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Kang MJ, Kim MJ, Kim A, Koo TS, Lee KR, Chae YJ. Pharmacokinetic interactions of niclosamide in rats: Involvement of organic anion transporters 1 and 3 and organic cation transporter 2. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 390:110886. [PMID: 38280639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Niclosamide is an anthelmintic drug with a long history of use and is generally safe and well tolerated in humans. As the conventional dose of niclosamide results in a low but certain level in systemic circulation, drug interactions with concomitant drugs should be considered. We aimed to investigate the interaction between niclosamide and drug transporters, as such information is currently limited. Niclosamide inhibited the transport activity of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OAT1, OAT3, and OCT2 in vitro. Among them, the inhibitory effects on OAT1, OAT3, and OCT2 were strong, with IC50 values of less than 1 μM. When 3 mg/kg of niclosamide was co-administered to rats, systemic exposure to furosemide (a substrate of OAT1/3) and metformin (a substrate of OCT2) increased, and the renal clearance (CLr) of the drugs significantly decreased. These results suggest that niclosamide inhibits renal transporters, OAT1/3 and OCT2, not only in vitro but also in vivo, resulting in increased systemic exposure to the substrates of the transporters by strongly blocking the urinary elimination pathway in rats. The findings of this study will support a meticulous understanding of the transporter-mediated drug interactions of niclosamide and consequently aid in effective and safe use of niclosamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju, 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeran Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju, 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Koo
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ryoon Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon-Jee Chae
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju, 55338, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Wanju, 55338, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Bi Y, Xing Y, Gui C, Tian Y, Zhang M, Yao Y, Hu G, Han L, He F, Zhang Y. Potential Involvement of Organic Anion Transporters in Drug Interactions with Shuganning Injection, a Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:940-951. [PMID: 37236232 DOI: 10.1055/a-2085-2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine injections have been widely used in China for the treatment of various diseases. Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions are a major contributor to adverse drug reactions. However, the research on transporter-mediated Traditional Chinese medicine injection-drug interactions is limited. Shuganning injection is a widely used Traditional Chinese medicine injection for treating various liver diseases. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of Shuganning injection and its four main ingredients (baicalin, geniposide, chlorogenic acid, and oroxylin A) on 9 drug transporters. Shuganning injection strongly inhibited organic anion transporter 1 and organic anion transporter 3 with IC50 values < 0.1% (v/v), and moderately inhibited organic anion transporter 2, organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B1, and organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B3 with IC50 values < 1.0%. Baicalin, the most abundant bioactive ingredient in the Shuganning injection, was identified as both an inhibitor and substrate of organic anion transporter 1, organic anion transporter 3, and organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B3. Oroxylin A had the potential to act as both an inhibitor and substrate of organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B1 and organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B3. In contrast, geniposide and chlorogenic acid had no significant inhibitory effect on drug transporters. Notably, Shuganning injection markedly altered the pharmacokinetics of furosemide and atorvastatin in rats. Using Shuganning injection as an example, our findings support the implementation of transporter-mediated Traditional Chinese medicine injection-drug interactions in the development of Traditional Chinese medicine injection standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yanchao Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yiqing Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhe Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yao Yao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Ge Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Feng He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Youcai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
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Chen Y, Li H, Wang K, Wang Y. Recent Advances in Synthetic Drugs and Natural Actives Interacting with OAT3. Molecules 2023; 28:4740. [PMID: 37375294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) is predominantly expressed in the kidney and plays a vital role in drug clearance. Consequently, co-ingestion of two OAT3 substrates may alter the pharmacokinetics of the substrate. This review summarizes drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and herbal-drug interactions (HDIs) mediated by OAT3, and inhibitors of OAT3 in natural active compounds in the past decade. This provides a valuable reference for the combined use of substrate drugs/herbs for OAT3 in clinical practice in the future and for the screening of OAT3 inhibitors to avoid harmful interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Rizhao Huawei Institute of Comprehensive Health Industries, Shandong Keepfit Biotech. Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276800, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Rizhao Huawei Institute of Comprehensive Health Industries, Shandong Keepfit Biotech. Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276800, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Rizhao Huawei Institute of Comprehensive Health Industries, Shandong Keepfit Biotech. Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276800, China
| | - Yousheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Rizhao Huawei Institute of Comprehensive Health Industries, Shandong Keepfit Biotech. Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276800, China
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Li Y, Zhang J, Zhang C, Dang W, Xue L, Liu H, Cheng H, Yan X. Facile and selective separation of anthraquinones by alizarin-modified iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1702:464088. [PMID: 37230053 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinones are widely distributed in higher plants and possess broad biological activities. The conventional separation procedures for isolating anthraquinones from the plant crude extracts require multiple extraction, concentration, and column chromatography steps. In this study, we synthesized three alizarin (AZ)-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4@AZ, Fe3O4@SiO2-AZ, and Fe3O4@SiO2-PEI-AZ) by thermal solubilization method. Fe3O4@SiO2-PEI-AZ showed strong magnetic responsiveness, high methanol/water dispersion, good recyclability, and high loading capacity for anthraquinones. To evaluate the feasibility of using Fe3O4@SiO2-PEI-AZ for separating various aromatic compounds, we employed molecular dynamics simulations to predict the adsorption/desorption effects of PEI-AZ for various aromatic compounds in different methanol concentrations. The results showed that the anthraquinones could be efficiently separated from the monocyclic and bicyclic aromatic compounds by adjusting the methanol/water ratio. The Fe3O4@SiO2-PEI-AZ nanoparticles were then used to separate the anthraquinones from the rhubarb extract. At 5% methanol, all the anthraquinones were adsorbed by the nanoparticles, thus allowing their separation from other components in the crude extract. Compared with the conventional separation methods, this adsorption method has the advantages of high adsorption specificity, simple operation, and solvent saving. This method sheds light on the future application of functionalized Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles to selectively separate desired components from complex plant and microbial crude extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chengyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Weifan Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Huiying Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Nie J, Zhou J, Shen Y, Lin R, Hu H, Zeng K, Bi H, Huang M, Yu L, Zeng S, Miao J. Studies on the interaction of five triazole fungicides with human renal transporters in cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 88:105555. [PMID: 36669674 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of triazole fungicides in agricultural production poses a potential risk to human health. This study investigates the interaction of five triazole fungicides, i.e., tebuconazole, triticonazole, hexaconazole, penconazole, and uniconazole with human renal transporters, including OAT1, OAT3, OCT2, OCTN1, OCTN2, MATE1, MATE2-K, MRP2, MDR1, and BCRP, using transgenic cell models. For uptake transporters, triticonazole was the substrate of OAT1 and OAT3 and the inhibitor of OCT2. Tebuconazole and penconazole inhibited OCTN2 (100 μM), while tebuconazole, triticonazole, hexaconazole, penconazole, and uniconazole inhibited MATE1 (100 μM). Tebuconazole and hexaconazole inhibited MATE2-K (100 μM). All five triazole fungicides were not substrates or strong inhibitors of MRP2, MDR1, and BCRP efflux transporters. Penconazole inhibited OCT2 with IC50 = 1.12 μM. Penconazole and uniconazole inhibited MATE1 with IC50 = 0.94 μM and 0.87 μM. Tebuconazole and hexaconazole inhibited MATE2-K with IC50 = 0.96 μM and 1.04 μM, indicating that triazole fungicides may inhibit renal drug transporter activity at low concentrations. Triticonazole was transported by OAT1 and OAT3, and the Km values of triticonazole were 5.81 ± 1.75 and 47.35 ± 14.27, respectively. Tebuconazole and uniconazole were transported by OAT3, and the Km values of tebuconazole and uniconazole were 30.28 ± 7.18 and 87.61 ± 31.70, respectively, which may induce nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nie
- Department of Pharmacy, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, China; Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jiabei Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ruimiao Lin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Haihong Hu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Kui Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Min Huang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Lushan Yu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Jing Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, China; Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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6
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Oyeyinka BO, Afolayan AJ. Suitability of Banana and Plantain Fruits in Modulating Neurodegenerative Diseases: Implicating the In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence from Neuroactive Narratives of Constituent Biomolecules. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152263. [PMID: 35954031 PMCID: PMC9367880 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Active principles in plant-based foods, especially staple fruits, such as bananas and plantains, possess inter-related anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antioxidative, and neuromodulatory activities. Neurodegenerative diseases affect the functionality of the central and peripheral nervous system, with attendant cognitive deficits being hallmarks of these conditions. The dietary constitution of a wide range of bioactive compounds identified in this review further iterates the significance of the banana and plantain in compromising, halting, or preventing the pathological mechanisms of neurological disorders. The neuroprotective mechanisms of these biomolecules have been identified by using protein expression regulation and specific gene/pathway targeting, such as the nuclear and tumor necrosis factors, extracellular signal-regulated and mitogen-activated protein kinases, activator protein-1, and the glial fibrillary acidic protein. This review establishes the potential double-edged neuro-pharmacological fingerprints of banana and plantain fruits in their traditionally consumed pulp and less utilized peel component for human nutrition.
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Maideen NMP, Balasubramanian R, Muthusamy S. A Comprehensive Review of the Pharmacologic Perspective on Loop Diuretic Drug Interactions with Therapeutically Used Drugs. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:188-199. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220401092112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Loop diuretics help to manage the patients with edema associated with congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and renal disease and hypertension. The patients taking loop diuretics may receive other medications to treat comorbidities leading to drug interactions.
Methodology:
The literature was searched in databases such as Medline/PMC/PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, EMBASE, Web of science, Ebsco, Directory of open access journals (DOAJ) and reference lists to spot relevant articles using the keywords Drug interactions, Pharmacodynamic interactions, Loop diuretics, Bumetanide, Ethacrynic acid, Furosemide, and Torsemide.
Results:
Loop diuretics are associated with hypokalemia, ototoxicity and other adverse effects. The drugs affected by hypokalemia, and having the potential of inducing ototoxicity could interact with loop diuretics pharmacodynamically. Loop diuretics can interact with drugs such as amphotericin B, digoxin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), antidiabetic drugs, antifungal agents, dobutamine, gossypoland sotalol due to diuretic associated hypokalemia. In addition, the risk of ototoxicity could be enhanced by the concomitant use of loop diuretics and cisplatin, aminoglycoside antibiotics or phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE 5) inhibitors. Loop diuretics may also interact pharmacodynamically with drugs like cephalosporins, ceritinib, levothyroxine, pixantrone, probenecid, lithium, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), sulfonylureas and herbal drugs.
Conclusion:
Clinicians, pharmacists and other health care providers should take responsibility for the safe use of medications. In addition, they are required to be aware of the drugs interacting with loop diuretics, to prevent adverse drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajkapoor Balasubramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, J.K.K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Komarapalayam- 638 183, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sudha Muthusamy
- Department of Pharmacology, J.K.K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Komarapalayam- 638 183, Tamilnadu, India
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Wang J, Yuan W, Shen Q, Wu Q, Jiang Z, Wu W, Zhang L, Huang X. The key role of organic anion transporter 3 in the drug-drug interaction between tranilast and methotrexate. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e22983. [PMID: 35019195 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tranilast, N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl)-anthranilic acid, is an anti-allergic drug and is considered for use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Methotrexate, an antimetabolite and folate antagonist to treat some cancers, is also a first-line drug for RA. The aim of this study was to understand whether tranilast could inhibit renal uptake transporters (Oat1, Oat3, and Oct2) and whether MTX combined with TL would have drug-drug interactions. The results of kidney slices and HEK293T-OAT3 cell uptake experiments showed that TL (10 μM) could inhibit the uptake of penicillin G and MTX, which are substrates of OAT3. When TL (10 mg/kg) was combined with MTX (5 mg/kg), the area under the curve and peak concentration of MTX increased by 46.46% and 113.51%, respectively, while the pharmacokinetic process of tranilast (10 mg/kg) was not changed by methotrexate (5 mg/kg). TL could increase plasma exposure of MTX by inhibiting Oat3 in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.,New Drug Screening Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wenjing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.,New Drug Screening Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Qingqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Qipeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.,New Drug Screening Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.,New Drug Screening Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.,New Drug Screening Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Center for Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.,New Drug Screening Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
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Inhibiting uptake activity of organic anion transporter 2 by bile acids. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 43:100448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Guo Z, Liu M, Meng J, Xue Y, Huang Q, Zheng Y, Wu Y, Chen Z, Yu J, Zhong D, Li G, Chen X, Diao X. Mechanistic study on the species differences in excretion pathway of HR011303 in human and rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:809-818. [PMID: 34862251 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excretion of [14C]HR011303-derived radioactivity showed significant species difference. Urine (81.50% of dose) was the main excretion route in healthy male subjects, whereas feces (87.16% of dose) was the main excretion route in rats. To further elucidate the underlying cause for excretion species differences of HR011303, studies were conducted to uncover its metabolism and excretion mechanism. M5, a glucuronide metabolite of HR011303, is the main metabolite in humans and rats. Results of rat microsomes incubation study suggested that HR011303 was metabolized to M5 in the rat liver. According to previous studies, M5 is produced in both human liver and kidney microsomes. We found M5 in human liver can be transported to the blood by multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 3 and then the majority of M5 can be hydrolyzed to HR011303. HR011303 enters the human kidney or liver through passive diffusion, whereas M5 is taken up through organic anion transporter (OAT) 3, organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, and OATP1B3. When HR011303 alone was present, it can be metabolized to M5 in both sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRH) and sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) and excreted into bile as M5 in SCRH. Using transporter inhibitors in sandwich-cultured model and membrane vesicles that expressing MRP2 or Mrp2, we found M5 was substance of MRP2/Mrp2 and the bile efflux of M5 mainly mediated by MRP2/Mrp2. Considering the significant role of MRP3/Mrp3 and MRP2/Mrp2 in the excretion of glucuronides, the competition between them for M5 was possibly the determinant for the different excretion routes in humans and rats. Significance Statement Animal experiments are necessary to predict dosage and safety of candidate drugs prior to clinical trials. However, extrapolation results often differ from actual situation. For HR011303, excretory pathways exhibited a complete reversal, through urine in humans and feces in rats. Such phenomena have been observed in several drugs, but no in-depth studies have been conducted to date. In the present study, the excretion species differences of HR011303 can be explained by the competition for M5 between MRP2/Mrp2 and MRP3/Mrp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitao Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, China
| | - Mengling Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jian Meng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yaru Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co. Ltd., China
| | - Yuandong Zheng
- DMPK, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yali Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zhendong Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinet, China
| | - Guangze Li
- Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co. Ltd., China
| | | | - Xingxing Diao
- DMPK, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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11
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Folium Sennae Increased the Bioavailability of Methotrexate through Modulation on MRP 2 and BCRP. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101036. [PMID: 34681260 PMCID: PMC8537691 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Folium Sennae (FS), a popular laxative (Senna), contains polyphenolic anthranoids, whose conjugation metabolites are probable modulators of multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). We suspected that the combined use of FS might alter the pharmacokinetics of various medicines transported by MRPs or BCRP. This study investigated the effect of FS on the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate (MTX), an anticancer drug and a probe substrate of MRPs/BCRP. Rats were orally administered MTX alone and with two dosage regimens of FS in a parallel design. The results show that 5.0 g/kg of FS significantly increased the AUC0–2880, AUC720–2880 and MRT of MTX by 45%, 102% and 42%, and the seventh dose of 2.5 g/kg of FS significantly enhanced the AUC720–2880 and MRT by 78% and 42%, respectively. Mechanism studies indicated that the metabolites of FS (FSM) inhibited MRP 2 and BCRP. In conclusion, the combined use of FS increased the systemic exposure and MRT of MTX through inhibition on MRP 2 and BCRP.
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Ma L, Shen Z, Hu H, Zhou H, Yu L, Jiang H, Zeng S. Effects of rhein and Rheum palmatum L. extract on the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of aristolochic acid I and its demethylated metabolite in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113537. [PMID: 33137430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) is a kidney disease caused by the administration of plants containing aristolochic acids (AAs). Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is the main toxic component in AAs. Organic anion transporters (OATs) 1 and 3 mediate the renal uptake of AAI, which is related to AAN. In our previous study, we found that anthraquinones derived from the herbal medicine Rheum palmatum L. (RP) inhibited both OAT1 and OAT3, with rhein exhibiting the greatest potency among the components. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the effects of rhein and RP extract on the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of AAI and its demethylated metabolite (8-hydroxy-aristolochic acid I [AAIa]) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rhein and RP extract were used as OAT inhibitors, and AAI was used as the toxic substrate. The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of AAI and AAIa in rats following the intravenous injection of AAI (10 mg/kg) in the presence and absence of rhein (100 mg/kg) or RP extract (5 g crude drug/kg) were investigated. RESULTS Co-administration with rhein increased AUC0-∞ of AAI and AAIa by 39 and 44%, respectively. However, the renal level of AAI was decreased to 50, 42, and 58% of those in rats treated with AAI alone at 5, 10, and 20 min after treatment, respectively, and the renal level of AAIa was decreased to 58, 57, and 61% of the level in rats treated with AAI alone, respectively, at these time points. In the RP extract co-administration group, AAI and AAIa plasma exposure was not significantly increased, but renal accumulation of AAI was decreased to 63, 58, and 68% of that in rats treated with AAI alone at 5, 10, and 20 min after treatment, respectively. In addition, renal accumulation of AAIa was decreased to 74, 70, and 70% of that in rats treated with AAI alone at 5, 10, and 20 min after treatment, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that co-administration with rhein significantly increased the plasma exposure of AAI and AAIa while decreased their renal accumulation in rats. RP extract reduced the renal accumulation of AAI and AAIa, but have no significant effect on their plasma exposure levels in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhuowei Shen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haihong Hu
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lushan Yu
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Talap J, Shen Z, Nie J, Pan J, Xu M, Zeng K, He K, Ou F, He H, Yao J, Wang R, Yu L, Zeng S. The characterisation of the in vitro metabolism and transport of 6-hydroxykynurenic acid, an important constituent of Ginkgo biloba extracts. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:513-521. [PMID: 33512253 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1881654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
6-Hydroxykynurenic acid (6-HKA) is a nitrogen-containing phenolic acid compound in Ginkgo biloba leaves. The pharmacological activities of 6-HKA have been reported and shown that 6-HKA has the potential to become a therapeutic drug and may play an important role in the treatment of nervous system diseases. However, there are few studies on the drug metabolism and transport of 6-HKA. The aim of this study is to investigate the in vitro metabolism of 6-HKA and its interaction with multiple important drug transporters.The in vitro metabolism experiments in the present study demonstrate that 6-HKA might not undergo phase-I or phase-II metabolism in hepatic microsomes/S9 of rats. In addition, some drug transporters, including OAT1/3, OCT2, MDR1, OATP1B1, MATE1/2K and OCTN2, were investigated. The cellular uptake assays indicate that 6-HKA exhibits inhibition to the transport of classical substrates mediated by OAT3, OCT2, MATE2K and OCTN2 but has no significant effect on the transport of substrates mediated by MDR1, OAT1, OATP1B1 or MATE1. Further investigation of cellular accumulation assays shows that 6-HKA might be the substrate of OAT3, but not OCT2 or OCTN2. The bidirectional transport study suggests that 6-HKA is not a substrate of MDR1.The information about the in vitro metabolism of 6-HKA and the interaction between 6-HKA and some transporters will help us to better understand the pharmacokinetic properties of 6-HKA and provide reference for its pharmacodynamics, DDIs and drug-food interactions studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadera Talap
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhuowei Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Nie
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jie Pan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Mingcheng Xu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Kui Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Kaifeng He
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Fengting Ou
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Pharmaceutical Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Houhong He
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Pharmaceutical Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianbiao Yao
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Pharmaceutical Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ruwei Wang
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Pharmaceutical Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Lushan Yu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
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Effects of Rhein on Bile Acid Homeostasis in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8827955. [PMID: 33274227 PMCID: PMC7679202 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8827955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Rhein, the active ingredient of rhubarb, a medicinal and edible plant, is widely used in clinical practice. However, the effects of repeated intake of rhein on liver function and bile acid metabolism are rarely reported. In this work, we investigated the alterations of 14 bile acids and hepatic transporters after rats were administered with rhein for 5 weeks. There was no obvious injury to the liver and kidney, and there were no significant changes in biochemical indicators. However, 1,000 mg/kg rhein increased the liver total bile acid (TBA) levels, especially taurine-conjugated bile acids (t-CBAs), inhibited the expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), small heterodimer partner (SHP), and bile salt export pump (BSEP) mRNA, and upregulated the expression of (cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase) CYP7A1 mRNA. Rhein close to the clinical dose (10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg) reduced the amounts of TBAs, especially unconjugated bile acids (UCBAs), and elevated the expression of FXR and multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (Mrp3) mRNA. These results denote that rhein is relatively safe to use at a reasonable dose and timing. 30 mg/kg rhein may promote bile acid transport and reduce bile acid accumulation by upregulating the expression of FXR mRNA and Mrp3 mRNA, potentially resulting in the decrease in serum UBCAs.
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Shen QQ, Wang JJ, Roy D, Sun LX, Jiang ZZ, Zhang LY, Huang X. Organic anion transporter 1 and 3 contribute to traditional Chinese medicine-induced nephrotoxicity. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:196-205. [PMID: 32245589 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)30021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With the internationally growing popularity of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), TCM-induced nephropathy has attracted public attention. Minimizing this toxicity is an important issue for future research. Typical nephrotoxic TCM drugs such as Aristolochic acid, Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f, Rheum officinale Baill, and cinnabar mainly damage renal proximal tubules or cause interstitial nephritis. Transporters in renal proximal tubule are believed to be critical in the disposition of xenobiotics. In this review, we provide information on the alteration of renal transporters by nephrotoxic TCMs, which may be helpful for understanding the nephrotoxic mechanism of TCMs and reducing adverse effects. Studies have proven that when administering nephrotoxic TCMs, the expression or function of renal transporters is altered, especially organic anion transporter 1 and 3. The alteration of these transporters may enhance the accumulation of toxic drugs or the dysfunction of endogenous toxins and subsequently sensitize the kidney to injury. Transporters-related drug combination and clinical biomarkers supervision to avoid the risk of future toxicity are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Debmalya Roy
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li-Xin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhen-Zhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lu-Yong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Center for Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Yaro P, Nie J, Xu M, Zeng K, He H, Yao J, Wang R, Zeng S. Influence of organic anion transporter 1/3 on the pharmacokinetics and renal excretion of ginkgolides and bilobalide. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 243:112098. [PMID: 31325605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The major terpene lactones of ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) include ginkgolide A, B, C and bilobalide are used for the protection of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Terpene lactones are orally bioavailable and predominantly eliminated via the renal pathway. However, information on the transporters involved in the pharmacokinetics (PK) and renal excretion of terpene lactones is limited. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this study is to assess the role of OAT1/3 which are important transporters in the human kidney in the PK and renal excretion ginkgolide A, B, C and bilobalide. MATERIALS AND METHODS Uptake of ginkgolide A, B, C and bilobalide in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells overexpressing OAT1 or OAT3, respectively were studied. To verify the result from in vitro cell models, the studies on PK, kidney accumulation and urinary excretion of ginkgolide A, B, C and bilobalide were carried out in rats. RESULTS The result showed that ginkgolide A, B, C and bilobalide are low-affinity substrates of OAT1/3. Following co-administration with probenecid, a typical inhibitor of OAT1/3, the rat plasma concentrations of ginkgolide A, B, C and bilobalide increased significantly. AUC showed a significant increase in the probenecid-treated rats compared to control rats (893.48 vs. 1123.85, 314.91 vs. 505.74, and 2724.97 vs. 3096.40 μg/L*h for ginkgolide A, B and bilobalide, respectively), while the clearance of these compounds significantly decreased. The accumulation of ginkgolide A, B and bilobalide in the kidney of the probenecid-treated rats was reduced by 1.8, 2.4, and 1.5-fold, respectively; further reducing the cumulative urinary recovery of these compounds. CONCLUSION The findings indicated that ginkgolide A, B and bilobalide are excreted via OAT1/3-mediated transport in the kidney and OAT1/3 inhibitor significantly influence the PK ginkgolides and bilobalide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Yaro
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingcheng Xu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kui Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Houhong He
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Pharmaceutical Technology, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jianbiao Yao
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Pharmaceutical Technology, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Ruwei Wang
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Pharmaceutical Technology, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Pan LY, Zeng K, Li L, Lou Y, Zeng S. The inhibition mechanism of the uptake of lamivudine via human organic anion transporter 1 by Stellera chamaejasme L. extracts. Chin J Nat Med 2019; 17:682-689. [PMID: 31526503 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stellera chamaejasme L. is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long history to treat stubborn skin ulcer, and it also has antiviral and antitumor effects. Neochamaejasmine B (NCB), Neochamaejasmine A (NCA) and Chamaechromone (CMC) are the major components in dried roots of Stellera chamaejasme L.. Our studies suggested that NCB, NCA and CMC are inhibitors of Organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1). OAT1 is encoded by solute carrier family 22 member 6 gene (SLC22A6) in humans and plays a critical role in the organic anion drug uptake and excretion in the kidney. Lamivudine is the typical substrate of OAT1 and is frequently used in combination with other antiviral drugs in clinical antiviral treatments. The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction and its mechanism between these bi-flavone components in Stellera chamaejasme L. and lamivudine via OAT1 both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the uptake studies in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells overexpressing OAT1 suggested that NCB inhibited the uptake of 6-CFL and lamivudine.Similar results were obtained for NCA and CMC. NCB was a noncompetitive and competitive inhibitor interaction with OAT1. IC50 values of NCB, NCA and CMC for inhibiting OAT1-mediated lamivudine transport were 2.46, 8.35 and 0.61 μmol·L-1, respectively. In vivo, the pharmacokinetic results of lamivudine in rats showed that the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) and maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) of lamivudine after co-administration is increased 2.94-fold and 1.87-fold, respectively, compared to lamivudine administration alone. The results of interactions between lamivudine and these bi-flavone components in Stellera chamaejasme L. extracts via OAT1 in vivo are consistent with studies in vitro. The inhibition of OAT1-mediated uptake of lamivudine by NCB, NCA and CMC is the possible mechanism for Stellera chamaejasme L. extracts improving the oral bioavailability of lamivudine in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Ying Pan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Laboratory of Natural Medicine, School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Kui Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Lou
- The First Affiliated hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Physcion and physcion 8-O-β-glucopyranoside: A review of their pharmacology, toxicities and pharmacokinetics. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 310:108722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chong YM, Kaur G, Tan ML. Andrographolide is neither a human organic anion transporter 1 (hOAT1) substrate nor inhibitor. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2019; 21:754-771. [PMID: 30606060 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1520704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Andrographolide, a major bioactive compound isolated from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees, was evaluated for its effects on the hOAT1 membrane transporter. Substrate determination and inhibition of hOAT1-mediated uptake transport assay was carried out using recombinant CHO-hOAT1 cells. The results showed that the uptake ratio of andrographolide was less than 2.0 at all concentrations tested, indicating that andrographolide is not a hOAT1 substrate. Andrographolide has no significant effects on the p-aminohippuric acid uptake and on the mRNA and protein expression of hOAT1. In conclusion, andrographolide may not pose a drug-herb interaction risk related to hOAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoong Min Chong
- a Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, NIBM , Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) , Pulau Pinang , Malaysia
| | - Gurjeet Kaur
- b Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM) , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Pulau Pinang , Malaysia
| | - Mei Lan Tan
- a Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, NIBM , Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) , Pulau Pinang , Malaysia
- c Advanced Medical and Dental Institute , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Pulau Pinang , Malaysia
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Unusual Flavones from Primula macrocalyx as Inhibitors of OAT1 and OAT3 and as Antifungal Agents against Candida rugosa. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9230. [PMID: 31239507 PMCID: PMC6592895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A bioactivity guided program exploring the interaction of phytochemicals in the entire plant Primula macrocalyx with the organic anion transporters (OAT1 and OAT3) and microorganisms led to the elucidation of ten known flavones (1–4, 6–10, 12) and two previously undescribed flavones (5, 11). The structures of the compounds were determined by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data, as well as by comparison with data from previous reports. Two known flavones (9, 12) are reported for the first time from the family Primulaceae. All compounds were evaluated for inhibition of OAT1 and OAT3. Six flavones (2, 3, 6–8, 12) showed potent inhibitory activity on OAT1, while seven flavones (2, 3, 6–9, 12) showed marked inhibitory activity on OAT3, with IC50 ≤ 10.0 µM. Antimicrobial activities of crude fractions against sixteen microorganisms were tested to give a target yeast strain Candida rugosa for further evaluation of MICs on the isolates. Three flavones (7, 8, 12) showed marked antifungal activity with MIC < 2.0 µM. To our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate these flavones as inhibitors of the OAT1 and OAT3, and as antifungal agents.
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Dual actions of norathyriol as a new candidate hypouricaemic agent: uricosuric effects and xanthine oxidase inhibition. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 853:371-380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Neuroprotective Effects of Anthraquinones from Rhubarb in Central Nervous System Diseases. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:3790728. [PMID: 31223328 PMCID: PMC6541978 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3790728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhubarb is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine; it has been used in China for thousands of years. Rhubarb anthraquinones are the major medicinal ingredients derived from rhubarb including emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, rhein, physcion, and danthron. These different anthraquinone derivatives alone or in combination play a therapeutic role in central nervous system diseases (CNSD), such as cerebral ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and others. We review the experimental studies on these six anthraquinones in the treatment of CNSD by consulting literature published in the last 20 years in PubMed and then give a future perspective on it. In the end of this paper some deficiencies related to these studies also have been pointed out.
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Li X, Qiao Y, Wang X, Ma R, Li T, Zhang Y, Borris RP. Dihydrophenanthrenes from Juncus effusus as Inhibitors of OAT1 and OAT3. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:832-839. [PMID: 30892891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion transporters 1 (OAT1) and 3 (OAT3) play important roles in the renal elimination of a range of substrate molecules. Little is known about natural products that can modulate OAT1 and OAT3 activities. The medullae of Juncus effusus is often used for the treatment of dysuria in traditional Chinese medicine. To study the interactions of phytochemicals in J. effusus with human OAT1 and OAT3, a bioactivity guided phytochemical investigation led to seven new phenanthrenoids along with nine known compounds, including eight phenanthrenoids and a benzophenone from the dichloromethane soluble fraction of a methanol extract of the medullae of J. effusus. The structures were established by physical data analysis, including high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 1D and 2D NMR. The compounds were evaluated for inhibition of OAT1 and OAT3 in vitro. Compounds 10 and 16 were inhibitors for OAT1, and compounds 1-3, 10, and 16 were inhibitors for OAT3 with IC50 values less than 5.0 μM. Dihydrophenanthrene 1 markedly altered the pharmacokinetic parameters of the diuretic drug furosemide, a known substrate of both OAT1 and OAT3, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Sciences Platform , Tianjin University , 92 Weijin Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Qiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Sciences Platform , Tianjin University , 92 Weijin Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Sciences Platform , Tianjin University , 92 Weijin Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruicong Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Sciences Platform , Tianjin University , 92 Weijin Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxiang Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , 88 Yuquan Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Youcai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Sciences Platform , Tianjin University , 92 Weijin Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Robert P Borris
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Sciences Platform , Tianjin University , 92 Weijin Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
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Wang X, Han L, Li G, Peng W, Gao X, Klaassen CD, Fan G, Zhang Y. From the Cover: Identification of Natural Products as Inhibitors of Human Organic Anion Transporters (OAT1 and OAT3) and Their Protective Effect on Mercury-Induced Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2019; 161:321-334. [PMID: 29045746 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mercury accumulates in kidneys and produces acute kidney injury. Semen cassiae (SC), a widely consumed tea and herbal medicine in Eastern Asia, has been reported to have protective effects on kidneys. In this study, SC extract was shown to almost abolish the histological alterations induced by mercuric chloride in rat kidneys. A total of 22 compounds were isolated from SC, and 1,7,8-methoxyl-2-hydroxyl-3-methyl-anthraquinone was detected in SC for the first time. Among the eight compounds identified in the blood of rats after SC treatment, six were strong inhibitors of human organic anion transporter 1 and 3 (OAT1 and OAT3). Inhibitory studies revealed that OAT1 and OAT3 were inhibited by SC constituents, in both a competitive and noncompetitive manner. Both OAT1- and OAT3-overexpressing cells were susceptible to the cytotoxicity of the cysteine-mercury conjugate, but only OAT1-overexpressing cells could be protected by 200 μM probenecid or 10 μM of the eight inhibitors in SC, suggesting that OAT1 is the major determinant in the cellular uptake of mercury. To facilitate the identification of inhibitors of OAT1 and OAT3, models of OAT1 and OAT3 were constructed using recently determined protein templates. By combining in silico and in vitro methods, inhibitors of OAT1 and OAT3 were predicted and validated from SC constituents. Collectively, the present study suggests that additional inhibitors of OAT1 and OAT3 can be predicted and validated from natural products by combining docking and in vitro screening, and could be a source of pharmaceutical compounds for developing treatments for mercury-induced kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lifeng Han
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Gentao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Guanwei Fan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Youcai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Chang WC, Chu MT, Hsu CY, Wu YJJ, Lee JY, Chen TJ, Chung WH, Chen DY, Hung SI. Rhein, An Anthraquinone Drug, Suppresses the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Macrophage Activation in Urate Crystal-Induced Gouty Inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:135-151. [PMID: 30612459 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rhein, an anthraquinone drug, is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. Rhein is a major bioactive metabolite of diacerein which has been approved for treating osteoarthritis with a good safety profile in humans. Gouty arthritis is an inflammatory disease characterized by urate crystal-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation with up-regulated caspase-1 protease and IL-1 β in macrophages. Inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome formation has been considered as a potential therapeutic avenue for treating or preventing many inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of rhein on gouty arthritis. Rhein within the physiological levels of humans showed no toxicity on the cell viability and differentiation, but significantly decreased the production of IL-1 β , TNF- α and caspase-1 protease in urate crystal-activated macrophages. Compared to medium controls, rhein at the therapeutic concentration (2.5 μ g/mL) effectively inhibited IL-1 β production by 47% ( P=0.002 ). Rhein did not affect the mRNA levels of CASP1, NLRP3 and ASC, but suppressed the protein expression and enzyme activity of caspase-1. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy further revealed that rhein suppressed the aggregation of ASC speck and inhibited the formation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Rhein of 5 μ g/mL significantly decreased the ASC speck to 36% ( P=0.0011 ), and reduced the NLRP3 aggregates to 37.5% ( P=0.014 ). Our data demonstrate that rhein possesses pharmacological activity to suppress caspase-1 protease activity and IL-1 β production by interfering with the formation of NLRP3 multiprotein complex. These results suggest that rhein has therapeutic potential for treating NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated diseases such as gouty arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chun Chang
- * Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Tzu Chu
- * Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Hsu
- * Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Jian Jan Wu
- † Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | | | - Ting-Jui Chen
- * Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,§ Department of Dermatology, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- ¶ Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine and Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yuan Chen
- ∥ Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital; Department of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Iu Hung
- * Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Organic solute carrier 22 (SLC22) family: Potential for interactions with food, herbal/dietary supplements, endogenous compounds, and drugs. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:S45-S60. [PMID: 29703386 PMCID: PMC9326878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Cao YJ, Pu ZJ, Tang YP, Shen J, Chen YY, Kang A, Zhou GS, Duan JA. Advances in bio-active constituents, pharmacology and clinical applications of rhubarb. Chin Med 2017; 12:36. [PMID: 29299052 PMCID: PMC5745730 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-017-0158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhubarb is one of the most ancient, commonly used and important herbs in Chinese medicine. The modern researches of rhubarb clarified the efficacies, ingredients and mechanisms in a more scientific and rigorous way. The main chemical compositions of rhubarb include anthraquinones, anthrones, stilbenes, tannins, polysaccharides etc. These compositions show extensive pharmacological activities including regulating gastrointestinal, anticancer, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, protecting cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and so on. This paper reviews the recent studies on the active ingredients, pharmacological effects, clinical application and functional mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Cao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Zong-Jin Pu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046 China
| | - Juan Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Yan-Yan Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046 China
| | - An Kang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Gui-Sheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
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Huo X, Liu K. Renal organic anion transporters in drug-drug interactions and diseases. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 112:8-19. [PMID: 29109021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The kidney plays a vital role in maintaining systemic homeostasis. Active tubular secretion and reabsorption, which are mainly mediated by transporters, is an efficient mechanism for retaining glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients and for the clearance of endogenous waste products and xenobiotics. These substances are recognized by uptake transporters located in the basolateral and apical membranes of renal proximal tubule cells and are extracted from plasma and urine. Organic anion transporters (OATs) belong to the solute carrier (SLC) 22 superfamily and facilitate organic anions across the plasma membranes of renal proximal tubule cells. OATs are responsible for the transmembrane transport of anionic and zwitterionic organic molecules, including endogenous substances and many drugs. The alteration in OAT expression and function caused by diseases, drug-drug interactions (DDIs) or other issues can thus change the renal disposition of substrates, induce the accumulation of toxic metabolites, and lead to unexpected clinically outcome. This review summarizes the recent information regarding the expression, regulation, and substrate spectrum of OATs and discusses the roles of OATs in diseases and DDIs. These findings will enables us to have a better understanding of the related disease therapy and the potential risk of DDIs mediated by OATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokui Huo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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29
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Interaction between rhein acyl glucuronide and methotrexate based on human organic anion transporters. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 277:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wu T, Chen J, Dong S, Li H, Cao Y, Tian Y, Fu W, Zhou P, Xi B, Pang J. Identification and characterization of a potent and selective inhibitor of human urate transporter 1. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:1103-1112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Transporters in proximal renal tubules contribute to the disposition of numerous drugs. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of tubular secretion have been progressively elucidated during the past decades. Organic anions tend to be secreted by the transport proteins OAT1, OAT3 and OATP4C1 on the basolateral side of tubular cells, and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 2, MRP4, OATP1A2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) on the apical side. Organic cations are secreted by organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 on the basolateral side, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins MATE1, MATE2/2-K, P-glycoprotein, organic cation and carnitine transporter (OCTN) 1 and OCTN2 on the apical side. Significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may affect any of these transporters, altering the clearance and, consequently, the efficacy and/or toxicity of substrate drugs. Interactions at the level of basolateral transporters typically decrease the clearance of the victim drug, causing higher systemic exposure. Interactions at the apical level can also lower drug clearance, but may be associated with higher renal toxicity, due to intracellular accumulation. Whereas the importance of glomerular filtration in drug disposition is largely appreciated among clinicians, DDIs involving renal transporters are less well recognized. This review summarizes current knowledge on the roles, quantitative importance and clinical relevance of these transporters in drug therapy. It proposes an approach based on substrate-inhibitor associations for predicting potential tubular-based DDIs and preventing their adverse consequences. We provide a comprehensive list of known drug interactions with renally-expressed transporters. While many of these interactions have limited clinical consequences, some involving high-risk drugs (e.g. methotrexate) definitely deserve the attention of prescribers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ivanyuk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Françoise Livio
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Biollaz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Lu H, Lu Z, Li X, Li G, Qiao Y, Borris RP, Zhang Y. Interactions of 172 plant extracts with human organic anion transporter 1 (SLC22A6) and 3 (SLC22A8): a study on herb-drug interactions. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3333. [PMID: 28560096 PMCID: PMC5446775 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herb-drug interactions (HDIs) resulting from concomitant use of herbal products with clinical drugs may cause adverse reactions. Organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) and 3 (OAT3) are highly expressed in the kidney and play a key role in the renal elimination of substrate drugs. So far, little is known about the herbal extracts that could modulate OAT1 and OAT3 activities. Methods HEK293 cells stably expressing human OAT1 (HEK-OAT1) and OAT3 (HEK-OAT3) were established and characterized. One hundred seventy-two extracts from 37 medicinal and economic plants were prepared. An initial concentration of 5 µg/ml for each extract was used to evaluate their effects on 6-carboxylfluorescein (6-CF) uptake in HEK-OAT1 and HEK-OAT3 cells. Concentration-dependent inhibition studies were conducted for those extracts with more than 50% inhibition to OAT1 and OAT3. The extract of Juncus effusus, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, was assessed for its effect on the in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters of furosemide, a diuretic drug which is a known substrate of both OAT1 and OAT3. Results More than 30% of the plant extracts at the concentration of 5 µg/ml showed strong inhibitory effect on the 6-CF uptake mediated by OAT1 (61 extracts) and OAT3 (55 extracts). Among them, three extracts for OAT1 and fourteen extracts for OAT3 were identified as strong inhibitors with IC50 values being <5 µg/ml. Juncus effusus showed a strong inhibition to OAT3 in vitro, and markedly altered the in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters of furosemide in rats. Conclusion The present study identified the potential interactions of medicinal and economic plants with human OAT1 and OAT3, which is helpful to predict and to avoid potential OAT1- and OAT3-mediated HDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gentao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yilin Qiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Robert P Borris
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Youcai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Dai Y, Ma BL, Zheng M, Shi R, Li YY, Wang TM, Ma YM. Identification of drug transporters involved in the uptake and efflux of rhein in hepatocytes. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhein is an herbal medicine with various bioactivities and is derived from an anthraquinone compound. In this study, we aimed to identify drug transporters involved in the uptake and efflux of rhein in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dai
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Bing-Liang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Tian-Ming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yue-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
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Liu Z, Jia Y, Wang C, Meng Q, Huo X, Sun H, Sun P, Yang X, Ma X, Peng J, Liu K. Organic anion transporters 1 (OAT1) and OAT3 meditated the protective effect of rhein on methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02968c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhein protects methotrexate induced kidney damage mediated by OAT1 and OAT3.
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Bajic JE, Eden GL, Lampton LS, Cheah KY, Lymn KA, Pei JV, Yool AJ, Howarth GS. Rhubarb extract partially improves mucosal integrity in chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8322-8333. [PMID: 27729739 PMCID: PMC5055863 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i37.8322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of orally gavaged aqueous rhubarb extract (RE) on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced intestinal mucositis in rats.
METHODS Female Dark Agouti rats (n = 8/group) were gavaged daily (1 mL) with water, high-dose RE (HDR; 200 mg/kg) or low-dose RE (LDR; 20mg/kg) for eight days. Intestinal mucositis was induced (day 5) with 5-FU (150 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection. Intestinal tissue samples were collected for myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and histological examination. Xenopus oocytes expressing aquaporin 4 water channels were prepared to examine the effect of aqueous RE on cell volume, indicating a potential mechanism responsible for modulating net fluid absorption and secretion in the gastrointestinal tract. Statistical significance was assumed at P < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA.
RESULTS Bodyweight was significantly reduced in rats administered 5-FU compared to healthy controls (P < 0.01). Rats administered 5-FU significantly increased intestinal MPO levels (≥ 307%; P < 0.001), compared to healthy controls. However, LDR attenuated this effect in 5-FU treated rats, significantly decreasing ileal MPO activity (by 45%; P < 0.05), as compared to 5-FU controls. 5-FU significantly reduced intestinal mucosal thickness (by ≥ 29% P < 0.001) as compared to healthy controls. LDR significantly increased ileal mucosal thickness in 5-FU treated rats (19%; P < 0.05) relative to 5-FU controls. In xenopus oocytes expressing AQP4 water channels, RE selectively blocked water influx into the cell, induced by a decrease in external osmotic pressure. As water efflux was unaltered by the presence of extracellular RE, the directional flow of water across the epithelial barrier, in the presence of extracellular RE, indicated that RE may alleviate water loss across the epithelial barrier and promote intestinal health in chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis.
CONCLUSION In summary, low dose RE improves selected parameters of mucosal integrity and reduces ileal inflammation, manifesting from 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis.
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Wu X, Ma J, Ye Y, Lin G. Transporter modulation by Chinese herbal medicines and its mediated pharmacokinetic herb–drug interactions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1026:236-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wu C, Zhang H, Wang C, Qin H, Zhu M, Zhang J. An Integrated Approach for Studying Exposure, Metabolism, and Disposition of Multiple Component Herbal Medicines Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Multiple Data Processing Tools. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:800-8. [PMID: 27013399 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A typical prescription of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) contains up to a few hundred prototype components. Studying their absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination (ADME) presents great challenges. The objective of this study was to develop a practical approach for investigating ADME of individual prototypes in TCM. An active fraction of Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction (AF-XXMD) as a model TCM prescription was orally administered to rats. AF-XXMD-related components in plasma, urine, bile, and feces were detected using high-resolution mass spectrometry and background subtraction, an untargeted data-mining tool. Components were then structurally characterized on the basis of MS(n) spectral data. Connection of detected AF-XXMD metabolites to their precursor species, either prototypes or upstream metabolites, were determined on the basis of mass spectral similarity and the matching of biotransformation reactions. As a result, 247 AF-XXMD-related components were detected and structurally characterized in rats, 134 of which were metabolites. Among 198 AF-XXMD prototypes dosed, 65 were fully or partially absorbed and 13 prototypes and 34 metabolites were found in the circulation. Glucuronidation, isomerization, and deglycosylation followed by biliary and urinary excretions and direct elimination of prototypes via kidney and liver were the major clearance pathways of AF-XXMD prototypes. As an example, the ADME profile of H56, the single major AF-XXMD component in rat plasma, was elucidated on the basis of profiles of H56-related components in plasma and excreta. The results demonstrate that the new analytical approach is a useful tool for rapid and comprehensive detection and characterization of TCM components in biologic matrix in a TCM ADME study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caisheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (C.Wu., C.Wa., H.Q., J.Z.); Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.Z., M.Z.)
| | - Haiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (C.Wu., C.Wa., H.Q., J.Z.); Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.Z., M.Z.)
| | - Caihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (C.Wu., C.Wa., H.Q., J.Z.); Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.Z., M.Z.)
| | - Hailin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (C.Wu., C.Wa., H.Q., J.Z.); Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.Z., M.Z.)
| | - Mingshe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (C.Wu., C.Wa., H.Q., J.Z.); Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.Z., M.Z.)
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (C.Wu., C.Wa., H.Q., J.Z.); Department of Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.Z., M.Z.)
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Ma BL, Ma YM. Pharmacokinetic herb–drug interactions with traditional Chinese medicine: progress, causes of conflicting results and suggestions for future research. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:1-26. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1124888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ma L, Qin Y, Shen Z, Hu H, Zhou H, Yu L, Jiang H, Zeng S. Time-Dependent Inhibition of hOAT1 and hOAT3 by Anthraquinones. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:992-5. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University
| | - Yahong Qin
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University
| | - Zhuowei Shen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University
| | - Haihong Hu
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University
| | - Hui Zhou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University
| | - Lushan Yu
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University
| | - Su Zeng
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University
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A novel GC–MS method for determination of chrysophanol in rat plasma and tissues: Application to the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and plasma protein binding studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 973C:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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