Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae) fruit extract suppresses Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in Sprague-Dawley rats

Integrating Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Approach to Elucidate the Mechanism of Commiphora wightii for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered a notable prolonged inflammatory condition with no proper cure. Synovial inflammation and synovial pannus are crucial in the onset of RA. The "tumor-like" invading proliferation of new arteries is a keynote of RA. Commiphora wightii (C wightii) is a perennial, deciduous, and trifoliate plant used in several areas of southeast Asia to cure numerous ailments, including arthritis, diabetes, obesity, and asthma. Several in vitro investigations have indicated C wightii's therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of arthritis. However, the precise molecular action is yet unknown.

Material and methods

In this study, a network pharmacology approach was applied to uncover potential targets, active therapeutic ingredients and signaling pathways in C wightii for the treatment of arthritis. In the groundwork of this research, we examined the active constituent-compound-target-pathway network and evaluated that (Guggulsterol-V, Myrrhahnone B, and Campesterol) decisively donated to the development of arthritis by affecting tumor necrosis factor (TNF), PIK3CA, and MAPK3 genes. Later on, docking was employed to confirm the active components' efficiency against the potential targets.

Results

According to molecular-docking research, several potential targets of RA bind tightly with the corresponding key active ingredient of C wightii. With the aid of network pharmacology techniques, we conclude that the signaling pathways and biological processes involved in C wightii had an impact on the prevention of arthritis. The outcomes of molecular docking also serve as strong recommendations for future research. In the context of this study, network pharmacology combined with molecular docking analysis showed that C wightii acted on arthritis-related signaling pathways to exhibit a promising preventive impact on arthritis.

Conclusion

These results serve as the basis for grasping the mechanism of the antiarthritis activity of C wightii. However, further in vivo/in vitro study is needed to verify the reliability of these targets for the treatment of arthritis.

Anti-Rheumatoid Arthritis Pharmacodynamic Substances Screening of Periploca forrestii Schltr.: Component Analyses In Vitro and In Vivo Combined with Multi-Technical Metabolomics

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the metabolic action patterns of P. forrestii against rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using metabolomics, and to obtain its potential effective substances for treating RA. First, the therapeutic effects of P. forrestii against RA were confirmed; second, the chemical composition of P. forrestii was analyzed, and 17 prototypes were absorbed into blood; subsequently, plasma metabolomics studies using UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS and GC-MS were performed to disclose the metabolomics alterations in groups, which revealed 38 altered metabolites after drug intervention. These metabolites were all associated with the arthritis pathophysiology process (-log(p) > 1.6). Among them, sorted by variable important in projection (VIP), the metabolites affected (VIP ≥ 1.72) belonged to lipid metabolites. Finally, Pearson's analysis between endogenous metabolites and exogenous compounds was conducted to obtain potential pharmacological substances for the P. forrestii treatment of RA, which showed a high correlation between five blood-absorbed components and P. forrestii-regulated metabolites. This information provides a basis for the selection of metabolic action modes for P. forrestii clinical application dosage, and potential pharmacological substances that exerted anti-RA effects of P. forrestii were discovered. The study provided an experimental basis for further research on pharmacoequivalence, molecular mechanism validation, and even the development of new dosage forms in the future.

Modulating Effects of the Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Persicaria lanigera R. Br. Soják (Polygonaceae) against Acute Inflammation

Plant species have been used traditionally to treat numerous inflammatory disorders because of their known medicinal properties. This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous ethanolic leaf extract of Persicaria lanigera using acute inflammatory models. The safety profile of the Persicaria lanigera extract was assessed using an acute toxicity model. The anti-inflammatory effect of the Persicaria lanigera leaf extract (100-600 mg·kg^-1, p.o.) was studied in carrageenan-induced paw oedema, zymosan-induced knee joint arthritis, and histamine-induced paw oedema in Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 5). It was observed that the Persicaria lanigera leaf extract administered prophylactically significantly inhibited paw oedema from 99.01 ± 12.59 to 59.10 ± 4.94%, 56.08 ± 3.65%, and 48.62 ± 3.27% at 100 mg·kg^-1, 300 mg·kg^-1, and 600 mg·kg^-1, while the standard drug, aspirin, showed 41.84 ± 9.25% in carrageenan-induced paw oedema, respectively. Furthermore, the extract decreased knee joint inflammation significantly from 62.43 ± 5.73% to 32.07 ± 2.98% and 24.33 ± 8.58% at 300 mg·kg^-1 and 600 mg·kg^-1 in zymosan-induced knee joint inflammation, respectively. In the histamine-induced paw oedema model, the extract significantly inhibited oedema to 61.53 ± 9.17%, 54.21 ± 9.38%, and 54.22 ± 9.37% at the same doses. Aqueous ethanolic leaf extract of Persicaria lanigera is safe and attenuates inflammation in acute inflammation models.

Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected Brain Death Notifications and Organ Donation Time?

OBJECTIVES

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019, known as COVID-19, has rapidly evolved to a global pandemic. This pandemic represents an unprecedented public health issue not only for the general population but also for patients on the transplant wait list. Multiple organizations around the world have published recommendations for the proper conduct of transplant procedures, including donor and recipient screening and perioperative management. We investigated the efficacy of these new recommendations and the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the deceased donation rate, donor organ management, and the time from family consent to procurement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The characteristics of potential donors diagnosed with brain death between July 15, 2019, and November 18, 2020, were evaluated retrospectively.Demographic and clinical features,the time elapsed from the clinical diagnosis until confirmation, and rates of acceptance were recorded. Potential donors diagnosed with brain death before the pandemic and during the pandemic were compared according to these variables.

RESULTS

Within the study period, 40 patients were diagnosed with brain death: 13 before the pandemic and 27 during the pandemic. The organs from 2 donors were procured before the pandemic. Organs from 3 of 8 donors were procured during the pandemic (the organs from 5 of these 8 patients were not donated). The organ donation time was 8.5 ± 2.12 hours (minimum-maximum, 7-10 hours) in the period before the pandemic and 54 ± 11.53 hours (minimummaximum, 45-67 hours) during the pandemic.

CONCLUSIONS

The number of donors decreased significantly in our hospital during the pandemic and was similarto the overallrate inTurkey.The duration of the donation process has been prolonged, and strategies to improve rates of organ donation, including infection control, have become a focus of concern.

Network pharmacology and experimental validation to identify the potential mechanism of Hedyotis diffusa Willd against rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, autoimmune disease that may lead to joint damage, deformity, and disability, if not treated effectively. Hedyotis diffusa Willd (HDW) and its main components have been widely used to treat a variety of tumors and inflammatory diseases. The present study utilized a network pharmacology approach, microarray data analysis and molecular docking to predict the key active ingredients and mechanisms of HDW against RA. Eleven active ingredients in HDW and 180 potential anti-RA targets were identified. The ingredients-targets-RA network showed that stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, quercetin, kaempferol, and 2-methoxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone were key components for RA treatment. KEGG pathway results revealed that the 180 potential targets were inflammatory-related pathways with predominant enrichment of the AGE-RAGE, TNF, IL17, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Screened through the PPI network and with Cytoscape software, RELA, TNF, IL6, TP53, MAPK1, AKT1, IL10, and ESR1 were identified as the hub targets in the HDW for RA treatment. Molecular docking was used to identify the binding of 5 key components and the 8 related-RA hub targets. Moreover, the results of network pharmacology were verified by vitro experiments. HDW inhibits cell proliferation in MH7A cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. RT-qPCR and WB results suggest that HDW may affect hub targets through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby exerting anti-RA effect. This study provides evidence for a clinical effect of HDW on RA and a research basis for further investigation into the active ingredients and mechanisms of HDW against RA.

Lamiophlomis rotata attenuates rheumatoid arthritis by regulating sphingolipid and steroid hormone metabolism

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and progressive autoimmune disease. Lamiophlomis rotata (L. rotata) (Benth.) Kudo, an essential medicinal plant in traditional Tibetan medicine, is useful in treating RA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate L. rotata's anti-RA effect and to analyze its serum metabolites and lipids to predict the possible action pathways. Female and male rats were immunized with CFA to induce arthritis. Paw volumes were measured, and arthritis index analysis and histological analysis were performed to check the effects of L. rotata. ELISA was used to measure the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) and oxidative stress (MDA, SOD, GSH, and CAT). UPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS was used to identify untargeted metabolites and lipids in serum. Metabolite validation was performed using UPLC/QQQ-MS. L. rotata application significantly reduced arthritis indices and paw swelling in AIA rats, and diminished inflammation and bone fractures in joint tissues. Sphingolipid (SP) and steroid hormone biosynthesis was found to be closely related to L. rotata's intervention in RA. In addition, our experiments also confirmed that females were more likely than males to develop RA. These findings provide clues and a scientific basis for the mechanism of L. rotata in treating RA.

Anti-Arthritic Effect of the Hydroethanolic Root Extract of Psydrax subcordata in Rats

Background

In Ghana, decoctions of various parts of Psydrax subcordata, Bridson (Rubiaceae) are employed in the management of inflammatory conditions. However, not much scientific data is available to back such folkloric use of the plant. This study, therefore, seeks to investigate the chronic anti-inflammatory activity of hydroethanolic root extract of Psydrax subcordata (PSRE) using the adjuvant-induced arthritis model in rats.

Methods

Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis model was used to assess the ameliorative effects of PSRE in chronic inflammation. The effect of PSRE on tissue and joint integrity in arthritis was also evaluated by histopathology and microscopy. The effect of PSRE on oxidative markers and serum transforming growth factor (TGF) beta 1 was also determined via chemical assays.

Results

Oral PSRE (30–300 mg/kg) inhibited both ipsilateral and contralateral paw arthritis when given prophylactically and therapeutically in rats. It reduced paw defect on X-ray with histologically-reduced inflammatory cells and synovial hyperplasia. Finally, PSRE significantly reduced TGF-beta 1 levels and raised antioxidants such as reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase levels in arthritic rats.

Conclusion

The findings show that hydroethanolic root extract of Psydrax subcordata possesses anti-inflammatory properties in rodents.

Inflammation Modulating Activity of the Hydroethanol Stem Bark Extract of Bombax costatum in Murine Models

Bombax costatum (Bombacaceae) is traditionally used as a decoction of the leaves, stem, and root to treat headaches, fever, and oedema that may be associated with inflammatory conditions. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 70%^v/_v ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Bombax costatum on acute and chronic inflammation. The effect of Bombax costatum extract (10, 50, 100 mg kg^-1, p.o) was studied in prostaglandin E₂-induced paw oedema in Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 5). Subsequently, the effect of the extract on clonidine and haloperidol-induced catalepsy was also investigated in ICR mice (n = 5). Finally, the ability of the extract to inhibit chronic inflammation was studied using a rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model. Pre-emptive and therapeutic administration of the extract at all doses significantly suppressed the formation of oedema following prostaglandin E ₂ administration. As a measure of indirect antihistaminic effect, treatment with the extract suppressed clonidine-induced catalepsy but not haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Moreover, Bombax costatum extract significantly inhibited joint inflammation and damage following injection of complete Freund's adjuvant. Treatment with the extract also inhibited the onset of polyarthritis; thus, suppressing the systemic spread of joint inflammation from ipsilateral limbs to contralateral limbs. In conclusion, the hydroethanol extract of the stem bark of Bombax costatum inhibits both acute and chronic inflammation.

Chinese Herbal Formula Huayu-Qiangshen-Tongbi Decoction Attenuates Rheumatoid Arthritis through Upregulating miR-125b to Suppress NF-κB-Induced Inflammation by Targeting CK2

The Huayu-Qiangshen-Tongbi (HQT) decoction, a Chinese medical formula, has been identified to show a potent therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the specific molecular mechanism of HQT in RA has not been well studied. In the present study, LPS-treated human rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) MH7A cells and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice were utilized as in vitro and in vivo models. Our results demonstrated that HQT could efficiently inhibit RA-induced inflammation by reducing the production of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Moreover, HQT significantly upregulated the expression of miR-125b. Besides, analysis of bioinformatics suggested casein kinase 2 (CK2) was a potential target of miR-125b. Luciferase reporter assay was performed and revealed that miR-125b suppressed CK2 expression in MH7A cells. Furthermore, miR-125b inhibited LPS-induced NF-kappa-B (NF-κB) activation, which is a downstream target of CK2. In addition, the NF-κB inhibitor ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) and NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (IkB-α) enhanced the inhibitory effect of miR-125b on the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Taken together, our study revealed that HQT could attenuate RA through upregulating miR-125b to suppress NF-κB-induced inflammation by targeting CK2. The findings of this study should facilitate investigating the mechanism of HQT on RA and discovering novel therapeutic targets for RA.

Prophylactic or therapeutic administration of Holarrhena floribunda hydro ethanol extract suppresses complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in Sprague-Dawley rats

Background

A hydro ethanol extract of the stem bark of Holarrhena floribunda (HFE) has been shown to be effective in the management of acute inflammation. This study was to evaluate usefulness of the extract for the management of chronic inflammation in a murine model.

Methods

Arthritis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using Complete Freund’s Adjuvant. Anti-arthritic effect of the extract was evaluated in prophylactic and therapeutic treatment models at doses of 50, 200 and 500 mg/kg. Parameters assessed included oedema, serology of inflammatory response, bone tissue histology and haematology. Data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons post hoc test.

Results

HFE at 50–500 mg/kg dose-dependently [P ≥ 0.0354 (prophylactic) and P ≥ 0.0001 (therapeutic) inhibited swelling of the injected paw upon prophylactic [≤ 81.26% (P < 0.0001) or therapeutic [≤ 67.92% (P < 0.01) administration — and prevented spread of arthritis to the contralateral paw. The inflammation alleviation activity was further demonstrated by decrease in arthritis score, radiologic score and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. HFE at all doses significantly reduced serum interleukin (IL)-1α (P < 0.0197), and 500 mg/kg HFE reduced IL-6 (P = 0.0032). In contrast, serum concentrations of IL-10, protein kinase A and cyclic adenosine monophosphate were enhanced (P ≤ 0.0436). HFE consistently showed better prophylactic than therapeutic activity.

Conclusion

HFE strongly suppressed Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-induced arthritis and modulated regulators of inflammation, including IL-1α, − 6 and − 10. Taken together, the data suggest that HFE has potential for use as an agent for modulation of the inflammatory response.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12950-022-00301-2.

Anti-proliferation and anti-inflammation effects of corilagin in rheumatoid arthritis by downregulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The dried aboveground part of Geranium Wilfordii Maxim. (G. Wilfordii) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine named lao-guan-cao. It has long been used for dispelling wind-dampness, unblocking meridians, and stopping diarrhea and dysentery. Previous investigations have revealed that 50% ethanolic extract of G. Wilfordii has anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferation activities on TNF-α induced murine fibrosarcoma L929 cells. Corilagin (COR) is a main compound in G. Wilfordii with the content up to 1.69 mg/g. Pharmacology study showed that COR has anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-microorganism, anti-oxidant, and hepatoprotective effects. However, there is no any investigation on its anti-proliferation and anti-inflammation effects in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study aimed to evaluate the potential pharmacological mechanisms of anti-proliferation and anti-inflammation effects of COR in RA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In vitro, MH7A cells model induced by IL-1β was used. The anti-proliferation activity of COR was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and the anti-migration and anti-invasion activity of COR was determined by wound healing assay and transwell assay, respectively. Furthermore, apoptosis assay by flow cytometer was used to measure the pro-apoptotic effect of COR. The mRNA expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, COX-2, and iNOS were measured by qRT-PCR, and related protein were further verified by ELISA kits or Western blot. Moreover, protein levels associated with NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways of p65, P-p65, IκBα, P-IκBα, ERK1/2, P-ERK1/2, JNK, P-JNK1/2/3, p38, and P-p38 were determined by Western blot. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB-p65 was detected by immunofluorescent staining. In vivo, adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat model was used, and the body weight, paw swelling, and arthritis score during the entire period were measured. Histopathological analysis of joints of synovial tissues was also determined. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum including IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17 were measured.

RESULTS

The in vitro results showed that COR could dose-dependently inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of IL-1β-induced MH7A cells, as well as promote its apoptosis. Moreover, it also suppressed the over-expression of Bcl-2, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, COX-2, and iNOS while up-regulated the level of Bax. Besides, the ratios of P-p65/p65, P-IκBα/IκBα, P-ERK/ERK, P-JNK/JNK, and P-p38/p38 were decreased, and the nuclear translocation of p65 induced by IL-1β was blocked by COR. In vivo results indicated that COR significantly reduced the paw swelling and arthritis score in AIA rats, and inhibited synovial tissue hyperplasia and erosion, as well as inflammatory cells infiltration. It also decreased the serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17) production.

CONCLUSION

These results revealed that COR exerted anti-rheumatoid arthritis effect, and its underlying mechanisms may be related to inhibiting the proliferation, migration, and invasion of synovial fibroblasts, enhancing cell apoptosis, and suppressing inflammatory responses via downregulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

A review of some common African spices with antihypertensive potential

Hypertension is the most common non-communicable disease, with about 1.28 billion hypertensive people worldwide. It is more prevalent in men than women and more common in the elderly. Hereditary, age, obesity, lifestyle, diet, alcohol, and chronic metabolic diseases are the major risk factors of hypertension. Treating hypertension is a complex process as there are several mechanisms responsible for its pathogenesis; hence, a combination of several drugs is used for managing hypertension. Drugs used in managing hypertension are expensive and often come with associated side effects; thus, there is need for alternative means of managing this life-threatening disease. These drugs do not achieve the recommended blood pressure target in most people; more so majority of people with hypertension do not follow the treatment regimen religiously. Some Africans have been reported to become normotensive as a result of dietary consumption of spices. Several spices have been used over the years in Africa to manage hypertension. The aim of this review is to evaluate the ethnomedicinal use, bioactive phytochemical composition, bioactive compounds present, and pharmacological applications of spices commonly used in Africa for managing hypertension. Most of the plants used contained polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinone, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and saponins. Dietary supplementation of Xylopia aethiopica and other spices in diet have been proven to significantly reduced plasma angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) than simvastatin (the reference drug). Toxicological, histological, and hematological evaluation revealed that acute and chronic consumption of most of these spices are safe. Studies have also revealed that some of the spices can be used as alternative therapy alongside usual antihypertensive medications. PRACTICAL IMPLICATION: The prevalent rate of hypertension is on the increase in both the developed and developing countries. People often skip medication due to their busy schedule and anti-hypertensive potential side effects; however, this is not the case with food/spices as most people consumed them daily. Deliberate, right combinations and consistent incorporation of spices with proven anti-hypertensive potential into our diet may be of great benefit in normalizing blood pressure and mitigate other complications on the heart and vital organs.

Combined Cornus Officinalis and Paeonia Lactiflora Pall Therapy Alleviates Rheumatoid Arthritis by Regulating Synovial Apoptosis via AMPK-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to cartilage destruction and bone erosion. In-depth exploration of the pathogenesis of RA and the development of effective therapeutic drugs are of important clinical and social value. Herein, we explored the medicinal value of Cornus officinalis Sieb. and Paeonia lactiflora Pall. in RA treatment using a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). We compared the therapeutic effect of Cornus officinalis and Paeonia lactiflora with that of their main active compounds, ursolic acid and paeoniflorin, respectively. We demonstrated that the combination of Cornus officinalis and Paeonia lactiflora effectively inhibited the release of factors associated with oxidative stress and inflammation during RA, therein ameliorating the symptoms and suppressing the progression of RA. We further showed that the underlying mechanisms may be related to the regulation of apoptosis in synovial tissues, and we investigated the potential involvement of AMPK-mediated mitochondrial dynamics in the therapeutic action of the two drugs and their active components.

A mechanistic study of Solenostemma argel as anti-rheumatic agent in relation to its metabolite profile using UPLC/HRMS

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Solenostemma argel (Argel) is a traditional perennial edible herb that is commonly used in folkloric medicine for the treatment of rheumatic pain, inflammation, bronchitis, cold, diabetes, gastrointestinal cramps, and urinary tract infections. No previous reports traced the mechanistic activity of this plant for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in relation to its chemical constituents.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study was designed to substantiate the anti-arthritic potential of S. argel and identification of its secondary metabolites responsible for the action using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC/HRMS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The air-dried powder of S. argel was subjected to liquid-liquid fractionation method to yield polar metabolites fraction (PMF) and nonpolar metabolites fraction (NPMF) where the metabolites that represent each fraction were identified using UPLC/HRMS. The in-vitro anti-arthritic effects of both fractions were tested using protein denaturation, membrane stabilization and proteinase inhibition assays, in addition to in-vitro enzyme inhibition assays of COXs, LOX and collagenases. Adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model was also established to evaluate their anti-arthritic effects in-vivo at two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) in compared to the standard ibuprofen (5 mg/kg). Physical changes with hind paw edema and body weight gain as well as the assessment of serum rheumatoid biomarkers, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers, and the activity of hyaluronidase and β-glucouronidase enzymes were studied. The histopathological study of ankle and knee joints and immunohistochemistry of caspase-3 and TNF-α in joint synovium were also examined.

RESULTS

The PMF significantly (P < 0.05) reduced paw edema, serum rheumatoid markers, pro-inflammatory mediators, degeneration enzymes of cartilage and bone, and oxidative stress biomarkers. Interestingly, flavonoid glycosides and phenolic acids dominated the polar fraction, which showed the promising anti-arthritic activity of Argel compared to the NPMF which was dominated by pregnane glycosides.

CONCLUSIONS

Since arthritis is a chronic disease and there are imperative needs for a lifelong treatment with desirable pharmacological action and lower cost than the currently approved synthetic drugs having severe side effects, the PMF of Argel could be used as a potent anti-rheumatic agent.

Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of the anti-rheumatoid arthritis potential of xylopic acid in a bioinspired lipoprotein nanoformulation

Xylopic acid (XA), a diterpene kaurene and the major active ingredient of the African spice Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae), is reported to possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of XA for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a debilitating autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by joint damage, in the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis model in rats. We synthesized bioinspired reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL) nanoparticles loaded with purified XA crystals (rHDL/XA) that passively accumulate in inflamed joints of CFA-induced arthritic rats. Treatment with rHDL/XA minimized mononuclear cell infiltration of CFA-induced arthritic sites and ameliorated disease burden. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the major molecular pathways perturbed following CFA-induced arthritis correlated with amino acid and lipid metabolism, which were restored to normal states by rHDL/XA treatment. This work demonstrates the anti-RA potential of XA in a nanoformulation and uncovers its underlying therapeutic mechanisms at the transcript and metabolite levels.

Fail-safe nano-formulation of prodrug of sulfapyridine: Preparation and evaluation for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Aim of the present study was to give a second life to the long-abandoned drug, sulfapyridine (SP) for its anti-arthritic potential by design of nano-vesicular delivery system. For this, intra-articular delivery of its liposomal formulation was tried. As the prepared formulation exhibited rapid drug leakage, an arthritis responsive prodrug of SP showing lability towards synovial enzymes was synthesized to exploit the over-expression of arthritis specific enzymes. Prodrug (SP-PD) exhibited better retention in liposomes as compared to the drug, preventing its escape from synovium. Hydrolysis of SP-PD in human plasma and synovial fluid indicated its high susceptibility to enzymes. The liposomes of SP-PD exhibited larger mean size, less PDI and higher zeta potential as compared to those for SP liposomes. In arthritic rats, prodrug liposomes were found to reverse the symptoms of inflammation, including the levels of biochemical markers. Liposomes of bio-responsive prodrug, therefore, offer a revolutionary approach in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Potential effects of xylopic acid on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Xylopic acid (XA) has been reported to exhibit analgesic activity, alleviate neuropathic pain in rodents, and demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects. Intrarectal challenge of rats with acetic acid induces colitis that bears resemblance in terms of its pathogenesis, histopathology, and inflammatory profile to that in humans. Reactive oxygen species are implicated as the main driving force in this inflammatory bowel disease. This study aimed to investigate the anti-colitic potential of XA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We investigated the effect of XA on body weight, disease activity, inflammatory cell infiltration, and generation of reactive oxygen species. Rats were treated with XA or sulphasalazine, challenged intrarectally with acetic acid with macroscopic and microscopic findings made after eight days.

RESULTS

Administration of XA to rats with colitis resulted in an increase in body weight with significant (p<0.05) improvement of the disease profile macroscopically. We observed decreased gross mucosal injury, reduced inflammation, and cellular proliferation with XA administration. Treatment with XA also resulted in decreased colonic epithelial expression of argyrophylic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) with significant decrease (p<0.0001) in the quantitative expression of AgNORs/nucleus ratio to levels comparable with non-colitic control. We also observed reduced proliferation of mucosal mast cell in the colonic segment of the rats treated with XA. Treatment with XA also significantly (p<0.0001) increased the activity of SOD, CAT, and APx while it decreased the activity of MPO and MDA levels.

CONCLUSION

Xylopic acid possesses anti-colitic activity in rats induced with acetic acid colitis.

Deciphering the Pharmacological Mechanisms of the Huayu-Qiangshen-Tongbi Formula Through Integrating Network Pharmacology and In Vitro Pharmacological Investigation

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, causing articular and extra-articular dysfunctions among patients, and it could result in irreversible joint damages or disability if untreated. A traditional Chinese medicine formula, Huayu-Qiangshen-Tongbi (HT) formula, has been observed successful in controlling rheumatoid arthritis progression in traditional Chinese medicine clinics. In this study, we conducted a systematic analysis of the HT formula with a purpose of proposing for its potential mechanism of action using network pharmacological methods. The potential targets of the formula were collected and screened according to the topological features of their protein–protein interaction network, and we subsequently validated our prediction results through in vitro experiments. We proposed that the HT formula could interfere with the bone metabolism and the inflammatory pathways of the body. The experimental validation results indicated that HT formula could exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by regulating several signaling pathways specifically the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, phosphoinositide-3-kinase–Akt signaling pathway, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and activator protein 1 signaling pathway.

Pomegranate supplementation attenuates inflammation, joint dysfunction via inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway in experimental models of rheumatoid arthritis

Incisive search of innovative compounds for regulating pain, inflammation, and bone damage, with nominal side effects has focused on nutritional supplements. The endeavor of this research work was to investigate, for first time, the inhibitory effect of pomegranate rind extract in established models of nociception and inflammation. Pomegranate (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) and indomethacin (3 mg/kg) was assessed in eddy's hot plate-induced algesia, carrageenan, and Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced models in Wistar rats. Results of study conclude that pomegranate at a dose of 200 mg/kg showed significant (p < 0.001) reduction in paw swelling in both inflammatory experimental models. In addition, observations recorded a significant (p < 0.05) increase in nociceptive threshold. Henceforth, we might say that pomegranate (200 mg/kg) decline pain and inflammation by downregulating the activation of TNF-R1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, oxidative stress markers, and tissue histology. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The research work represents the first report on inhibitory mechanism of NF-κB by pomegranate rind extract, enriched in tannins and flavanoids. The findings of the study provide satisfactory evidence of pomegranate rind in amelioration of adjuvant-induced arthritis. Pomegranate rind, being enrich in bioactive compounds like phenolics and flavanoids possess potent antioxidant activity that might contribute in attenuating rheumatoid arthritis.

Ribes orientale: A novel therapeutic approach targeting rheumatoid arthritis with reference to pro-inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory enzymes and anti-inflammatory cytokines

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The roots of Ribes orientale (Family Grossulariaceae) have long been used as a folk remedy to treat rheumatism and joints pain in Northern Areas of Pakistan.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The purpose of study was to observe the preventive efficacy of roots of Ribes orientale (RO) aqueous ethanolic extract (30:70) and its aqueous and n-butanol fractions in treating rheumatoid arthritis and to determine its possible mechanism of action.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Arthritis was evaluated in vitro using heat induced bovine serum albumin and egg albumin denaturation and membrane stabilizing assays at 50-6400 μg/ml concentration of extract/fractions whereas, in vivo arthritis was evaluated at 50, 100, 200 mg/kg doses of extract/fractions in formaldehyde model by measuring rat paw volume/diameter. Moreover, highest effective dose (200 mg/kg) of extract/fractions was evaluated in Freünd complete adjuvant (FCA) model. Arthritis was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by immunization with 0.1 ml FCA in left footpad. RO extract/fractions at 200 mg/kg were orally administered from day 0, 30 min prior to adjuvant injection and sustained for 28 days. Paw volume/diameter, arthritic score, body weight, and hematological (WBC, RBC, ESR, Hb and Platelet count) and biochemical (AST, ALT, ALP, urea, creatinine, CRP and RF) parameters were observed. The mRNA expression levels of COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-10 were measured by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) whereas, PGE2 and TNF-α levels in serum samples were measured by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, radiographs of hind paws and histological changes in ankle joint were analyzed in adjuvant injected rats. The anti-oxidant activity of plant extract and fractions was evaluated using DPPH and reducing power assays. In addition, phytochemistry, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and HPLC analysis of most active fraction (aqueous fraction) were performed.

RESULTS

Results showed that RO extract and fractions (notably aqueous fraction) significantly reduced protein denaturation and protected erythrocyte membrane in concentration dependent manner. Similarly, extract/fractions induced dose-dependent decrease in paw volume/diameter in the formaldehyde model. Plant extract and fractions significantly suppressed paw swelling and arthritic score, prevented cachexia and remarkably ameliorated hematological and biochemical changes. Furthermore, RO extract/fractions downregulated gene expression levels of PGE2, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-kB and TNF-α whereas, upregulated those of IL-4 and IL-10, compared with FCA control rats. The radiographic and histopathologic improvement in joint architecture was also observed in RO treated rats. Piroxicam, used as reference drug, also significantly suppressed arthritis. Additionally, plant exhibited notable anti-oxidant activity and phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids and polyphenols.

CONCLUSION

Results indicated that suppression of pro-inflammatory enzymes/cytokines, inhibition of protein denaturation, lysosomal membrane stabilizing abilities, and redox/free radical scavenging properties of RO extract and fractions support anti-arthritic and immunomodulatory property of Ribes orientale that might be due to its polyphenolic and flavonoid constituents. This suggests that Ribes orientale roots may be used as a therapeutic agent for treating human arthritis.

Amelioration of adjuvant induced arthritis in Sprague Dawley rats through modulation of inflammatory mediators by Ribes alpestre Decne

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ribes alpestre Decne has been commonly used in the treatment of joint complaints.

AIM OF STUDY

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antiarthritic potential of ethanolic extract and fractions of Ribes alpestre and to explore its probable mechanism of action.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Complete Freunds adjuvant induced arthritis in Sprague Dawley rats was used to assess antiarthritic activity of aqueous ethanol extract, butanol and aqueous fractions at 200 mg/kg oral dose for 28 days. Paw volume and diameter, arthritic index, body weight, hematological and biochemical parameters, radiographic and histological analysis of ankle joints were carried out. An array of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, NF-Kβ, TNF-α, COX-2, IL-4, IL-10 and PGE2) were estimated by RT-PCR and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Antioxidant capacity was assessed using DPPH and reducing power assays. Qualitative phytochemical screening, total phenolic and flavonoid content and HPLC analysis of aqueous fraction of Ribes alpestre were also carried out.

RESULTS

Significant (p < 0.001) reduction in paw volume and thickness and arthritic score by aqueous ethanolic extract and its fractions has been found. Aqueous ethanolic extract and fractions in particular aqueous fraction considerably prevented decrease in body weight, alterations in hematological parameters. Radiographic and histological examination revealed no significant architectural changes in joints of treated rats. Significant (p < 0.05-0.001) down regulation of pro-inflammatory genes IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, PGE2 and NF-Kβ alongwith noteworthy increase in levels of IL-4 and IL-10 was recorded among treated animals. Aqueous ethanol extract and its fractions demonstrated notable and concentration dependent (50-6400 μg/ml) antioxidant potential. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of active fraction (aqueous) displayed presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and glycosides. Besides total phenolic and flavonoid contents has been found to be 179.3 mg GAE/ml and 389.40 μg QE/ml in aqueous fraction of Ribes alpestre respectively. HPLC profile demonstrated presence of quercitin, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid and cinamic acid in aqueous fraction.

CONCLUSION

Present communication suggests Ribes alpestre a potent antiarthritic therapy by ameliorating adjuvant arthritis in rats by downregulating proinflammatory mediators with up regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Comparative anti-arthritic investigation of iridoid glycosides and crocetin derivatives from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis in Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats

BACKGROUND

Discovering novel compounds with higher activities is a key aim of natural products research. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is a herb with anti-inflammatory properties. Iridoid glycosides (mainly geniposide) and crocetin derivatives (crocins) are the two major active constituents in this herb and are considered its active ingredients. However, which components are responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties of gardenia have remained to be investigated.

PURPOSE

Here, we prepared total iridoid glycocides (TIG) and total crocins (TC) from G. jasminoides Ellis, determined their main chemical constituents, and performed animal studies to evaluate their anti-adjuvant arthritis activities, thus, proposing a reasonable mechenism to explain the anti-inflammatory activities of the active components in this herbal remedy.

STUDY DESIGN

TIG and TC were prepared by using HPD-100 macroporous resin, and characterized by UHPLC-DAD-MS and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Then, freund's complete adjuvant-injected rats underwent drug treatments with TIG (160 mg/kg) and TC (160 mg/kg) for 14 days, and their ankle diameters were measured. Moreover, X-ray radiographs of the adjuvant injected hind paws were evaluated. Finally, histopathological examinations of the ankle joints, spleens and thymus were carried out to evaluate inflammatory reactions, and immunohistochemical measurements were conducted to evaluate TNF-α and TGF-β1 expression in the ankle joint of the rats.

RESULTS

The chemical composition determination of the current study showed that TIG was mainly composed of geniposide and TC was a fraction predominantly with crocin-1, crocin-2 and crocin-3. Calculation of results showed that TIG and TC contained 58.2% total iridoid glycosides and 54.7% total crocins, respectively. Our study suggested TIG and TC treatments markedly decreased paw swelling and ankle diameters of AA rats (both p < 0.05). The radiological analysis showed that administration of TIG and TC ameliorated bone destruction, and reduced the radiological bone destruction scores (TIG p < 0.05, TC p>0.05). Moreover, data from histological assessment demonstrated considerable mitigation of inflammation in the joints (both p < 0.01), spleen and thymus of AA rats treated with TIG and TC. TNF-α and TGF-β1 protein expression according to immunohistochemistry staining also supported the anti-arthritis activities of TIG and TC (TNF-α: TIG p < 0.01 and TC p < 0.05, TGF-β1: TIG p < 0.01 and TC p>0.05).

CONCLUSION

In the current study, fractionation of gardenia prior to further in vivo investigation has for the first time provided reasonable explanation for the anti-inflammatory activity of this herbal remedy. Our study showed that both TIG and TC from gardenia have anti-inflammatory properties. Overall, these experimental findings suggest that gardenia could be regarded as a potential therapeutic target for arthritis. However, as geniposide has a higher content than crocins in this herbal drug, TIG (mainly geniposide) seems to be primarily responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties of gardenia. Taken together, this maiden attempt demonstrated that TIG (mainly geniposide) is more important in evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of G. jasminoides Ellis.

The acute anti-inflammatory action of xylopic acid isolated from Xylopia aethiopica

Background Our earlier studies had given evidence of the traditional application of Xylopia aethiopica in the management of inflammation. The principal constituent obtained from its bio-fractionation is xylopic acid. It is a crystalline diterpene that belongs to the class of kauranes. This work sets out to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of the xylopic acid isolated from the dried fruit of X. aethiopica. Methods A preliminary anti-inflammatory study, using the protein denaturation model, and in vivo anti-inflammatory assay were employed in the investigation of acute inflammation. The modulation of the effect of the pro-inflammatory markers histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, and prostaglandin E2 by xylopic acid was investigated by in vivo mice paw oedema models. Results Xylopic acid showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of albumen denaturation with an IC50 of 15.55 μg mL-1. Xylopic acid (10, 30, 100 mg kg-1) inhibited the maximal oedema and the average paw thickness (oedema) over the period of each study considerably for all phlogistic agents employed (i.e. carrageenan, histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, and prostaglandin E2) in the inflammation induction for both prophylactic and therapeutic protocols. Conclusion This study establishes that xylopic acid has anti-inflammatory action in acute inflammation.

Anti-rheumatoid arthritis effects in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats and molecular docking studies of Polygonum orientale L. extracts

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Polygonum orientale L. (family: Polygonaceae), named Hongcao in China, has effects of dispelling wind and dampness, promoting blood circulation, and relieving pain. Our group has already studied and confirmed that POEa and POEe (ethyl acetate and ethyl ether extract of P. orientale, respectively) had anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in early research, which was mainly relevant to the existence of flavonoids. According to the clinical application of P. orientale in traditional Chinese medicine, it has long been used for rheumatic arthralgia and rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, our group further explored whether flavonoids of P. orientale have anti-rheumatoid arthritis effect and how does they play this role.

METHODS

Dried small pieces of the stems and leaves of P. orientale were decocted with water and partitioned successively to obtain POEa and POEe, respectively. The anti-rheumatoid arthritis effect of P. orientale was studied by using a Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis (AIA) in a rat model. The levels of PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-1β in serum of AIA rats were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to explore its mechanisms. In addition, we computationally studied the relationships between the 15 chemical components of POEa and POEe, and the currently focused 9 target proteins of rheumatoid arthritis by molecular docking.

RESULTS

Pharmacological experiments showed that POEa and POEe significantly ameliorate symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis via reducing paw swelling volume, arthritis score, and thymus and spleen indices, as well as increasing body weight in AIA rats. Simultaneously, the concentrations of PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-1β were significantly decreased by POEa and POEe. Histopathology revealed noticeable reduction in bone and cartilage, synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, cartilage surface erosion, and joint degeneration by POEa and POEe treatment. In addition, the molecular docking studies showed that docking scores of 14 chemical compositions (including 12 flavonoids and 2 phenolic acids) of POEa and POEe with anti-rheumatoid arthritis protein targets were better than the complexed ligands of the anti-rheumatoid arthritis protein targets. Among them, six flavonoids in POEa and POEe had more docking protein targets (n ≥ 3). Five anti-rheumatoid arthritis targets including high-temperature requirement A1 protease (HtrA1), janus kinase 1 (JAK1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) had better docking score compared with the complexed ligands. Moreover, most of the chemical components in POEa and POEe showed strong interaction with HtrA1.

CONCLUSIONS

The flavonoids of P. orientale have anti-rheumatoid arthritis effect. In addition, the molecular docking results indicate that quercetin, catechol, orientin, and other six flavonoids may be closely related to HtrA1, JAK1, COX-2, i-NOS, and PGE2 protein target receptors. It suggests that these chemical compositions form strong protein-ligand complexes with these protein targets, especially HtrA1 to exert anti-rheumatoid arthritis. Further experimental studies show that mechanisms of anti-rheumatoid arthritis effects may also be relevant to inhibit the levels of PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-1β in serum. Therefore, our group can further explore the possible active ingredients and mechanisms of the anti-rheumatoid arthritis effects of flavonoids, and focus on the inhibition of the expression of inflammatory factors and the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway associated with HtrA1 protein target receptors, which can provide a direction and powerful reference for the action mechanism and drug research of anti-rheumatoid arthritis of flavonoids in P. orientale.

Paeoniflorin inhibits Rho kinase activation in joint synovial tissues of rats with collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis

Paeoniflorin (PF) has many effects, such as anti-inflammation, immune-regulation, abirritation, and so on. However, the protective mechanisms of PF on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was not completely known. Thus, we explored deeply the protective mechanisms in a collagen-induced RA (CIA) rat model. CIA was induced in rats by intradermal injection of bovine type II collagen in complete Freund's adjuvant. Later, the CIA rats received oral administration of PF (50 and 100 mg/kg) once a day from the day 21, with the treatment lasting for 14 days. A variety of indicators were measured for evaluation of anti-rheumatism effect, including paw swelling, arthritis scores, and histopathological changes. And the contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the serum, as well as p-NF-κB p65 and p-MYPT1 in the joint synovial tissues were detected to explore the possible mechanisms. The results demonstrated that PF treatment significantly ameliorated the symptoms in CIA rats, reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and paw swelling, down-regulated the expressions of p-NF-κB p65 and p-MYPT1. The present results revealed that PF could effectively improve collagen-induced RA in rats by inhibiting Rho kinase activation in the joint synovial tissues, in turn down-regulating expression of p-NF-κB p65 and reducing contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, PF may be an effective agent for RA.

Small Peptides Compound Isolated from Agkistrodon with Antiarthritic Effect in Collagen-Induced Arthritis Rats

Agkistrodon in Chinese medicine has long been used as an effective treatment against rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The present research further investigated the effects of peptides extracted from the crude Agkistrodon on the RA rat model. Extracted peptides were separated by parameter-optimized ion-exchange chromatography (IEC), peptide fractions were further analysed by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, and nano-LC-MS/MS acquired mass spectra were further characterized using Mascot software, which ranks the best matches in the NCBI database. RT-PCR results in RAW264.7 cells indicated that Agkistrodon peptide components had inhibitory effects against inflammatory cytokines. The therapeutic efficacy of Agkistrodon peptides was evaluated on the Wistar rats with collagen-induced arthritis. Symptom relief and reduced cartilage destruction and bone erosion were observed, which can be explained by the direct suppression of inflammatory cytokines in the joints. Agkistrodon peptides downregulate the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, which may alleviate cartilage destruction and bone erosion, thus relieving symptoms of RA.

A network pharmacology approach to determine the synergetic mechanisms of herb couple for treating rheumatic arthritis

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic mechanism(s) of Clematis chinensis Osbeck/Notopterygium incisum K.C. Ting ex H.T (CN).

Methods

A network pharmacology approach integrating prediction of ingredients, target exploration, network construction, module partition and pathway analysis was used.

Results

This approach successfully helped to identify 12 active ingredients of CN, interacting with 13 key targets (Akt1, STAT3, TNFsf13, TP53, EPHB2, IL-10, IL-6, TNF, MAPK8, IL-8, RELA, ROS1 and STAT4). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis indicated that CN-regulated pathways were mainly classified into signal transduction and immune system.

Conclusion

The present work may help to illustrate the mechanism(s) of action of CN, and it may provide a better understanding of antirheumatic effects.

Antiinflammatory properties of betulinic acid and xylopic acid in the carrageenan-induced pleurisy model of lung inflammation in mice

This study investigated the antiinflammatory properties of betulinic acid (BA) and xylopic acid (XA) extracted from Margaritaria discoidea and Xylopia aethiopica, respectively. M. discoidea and X. aethiopica are plants native in Ghana and the West-African region and used traditionally to treat different pathologies including inflammatory conditions. The antiinflammatory effect of BA and XA was established by an in vivo assay using the carrageenan-induced pleural inflammation model in mice. Also, the ability of BA and XA to increase catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione levels and decrease lipid peroxidation level in reactive oxidative assays was assessed. In addition, the ability of XA and BA to prevent potential lung tissue damage was quantified. Pretreatment with BA and XA reduced significantly, signs of inflammation: neutrophil infiltration, oedema, and alveoli septal thickening in carrageenan-treated lung tissue. Additionally, BA or XA pretreatment lowered the degree of lipid peroxidation in the lung tissue while increasing the levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione in vivo. Comparatively, XA was more efficacious than BA in the prevention of lung tissue damage. BA and XA derived from X. aethiopica and M. discoidea possess antiinflammatory and in vivo antioxidant activities in mice pleurisy model. The effect of these compounds gives credence to the traditional use in the management of inflammatory conditions of the airway.

Anti-rheumatoid arthritis effects of traditional Chinese herb couple in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Clematis chinensis Osbeck / Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H, T-Chang (CN) is a traditional Chinese herb couple with prominent efficacy. The herb couple has been commonly used for clinical treatment of arthralgia syndrome ("Bi Zheng" in Chinese) for centuries in China, including rheumatic arthritis, osteoarthritis and gout in modern medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the anti-arthritic effect of CN herb couple in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rats were divided randomly into six groups with eight each. Adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model was established by intradermal injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Rats were treated orally with different dosages of CN (0.7g/kg, 2.1g/kg, 6.3g/kg) from day 16 till day 40. Ibuprofen (50.4mg/kg) served as a positive control. Spontaneous activity, body weight, paw swelling, and arthritis index (AI) were monitored throughout drug treatment. Then serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. In addition, histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the severity of arthritis.

RESULTS

Three dosage of CN significantly ameliorated symptoms of RA via increasing body weight as well as reducing paw swelling (at dose of 6.3g/kg, p<0.01) in AIA rats. An extremely significant reduction of AI (p<0.001) was also observed with treatment of CN (6.3g/kg) compared with model group. In parallel, treatment of CN significantly down-regulated levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and VEGF both in serum (p<0.01) and in joint synovial compared with model rats. And histopathology revealed noticeable reduction in synovial hyperplasia, cartilage damage, and inflammatory infiltration by CN treatment, especially at dose of 6.3g/kg.

CONCLUSIONS

To conclude, all results suggest that CN possesses evident anti-arthritic effects in AIA rats.

The therapeutic effects of Periploca forrestii Schltr. Stem extracts on collagen-induced arthritis by inhibiting the activation of Src/NF-κB signaling pathway in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Periploca forrestii Schltr. is a classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) called Heilonggu (HLG) in China. According to the theory of TCM, it possesses the efficacy of eliminating wind and removing dampness. In clinical practice, it is commonly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The present work aimed to evaluate the anti-rheumatism activity of HLG ethanol extract and reveal the underlying molecular mechanism by employing an animal model of collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis (CIA) in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The CIA was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intradermal injection of bovine collagen-II in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) at the base of tail. The rats received oral administration of HLG (200 and 400mg/kg) from day 1, with the treatment lasting for 28 days. A variety of indicators were measured for evaluation of anti-rheumatism effect, including paw swelling, arthritis scores, and histopathological changes. Furthermore, the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor NF-κB p65 and Src kinase in joint synovial tissues were detected to explore the possible mechanisms.

RESULTS

The administration of HLG significantly restored type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats as evidenced by decrease in paw swelling and inflammatory factors in serum. Meanwhile, this treatment also notably reduced NF-κB p65 and COX-2 expression. Surprisingly, the activity of Src kinase was also inhibited demonstrated by downregulation of phosphorylated Src.

CONCLUSION

Our results revealed that HLG possessed observable therapeutic action on collagen-induced arthritis by inhibiting the activation of Src and nuclear translocation of NF-κB in rats. HLG may serve as a potential candidate for the management of patients with RA.

Anti-arthritic Effects of Total Flavonoids from Juniperus sabina on Complete Freund's Adjuvant Induced Arthritis in Rats

Context:

Twigs and leaves of Juniperus sabina L. have been traditionally used as the medicinal herb in China for the treatment of many ailments including rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Aims:

To confirm the therapeutic effect of total flavonoids from J. sabina (JSTF) on RA-induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) in rats.

Settings and Design:

Wistar rats (200 ± 20 g) were immunized by intradermal injection of 0.1 mL of CFA into the right hind metatarsal footpad. JSTF was administered orally at the dose of 125,250 and 500 mg/kg on 14 days after the induction of adjuvant arthritis. Tripterygium glycoside (20 mg/kg) was used as a positive control. Paw swelling, arthritic score, body weight loss, serum cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and histological change were measured.

Results:

We found that JSTF could ameliorate paw swelling of CFA rats, and significantly inhibit arthritic score (P < 0.05). The overproduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1beta were remarkably suppressed in the serum of JSTF (125,500 mg/kg) treated rats (P < 0.05). Histopathological studies also showed a marked decrease of synovial inflammatory infiltration and synovial lining hyperplasia in the joints of JSTF-treated animals. Six flavonoids were isolated and from JSTF by various chromatographic methods and identified as follows: Catechin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, isoscutellarein 7-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, isoscutellarein 7-O-β-D-xylopyranose-(1 → 3)-α-L-rhamnoside, and rutin.

Conclusions:

These results suggest the potential therapeutically effect of JSTF as an anti-arthritis agent toward CFA-induced arthritis in rats, and verified therapeutic applications of J. sabina on RA in folk medicine.

SUMMARY

Twigs and leaves of Juniperus sabina L. have been traditionally used as the medicinal herb in China for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

JSTF could ameliorate paw swelling of CFA rats, and significantly inhibit arthritic score

Histopathological studies showed a marked decrease of synovial inflammatory infiltration and synovial lining hyperplasia in the joints of JSTF-treated animals

Six flavonoids were isolated and from JSTF including: Catechin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, isoscutellarein 7-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, isoscutellarein 7-O-β-D-xylopyranose-(1 → 3)-α-L- rhamnoside, and rutin.

Abbreviations used: JSTF: Total flavonoids from Juniperus sabina; CFA: Complete Freund's Adjuvant; TG: Tripterygium glycoside; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-1β: Interleukin 1beta; IL-6: Interleukin 6; H and E: Hematoxylin and eosin.

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the New Ganghwaljetongyeum on Adjuvant-Induced Inflammatory Arthritis in Rats

Ganghwaljetongyeum (GHJTY) has been used as a standard treatment for arthritis for approximately 15 years at the Korean Medicine Hospital of Dongshin University. GHJTY is composed of 18 medicinal herbs, of which five primary herbs were selected and named new Ganghwaljetongyeum (N-GHJTY). The purpose of the present study was to observe the effect of N-GHJTY on arthritis and to determine its mechanism of action. After confirming arthritis induction using complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in rats, N-GHJTY (62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg/day) was administered once a day for 10 days. In order to determine pathological changes, edema of the paws and weight were measured before and for 10 days after N-GHJTY administration. Cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) levels and histopathological lesions in the knee joint were also examined. Edema in the paw and knee joint of N-GHJTY-treated rats was significantly decreased at 6, 8, and 10 days after administration, compared to that in the CFA-control group, while weight consistently increased. Rats in N-GHJTY-treated groups also recovered from the CFA-induced pathological changes and showed a significant decline in cytokine levels. Taken together, our results showed that N-GHJTY administration was effective in inhibiting CFA-induced arthritis via anti-inflammatory effects while promoting cartilage recovery by controlling cytokine levels.