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Si MD, Wu M, Cheng XZ, Ma ZH, Zheng YG, Li J, Li S, Song YX, Ma D. Swertia mussotii prevents high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats by inhibiting expression the TLR4/MyD88 and the phosphorylation of NF-κB. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1960-1968. [PMID: 36205548 PMCID: PMC9559049 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2127153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Swertia mussotii Franch. (Gentianaceae) is a source of the traditional Tibetan medicine, ZangYinChen, and is used to treat chronic hepatitis and many types of jaundice. OBJECTIVE This study explored the therapeutic effects and mechanism of S. mussotii on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS After a week of adaptive feeding, 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: (1) Control, (2) Control-S, (3) Model, and (4) Model-S. During the 12 experimental weeks, we established the Model using a high-fat diet. Control-S and Model-S were given 1.0 g/kg S. mussotii water extract via gavage starting in the fifth week until the end of experiment. RESULTS When compared with Model rats, the S. mussotii water extract led to a reduction in high-density lipoproteins (43.9%) and albumin (13.9%) and a decrease in total cholesterol (54.0%), triglyceride (45.6%), low-density lipoproteins (8.6%), aspartate aminotransferase (11.0%), alanine aminotransferase (15.5%), alkaline phosphatase (19.1%), total protein (6.4%), and glucose (20.8%) in serum. A reduction in three cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα) was detected. Histopathological examination showed that liver steatosis was significantly relieved in S. mussotii-treated high-fat diet rats. S. mussotii also caused a downregulation in the expression of TLR4 (43.2%), MyD88 (33.3%), and a decrease in phosphorylation of NF-κB. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that S. mussotii may act as a potential anti-inflammation drug via inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Further in vivo and in vitro studies are needed to validate its potential in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Dong Si
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meng Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xi Zhen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhi Hong Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu Guang Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Higher Education Institute Applied Technology Research Center on TCM Formula Preparation, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Si Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yong Xing Song
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Higher Education Institute Applied Technology Research Center on TCM Formula Preparation, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Donglai Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Higher Education Institute Applied Technology Research Center on TCM Formula Preparation, Shijiazhuang, China
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Huang Q, Wang Y, Wu H, Yuan M, Zheng C, Xu H. Xanthone Glucosides: Isolation, Bioactivity and Synthesis. Molecules 2021; 26:5575. [PMID: 34577044 PMCID: PMC8465223 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthones are secondary metabolites found in plants, fungi, lichens, and bacteria from a variety of families and genera, with the majority found in the Gentianaceae, Polygalaceae, and Clusiaceae. They have a diverse range of bioactivities, including anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-malarial, anti-tuberculosis, and cytotoxic properties. Xanthone glucosides are a significant branch of xanthones. After glycosylation, xanthones may have improved characteristics (such as solubility and pharmacological activity). Currently, no critical review of xanthone glucosides has been published. A literature survey including reports of naturally occurring xanthone glucosides is included in this review. The isolation, structure, bioactivity, and synthesis of these compounds were all explored in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (Q.H.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Youyi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (Q.H.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huaimo Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (Q.H.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Man Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (Q.H.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changwu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (Q.H.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (Q.H.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (M.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
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Ren Z, Tang H, Wan L, Liu X, Tang N, Wang L, Guo Z. Swertianolin ameliorates immune dysfunction in sepsis <em>via</em> blocking the immunosuppressive function of myeloid- derived suppressor cells. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65:3292. [PMID: 34468107 PMCID: PMC8419598 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we studied the long-term proliferation trajectory of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in murine sepsis model and investigated whether swertianolin could modulate the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs. A murine sepsis model was established by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP), according to the Minimum Quality Threshold in Pre-Clinical Sepsis Studies (MQTiPSS) guidelines. The bone marrow and spleen of the mice were collected at 24 h, 72 h, 7 and 15 d after sepsis induction. The proportions of monocytic-MDSCs (M-MDSCs; CD11b+LY6G-LY6Chi) and granulocytic-MDSCs (G-MDSC, CD11b+ Ly6G+ Ly6Clow) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Then, we have investigated whether swertianolin could modulate the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs in in vitro experiments. G-MDSCs and M-MDSCs increased acutely after sepsis with high levels sustained over a long period of time. G-MDSCs were the main subtype identified in the murine model of sepsis with polymicrobial peritonitis. Furthermore, it was found that swertianolin reduced significantly interleukin-10 (IL-10), nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and arginase production in MDSCs, while reducing MDSC proliferation and promoting MDSC differentiation into dendritic cells. Swertianolin also improved T-cell activity by blocking the immunosuppressive effect of MDSCs. Both subsets of MDSCs significantly increased in the bone marrow and spleen of the mice with sepsis, with G-MDSCs being the main subtype identified. Swertianolin effectively regulated the functions of MDSCs and reduced immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongfang Ren
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou.
| | - Haoren Tang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming .
| | - Linjun Wan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming .
| | - Xing Liu
- Graduate School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou.
| | - Ning Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming.
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou .
| | - Zhenhui Guo
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou.
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Uvaia pulp: obtaining a functional product by ultrasound assisted extraction and reverse osmosis. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00930-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhou M, Xie Z, Guan W, Zhang J. Comparative analysis of bioactive constituents and pharmacological activities from different parts of Nauclea officinalis. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5214. [PMID: 34252207 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The stems of Nauclea officinalis have been utilized as a crude drug in China, so other parts of the plant are abandoned, resulting in a waste of traditional Chinese medicine resources. To determine the distribution and content of the alkaloids, phenolic acids and iridoid in different organs (stem, branch, leaf and bark) of this plant, a reliable method has been established using LC-MS/MS. Nine constituents, namely strictosamide, vincosamide, chlorogenic acid, sweroside, naucleamide B, protocatechuic acid, pumiloside, vanillic acid and cryptochlorogenic acid, were simultaneously determined in 6 min. Meanwhile, the antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities were evaluated for comparative analysis of the pharmacological activity of different parts of N. officinalis. The results showed that the content of active components in other organs of N. officinalis was higher than that in stems, and the pharmacological effects of branches and leaves were also better. The established approach could be helpful for the quality control of N. officinalis, and also provide necessary information for the rational utilization of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhenrui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Weiwei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Junqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Ding X, Ma J, Tan G. Chemical profile of Swertia mussotii Franch and its potential targets against liver fibrosis revealed by cross-platform metabolomics. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 274:114051. [PMID: 33746001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Swertia mussotii Franch (SMF) is a well-known Tibetan medicine for the treatment of liver disease in China. However, the chemical profile and molecular mechanism of SMF against hepatic fibrosis are not yet well explored. AIM OF THE STUDY This work aimed to elucidate the chemical profile of SMF and investigate the action mechanisms of SMF against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultra performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOFMS) and UNIFI platform was firstly employed to reveal the chemical profile of SMF. Cross-platform serum metabolomics based on gas chromatography/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were performed to characterize the metabolic fluctuations associated with CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of SMF. Western blotting was further applied to validate the key metabolic pathways. RESULTS A total of 31 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized from SMF. Twenty-seven differential metabolites were identified related with CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, and SMF could significantly reverse the abnormalities of seventeen metabolites. The SMF-reversed metabolites were involved in arachidonic acid metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism and TCA cycle. The results of western blotting analysis showed that SMF could alleviate liver fibrosis by increasing the levels of CYP7A1, CYP27A1 and CYP8B1 and decreasing the level of LPCAT1 to regulate the metabolic disorders of primary bile acid biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid. CONCLUSION It could be concluded that primary bile acid biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism were the two important target pathways for SMF-against liver fibrosis, which provided the theoretical foundation for its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xin Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Guangguo Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Muhamad Fadzil NS, Sekar M, Gan SH, Bonam SR, Wu YS, Vaijanathappa J, Ravi S, Lum PT, Dhadde SB. Chemistry, Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Swertiamarin - A Promising Natural Lead for New Drug Discovery and Development. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:2721-2746. [PMID: 34188450 PMCID: PMC8233004 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s299753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Swertiamarin, a seco-iridoid glycoside, is mainly found in Enicostemma littorale Blume (E. littorale) and exhibits therapeutic activities for various diseases. The present study aimed to provide a review of swertiamarin in terms of its phytochemistry, physicochemical properties, biosynthesis, pharmacology and therapeutic potential. Relevant literature was collected from several scientific databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar, between 1990 and the present. This review included the distribution of swertiamarin in medicinal plants and its isolation, characterization, physicochemical properties and possible biosynthetic pathways. A comprehensive summary of the pharmacological activities, therapeutic potential and metabolic pathways of swertiamarin was also included after careful screening and tabulation. Based on the reported evidence, swertiamarin meets all five of Lipinski’s rules for drug-like properties. Thereafter, the physicochemical properties of swertiamarin were detailed and analyzed. A simple and rapid method for isolating swertiamarin from E. littorale has been described. The present review proposed that swertiamarin may be biosynthesized by the mevalonate or nonmevalonate pathways, followed by the seco-iridoid pathway. It has also been found that swertiamarin is a potent compound with diverse pharmacological activities, including hepatoprotective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritis, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective and gastroprotective activities. The anticancer activity of swertiamarin against different cancer cell lines has been recently reported. The underlying mechanisms of all these pharmacological effects are diverse and seem to involve the regulation of different molecular targets, including growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, protein kinases, apoptosis-related proteins, receptors and enzymes. Swertiamarin also modulates the activity of several transcription factors, and their signaling pathways in various pathological conditions are also discussed. Moreover, we have highlighted the toxicity profile, pharmacokinetics and possible structural modifications of swertiamarin. The pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential of swertiamarin have been extensively investigated. However, more advanced studies are required including clinical trials and studies on the bioavailability, permeability and administration of safe doses to offer swertiamarin as a novel candidate for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Sakinah Muhamad Fadzil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jaishree Vaijanathappa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Subban Ravi
- Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pei Teng Lum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
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Sweritranslactone D, a hepatoprotective novel secoiridoid dimer with tetracyclic lactone skeleton from heat-transformed swertiamarin. Fitoterapia 2021; 151:104879. [PMID: 33689876 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Swertia mileensis, known as Qing-Ye-Dan (QYD), has been documented in Chinese Pharmacopoeia to cure hepatitis. Interestingly, its announced main active component, swertiamarin, could not be detected in the decoction, which indicated that the efficacy of QYD might be attributed to heat-transformed products of swertiamarin (HTPS). Further investigation on HTPS led to the isolation of sweritranslactone D (1), a novel secoiridoid dimer possessing a tetracyclic lactone skeleton, with better hepatoprotective activity than N-acetyl-L-cysteine in vitro.
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Xanthone- and benzophenone-enriched nutraceutical: Development of a scalable fractionation process and effect of batch-to-batch variation of the raw material (Cyclopia genistoides). Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Chromatographic fingerprints analysis and determination of seven components in Danmu preparations by HPLC-DAD/QTOF-MS. Chin Med 2020; 15:19. [PMID: 32095157 PMCID: PMC7027017 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Danmu preparations (Danmu Capsule and Danmu Syrup), which are made from Nauclea officinalis stem extracts, have good clinical efficacy in acute tonsillitis, acute pharyngitis and upper respiratory tract infection. However, there is currently no reliable and systematic method to control the quality of these two Danmu preparations. Methods Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode array detection (DAD), the fingerprints of the Danmu preparations were established at 250 nm to comprehensively investigate the stability of preparation process. The chemical constituents in the Danmu preparations were separated and identified by HPLC coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight high-definition mass spectrometry (HPLC–Q-TOF-MS). And seven major components were simultaneously determined at dual wavelengths (250 nm, 326 nm). Results The results of HPLC fingerprint similarity evaluation showed that the similarity values of 25 batches of Danmu preparations were more than 0.993. Twenty-three compounds, including 10 alkaloids, 6 phenolic acids, 2 iridoids, and 5 unknown compounds, were identified or tentatively characterized according to the retention times and MS/MS fragment patterns of compounds. The developed assay method of seven components was validated with acceptable linearity, precision, repeatability, stability and recovery. The contents of strictosamide belonging to alkaloids as the most abundant constituent in Danmu Capsule and Danmu Syrup were 43,681.20–99,652.49 μg/g and 1567.83–2427.25 μg/mL respectively. The contents of protocatechuic acid which were the highest in measured phenolic acids were 2633.01–7739.78 μg/g in Danmu Capsule and 192.05–448.71 μg/mL in Danmu Syrup, respectively. As an iridoid, the contents of sweroside in Danmu Capsule and Danmu Syrup were 1573.82–2789.81 μg/g and 70.32–182.81 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion The established qualitative analysis method of fingerprint can be used to attain standardization, uniformity and stability of the preparation process. Meanwhile, the quantitative analysis in this study can be used as an accurate assay method for preparations.
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Ma X, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Wang J, Wang R, Wang L, Wei S, Wen J, Li H, Zhao Y. Natural products for the prevention and treatment of cholestasis: A review. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1291-1309. [PMID: 32026542 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a common manifestation of decreased bile flow in various liver diseases. It results in fibrosis and even cirrhosis without proper treatment. It is believed that a wide range of factors, including transporter dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammatory damage, and immune disruption, can cause cholestasis. In recent years, natural products have drawn much attention for specific multiple-target activities in diseases. Many attempts have been made to investigate the anticholestatic effects of natural products with advanced technology. This review summarizes recent studies on the biological activities and mechanisms of recognized compounds for cholestasis treatment. Natural products, including various flavonoids, phenols, acids, quinones, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, and so on, function as comprehensive regulators via ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, restoring bile acid balance with hepatic transporters, and adjusting immune disruption. Moreover, in this progress, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, reactive oxygen species production, heme oxygenase-1, NF-κB, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, and farnesoid X receptors are thought as main targets for the activity of natural products. Therefore, this review presents the detailed mechanisms that include multiple targets and diverse signalling pathways. Natural products are the valuable when seeking novel therapeutic agents to treat cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinxiao Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiabo Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lifu Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shizhang Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxia Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Wang C, Gong X, Bo A, Zhang L, Zhang M, Zang E, Zhang C, Li M. Iridoids: Research Advances in Their Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, and Pharmacokinetics. Molecules 2020; 25:E287. [PMID: 31936853 PMCID: PMC7024201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridoids are a class of active compounds that widely exist in the plant kingdom. In recent years, with advances in phytochemical research, many compounds with novel structure and outstanding activity have been identified. Iridoid compounds have been confirmed to mainly exist as the prototype and aglycone and Ι and II metabolites, by biological transformation. These metabolites have been shown to have neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic activities. This review summarizes the new structures and activities of iridoids identified locally and globally, and explains their pharmacokinetics from the aspects of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion according to the differences in their structures, thus providing a theoretical basis for further rational development and utilization of iridoids and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Wang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (C.W.); (X.G.); (A.B.); (M.Z.); (E.Z.)
| | - Xue Gong
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (C.W.); (X.G.); (A.B.); (M.Z.); (E.Z.)
| | - Agula Bo
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (C.W.); (X.G.); (A.B.); (M.Z.); (E.Z.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China;
| | - Mingxu Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (C.W.); (X.G.); (A.B.); (M.Z.); (E.Z.)
| | - Erhuan Zang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (C.W.); (X.G.); (A.B.); (M.Z.); (E.Z.)
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (C.W.); (X.G.); (A.B.); (M.Z.); (E.Z.)
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (C.W.); (X.G.); (A.B.); (M.Z.); (E.Z.)
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
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Zhao L, Ouyang H, Wang Q, Fan D, Wang Y, Yang S, Li Z, Pan L, Feng Y. Chemical fingerprint analysis and metabolic profiling of 50% ethanol fraction of Lomatogonium rotatum by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4651. [PMID: 31313844 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lomatogonium rotatum (L.) Fries ex Nym (L. rotatum), a member of Gentianaceae, is an important mongolian medicine in China used to treat febrile diseases in liver and gallbladder. The aim of present study was to investigate the chemical constituents and metabolites of the 50% ethanol fraction of L. rotatum (50EtLR). Firstly, the extract of L. rotatum was partitioned by macroporous resin to obtain the target fraction (50EtLR), then several compounds were isolated from 50EtLR to obtained the standards for further analysis of chemical constituents of 50EtLR. Secondly, the chemical constituents of 50EtLR were characterized using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). Finally, prototype constituents and related metabolites were analyzed after orally administerng 50EtLR to rats. As a result, a new compound, 6-O-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-1,4,8-trimethoxyxanthone (6) along with seven known compounds (1-5, 7 and 8) were isolated from the 50EtLR, 92 components were either unambiguously or tentatively identified. Additionally, 34 prototype constituents and 112 metabolites in rat plasma along with 32 prototype constituents and 53 metabolites in rat liver were tentatively identified. Therefore, xanthones and flavonoids were the main chemical constituents of 50EtLR and sulfation and glucuronidation are the main enzyme-induced metabolic pathways involved post-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjun Zhao
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Ouyang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herb Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herb Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Donghui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Shinlin Yang
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhifeng Li
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Lingling Pan
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yulin Feng
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herb Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Wang GW, Zhang XL, Wu QH, Jin YB, Ning CT, Wang R, Mao JX, Chen M. The hepatoprotective effects of Sedum sarmentosum extract and its isolated major constituent through Nrf2 activation and NF-κB inhibition. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 53:263-273. [PMID: 30668406 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedum sarmentosum, which is recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, has been applied clinically to treat liver and gallbladder diseases. PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the hepatoprotective effect of S. sarmentosum less polar extract (SSE) against ANIT-induced liver injury in rats, and the protective activity and mechanism of one major constituent isolated from this extract on D-GalN-induced human hepatic QSG7701 cell damage. METHODS Rats were divided into groups and then administrated intragastrically with SSE at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg for 7 days. They were modeled in the experiments with ANIT (70 mg/kg) to induce liver injury after the sixth day administration. The levels of serum biochemical markers ALT, AST, ALP, GGT/γ-GT, DBiL, TBiL, ALB, TP, and bile flow rate, as well as the histopathology of the liver tissue were used as indices of liver damage and measured. The inflammatory response and oxidative stress were thought to be key contributors to ANIT-induced liver injury in rats. Therefore, the inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4) and oxidative stress (ROS, SOD, GSH-PX) were measured in the serum and liver homogenates, respectively. Next, phytochemical research was performed to produce the main component, and the isolated compound was evaluated for its hepatoprotective activity against QSG7701 cell injured by D-GalN through the measurement of cell viabilities, ALT, AST, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, ROS, GSH-PX and SOD productions. Furthermore, the protein expression of the Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways were analyzed by western blotting. RESULTS SSE had an obvious effect on the decreases of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT/γ-GT, DBiL and TBiL levels, the increases of ALB and TP levels in serum, and the ANIT-induced deceleration in bile flow for liver injury. Meanwhile, SSE pretreatment alleviated ANIT-induced liver pathological injuries exhibited by HE stain of the liver. Moreover, SSE significantly suppressed levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ, and elevated level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 in serum. SSE also attenuated oxidative stress by reducing ROS level and by enhancing antioxidative enzymes (SOD and GSH-PX) activities after ANIT administration in liver tissue. Further, the major compound shown in HPLC was isolated from SSE. Its structure was identified by the spectroscopic data analysis and comparison with literature values. The principal constituent had potent protective effect on D-GalN-induced QSG7701 cells damage in a dose dependent manner with survival rates of 58.2% and 69.5% at 10 μM and 20 μM, respectively. Its cytoprotective effect was associated with the reduction of ALT, AST, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and ROS levels, and the elevation of GSH-PX and SOD productions in QSG7701 cells induced by D-GalN. Western blotting showed that this compound enhanced the expression of Nrf2, HO1, NQO1 and GCLC, and inhibited D-GalN-induced IκBα and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Current study showed that SSE treatment exerted a protective effect on ANIT-induced liver injury. The main compound δ-amyrone isolated from the extract was characterized as the effective component with hepatoprotective activity by promoting Nrf2 antioxidant defense and suppressing NF-κB inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Wei Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Xiao-Long Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qing-Hua Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yong-Biao Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chun-Tao Ning
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jing-Xin Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Singh M, Mohan R, Mishra S, Goyal N, Shanker K, Gupta N, Kumar B. Ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with principal component and cluster analysis of Swertia chirayita for adulteration check. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 164:302-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li Q, Li HJ, Xu T, Du H, Huan Gang CL, Fan G, Zhang Y. Natural Medicines Used in the Traditional Tibetan Medical System for the Treatment of Liver Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:29. [PMID: 29441019 PMCID: PMC5797630 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is one of the most risk factors threatening human health. It is of great significance to find drugs that can treat liver diseases, especially for acute and chronic hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and liver cancer. The search for drugs with good efficacy from traditional natural medicines has attracted more and more attention. Tibetan medicine, one of the China's traditional medical systems, has been widely used by the Tibetan people for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases for hundreds of years. The present paper summarized the natural Tibetan medicines that have been used in Tibetan traditional system of medicine to treat liver diseases by bibliographic investigation of 22 Tibetan medicine monographs and drug standards. One hundred and ninety three species including 181 plants, 7 animals, and 5 minerals were found to treat liver diseases in traditional Tibetan medicine system. The most frequently used species are Carthamus tinctorius, Brag-zhun, Swertia chirayita, Swertia mussotii, Halenia elliptica, Herpetospermum pedunculosum, and Phyllanthus emblica. Their names, families, medicinal parts, traditional uses, phytochemicals information, and pharmacological activities were described in detail. These natural medicines might be a valuable gift from the old Tibetan medicine to the world, and would be potential drug candidates for the treatment of liver diseases. Further studies are needed to prove their medicinal values in liver diseases treatment, identify bioactive compounds, elucidate the underlying mechanism of action, and clarify their side effects or toxicity with the help of modern phytochemical, pharmacological, metabonomics, and/or clinical trial methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai-Jiao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Du
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen-Lei Huan Gang
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Fan
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Characteristic National Medicine Innovation Research Center of Tibet-Qiang-Yi, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Xiang Y, Haixia W, Zenggen L, Yanduo T. Anti-inflammatory activity of compounds isolated from Swertia mussotii. Nat Prod Res 2017; 33:598-601. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1399385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wang Haixia
- Department of Institute of Chemical Technology, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Liu Zenggen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yanduo
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, P. R. China
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Li J, Zhao YL, Huang HY, Wang YZ. Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of the Genus Swertia (Gentianaceae): A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:667-736. [PMID: 28490237 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Swertia plants have been considered to be medicinal plants useful for the treatment of various ailments for thousands of years, especially in Asian countries. This is due to the broad variety of chemical compounds that provide multiple ligands for bonding to different endogenous biomacromolecules for patients. Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Swertia plants are summarized in this paper. Approximately 419 metabolites and 40 bioactive compounds have been reported from 30 Swertia species, including xanthones, flavonoids, seco-iridiods, iridiods, triterpenoids, alkaloids, volatiles, and other secondary metabolites. The bioactivities of Swertia plants include anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, gut, and airways modulatory, metabolizing isozymes inhibitory, neuroprotective, HIV-I reverse transcriptases inhibitory, anticholinergic, and CNS-depressant activities, etc. In addition, biosynthetic pathways of xanthones, and seco-iridiods, two most important secondary metabolites for Swertia, are elucidated. The xanthones biosynthetic pathway is a mixed biosynthetic pathway involved the shikimate and the malonate routes, and the seco-iridoid pathway starts with geraniol derived from IPP which is produced either via the MEP or the MVA pathway. This review will offer a reference for future researches on the protection of natural resources, the investigation of therapeutic basis, new drug development, and so forth. Metabolic pathways of some crucial active compounds were also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- * Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, P. R. China.,† College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Li Zhao
- * Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, P. R. China
| | - Heng-Yu Huang
- † College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- * Institute of Medicine Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, P. R. China
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Chen T, Li H, Chen C, Wei L, Li Y. Large-Scale Preparation of a Specific Xanthone from Swertia mussotii and Evaluation of Its α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity. J Chromatogr Sci 2017; 55:638-644. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Cao WR, Ge JQ, Xie X, Fan ML, Fan XD, Wang H, Dong ZY, Liao ZH, Lan XZ, Chen M. Protective effects of petroleum ether extracts of Herpetospermum caudigerum against α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced acute cholestasis of rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 198:139-147. [PMID: 28065777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The ripe seeds of Herpetospermum caudigerum have been used in Tibetan folk medicine for treatment of bile or liver diseases including jaundice, hepatitis, intumescences or inflammation. Previously reports suggested that the seed oil and some lignans from H. caudigerum exhibited protective effects against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic damage in rats, which may be related to their free radical scavenging effect. However, the protective effect of H. caudigerum against cholestasis is still not revealed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the pharmacological effect and the chemical constituents of the petroleum ether extract (PEE) derived from H. caudigerum against α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced acute cholestasis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male cholestatic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats induced by ANIT (60mg/kg) were orally administered with PEE (350, 700 and 1400mg/kg). Levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP), total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL) and total bile acid (TBA), as well as bile flow, and histopathological assay were evaluated. Hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and nitric monoxide (NO) in liver were measured to explore the possible protective mechanisms. Phytochemical analysis of PEE was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). RESULTS PEE have exhibited significant and dose-dependent protective effect on ANIT-induced liver injury by reduce the increases in serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, γ-GTP, TBIL, DBIL and TBA, restore the bile flow in cholestatic rats, and reduce the severity of the pathological tissue damage induced by ANIT. Hepatic MDA, MPO and NO contents in liver tissue were reduced, while SOD and GST activities were elevated in liver tissue. 49 compounds were detected and 39 of them were identified by GC-MS analysis, in which long-chain fatty acids were the main constituents. CONCLUSIONS PEE exhibited a dose-dependently protective effect on ANIT-induced liver injury in cholestatic rats with the potential mechanism of attenuated oxidative stress in the liver tissue, and the possible active compounds were long-chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Rui Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant R&D Center, XiZang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, PR China
| | - Jing-Qiu Ge
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant R&D Center, XiZang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, PR China
| | - Xin Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant R&D Center, XiZang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, PR China
| | - Meng-Lin Fan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant R&D Center, XiZang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, PR China
| | - Xu-Dong Fan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant R&D Center, XiZang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant R&D Center, XiZang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, PR China
| | - Zhao-Yue Dong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant R&D Center, XiZang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hua Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant R&D Center, XiZang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Lan
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant R&D Center, XiZang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant R&D Center, XiZang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, PR China.
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Deep sequencing and transcriptome analyses to identify genes involved in secoiridoid biosynthesis in the Tibetan medicinal plant Swertia mussotii. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43108. [PMID: 28225035 PMCID: PMC5320516 DOI: 10.1038/srep43108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Swertia mussotii Franch. is an important traditional Tibetan medicinal plant with pharmacological properties effective in the treatment of various ailments including hepatitis. Secoiridoids are the major bioactive compounds in S. mussotii. To better understand the secoiridoid biosynthesis pathway, we generated transcriptome sequences from the root, leaf, stem, and flower tissues, and performed de novo sequence assembly, yielding 98,613 unique transcripts with an N50 of 1,085 bp. Putative functions could be assigned to 35,029 transcripts (35.52%) based on BLAST searches against annotation databases including GO and KEGG. The expression profiles of 39 candidate transcripts encoding the key enzymes for secoiridoid biosynthesis were examined in different S. mussotii tissues, validated by qRT-PCR, and compared with the homologous genes from S. japonica, a species in the same family, unveiling the gene expression, regulation, and conservation of the pathway. The examination of the accumulated levels of three bioactive compounds, sweroside, swertiamarin, and gentiopicroside, revealed their considerable variations in different tissues, with no significant correlation with the expression profiles of key genes in the pathway, suggesting complex biological behaviours in the coordination of metabolite biosynthesis and accumulation. The genomic dataset and analyses presented here lay the foundation for further research on this important medicinal plant.
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Anti-mutagenicity of Swertiamarin and Its Metabolite in Incubated System of Human Intestinal Flora. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(17)60082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Tang X, Yang Q, Yang F, Gong J, Han H, Yang L, Wang Z. Target profiling analyses of bile acids in the evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of gentiopicroside on ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:63-71. [PMID: 27582267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gentiopicroside (GPS), one of iridoid glucoside representatives, is the most potential active component in Gentiana rigescens Franch. ex Hemsl and Gentiana macrophylla Pall. These two herbs have been used to treat jaundice and other hepatic and billiary diseases in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of GPS on α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) induced cholestatic liver injury in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were treated with GPS (130mg/kg, ig) for 5 consecutive days. On the third day, mice were given a single dose of Alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (75mg/kg, ig). Serum biochemical markers and individual bile acids in serum, liver, urine and feces were measured at different time points after ANIT administration. The expression of hepatic bile acid synthesis, uptake and transporter genes as well as ileum bile acid transporter genes were assayed. RESULTS In this study, ANIT exposure resulted in serious cholestasis with liver injury, which was demonstrated by dramatically increased serum levels of ALT, ALP, TBA and TBIL along with TCA CA, MCAs and TMCAs accumulation in both liver and serum. Furthermore, ANIT significantly decreased bile acid synthesis related gene expressions, and increased expression of bile acid transporters in liver. Continuous treatment with GPS attenuated ANIT-induced acute cholestasis as well as liver injury and correct the dyshomeostasis of bile acids induced by ANIT. Our data showed that GPS significantly upregulated the hepatic mRNA levels of synthesis enzymes (Cyp8b1 and Cyp27a1) and transporters (Mrp4 Mdr1 and Ost-β) as well as ileal bile acid circulation mediators (Asbt and Fgf15), accompanied by serum and hepatic bile acid levels decrease and further urinary and fecal bile acid levels increase. CONCLUSION GPS can change bile acids metabolism which highlights its importance in mitigating cholestasis, resulting in the marked decrease of intracellular bile acid pool back toward basal levels. And the protective mechanism was associated with regulation of bile acids-related transporters, but the potential mechanism warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Tang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Qiaoling Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Junting Gong
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Han Han
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Wang Z, Wu Q, Yu Y, Yang C, Jiang H, Wang Q, Yang B, Kuang H. Determination and pharmacokinetic study of four xanthones in rat plasma after oral administration of Gentianella acuta extract by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 174:261-269. [PMID: 26297839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gentianella acuta (Michx.) Hulten belonging to the family of Gentianaceae is an annual plant mainly distributed in north of China, Mongolia plateau, Siberia and Far East areas of Russia. The whole herb was used as folk medicine to treat hepatitis, jaundice, headache and fever in Mongolia native medicine. Xanthones are the main active compounds of G. acuta and possess a lot of pharmacological and biological activities AIM OF THE STUDY A selective and sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination and pharmacokinetic study of swertianolin, norswertianolin, bellidifolin and demethylbellidifolin (DMB) in rat plasma after oral administration of G. acuta extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample preparation involved a liquid-liquid extraction of the analytes with ethyl acetate. Butylparaben was employed as an internal standard. LC separation was achieved on an Agilent SB-C18 RRHD column (1.8 μm, 150 mm × 2.1 mm) at 30°C with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-water (0.1% formic acid) (90:10, v/v). The detection was accomplished by multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning with electrospray ionization (ESI) source operating in the negative ionization mode. The optimized mass transition ion-pairs (m/z) monitored for swertianolin, norswertianolin, bellidifolin, DMB and I.S. were 435.1/272.0, 420.8/258.9, 273.0/258.0, 258.9/214.9 and 193.0/92.0, respectively. RESULTS The current UHPLC-MS/MS assay was validated for linearity, intra-day and inter-day precisions, accuracy, extraction recovery and stability and was suitable for pharmacokinetic studies of the four xanthones after oral administration of G. acuta extract. The time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) was 0.40 ± 0.12 h for swertianolin, 0.27 ± 0.07 h for norswertianolin, 1.00 ± 0.18 h for bellidifolin and 0.94 ± 0.15 h for demethylbellidifolin. The elimination half-time (t1/2) of swertianolin, norswertianolin, bellidifolin and DMB, was 19.7 ± 9.64 h, 11.3 ± 4.51 h, 19.9 ± 8.11 h and 24.9 ± 8.19 h, respectively. CONCLUSION This study described a simple, sensitive and validated UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of four xanthones in rat plasma after oral administration of G. acuta extract, and investigated on their pharmacokinetic studies as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 08854, USA
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chunjuan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 08854, USA
| | - Hai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, China.
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Peng W, Qiu XQ, Shu ZH, Liu QC, Hu MB, Han T, Rahman K, Qin LP, Zheng CJ. Hepatoprotective activity of total iridoid glycosides isolated from Paederia scandens (lour.) Merr. var. tomentosa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 174:317-21. [PMID: 26320683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Currently, human liver is susceptible to injury caused by alcohol and virus infiltration, resulting in hepatitis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. var. tomentosa (Rubiaceae) has been used as traditional medicine in Asian countries to treat jaundice, dysentery, and abdominal mass. Furthermore, the abundance of iridoid glycosides in Paederia species indicates their notable hepatoprotective potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total iridoid glycosides (TG) was prepared, and constituents of TG were analyzed by HPLC. TG and silymarin (positive) were orally administered for 15 days. Then, acute liver injury rats was induced by intraperitoneally injection (i.p.) of 10% CCl4 (0.12%, v/v, dissolved in olive oil, 10 mL/kg, body weight). Rats were sacrificed at 16 h after CCl4 injection. Liver tissues and blood were collected. Serum samples were prepared to determine the activities of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), whereas liver tissue sections were prepared for the purpose of examining possible liver histopathological changes. In addition, antioxidant enzyme activities in liver tissues were also evaluated. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that TG significantly decreased the levels of AST and ALT, compared with those in control rats. In addition, pre-treatment of the rats with TG clearly alleviated their liver tissue injuries. What's more, the activities of GSH, GAT and SOD in the groups of TG-treated rats were significantly increased compared with those of rats in the control group, whereas the levels of MDA were decreased. CONCLUSIONS Our present research indicated that TG possessed notable hepatoprotective activity via decreasing oxidative stress level in liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qian Qiu
- Department of Stomatology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zhi-Heng Shu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Qing-Chun Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Mei-Bian Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- Faculty of Science, School of Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3 AF England, UK
| | - Lu-Ping Qin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
| | - Cheng-Jian Zheng
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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Swertianlarin, an Herbal Agent Derived from Swertia mussotii Franch, Attenuates Liver Injury, Inflammation, and Cholestasis in Common Bile Duct-Ligated Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:948376. [PMID: 26273316 PMCID: PMC4530240 DOI: 10.1155/2015/948376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Swertianlarin is an herbal agent abundantly distributed in Swertia mussotii Franch, a Chinese traditional herb used for treatment of jaundice. To study the therapeutic effect of swertianlarin on cholestasis, liver injury, serum proinflammatory cytokines, and bile salt concentrations were measured by comparing rats treated with swertianlarin 100 mg/kg/d or saline for 3, 7, or 14 days after bile duct ligation (BDL). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ATL) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were significantly decreased in BDL rats treated with swertianlarin for 14 days (P < 0.05). The reduced liver injury in BDL rats by swertianlarin treatment for 14 days was further confirmed by liver histopathology. Levels of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were decreased by swertianlarin in BDL rats for 3 and 7 days (P < 0.05). Moreover, reductions in serum interleukins IL-1β and IL-6 levels were also observed in BDL rats treated with swertianlarin (P < 0.05). In addition, most of serum toxic bile salt concentrations (e.g., chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA)) in cholestatic rats were decreased by swertianlarin (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the data suggest that swertianlarin derived from Swertia mussotii Franch attenuates liver injury, inflammation, and cholestasis in bile duct-ligated rats.
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Ren X, Abdulkerim K, Fu X, Liu X, Ma S, Wang J, Liu S, Wu J, Wang X. Metabolomics research on Tibetan medicinal substances. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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