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Deng C, Cai Q, Zhang J, Chang K, Peng T, Liu X, Cao F, Yan X, Cheng J, Wang X, Tan Y, Hua Q. Generation and Characterization of a Novel Knockin Mouse Model Expressing PSEN1 D385A: Implications for Investigating Herbal Drug Effects in γ-Secretase Activity. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 100:825-841. [PMID: 38905042 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Presenilin (PSEN, PS) is essential for γ-secretase function, and mutations can disrupt amyloid-β (Aβ) production in familial Alzheimer's disease. Targeting γ-secretase is complex due to its broad involvement in physiological processes. Objective Our aim was to create a novel knockin (KI) mouse model expressing PSEN1 D385A mutation and investigate the efficacy of a Geniposide and Ginsenoside Rg1 combination (NeuroProtect modified formula, NP-2) in restoring γ-secretase activity. Methods Using gene manipulation, we established the PS1 D385A KI mouse model and confirmed the mutation, mRNA, and protein levels using Southern blotting, northern blotting, and western blotting, respectively. In vitro γ-secretase assay was conducted to measure γ-secretase activity, while histological analyses examined neurogenesis effects. NP-2 administration evaluated its impact on γ-secretase activity. Results The PS1 D385A KI homozygotes displayed severe cerebral hemorrhage, postnatal lethality, developmental disorders, reduced proliferation of neural progenitor cells, and disrupted γ-secretase function. The mutation abolished PS1 protein self-shearing, leading to compromised γ-secretase activity. NP-2 intervention effectively restored γ-secretase activity in the heterozygous mice. Conclusions PS1 D385A mutant disrupted PS1 protein self-cleaving, impairing γ-secretase activity in KI mice. NP-2 restored γ-secretase function, offering potential for novel AD treatment strategies despite the challenges posed by γ-secretase's complex role in physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengeng Deng
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyuan Cai
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiani Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Chang
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Peng
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoge Liu
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Cao
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyuan Yan
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junshi Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Tan
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Hua
- School of Life Sciences, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Tan Y, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhang H, Li H, Peng T, Chen W, Wei P, Liu Z, He F, Li J, Ding H, Li N, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Hua Q. NeuroProtect, a Candidate Formula From Traditional Chinese Medicine, Attenuates Amyloid- β and Restores Synaptic Structures in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:850175. [PMID: 35586051 PMCID: PMC9108353 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.850175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. The emerging data suggest that cognitive decline occurred in the setting of Aβ accumulation with synaptic dysfunction, which started to happen at preclinical stages. Then, presymptomatic intervention is more critical to postponing AD processing. Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history of treating and preventing dementia. Findings have shown that the decoction of Panax notoginseng and Gardenia jasminoides Ellis enhances memory functions in patients with stroke, and their main components, Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) and geniposide (GP), improved memory abilities in experimental AD models. Since herbal medicine has advantages in protection with few side effects, we wish to extend observations of the NeuroProtect (NP) formulation for reducing amyloid-β and restoring synaptic structures in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Methods: APP/PS1 transgenic mice and their wild-type littermates were fed with control, NP, and their components from 4 to 7 months of age. We assessed the synaptic structure by Golgi staining, analyzed the amyloid deposits by Thioflavin-S staining, and measured related protein levels by Western blot or ELISA. We used the Morris water maze and shuttle box test to evaluate cognitive functions. Results: Compared to WT mice, APP/PS1 mice are characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques, reducing synaptic structure richness and memory deficits. NP prevents these changes and ameliorates cognitive deficits. These effects may have been due to the contribution of its components by inhibition of insoluble amyloid-β deposition and restoration of synaptic structures. Conclusion: These findings reveal a beneficial effect of NP on AD progression under an early intervention strategy and provide a food supplement for AD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiani Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Peng
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weihang Chen
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fang He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,Xi’an Satellite Control Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Haimin Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhenqiang Zhang, ; Qian Hua, ,
| | - Qian Hua
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Zhenqiang Zhang, ; Qian Hua, ,
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Zhang X, Liu K, Shi M, Xie L, Deng M, Chen H, Li X. Therapeutic potential of catalpol and geniposide in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: A snapshot of their underlying mechanisms. Brain Res Bull 2021; 174:281-295. [PMID: 34216649 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rehmannia glutinosa, the fresh or dried root of Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. & Mey., and Gardenia, the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis from Rubiaceae, both are famous traditional Chinese medicines that have been traditionally used in China. Catalpol and geniposide, as two kinds of iridoid glycosides with high activities, are the main bioactive components in Rehmannia glutinosa and Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, respectively. Over the past few decades, catalpol and geniposide have been widely studied for their therapeutic effects. The preclinical experiments demonstrated that they possessed significant neuroprotective activities against Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and depression, etc. In this paper, the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of catalpol and geniposide on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease from 2005 to now were systematically summarized and comprehensively analyzed. At the same time, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the analyzed compounds were also described, hoping to provide some enlightenment for the design, research, and development of iridoid glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Mingyi Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Long Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Mao Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Huijuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Zhou H, He Y, Zhu J, Lin X, Chen J, Shao C, Wan H, Yang J. Guhong Injection Protects Against Apoptosis in Cerebral Ischemia by Maintaining Cerebral Microvasculature and Mitochondrial Integrity Through the PI3K/AKT Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:650983. [PMID: 34054531 PMCID: PMC8155598 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.650983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Guhong injection (GHI) can be used for the treatment of ischemic stroke. We investigated the antiapoptotic activity of GHI, its ability to repair the cerebral microvessels and mitochondria, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway of GHI against cerebral ischemia. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were used to determine the expression of cleaved caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), cytochrome c (Cyt-c), basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and proteins in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the structures of the cerebral microvasculature and cells. Hoechst 33342 staining was used to evaluate the nuclear morphology. FITC-AV/PI double staining was used to measure the antiapoptotic effects. The fluorescent dye JC-1 was used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the activities of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Biochemical assay kits were used to detect the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Compared with the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) group, there was decreased infarct volume and significantly improved neurological deficits in the GHI group. In addition, the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly upregulated, while the expression of Cyt-c, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 was notably downregulated. GHI administration attenuated the pathological change and morphology of the cerebral microvasculature, and immunohistochemical staining indicated that the expressions of BFGF, VEGF, and TGF-β1 were significantly increased. The cell morphology, cell viability, cell nuclei characteristics, and mitochondrial morphology normalized following GHI treatment, which decreased the release of Cyt-c and the mitochondrial membrane potential. The levels of LDH, MMP-9, and MDA decreased, while SOD increased. Moreover, GHI administration inhibited the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (rBMECs) following oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) injury. Therefore, our results show that GHI administration resulted in antiapoptosis of cerebral cells and repair of cerebral microvessels and mitochondria via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular-Cranial Disease, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Institute of Cardiovascular-Cranial Disease, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- Institute of Cardiovascular-Cranial Disease, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Chen
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongyu Shao
- Institute of Cardiovascular-Cranial Disease, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- Institute of Cardiovascular-Cranial Disease, School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Wang Z, He C, Shi JS. Natural Products for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5790-5828. [PMID: 31131744 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190527120614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system. Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) are the common neurodegenerative diseases, which typically occur in people over the age of 60. With the rapid development of an aged society, over 60 million people worldwide are suffering from these uncurable diseases. Therefore, the search for new drugs and therapeutic methods has become an increasingly important research topic. Natural products especially those from the Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), are the most important sources of drugs, and have received extensive interest among pharmacist. In this review, in order to facilitate further chemical modification of those useful natural products by pharmacists, we will bring together recent studies in single natural compound from TCMs with neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563003, China.,Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, P.R. China
| | - Chunyang He
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563003, China.,Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Shan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563003, China
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6
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Amirzargar N, Heidari-Soureshjani S, Yang Q, Abbaszadeh S, Khaksarian M. Neuroprotective Effects of Medicinal Plants in Cerebral Hypoxia and Anoxia: A Systematic Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2210315509666190820103658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Hypoxia and anoxia are dangerous and sometimes irreversible complications
in the central nervous system (CNS), which in some cases lead to death.
Objective:
The aim of this review was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of medicinal plants
in cerebral hypoxia and anoxia.
Methods:
The word hypox*, in combination with some herbal terms such as medicinal plant, phyto*
and herb*, was used to search for relevant publications indexed in the Institute for Scientific Information
(ISI) and PubMed from 2000-2019.
Results:
Certain medicinal plants and herbal derivatives can exert their protective effects in several
ways. The most important mechanisms are the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS),
production of NO, inhibition of both hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and tumor necrosis factor-alpha activation,
and reduction of extracellular glutamate, N-Methyl-D-aspartic and intracellular Ca (2+). In
addition, they have an antioxidant activity and can adjust the expression of genes related to oxidant
generation or antioxidant capacity. These plants can also inhibit lipid peroxidation, up-regulate superoxide
dismutase activity and inhibit the content of malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase.
Moreover, they also have protective effects against cytotoxicity through down-regulation of the proteins
that causes apoptosis, anti-excitatory activity, inhibition of apoptosis signaling pathway, reduction
of pro-apoptotic proteins, and endoplasmic reticulum stress that causes apoptosis during hypoxia,
increasing anti-apoptotic protein, inhibition of protein tyrosine kinase activation, decreasing
proteases activity and DNA fragmentation, and upregulation of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase.
Conclusion:
The results indicated that medicinal plants and their compounds mainly exert their neuroprotective
effects in hypoxia via regulating proteins that are related to antioxidant, anti-apoptosis
and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasibeh Amirzargar
- Department of Neurology, Rofeydeh Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Qian Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Saber Abbaszadeh
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Khaksarian
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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7
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Tongluojiunao, a traditional Chinese medication with neuroprotective ability: A review of the cellular, molecular and physiological mediators of TLJN’s effectiveness. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:485-495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Zhao T, Fu Y, Sun H, Liu X. Ligustrazine suppresses neuron apoptosis via the Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3 pathway in PC12 cells and in rats with vascular dementia. IUBMB Life 2017; 70:60-70. [PMID: 29247598 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the comprehensive neuroprotective mechanism of ligustrazine, which is extracted from Ligusticum Chuanxiong Hort., against vascular dementia (VD) in rats and apoptosis in oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) PC12 cells. Rats were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) surgery and administered ligustrazine intragastrically for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiments, the hippocampal biomarkers brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and homocysteine (Hcy) were examined. In experiments in vitro, OGD PC12 cells were treated with ligustrazine for 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24 h. The cell-released biomarkers BDNF, MCP-1, and Hcy were examined. Microscopy, acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, and flow cytometry assays were performed to investigate apoptosis. Cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), and B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression was examined using Western blot assays. The results showed that biomarkers, including MCP-1 and Hcy, were significantly increased in both the in vivo and in vitro models, while the BDNF level was significantly decreased compared with the sham or vehicle models. Microscopy, AO/EB staining, and flow cytometry analysis showed that severe cell damage occurred in OGD PC12 cells, and apoptosis played a major role in this environment. Further Western blot studies showed that the apoptosis-related Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio and cleaved caspase-3 were significantly increased in the experiment. However, ligustrazine profoundly suppressed the imbalance of these biomarkers, reduced cell damage, decreased the Bax/Bcl-2, and downregulated cleaved caspase-3. Pro- and anti-apoptotic biomarkers of multiple pathways including BDNF, MCP-1, and Hcy played a joint role in triggering the activation of the mitochondria-related Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3 apoptosis pathway in VD. Ligustrazine attenuated VD by comprehensively regulating BDNF, MCP-1, and Hcy and inactivating the Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3 apoptosis pathway. Our data provide novel insight into ligustrazine, which is a promising neuroprotective agent for VD disease treatment strategies. © IUBMB Life, 70(1):60-70, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Zhao
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingxue Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoquan Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Natural products against Alzheimer's disease: Pharmaco-therapeutics and biotechnological interventions. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 35:178-216. [PMID: 28043897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe, chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with memory and cognition impairment ultimately leading to death. It is the commonest reason of dementia in elderly populations mostly affecting beyond the age of 65. The pathogenesis is indicated by accumulation of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in brain tissues and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in neurons. The main cause is considered to be the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to oxidative stress. The current treatment provides only symptomatic relief by offering temporary palliative therapy which declines the rate of cognitive impairment associated with AD. Inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is considered as one of the major therapeutic strategies offering only symptomatic relief and moderate disease-modifying effect. Other non-cholinergic therapeutic approaches include antioxidant and vitamin therapy, stem cell therapy, hormonal therapy, use of antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medications and selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, inhibition of β-secretase and γ-secretase and Aβ aggregation, inhibition of tau hyperphosphorylation and intracellular NFT, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), transition metal chelators, insulin resistance drugs, etanercept, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) etc. Medicinal plants have been reported for possible anti-AD activity in a number of preclinical and clinical trials. Ethnobotany, being popular in China and in the Far East and possibly less emphasized in Europe, plays a substantial role in the discovery of anti-AD agents from botanicals. Chinese Material Medica (CMM) involving Chinese medicinal plants has been used traditionally in China in the treatment of AD. Ayurveda has already provided numerous lead compounds in drug discovery and many of these are also undergoing clinical investigations. A number of medicinal plants either in their crude forms or as isolated compounds have exhibited to reduce the pathological features associated with AD. In this present review, an attempt has been made to elucidate the molecular mode of action of various plant extracts, phytochemicals and traditional herbal formulations investigated against AD as reported in various preclinical and clinical tests. Herbal synergism often found in polyherbal formulations were found effective to combat disease heterogeneity as found in complex pathogenesis of AD. Finally a note has been added to describe biotechnological improvement, genetic and genomic resources and mathematical and statistical techniques for empirical model building associated with anti-AD plant secondary metabolites and their source botanicals.
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Zhu X, Gao R, Liu Z, Cheng Z, Qi Y, Fan C, Yu SY. Ginsenoside Rg1 reverses stress-induced depression-like behaviours and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression within the prefrontal cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:1878-85. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhi Zhu
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Wenhuaxilu Road Jinan Shandong Province 250012 China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Wenhuaxilu Road Jinan Shandong Province 250012 China
- Department of Microorganism; Jinan Nursing Vocational College; Jinan Shandong Province China
| | - Zhuxi Liu
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Wenhuaxilu Road Jinan Shandong Province 250012 China
| | - Ziyi Cheng
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Wenhuaxilu Road Jinan Shandong Province 250012 China
| | - Yihang Qi
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Wenhuaxilu Road Jinan Shandong Province 250012 China
| | - Cuiqin Fan
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Wenhuaxilu Road Jinan Shandong Province 250012 China
| | - Shu Yan Yu
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Wenhuaxilu Road Jinan Shandong Province 250012 China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders; School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong Province China
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Synergistic Use of Geniposide and Ginsenoside Rg1 Balance Microglial TNF-α and TGF-β1 following Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation In Vitro: A Genome-Wide Survey. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:756346. [PMID: 26693244 PMCID: PMC4677035 DOI: 10.1155/2015/756346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-activated microglia are like a double-edged sword, characterized by both neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to reveal the synergistic effect of geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1 based on tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α and transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β1 balance of microglia. BV2 microglial cells were divided into 5 groups: control, model (oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)), geniposide-treated, ginsenoside-Rg1-treated, and combination-treated. A series of assays were used to detect on (i) cell viability; (ii) NO content; (iii) expression (content) of TNF-α and TGF-β1; and (iv) gene expression profiles. The results showed that integrated use of geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1 significantly inhibited NO level and protected cell viability, improved the content and expression of TGF-β1, and reduced the content and expression of TNF-α. Separated use of geniposide or ginsenoside Rg1 showed different effects at different emphases. Next-generation sequencing showed that Fcγ-receptor-mediated phagocytosis pathway played a key regulatory role in the balance of TNF-α and TGF-β1 when cotreated with geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1. These findings suggest that synergistic drug combination of geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1 in the treatment of stroke is a feasible avenue for the application.
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Klenerova V, Hynie S, Li X, Hua Q. Antianxiety effect of Tong Luo Jiu Nao, traditional Chinese medicinal preparation, in rats. J Appl Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Xie CL, Li JH, Wang WW, Zheng GQ, Wang LX. Neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside-Rg1 on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by downregulating protease-activated receptor-1 expression. Life Sci 2015; 121:145-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li W, Li X, Du Q, Li F, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Ma J, Wan L, Li F, Zhang S. Effect of Tongluojiunao injection made from Sanqi (Radix Notoginseng) and Zhizi (Fructus Gardeniae) on brain microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes in an in vitro ischemic model. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2014; 34:725-32. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Neuroprotective effects of geniposide in SH-SY5Y cells and primary hippocampal neurons exposed to Aβ42. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:284314. [PMID: 25506055 PMCID: PMC4255058 DOI: 10.1155/2014/284314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our former studies have suggested that TongLuoJiuNao (TLJN) is clinically efficacious in the treatment of dementia and improving learning and memory in AD models. When Aβ aggregated with oligomer, it is known to be able to induce cellular toxicity as well as cognitive impairment. We tested the possibility that TLJN affects the formation of Aβ oligomers. In our experiment, TLJN improved cell viability, inhibited LDH release, and promoted the outgrowth of neurites of neurons treated with Aβ. Geniposide, the main component of TLJN, could increase the cell viability of SY5Y-APP695sw cells. The cytotoxicity of pretreated Aβ with geniposide was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting showed that geniposide and TLJN stimulated Aβ oligomer assembly. Compared with the control, more and longer fibrils of Aβ in the presence of geniposide were observed under electron microscope though the fibrils became less sensitive to thioflavin T staining. In sum, geniposide is able to protect neurons from Aβ-induced damage by remodeling Aβ.
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Li J, Wang F, Ding H, Jin C, Chen J, Zhao Y, Li X, Chen W, Sun P, Tan Y, Zhang Q, Wang X, Fan A, Hua Q. Geniposide, the component of the Chinese herbal formula Tongluojiunao, protects amyloid-β peptide (1-42-mediated death of hippocampal neurons via the non-classical estrogen signaling pathway. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:474-80. [PMID: 25206841 PMCID: PMC4153512 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.130063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tongluojiunao (TLJN) is an herbal medicine consisting of two main components, geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1. TLJN has been shown to protect primary cultured hippocampal neurons. However, its mechanism of action remains unclear. In the present study, primary cultured hippocampal neurons treated with Aβ1–42 (10 µmol/L) significantly increased the release of lactate dehydrogenase, which was markedly reduced by TLJN (2 µL/mL), specifically by the component geniposide (26 µmol/L), but not ginsenoside Rg1 (2.5 µmol/L). The estrogen receptor inhibitor, ICI182780 (1 µmol/L), did not block TLJN- or geniposide-mediated decrease of lactate dehydrogenase under Aβ1–42-exposed conditions. However, the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase or mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibitor, LY294002 (50 µmol/L) or U0126 (10 µmol/L), respectively blocked the decrease of lactate dehydrogenase mediated by TLJN or geniposide. Therefore, these results suggest that the non-classical estrogen pathway (i.e., phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase or mitogen-activated protein kinase) is involved in the neuroprotective effect of TLJN, specifically its component, geniposide, against Aβ1–42-mediated cell death in primary cultured hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haimin Ding
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Jin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyan Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenju Chen
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Sun
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Tan
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Angran Fan
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Hua
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Yang K, Tan Y, Wang F, Zhang Q, Sun P, Zhang Y, Yao N, Zhao Y, Wang X, Fan A, Hua Q. The improvement of spatial memory deficits in APP/V717I transgenic mice by chronic anti-stroke herb treatment. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1007-1017. [PMID: 24872438 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214532757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, herbal medicine has an extensive history for the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. Clinical studies have shown that stroke patients are more likely to experience significant memory decline in comparison to their healthy counterparts. Cognition is improved in stroke patients treated with herbal medicine active components, Geniposide (GP) and Geniposide Rg1 (GRg1) (together, called TLJN). However, the effect of TLJN in Alzheimer disease remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the behavioral effect of TLJN in male and female APP/V717I transgenic (Tg) mice. We conducted two different treatment strategies: (1) pretreatment strategy: medically treated at the age of 3 months which lasted for 3 months; (2) early treatment strategy: medically treated at the age of 6 months which lasted for 4 months. In open field test, locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior were not affected after TLJN administration in Tg mice. In Morris Water Maze test, spatial learning processes in both genders were improved by TLJN treatments. Furthermore, retrieval processes were significantly improved in the pretreatment strategy for only male mice, which also showed a trend for improved retrieval processes with early treatment. In the inhibitory avoidance test, TLJN enhanced learning processes. In addition, gender differences were found in Tg mice exposed to TLJN treatments. In Tg male mice, significant efficacy was seen at high and middle doses, and in Tg female mice, a low dose was more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Yang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Preclinical Medicine, No.11 N.3 Ring Eastern Road, Beijing 100029, China Dalian No.4 people hospital, Pharmacy, Dalian 210200, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Preclinical Medicine, No.11 N.3 Ring Eastern Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Preclinical Medicine, No.11 N.3 Ring Eastern Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Preclinical Medicine, No.11 N.3 Ring Eastern Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Preclinical Medicine, No.11 N.3 Ring Eastern Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Preclinical Medicine, No.11 N.3 Ring Eastern Road, Beijing 100029, China Nankai hospital, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Na Yao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Preclinical Medicine, No.11 N.3 Ring Eastern Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Preclinical Medicine, No.11 N.3 Ring Eastern Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Preclinical Medicine, No.11 N.3 Ring Eastern Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Angran Fan
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Preclinical Medicine, No.11 N.3 Ring Eastern Road, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qian Hua
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, School of Preclinical Medicine, No.11 N.3 Ring Eastern Road, Beijing 100029, China
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Neuroprotective effect of a formula, moschus combined with borneolum synthcticum, from traditional chinese medicine on ischemia stroke in rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:157938. [PMID: 24782904 PMCID: PMC3982284 DOI: 10.1155/2014/157938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Moschus compatible with borneolum synthcticum is a well-known herb pair in Traditional Chinese Medicine and the present study aims to assess the neuroprotective effect of a formula composed of this herb pair on ischemia stroke in rats. The middle cerebral artery occlusion model of focal cerebral ischemia in rat was performed by using intraluminal suture method. The behavioral scores, infarct volume, and neuron ultrastructure of model and formula-treated rats were investigated after the 2 h of ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion. Meanwhile the expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-9, Bcl-2, and Bax were measured by western blot analysis. The formula treatment showed obvious neuroprotective effect according to significant decrease of the neurological scores (P < 0.01) and the infarct volumes (P < 0.05) when compared to the MCAO group. We also observed that this formula had antiapoptosis activity on neuron cell under electron microscope. Furthermore, our result supported the idea that pro- and postadministration of this formula had an antiapoptosis effect by decreasing remarkably the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 (P < 0.05) as well as increasing significantly the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax (P < 0.01). All evidences demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of this formula on ischemia stroke due to decrease of brain infract volume and modulation of the expression of apoptosis-related proteins.
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Zhan H, Li S, Sun J, Liu R, Yan F, Niu B, Zhang H, Wang X. Lettuce glycoside B ameliorates cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury by increasing nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 expression of cerebral cortex in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2014; 46:63-8. [PMID: 24550587 PMCID: PMC3912810 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.125171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of LGB on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats and the mechanisms of action of LGB. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study involved extracting LGB from P. laciniata, exploring affects of LGB on brain ischemia and action mechanism at the molecular level. The cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury of middle cerebral artery occlusion was established. We measured brain histopathology and brain infarct rate to evaluate the effects of LGB on brain ischemia injury. The expressions of nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) were also measured to investigate the mechanisms of action by the real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS All results were mentioned as mean ± standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine statistically significant differences among the groups. Values of P < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS Intraperitoneal injection of LGB at the dose of 12, 24, and 48 mg/kg after brain ischemia injury remarkably ameliorated the morphology of neurons and brain infarct rate (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). LGB significantly increased NGF and NT-3 mRNA (messenger RNA) and both protein expression in cerebral cortex at the 24 and 72 h after drug administration (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS LGB has a neuroprotective effect in cerebral I/R injury and this effect might be attributed to its upregulation of NGF and NT-3 expression ability in the brain cortex during the latter phase of brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqin Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Henan, China
| | - Shengying Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Henan, China
| | - Juan Sun
- Department Medical Nursing, College of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Dadao Xinxiang, China
| | - Ruili Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Henan, China
| | - Fulin Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Henan, China
| | - Bingxuan Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Henan, China
| | - Haifang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Henan, China
| | - Xinyao Wang
- Student Union, The Affiliated Middle School of Henan Normal University, Jian She Dong Lu, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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The protective effect of geniposide on human neuroblastoma cells in the presence of formaldehyde. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:152. [PMID: 23815892 PMCID: PMC3702466 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Formaldehyde can induce misfolding and aggregation of Tau protein and β amyloid protein, which are characteristic pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). An increase in endogenous formaldehyde concentration in the brain is closely related to dementia in aging people. Therefore, the discovery of effective drugs to counteract the adverse impact of formaldehyde on neuronal cells is beneficial for the development of appropriate treatments for age-associated cognitive decline. Methods In this study, we assessed the neuroprotective properties of TongLuoJiuNao (TLJN), a traditional Chinese medicine preparation, against formaldehyde stress in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y cell line). The effect of TLJN and its main ingredients (geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1) on cell viability, apoptosis, intracellular antioxidant activity and the expression of apoptotic-related genes in the presence of formaldehyde were monitored. Results Cell counting studies showed that in the presence of TLJN, the viability of formaldehyde-treated SH-SY5Y cells significantly recovered. Laser scanning confocal microscopy revealed that the morphology of formaldehyde-injured cells was rescued by TLJN and geniposide, an effective ingredient of TLJN. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of geniposide on formaldehyde-induced apoptosis was dose-dependent. The activity of intracellular antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) increased, as did mRNA and protein levels of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 after the addition of geniposide. In contrast, the expression of the apoptotic-related gene - P53, apoptotic executer - caspase 3 and apoptotic initiator - caspase 9 were downregulated after geniposide treatment. Conclusions Our results indicate that geniposide can protect SH-SY5Y cells against formaldehyde stress through modulating the expression of Bcl-2, P53, caspase 3 and caspase 9, and by increasing the activity of intracellular superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase.
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He P, Li P, Hua Q, Liu Y, Staufenbiel M, Li R, Shen Y. Chronic administration of anti-stroke herbal medicine TongLuoJiuNao reduces amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58181. [PMID: 23472157 PMCID: PMC3589383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Composed of Ginsenoside Rg1 and Geniposide, the herbal medicine TongLuoJiuNao (TLJN) injection liquid has anti-inflammatory properties and can improve learning and memory in mice. Recently, TLJN has been used to treat the patients with cerebral ischemic stroke and vascular dementia, which significantly increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the early human beings. Although beneficial effects of TLJN have been reported in the vascular-associated brain disorders, the roles of TLJN in AD brains are still not clear. In this study, we chronically administered TLJN in amyloid precursor protein (APP) Swedish mutant transgenic mice (APP23) from 6 months old of age, which is at the onset of Aβ plaques, to 12 months old. We found that TLJN significantly decreased Aβ production and deposition in the brain of APP23 mice. Furthermore, we observed that TLJN down-regulated the levels and activity of β-secretase 1 (BACE1) protein as well as the expression levels of γ-secretase complex components: PS1, nicastrin and anterior pharynx-defective 1 (APH1) but not presenilin enhancer 2 (PEN2). The results suggest an inhibitory effect of TLJN on amyloidogenic APP processing by down-regulating the cleavage enzymes BACE1 and γ-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Center for Advanced Therapeutic Strategies of Brain Disorders, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pengtao Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Hua
- Department of Pathology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Rena Li
- Center for Hormone Advanced Science and Education, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yong Shen
- Center for Advanced Therapeutic Strategies of Brain Disorders, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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