a significant and dose-dependent reduction in the spontaneous locomotor activity (F (530) = 87.17 P < 0.001). Pretreatment with 5-methoxyflavone decreased the latency to sleep induction after pentobarbitone or ether administration and also significantly increased the duration of sleep (p < 0.001). A significant and dose-dependent myorelaxant effect was observed with 5-methoxyflavone in the inclined plane, horizontal wire test and rota rod test. Pretreatment with picrotoxin, bicuculline, glycine, caffeine or NMDA either decreased or completely abolished the hypnotic effect of 5-methoxyflavone in mice. The above results revealed the involvement of GABAA, adenosine, glycine and NMDA receptors in the hypnotic effect of 5-methoxyflavone. The results of in silico studies indicated that, 5-methoxyflavone exhibits good binding affinity towards these receptors by H-bond interactions. In conclusion, the present study identified a novel and potential sedative-hypnotic like effect of 5-methoxyflavone involving multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaikumar Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College & Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, 631552, India.
| | - Viswanathan Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College & Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, 631552, India.
| | - Jagan S Nadipelly
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana.
| | - Parimala Kathirvelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College & Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, 631552, India.
| | - Vijaykumar Sayeli
- Department of Pharmacology, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, 507002, Telangana, India.
| | - Binoy Varghese Cheriyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, VISTAS, VELS school of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chennai, 600117, Tamilnadu, India.
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Mbele M, Hull R, Dlamini Z. African medicinal plants and their derivatives: Current efforts towards potential anti-cancer drugs. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 103:121-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ficus hispida Bark Extract Prevents Nociception, Inflammation, and CNS Stimulation in Experimental Animal Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:7390359. [PMID: 28491111 PMCID: PMC5405571 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7390359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background. Ficus hispida is traditionally used in the ailment of pain, inflammation, and neurological disorders. The present study set out to evaluate the in vivo antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and sedative activity of the ethanol extract of Ficus hispida bark (EFHB). Methods. The antinociceptive activity of EFHB was evaluated by using acetic acid induced writhing, formalin, hot plate, and tail immersion methods in Swiss albino mice. Its anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by using carrageenan and histamine induced rat paw oedema test in Wister rats. The central stimulating activity was studied by using pentobarbital induced hypnosis, hole cross, and open field tests in Swiss albino mice. Results. EFHB demonstrated antinociceptive activity both centrally and peripherally. It showed 62.24% of writhing inhibition. It significantly inhibited licking responses in early (59.29%) and late phase (71.61%). It increased the reaction time to the thermal stimulus in both hot plate and tail immersion. It inhibited the inflammation to the extent of 59.49%. A substantial increase in duration of sleep up to 60.80 min and decrease of locomotion up to 21.70 at 400 mg/kg were also observed. Conclusion. We found significant dose dependent antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and sedative properties of EFHB in experimental animal models.
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Yassin AM, El-Deeb NM, Metwaly AM, El Fawal GF, Radwan MM, Hafez EE. Induction of Apoptosis in Human Cancer Cells Through Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways by Balanites aegyptiaca Furostanol Saponins and Saponin-Coated SilverNanoparticles. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 182:1675-1693. [PMID: 28236195 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation is to examine the anticancer activities of Balanites aegyptiaca fruit extract with its biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against colon and liver cancer cells. B. aegyptiaca aqueous extract was fractionated according to polarity and by biosynthesized AgNP. The cytotoxicity of the extract, semi-purified fractions, and the AgNPs was examined on noncancerous cell lines. The safer fraction was subjected to ultra-performance liquid chromatography-MS to identify the major active constituents. The anticancer activities of the nontoxic doses of all the used treatments were tested against HepG2 and CaCo2 cells. The nontoxic dose of the B. aegyptiaca (0.63 mg/ml) extract showed high anti-proliferative activities against HepG2 and CaCo2 with a percentage of 81 and 77%, respectively. The butanol fraction was safer than the other two fractions with 46.3 and 90.35% anti-proliferative activity against Caco2 and HepG2 cells, respectively. The nontoxic dose of AgNPs (0.63 mg/ml) inhibits both HepG2 and Caco2 cells with a percentage of 84.5 and 83.4%, respectively. In addition, AgNPs regulate the expression of certain genes with folding higher than that of crude extract. Saponin-coated AgNPs showed great abilities to select the most anticancer ingredient(s) from the B. aegyptiaca extract with a more safety pattern than the polarity gradient fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman M Yassin
- Biopharmaceutical Product Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Nehal M El-Deeb
- Biopharmaceutical Product Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Metwaly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11371, Egypt
| | - Gomaa F El Fawal
- Polymeric Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Elsayed E Hafez
- Department of Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
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Emerging CAM Ziziphus nummularia with in vivo sedative-hypnotic, antipyretic and analgesic attributes. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:11. [PMID: 28330081 PMCID: PMC4701709 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ziziphus nummularia from Rhamnaceae family is traditionally used for sedative-hypnotic, antipyretic and analgesic purposes; however, scientific validations are lacking. This in vivo study was undertaken to verify the above ameliorative properties of Z. nummularia root methanolic extract. Various fractions of the extract were assayed on Balb/c mice by open field, Brewer’s yeast-induced hyperthermia and acetic acid-induced writhing experiments. The significance of the outcomes was analyzed with statistical tests. Various fractions of the extract exhibited marked dose-dependent (p < 0.05) sedative-hypnotic and antipyretic activities. The biological efficacies were most pronounced between 50 and 100 mg/kg. Further, the acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions were significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated by the extract. Chloroform fraction of the extract was most dominant followed by ethyl acetate. The demonstrated therapeutic attributes of Z. nummularia extract can be exploited to isolate pharmaceutically relevant compounds.
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Gasmalla HB, Idris AM, Shinger MI, Qin D, Shan D, Lu X. <i>Balanites aegyptiaca</i> Oil Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Characterization and Antibacterial Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2016.73016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Issa NM, Mansour FK, El-Safti FA, Nooh HZ, El-Sayed IH. Effect of Balanites aegyptiaca on Ehrlich Ascitic carcinoma growth and metastasis in Swiss mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:435-41. [PMID: 26095745 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of Balanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) on development and growth of Ehrlich Ascitic carcinoma (EAC) and metastasis (liver and spleen) was evaluated. Balanite (400mg/kg; 10mg in 0.1ml/mouse) was given daily over a period of two weeks started 24h before intraperitoneal injection of EAC (2×10(6)/once). The present study deals with the effect of B. aegyptiaca on the growth of transplantable ascetic tumor, life span of EAC-bearing mice, hepatocellular and splenic histology. Antioxidant and biochemical changes as well as p53 genes expression were recorded. B. aegyptiaca extracts inhibited tumor growth and proliferation in ascetic fluid through a significant decrease in tumor volume, total cell volume, and viable cell count and prolonged the life span of mice. Also, it significantly decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation and increased SOD, CAT levels and P53 expression. Also, balanite inhibited either tumor invaded/or affected hepatic and splenic tissue. This result gives a new insight on beneficial effect of B. aegyptiaca in primary and secondary loci of Ehrlich Ascitic tumor through its antioxidant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Issa
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - F K Mansour
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - F A El-Safti
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - H Z Nooh
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt.
| | - I H El-Sayed
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Department, Biotechnology Institute, El-Sadat University, Egypt
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Anani K, Adjrah Y, Ameyapoh Y, Karou SD, Agbonon A, de Souza C, Gbeassor M. Effects of hydroethanolic extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile (Balanitaceae) on some resistant pathogens bacteria isolated from wounds. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 164:16-21. [PMID: 25666430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bark of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile (Balanitaceae) is widely used in the Togolese folk medicine for the treatment of wounds, malaria and skin diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties and the activity of the bark extract of this plant against some resistant bacteria isolated from wounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antimicrobial activity was assayed using the NCCLS microdilution while the DPPH free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used for the antioxidant activity. The susceptibility to conventional antibiotics of bacteria was assessed by an agar disk diffusion method using commercial disk. Phenolics were quantified using spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS The hydroethanolic extracts of the bark inhibited in vitro the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in a dose-dependent manner. Bacteriostatic effects were observed on 15 (33%) and 21 (47%) strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. The MICs and MBCs against Staphylococcus aureus strains ranged respectively from 2.5 to 12.5 µg/mL and 2.5 to 50 µg/mL. Concerning Pseudomonas aeruginosa, these values were equal (12.5 µg/mL). Multidrug resistance was 95% against six antibiotics for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 91% against five antibiotics for Staphylococcus aureus. The DPPH radical scavenging and the FRAP assays yielded weak antioxidant activity, closely linked with the total phenolic contents. CONCLUSION This study indicated that the bark extract of Balanites aegyptiaca possess bioactive compounds implicated in the free radical scavenging and antibacterial activities, justifying the use of the plant in the traditional medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokou Anani
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires - Université de Lomé, B.P. 1515 Lomé, Togo; Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo; Centre de Recherche en Agriculture Biologique et Substances Naturelles (CRABISNA), Lomé,Togo
| | - Yao Adjrah
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires - Université de Lomé, B.P. 1515 Lomé, Togo; Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo; Centre de Recherche en Agriculture Biologique et Substances Naturelles (CRABISNA), Lomé,Togo.
| | - Yaovi Ameyapoh
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires - Université de Lomé, B.P. 1515 Lomé, Togo; Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo
| | - Simplice Damintoti Karou
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires - Université de Lomé, B.P. 1515 Lomé, Togo; Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo; Centre de Recherche en Agriculture Biologique et Substances Naturelles (CRABISNA), Lomé,Togo
| | - Amegnona Agbonon
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences - Université de Lomé, BP. 1515 Lomé, Togo; Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo
| | - Comlan de Souza
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires, Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires - Université de Lomé, B.P. 1515 Lomé, Togo; Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo
| | - Messanvi Gbeassor
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences - Université de Lomé, BP. 1515 Lomé, Togo; Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé, Togo
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Ya'u J, Yaro AH, Malami S, Musa MA, Abubakar A, Yahaya SM, Chindo BA, Anuka JA, Hussaini IM. Anticonvulsant activity of aqueous fraction of Carissa edulis root bark. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:1329-1338. [PMID: 25856720 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.981280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Carissa edulis Vahl (Apocynaceae) is used in Nigerian folk medicine to manage a plethora of diseases including epilepsy, cancer, and inflammation; its efficacy is widely acclaimed among communities of northern Nigeria. OBJECTIVE This study establishes anticonvulsant activities of aqueous fraction of ethanol root bark extract of Carissa edulis (RAF) and sub-fractions (S1 and S2) in animal models. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the acute toxicity of the RAF, S1 and S2, and the anticonvulsant activity using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), picrotoxin, strychnine, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), isoniazid (INH), and aminophylline-induced seizures in mice. Their effects on maximal electroshock (MES) and kindling-induced seizures were studied in chicks and in rats, respectively, and in the electrophysiological study. The doses used for RAF were 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg while S1 and S2 were 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg. Both RAF and sub-fractions were administered once during the experiment. RESULTS The intraperitoneal LD50 of the RAF was estimated to be 2222.61 mg/kg and that of the S1 and S2 were above 5000 mg/kg. RAF protected the mice by 50% while sub-fractions by 16.67% against PTZ-induced seizures. RAF offered 33.33 and 16.67% protection against strychnine and NMDA models, respectively. However, RAF offered 66.67-33.33% protections against aminophylline-induced seizures at doses of 150 and 600 mg/kg, but RAF, S1, and S2 had no effect on MES-induced seizures. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our results validate the use of the plant traditionally in the management of epilepsy, thus supporting the appraisal of biologically active components of this plant as antiepileptic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ya'u
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria , Nigeria
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Chindo BA, Ya'U J, Danjuma NM, Okhale SE, Gamaniel KS, Becker A. Behavioral and anticonvulsant effects of the standardized extract of Ficus platyphylla stem bark. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:351-360. [PMID: 24754912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Decoctions of Ficus platyphylla Del.-Holl (Family: Moraceae) are used in Nigeria׳s folk medicine for the management of epilepsy and their efficacies are widely acclaimed among the rural communities of northern Nigeria. The aim of the study is to examine the behavioral and anticonvulsant properties of the standardized methanol extract of Ficus platyphylla (FP) stem bark, in order to scientifically describe its potential values in the management of convulsive disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and preliminary phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract were utilized and the intraperitoneal median lethal dose (LD50) determined in mice. The effects of FP were investigated on some murine models of behavior and its anticonvulsant effects studied on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-, strychnine (STN)-, picrotoxin (PCT)-, isoniazid (INH)-, aminophylline (AMI)- and maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizures in mice. RESULTS The intraperitoneal oral LD50 of FP was estimated to be 5000mg/kg. FP significantly reduced the locomotor activities including the total distance covered, speed, active time and rearing counts. It shortened the onset and prolonged the duration of diazepam-induced sleep, but had no effect on motor coordination on the rota-rod treadmill or beam-walking assay in mice at the doses tested. The extract protected the mice against PTZ- and STN-induced seizures and significantly delayed the latencies of myoclonic jerks and tonic seizures induced by all the standard convulsant agents (PTZ, PCT, INH, STN and AMI) used in this study, but failed to protect the mice against MES seizures at the doses tested. The HPLC fingerprint of the extract shows a spectrum profile characteristic of Ficus platyphylla, while the preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids and tannins. CONCLUSION Our study provides scientific evidence that FP may contain psychoactive principles with potential anticonvulsant properties, thus supporting further development of the psychoactive components of this plant as anticonvulsant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Chindo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, P.M.B. 21, Abuja, Nigeria; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Jamilu Ya'U
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Nuhu M Danjuma
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Samuel E Okhale
- Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, P.M.B. 21, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Karniyus S Gamaniel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, P.M.B. 21, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Axel Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Evaluation of anticonvulsant, sedative, anxiolytic, and phytochemical profile of the methanol extract from the aerial parts of Swertia corymbosa (Griseb.) wight ex C.B. Clarke. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:542385. [PMID: 24877112 PMCID: PMC4022199 DOI: 10.1155/2014/542385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anxiolytic, antidepressant, and anticonvulsant activity of the methanolic extract of Swertia corymbosa (SCMeOH). After acute toxicity test, oral treatment with SCMeOH at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg behavioral models of open field, elevated-plus-maze, actophotometer, rotarod, pentylenetetrazole, isoniazid, and maximal electroshock induced seizure models were utilized. In open field test, SCMeOH (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) increased the number of rearings. However, the number of central motor and ambulation (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) were reduced. Likewise, the number of entries and the time spent in open arm were increased while the number of locomotion was decreased (P < 0.001) in elevated-plus-maze and actophotometer test, respectively. SCMeOH (125-500 mg/kg) protected the mice against the pentylenetetrazole and isoniazid induced convulsions; it causes significant (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001) dose dependent increase in latency of convulsion. Treatment with SCMeOH reduced the duration of the tonic hind limb extension induced by electroshock. Two major compounds such as gentiopicroside and swertianin were analyzed by HPLC system.
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Danjuma NM, Chindo BA, Abdu-Aguye I, Anuka JA, Hussaini IM. Psychopharmacological properties of saponins from Randia nilotica stem bark. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:1-7. [PMID: 23845096 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.784343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Decoctions of Randia nilotica Stapf. (Rubiaceae) have been used in the Nigerian traditional medicine for the management of epilepsy, anxiety, depression and psychosis for many years and their efficacies are widely acclaimed among the rural communities of Northern Nigeria. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to establish whether the saponins present in R. nilotica are responsible for its acclaimed beneficial effects in Nigerian traditional medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS The behavioural properties of the saponin-rich fraction (SFRN) of R. nilotica stem bark were studied on hole-board, diazepam-induced sleep, rota-rod and beam-walking in mice. The anticonvulsant properties of SFRN were also examined on maximal electroshock, pentylenetetrazole- and strychnine-induced seizures in mice. RESULTS The intraperitoneal LD₅₀ of SFRN in mice and rats were estimated to be 11.1 and 70.7 mg/kg, respectively. SFRN significantly prolonged the duration of diazepam-induced sleep; diminished head dip counts in the hole-board test and protected mice against maximal electroshock seizures. SFRN failed to protect mice against pentylenetetrazole- and strychnine-induced seizures; and had no effect on motor coordination on the rota-rod treadmill at the doses tested. SFRN significantly decreased the number of foot slips in the beam-walking assay in mice with no effect on time to reach the goal box. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of the psychopharmacological effects of SFRN, thus supporting further development of the psychoactive components as remedies for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Danjuma
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria , Nigeria
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Heteropterys cotinifolia: a neuropharmacological and phytochemical approach with possible taxonomic implications. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:870468. [PMID: 24453918 PMCID: PMC3881675 DOI: 10.1155/2013/870468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteropterys cotinifolia (Malpighiaceae) has been used in traditional Mexican medicine mainly for the treatment of nervous disorders. However, the specific neuropharmacological activities responsible for this use remain to be defined. The present study evaluates the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects produced by the methanolic extract of Heteropterys cotinifolia and the influence of such effects on motor activity in ICR mice. Our results show that the methanolic extract of Heteropterys cotinifolia produces a dose-dependent antidepressant effect in the forced swimming test in mice at doses from 31 to 310 mg/kg, with no reduction of mice locomotion. However, no anxiolytic properties were observed. Our findings suggest that the main extract compounds identified as chlorogenic acid and rutin may be involved in the antidepressant effects. To our knowledge, the present study constitutes the first report of pharmacological and phytochemical data of Heteropterys cotinifolia. The presence of flavonoids in the methanolic extract of Heteropterys cotinifolia may also provide further data to characterize taxonomically this species in order to be distinguished from others species closely related and belonging to the same genus.
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Kebebew Z, Shibeshi W. Evaluation of anxiolytic and sedative effects of 80% ethanolic Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) pulp extract in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:665-671. [PMID: 24120519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Carica papaya has been used in the Ethiopian traditional medicine to relieve stress and other disease conditions. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anxiolytic and sedative effects of 80% ethanolic Carica papaya (Caricaceae) pulp extract in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Carica papaya pulp extract was screened for anxiolytic effect by using elevated plus maze, staircase and open field tests, and ketamine-induced sleeping time test for sedation at doses of 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg. Distilled water and Diazepam were employed as negative and positive control groups, respectively. RESULTS Carica papaya pulp extract 100 mg/kg significantly increased the percentage of open arm time and entry, and reduced the percentage of entry and time spent in closed arm in elevated plus maze test; reduced the number of rearing in the staircase test; and increased the time spent and entries in the central squares while the total number of entries into the open field were not significantly affected, suggesting anxiolytic activity without altering locomotor and sedative effects. A synergistic reduction in the number of rearing and an inverted U-shaped dose response curves were obtained with important parameters of anxiety CONCLUSIONS The results of this study established a support for the traditional usage of Carica papaya as anxiolytic medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun Kebebew
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
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Chindo BA, Adzu B, Yahaya TA, Gamaniel KS. Ketamine-enhanced immobility in forced swim test: a possible animal model for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 38:310-6. [PMID: 22561603 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic and highly complex psychiatric disorder characterised by cognitive dysfunctions, negative and positive symptoms. The major challenge in schizophrenia research is lack of suitable animal models that mimic the core behavioural aspects and symptoms of this devastating psychiatric disorder. In this study, we used classical and atypical antipsychotic drugs to examine the predictive validity of ketamine-enhanced immobility in forced swim test (FST) as a possible animal model for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. We also evaluated the effects of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) on the ketamine-enhanced immobility in FST. Repeated administration of a subanaesthetic dose of ketamine (30 mg kg(-1), i.p., daily for 5 days) enhanced the duration of immobility in FST 24 h after the final injection. The effect, which persisted for at least 21 days after withdrawal of the drug, was neither observed by single treatment with ketamine (30 mg kg(-1) i.p.) nor repeated treatment with amphetamine (1 and 2 mg kg(-1) i.p., daily for 5 days). The enhancing effects of ketamine (30 mg kg(-1) day(-1) i.p.) on the duration of immobility in the FST were attenuated by clozapine (1, 5 and 10 mg kg(-1) i.p.), risperidone (0.25 and 0.5 mg kg(-1) i.p.) and paroxetine (1 and 5 mg kg(-1) i.p.). Haloperidol (0.25 and 0.50 mg kg(-1) day(-1) i.p.) failed to attenuate the ketamine-enhanced immobility in the FST. The repeated ketamine administration neither affects locomotor activity nor motor coordination in rats under the same treatment conditions with the FST, suggesting that the effects of ketamine on the duration of immobility in this study was neither due to motor dysfunction nor peripheral neuromuscular blockade. Our results suggest that repeated treatment with subanaesthetic doses of ketamine enhance the duration of immobility in FST, which might be a useful animal model for the negative symptoms (particularly the depressive features) of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Chindo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria.
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Traditional West African pharmacopeia, plants and derived compounds for cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1225-40. [PMID: 22846603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Traditional pharmacopeia is strongly involved in the continuous search for the well being of African populations. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of the population of developing countries relies on traditional medicine for their primary care needs. Medicinal plants are the major resource of this folk medicine where several species are used for the treatment of diseases with an inflammatory and/or infectious component as it is the case of old wounds, skin diseases and malfunctions affecting internal organs such as liver, lung, prostate and kidney. Many of these pathologies described by practitioners of traditional medicine have similarities with certain cancers, but the lack of training of many of these healers does not allow them to establish a link with cancer. However, ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological surveys conducted by several researchers allowed to identify plants of interest for cancer treatment. Most scientific investigations on these plants demonstrated an anti-inflammatory or antioxidant effect, and sometimes, antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities against cancer cells were reported as well. The emergence of resistance to cancer chemotherapy has forced researchers to turn to natural products of plant and marine origin. In the West African sub-region, research on natural anti-cancer molecules is still in its infancy stage because of very limited financial resources and the scarcity of adequate technical facilities. However, several plants were investigated for their anticancer properties through north-south or south-south partnerships. In this review, we will review the role of West African traditional pharmacopeia in cancer treatment as well as medicinal plants with anti-cancer properties.
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