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Quantification of adulteration in traded ayurvedic raw drugs employing machine learning approaches with DNA barcode database. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:463. [PMID: 34745814 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adulteration of expensive raw drugs with inferior taxa has become a routine practice, conceding the quality and safety of derived herbal products. In this regard, the study addresses the development of an integrated approach encompassing DNA barcode and HPTLC fingerprinting to authenticate chiefly traded ayurvedic raw drugs in south India [viz. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight and Arn., Sida alnifolia L. and Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.] from its adulterants. Consortium of Barcode of Life (CBOL) recommended DNA barcode gene regions viz. nuclear ribosomal-Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA-ITS), maturase K (matK), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL) and psbA-trnH spacer regions along with HPTLC profiling were experimented and a reference database was created. Further, an integrated analytical approach employing genetic distance-based Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree and Artificial Intelligence (AI)based Machine Learning Algorithms (MLA)-Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) and Barcoding with Logic (BLOG) were employed to prove efficacy of DNA barcode tool. Even though, among the four barcodes, psbA-trnH (S. alnifolia and its adulterants, T. arjuna and its adulterants) or ITS region (S. asoca and its adulterants, D. gangeticum and its adulterants) showed highest inter specific divergences in the selected Biological Reference Materials (BRMs), rbcL or matK barcode regions alone were successful for authentication of traded samples. The automated species identification techniques, WEKA and BLOG, experimented for the first time in India for raw drug validation, could achieve rapid and precise identification. A national certification agency for raw drug authentication employing an integrated approach involving a DNA barcoding tool along with standard organoleptic and analytical methods can strengthen and ensure safety and quality of herbal medicines in India. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03001-5.
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Unnikrishnan R, Sumod M, Jayaraj R, Sujanapal P, Dev SA. The efficacy of machine learning algorithm for raw drug authentication in Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. employing a DNA barcode database. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:605-617. [PMID: 33854287 PMCID: PMC7981360 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are a valuable resource for traditional as well as modern medicine. Consequently huge demand has exerted a heavy strain on the existing natural resources. Due to over exploitation and unscientific collection most of the commercially traded ayurvedic plants are in the phase of depletion. Adulteration of expensive raw drugs with inferior taxa has become a common practice to meet the annual demand of the ayurvedic industry. Although there are several recommended methods for proper identification varying from the traditional taxonomic to organoleptic and physiochemical, it is difficult to authenticate ayurvedic raw drugs available in extremely dried, powdered or shredded forms. In this regard, the study addresses proper authentication and illicit trade in Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. using CBOL recommended standard barcode regions viz. nuclear ribosomal-Internally Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA- ITS), maturase K (matK), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL), and psbA-trnH spacer regions. Further, an integrated analytical approach employing Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree and Machine Learning Approach, Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis was employed to prove efficacy of the method. The automated species identification technique, Artificial Intelligence uses the ability of computers to build models that can receive the input data and then conduct statistical analyses which significantly reduces the human labour. Concurrently, scientific management, restoration, cultivation and conservation measures should be given utmost priority to reduce the depletion of wild resources as well as to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the herbal industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Unnikrishnan
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
- Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala India
| | - M. Sumod
- Sustainable Forest Management Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - R. Jayaraj
- Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - P. Sujanapal
- Sustainable Forest Management Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - Suma Arun Dev
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
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Palhares RM, Baratto LC, Scopel M, Mügge FLB, Brandão MGL. Medicinal Plants and Herbal Products From Brazil: How Can We Improve Quality? Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:606623. [PMID: 33584281 PMCID: PMC7873041 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.606623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Palhares
- Centro Especializado em Plantas Aromáticas, Medicinais e Tóxicas (CEPLAMT), Museu de História Natural e Jardim Botânico, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leopoldo C Baratto
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marina Scopel
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernanda L B Mügge
- Centro Especializado em Plantas Aromáticas, Medicinais e Tóxicas (CEPLAMT), Museu de História Natural e Jardim Botânico, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria G L Brandão
- Centro Especializado em Plantas Aromáticas, Medicinais e Tóxicas (CEPLAMT), Museu de História Natural e Jardim Botânico, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Unnikrishnan R, Dev SA, Jayaraj R. Pitfalls and promises of raw drug identification techniques in the ayurvedic industry: an overview. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:497. [PMID: 33150123 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
India, with a rich heritage of floral diversity, is well-known for its medicinal plant wealth and is the largest producer of medicinal herbs in the world. Ethnobiological Survey of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) could identify 8000 plant species utilized in various systems of medicine with approximately 25,000 effective herbal formulations. The extensive consumption to meet demand-supply ratio exerts a heavy strain on the existing resources. This subsequently led to the adulteration and substitution of medicinal plants with look-alike species. The consumer's faith on herbal medicine is in the phase of decline due to the extremities in adulteration/substitution and ensuing consequences. It is imperative to bring forth universally acceptable standard tools to authenticate raw drugs before being processed further into formulations. A vast array of techniques such as physical, chemical (analytical), biochemical, anatomical, organoleptic, and recently emerged DNA based molecular methods are widely used for plant species authentication. In recent years, DNA barcoding has made remarkable progress in the field of medicinal plants research. DNA metabarcoding is the latest development for qualitative evaluation of the herbal formulations, whereas for quantitative analysis, combination of pharmacognostic, pharmacovigilance and analytical methods are inevitable for authentication. This review addresses the overall strengths and shortcomings of the existing as well as recently emerged techniques in authenticating ayurvedic raw drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Unnikrishnan
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala India
- Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kochi, Kerala India
| | - Suma Arun Dev
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala India
| | - R Jayaraj
- Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala India
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Mohammed Abubakar B, Mohd Salleh F, Shamsir Omar MS, Wagiran A. Review: DNA Barcoding and Chromatography Fingerprints for the Authentication of Botanicals in Herbal Medicinal Products. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:1352948. [PMID: 28536641 PMCID: PMC5425840 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1352948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the global use of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) due to their claimed health benefits. This has led to increase in their demand and consequently, also, resulted in massive adulteration. This is due to the fact that most of the traditional methods cannot identify closely related species in a process product form. Therefore the urgent need for simple and rapid identification methods resulted in the discovery of a novel technique. DNA barcoding is a process that uses short DNA sequence from the standard genome for species identification. This technique is reliable and is not affected by external factors such as climates, age, or plant part. The difficulties in isolation of DNA of high quality in addition to other factors are among the challenges encountered using the DNA barcoding in the authentication of HMP. These limitations indicated that using DNA barcoding alone may ineffectively authenticate the HMP. Therefore, the combination of DNA barcoding with chromatographic fingerprint, a popular and generally accepted technique for the assessment and quality control of HMP, will offer an efficient solution to effectively evaluate the authenticity and quality consistency of HMP. Detailed and quality information about the main composition of the HMPs will help to ascertain their efficacy and safety as these are very important for quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Mohammed Abubakar
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, UTM, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauchi State University Gadau, PMB 065, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Faezah Mohd Salleh
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, UTM, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahir Shamsir Omar
- Department of Biosciences & Health Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, UTM, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Alina Wagiran
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, UTM, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Hadi SIIA, Santana H, Brunale PPM, Gomes TG, Oliveira MD, Matthiensen A, Oliveira MEC, Silva FCP, Brasil BSAF. DNA Barcoding Green Microalgae Isolated from Neotropical Inland Waters. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149284. [PMID: 26900844 PMCID: PMC4767179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the feasibility of using the Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Large subunit gene (rbcL) and the Internal Transcribed Spacers 1 and 2 of the nuclear rDNA (nuITS1 and nuITS2) markers for identifying a very diverse, albeit poorly known group, of green microalgae from neotropical inland waters. Fifty-one freshwater green microalgae strains isolated from Brazil, the largest biodiversity reservoir in the neotropics, were submitted to DNA barcoding. Currently available universal primers for ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region amplification were sufficient to successfully amplify and sequence 47 (92%) of the samples. On the other hand, new sets of primers had to be designed for rbcL, which allowed 96% of the samples to be sequenced. Thirty-five percent of the strains could be unambiguously identified to the species level based either on nuITS1 or nuITS2 sequences' using barcode gap calculations. nuITS2 Compensatory Base Change (CBC) and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region phylogenetic analysis, together with morphological inspection, confirmed the identification accuracy. In contrast, only 6% of the strains could be assigned to the correct species based solely on rbcL sequences. In conclusion, the data presented here indicates that either nuITS1 or nuITS2 are useful markers for DNA barcoding of freshwater green microalgae, with advantage for nuITS2 due to the larger availability of analytical tools and reference barcodes deposited at databases for this marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sámed I. I. A. Hadi
- Embrapa Agroenergy, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Hugo Santana
- Embrapa Agroenergy, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brazil
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Palhares RM, Gonçalves Drummond M, dos Santos Alves Figueiredo Brasil B, Pereira Cosenza G, das Graças Lins Brandão M, Oliveira G. Medicinal plants recommended by the world health organization: DNA barcode identification associated with chemical analyses guarantees their quality. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127866. [PMID: 25978064 PMCID: PMC4433216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are used throughout the world, and the regulations defining their proper use, such as identification of the correct species and verification of the presence, purity and concentration of the required chemical compounds, are widely recognized. Herbal medicines are made from vegetal drugs, the processed products of medicinal species. These processed materials present a number of challenges in terms of botanical identification, and according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the use of incorrect species is a threat to consumer safety. The samples used in this study consisted of the dried leaves, flowers and roots of 257 samples from 8 distinct species approved by the WHO for the production of medicinal herbs and sold in Brazilian markets. Identification of the samples in this study using DNA barcoding (matK, rbcL and ITS2 regions) revealed that the level of substitutions may be as high as 71%. Using qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses, this study identified situations in which the correct species was being sold, but the chemical compounds were not present. Even more troubling, some samples identified as substitutions using DNA barcoding contained the chemical compounds from the correct species at the minimum required concentration. This last situation may lead to the use of unknown species or species whose safety for human consumption remains unknown. This study concludes that DNA barcoding should be used in a complementary manner for species identification with chemical analyses to detect and quantify the required chemical compounds, thus improving the quality of this class of medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Melo Palhares
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Myleus Biotechnology Research Team, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Pesquisa Rene Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | | | | | - Gustavo Pereira Cosenza
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Maria das Graças Lins Brandão
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
- CEPLAMT, Museu de História Natural e Jardim Botânico & Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Centro de Pesquisa Rene Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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