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Unnikrishnan R, Balakrishnan S, Sumod M, Sujanapal P, Balan B, Dev SA. Gender specific SNP markers in Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. for resource augmentation. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:93. [PMID: 38194000 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unregulated extraction of highly traded medicinal plant species results in drastic decline of the natural resources and alters viable sex ratio of populations. Conservation and long-term survival of such species, require gender specific restoration programs to ensure reproductive success. However, it is often difficult to differentiate sex of individuals before reaching reproductive maturity. C. fenestratum is one of the medicinally important and overexploited dioecious woody liana, with a reproductive maturity of 15 years. Currently, no information is available to identify sex of C. fenestratum in seedling stage while augmenting the resources. Thus, the current study envisages to utilize transcriptomics approach for gender differentiation which is imperative for undertaking viable resource augmentation programmes. METHODS AND RESULTS Gender specific SNPs with probable role in sexual reproduction/sex determination was located using comparative transcriptomics approach (sampling male and female individuals), alongside gene ontology and annotation. Nine sets of primers were synthesized from 7 transcripts (involved in sexual reproduction/other biological process) containing multiple SNP variants. Out of the nine primer pairs, only one SNP locus with no available information of its role in reproduction, showed consistent and accurate results (males-heterozygous and females-homozygous), in the analyzed 40 matured individuals of known sexes. Thus validated the efficiency of this SNP marker in differentiating male and female individuals. CONCLUSIONS The study could identify SNPs linked to the loci with apparent role in gender differentiation. This SNP marker can be used for early sexing of seedlings for in-situ conservation and resource augmentation of C. fenestratum in Kerala, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Unnikrishnan
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, 680653, India
- Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Swathi Balakrishnan
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, 680653, India
- Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - M Sumod
- Sustainable Forest Management Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, 680653, India
| | - P Sujanapal
- Sustainable Forest Management Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, 680653, India
| | - Bipin Balan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze-Ed. 4, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Suma Arun Dev
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, 680653, India.
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Dev SA, Unnikrishnan R, Prathibha PS, Sijimol K, Sreekumar VB, AzharAli A, Anoop EV, Viswanath S. Artificial intelligence in timber forensics employing DNA barcode database. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:183. [PMID: 37193334 PMCID: PMC10182240 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Extreme difficulties in species identification of illegally sourced wood with conventional tools have accelerated illicit logging activities, leading to the destruction of natural resources in India. In this regard, the study primarily focused on developing a DNA barcode database for 41 commercial timber tree species which are highly vulnerable to adulteration in south India. The developed DNA barcode database was validated using an integrated approach involving wood anatomical features of traded wood samples collected from south India. Traded wood samples were primarily identified using wood anatomical features using IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. Consortium of Barcode of Life (CBOL) recommended barcode gene regions (rbcL, matK & psbA-trnH) were employed for developing DNA barcode database. Secondly, we employed artificial intelligence (AI) analytical platform, Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) for analyzing DNA barcode sequence database which could append precision, speed, and accuracy for the entire identification process. Among the four classification algorithms implemented in the machine learning algorithm (WEKA), best performance was shown by SMO, which could clearly allocate individual samples to their respective sequence database of biological reference materials (BRM) with 100 % accuracy, indicating its efficiency in authenticating the traded timber species. Major advantage of AI is the ability to analyze huge data sets with more precision and also provides a large platform for rapid authentication of species, which subsequently reduces human labor and time. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03604-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suma Arun Dev
- Forest Genetic & Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - Remya Unnikrishnan
- Forest Genetic & Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
- Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kochi, Kerala India
| | - P. S. Prathibha
- Forest Genetic & Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - K. Sijimol
- Forest Genetic & Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - V. B. Sreekumar
- Forest Genetic & Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - A. AzharAli
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikara, Thrissur, Kerala 680654 India
| | - E. V. Anoop
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikara, Thrissur, Kerala 680654 India
| | - Syam Viswanath
- Forest Genetic & Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
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Unnikrishnan R, Sumod M, Jayaraj R, Sujanapal P, Dev SA. The efficacy of machine learning algorithm for raw drug authentication in Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. employing a DNA barcode database. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2021; 27:605-617. [PMID: 33854287 PMCID: PMC7981360 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are a valuable resource for traditional as well as modern medicine. Consequently huge demand has exerted a heavy strain on the existing natural resources. Due to over exploitation and unscientific collection most of the commercially traded ayurvedic plants are in the phase of depletion. Adulteration of expensive raw drugs with inferior taxa has become a common practice to meet the annual demand of the ayurvedic industry. Although there are several recommended methods for proper identification varying from the traditional taxonomic to organoleptic and physiochemical, it is difficult to authenticate ayurvedic raw drugs available in extremely dried, powdered or shredded forms. In this regard, the study addresses proper authentication and illicit trade in Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. using CBOL recommended standard barcode regions viz. nuclear ribosomal-Internally Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA- ITS), maturase K (matK), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL), and psbA-trnH spacer regions. Further, an integrated analytical approach employing Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree and Machine Learning Approach, Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis was employed to prove efficacy of the method. The automated species identification technique, Artificial Intelligence uses the ability of computers to build models that can receive the input data and then conduct statistical analyses which significantly reduces the human labour. Concurrently, scientific management, restoration, cultivation and conservation measures should be given utmost priority to reduce the depletion of wild resources as well as to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the herbal industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Unnikrishnan
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
- Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala India
| | - M. Sumod
- Sustainable Forest Management Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - R. Jayaraj
- Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - P. Sujanapal
- Sustainable Forest Management Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
| | - Suma Arun Dev
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653 India
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Chetan MR, Miksza JK, Lawrence I, Anjana RM, Unnikrishnan R, Amutha A, Shanthi Rani CS, Jebarani S, Mohan V, Khunti K, Narendran P. The increased risk of microvascular complications in South Asians with type 1 diabetes is influenced by migration. Diabet Med 2020; 37:2136-2142. [PMID: 31721280 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to explore the association between South Asian ethnicity and complications of type 1 diabetes, and whether this is affected by migration. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, data on diabetes control and complications were obtained for South Asians in India (South AsiansIndia , n = 2592) and the UK (South AsiansUK , n = 221) and white Europeans in the UK (n = 1431). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations between ethnicity and diabetic kidney disease, retinopathy and neuropathy adjusting for age, sex, BMI, disease duration, HbA1c , blood pressure (BP) and cholesterol. RESULTS South AsiansIndia had significantly greater adjusted odds of diabetic kidney disease [odds ratio (OR) 5.0, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 3.6-7.1] and retinopathy (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.5), but lower odds of neuropathy (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.4-0.6) than white Europeans. South AsiansIndia had significantly greater adjusted odds of diabetic kidney disease (OR 3.0, 95% 1.8-5.3) than South AsiansUK , but there was no significant difference in the odds of other complications. CONCLUSIONS In this hypothesis-generating study, we report that South Asian ethnicity is associated with greater risk of diabetic kidney disease and retinopathy, and lower risk of neuropathy than white European ethnicity. Part of the excess diabetic kidney disease risk is reduced in South AsiansUK . These associations cannot be accounted for by differences in vascular risk factors. Our findings in South Asians with type 1 diabetes mirror previous findings in type 2 diabetes and now need to be validated in a study of the effect of ethnicity on type 1 diabetes complications where healthcare is provided in the same setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Chetan
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - J K Miksza
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - I Lawrence
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - R M Anjana
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | | | - A Amutha
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | | | - S Jebarani
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - V Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - K Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - P Narendran
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Unnikrishnan R, Dev SA, Jayaraj R. Pitfalls and promises of raw drug identification techniques in the ayurvedic industry: an overview. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:497. [PMID: 33150123 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
India, with a rich heritage of floral diversity, is well-known for its medicinal plant wealth and is the largest producer of medicinal herbs in the world. Ethnobiological Survey of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) could identify 8000 plant species utilized in various systems of medicine with approximately 25,000 effective herbal formulations. The extensive consumption to meet demand-supply ratio exerts a heavy strain on the existing resources. This subsequently led to the adulteration and substitution of medicinal plants with look-alike species. The consumer's faith on herbal medicine is in the phase of decline due to the extremities in adulteration/substitution and ensuing consequences. It is imperative to bring forth universally acceptable standard tools to authenticate raw drugs before being processed further into formulations. A vast array of techniques such as physical, chemical (analytical), biochemical, anatomical, organoleptic, and recently emerged DNA based molecular methods are widely used for plant species authentication. In recent years, DNA barcoding has made remarkable progress in the field of medicinal plants research. DNA metabarcoding is the latest development for qualitative evaluation of the herbal formulations, whereas for quantitative analysis, combination of pharmacognostic, pharmacovigilance and analytical methods are inevitable for authentication. This review addresses the overall strengths and shortcomings of the existing as well as recently emerged techniques in authenticating ayurvedic raw drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Unnikrishnan
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala India
- Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kochi, Kerala India
| | - Suma Arun Dev
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala India
| | - R Jayaraj
- Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala India
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Akhtar A, Subbiah S, Mohanty K, Sundar R, Unnikrishnan R, Hareesh U. Sugarcane juice clarification by lanthanum phosphate nanofibril coated ceramic ultrafiltration membrane: PPO removal in absence of lime pre-treatment, fouling and cleaning studies. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shobana S, Ramya Bai M, Sudha V, Unnikrishnan R, Anjana RM, Mohan V. Nutrition and its Link with Diabetes in Asian Indians: Challenges and Solutions. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 2018. [DOI: 10.16943/ptinsa/2018/49441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Amutha A, Pradeepa R, Chella KS, Anjana RM, Unnikrishnan R, Mohan V. Lipid Profile in Childhood-and Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes and their Association with Microvascular Complications. J Assoc Physicians India 2017; 65:42-47. [PMID: 28782313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the lipid profiles in childhood and youth onset type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and study their association with microvascular complications. METHODS Clinical details of individuals with childhood and youth onset T2DM, age at diagnosis between 10 and 25 yrs (n=1340) were retrieved from electronic medical records. Lipid abnormalities were classified based on the NCEP (ATP III) guidelines and management of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Retinopathy was assessed by retinal photography; nephropathy, if albumin excretion was ≥300 mg/g of creatinine or if the 24 hour protein excretion was >500 mg and neuropathy by elevated vibration perception threshold (≥20 V) on biothesiometry. RESULTS Out of 1,340 individuals with childhood and youth with T2DM, 53.3% of them were male. The mean age and duration of diabetes were 28.4 ± 10.4 and 7.4 ± 9.5 years respectively. Overall, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 82.1%. Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-C and high LDL-C were 40.7%, 52.8%, 59.1 % and 64.5% respectively. In logistic regression, both in unadjusted and adjusted model, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia were associated with diabetic retinopathy [OR:1.8, CI:1.4-2.4, p<0.001 and 1.7, 1.3-2.2, p<0.001] and nephropathy [OR:1.7, CI:1.1-2.5, p=0.015 and 1.8, 1.2-2.8, p=0.007]. Additionally, hypercholesterolemia was associated with neuropathy, even after adjusting for age at diagnosis of diabetes and glycated hemoglobin [OR1.6, 1.0-2.5, p=0.041]. CONCLUSIONS Lipid abnormalities are common and associated with microvascular complications among these T2DM individuals. This underscores the need for effective control of lipids among childhood and youth onset T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amutha
- Scientist, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | - R Pradeepa
- Senior Scientist,Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | - K S Chella
- Senior Research Officer,Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | - R M Anjana
- Vice President and Managing Director, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | - R Unnikrishnan
- Vice Chairman, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | - V Mohan
- President, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Chairman, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
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Shrivastava U, Misra A, Mohan V, Unnikrishnan R, Bachani D. Obesity, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases in India: Public Health Challenges. Curr Diabetes Rev 2017; 13:65-80. [PMID: 27515855 DOI: 10.2174/1573399812666160805153328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs; including coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes) are rapidly increasing in India causing nearly 5.8 million deaths per year. Primary reasons for rise in NCDs in India are nutrition and lifestyle transitions. Further, presence of higher body fat, abdominal fat, liver and pancreatic fat and lower lean mass than whites, contribute to heightened metabolic and cardiovascular risk in Asian Indians. Importantly, conversion from pre-diabetes to diabetes occurs more rapidly, and reversion to normal glucose regulation with appropriate lifestyle measures is more difficult in Asian Indians than white population. Huge number of patients with diabetes and with complications increase morbidity, mortality and pose substantial economic burden. It is difficult, though not impossible, to decrease pace of rapidly expanding juggernaut of NCDs in India. Only concerted efforts from multiple stakeholders, consistently sincere efforts and intensely focused attention from health officialdom and clear political will may help counter this increasingly difficult challenge. Finally, all prevention and management approaches should be cost-effective, pragmatic, and focused on children and underprivileged populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Misra
- Fortis-C-DOC Hospital for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, B-16, Chirag Enclave, New Delhi, India
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Mathews CE, Kamath A, Unnikrishnan R. Comparison of Approaches to Spontaneous Breathing Trial for Extubation: Is PAV+ Better Than Other Methods? Respir Care 2016; 61:998. [DOI: 10.4187/respcare.04824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Anjana RM, Ranjani H, Unnikrishnan R, Weber MB, Mohan V, Narayan KMV. Exercise patterns and behaviour in Asian Indians: data from the baseline survey of the Diabetes Community Lifestyle Improvement Program (D-CLIP). Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 107:77-84. [PMID: 25458336 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This paper attempts to describe the patterns of exercise and the perceived benefits and barriers to exercise in an urban south Indian population. METHODS Study participants were recruited from the baseline survey of the D-CLIP (Diabetes Community Lifestyle Improvement Program). Frequency, duration, type and location of exercise were assessed using a questionnaire, while a Likert type scale was used to assess perceived benefits of and barriers to exercise. Quality of life was measured using the EQ-5D. RESULTS Out of 1281 participants (63.7% males), 24.1% reported doing ≥150min of exercise/week ("exercisers") compared to 75.9% "non-exercisers". Exercisers were significantly older (47 vs. 43 years), better educated (68.8% vs. 60%), had a higher monthly income (41% vs. 29.2%), consumed more fruits (38.2% vs. 25.6%) and vegetables (84.1% vs. 77.7%) and had better perceived state of health (81.1% vs. 76.8%), compared to non-exercisers. Exercisers had significantly lower HOMA-IR, higher Matsuda index and lower prevalence of low HDL cholesterol compared to non-exercisers. However, there were no significant differences in cardio-metabolic risk factors like diabetes, hypertension and obesity between the two groups. Walking was the most common type of exercise. Both exercisers and non-exercisers perceived the benefits of exercising, but barriers weighed more heavily on exercise behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Urgent steps are needed to improve overall exercise levels in India by addressing barriers and improving the quality of exercise performed so as to enhance overall metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Anjana
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
| | - H Ranjani
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - R Unnikrishnan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - M B Weber
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - V Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - K M Venkat Narayan
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Deepa M, Bhansali A, Anjana RM, Pradeepa R, Joshi SR, Joshi PP, Dhandhania VK, Rao PV, Subashini R, Unnikrishnan R, Shukla DK, Madhu SV, Das AK, Mohan V, Kaur T. Knowledge and awareness of diabetes in urban and rural India: The Indian Council of Medical Research India Diabetes Study (Phase I): Indian Council of Medical Research India Diabetes 4. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2014; 18:379-385. [PMID: 24944935 PMCID: PMC4056139 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.131191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Representative data on knowledge and awareness about diabetes is scarce in India and is extremely important to plan public health policies aimed at preventing and controlling diabetes. AIM The aim of the following study is to assess awareness and knowledge about diabetes in the general population, as well as in individuals with diabetes in four selected regions of India. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study subjects were drawn from a representative sample of four geographical regions of India, Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand and Maharashtra representing North, South, East and West and covering a population of 213 million. A total of 16,607 individuals (5112 urban and 11,495 rural) aged ≥20 years were selected from 188 urban and 175 rural areas. Awareness of diabetes and knowledge of causative factors and complications of diabetes were assessed using an interviewer administered structured questionnaire in 14,274 individuals (response rate, 86.0%), which included 480 self-reported diabetic subjects. RESULTS Only 43.2% (6160/14,274) of the overall study population had heard about a condition called diabetes. Overall urban residents had higher awareness rates (58.4%) compared to rural residents (36.8%) (P < 0.001). About 46.7% of males and 39.6% of females reported that they knew about a condition called diabetes (P < 0.001). Of the general population, 41.5% (5726/13,794) knew about a condition called diabetes. Among them, 80.7% (4620/5726) knew that the prevalence of diabetes was increasing, whereas among diabetic subjects, it was 93.0% (448/480). Among the general and diabetic population, 56.3% and 63.4% respectively, were aware that diabetes could be prevented. Regarding complications, 51.5% of the general population and 72.7% diabetic population knew that diabetes could affect other organs. Based on a composite knowledge score to assess knowledge among the general population, Tamil Nadu had the highest (31.7) and Jharkhand the lowest score (16.3). However among self-reported diabetic subjects, Maharashtra had the highest (70.1) and Tamil Nadu, the lowest score (56.5). CONCLUSION Knowledge and awareness about diabetes in India, particularly in rural areas, is poor. This underscores the need for conducting large scale diabetes awareness and education programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Deepa
- Department of Epidemiology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr.Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
| | - A. Bhansali
- Department of Epidemiology and Diabetology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - R. M. Anjana
- Department of Epidemiology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr.Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
| | - R. Pradeepa
- Department of Epidemiology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr.Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
| | - S. R. Joshi
- Department of Epidemiology and Diabetology, Lilavati Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - P. P. Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, India
| | | | - P. V. Rao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - R. Subashini
- Department of Epidemiology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr.Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
| | - R. Unnikrishnan
- Department of Epidemiology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr.Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
| | - D. K. Shukla
- Department of Non Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - S. V. Madhu
- Department of Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - A. K. Das
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Post– Graduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - V. Mohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr.Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
| | - T. Kaur
- Department of Non Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Jahnavi S, Poovazhagi V, Mohan V, Bodhini D, Raghupathy P, Amutha A, Suresh Kumar P, Adhikari P, Shriraam M, Kaur T, Das AK, Molnes J, Njolstad PR, Unnikrishnan R, Radha V. Clinical and molecular characterization of neonatal diabetes and monogenic syndromic diabetes in Asian Indian children. Clin Genet 2012; 83:439-45. [PMID: 22831748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the pancreatic ATP sensitive K(+) channel proteins [sulfonyluea receptor 1 (SUR1) and inward rectifier K(+) channel Kir6.2 (Kir6.2), encoded by ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily C member 8 (ABCC8) and potassium channel J11 (KCNJ11), respectively], are the most common cause of neonatal diabetes. We describe the clinical presentation and molecular characterization of Asian Indian children with neonatal diabetes mellitus and monogenic syndromes of diabetes. We sequenced KCNJ11, ABCC8 and insulin (INS) genes in 33 unrelated Indian probands with onset of diabetes below one year of age. A total of 12 mutations were identified which included ABCC8 mutations in seven, KCNJ11 mutations in three and INS mutations in two children. The Asp212Tyr mutation in ABCC8 was novel. We also detected two novel mutations (Val67Met and Leu19Arg) in children with syndromic forms of diabetes like Berardinelli Seip syndrome [1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase beta (AGPAT2)] and Fanconi Bickel syndrome [solute carrier family 2A2 (SLC2A2)]. Children carrying the KCNJ11 (Cys42Arg, Arg201Cys) and ABCC8 (Val86Ala, Asp212Tyr) mutations have been successfully switched over from insulin therapy to oral sulfonylurea. Our study is the first large genetic screening study of neonatal diabetes in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jahnavi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
A 45-year-old female recently detected diabetic, admitted with difficulty in walking, irrelevant talk and urinary incontinence for 3 weeks and deviation of angle of mouth to left. Examination revealed pallor, delusional thoughts, right upper motor neuron facial weakness, ataxia. CT brain revealed bulky hyperdense lesion in corpus callosum and subsequently MRI of the brain revealed T2-hyperintense lesions involving genu and body of corpus callosum with restricted diffusion, and MR spectroscopy revealed reduced uptake of choline. Possibilities considered were infiltrative glioma of corpus callosum, demyelination and central nervous system lymphoma. As the patient and relatives were not willing to allow stereotactic biopsy, she was started on steroids. Her neurological deficits started improving and 1 month later repeat MRI brain showed a drastic reduction in the size of the lesion. Her neurological condition disappeared and is doing well.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rajasekharan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College Hospital, Thiruvanthapuram, Kerala, India.
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Anjana RM, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, Datta M, Sudha V, Unnikrishnan R, Bhansali A, Joshi SR, Joshi PP, Yajnik CS, Dhandhania VK, Nath LM, Das AK, Rao PV, Madhu SV, Shukla DK, Kaur T, Priya M, Nirmal E, Parvathi SJ, Subhashini S, Subashini R, Ali MK, Mohan V. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: phase I results of the Indian Council of Medical Research-INdia DIABetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. Diabetologia 2011; 54:3022-7. [PMID: 21959957 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS This study reports the results of the first phase of a national study to determine the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in India. METHODS A total of 363 primary sampling units (188 urban, 175 rural), in three states (Tamilnadu, Maharashtra and Jharkhand) and one union territory (Chandigarh) of India were sampled using a stratified multistage sampling design to survey individuals aged ≥ 20 years. The prevalence rates of diabetes and prediabetes were assessed by measurement of fasting and 2 h post glucose load capillary blood glucose. RESULTS Of the 16,607 individuals selected for the study, 14,277 (86%) participated, of whom 13,055 gave blood samples. The weighted prevalence of diabetes (both known and newly diagnosed) was 10.4% in Tamilnadu, 8.4% in Maharashtra, 5.3% in Jharkhand, and 13.6% in Chandigarh. The prevalences of prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) were 8.3%, 12.8%, 8.1% and 14.6% respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that age, male sex, family history of diabetes, urban residence, abdominal obesity, generalised obesity, hypertension and income status were significantly associated with diabetes. Significant risk factors for prediabetes were age, family history of diabetes, abdominal obesity, hypertension and income status. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONS We estimate that, in 2011, Maharashtra will have 6 million individuals with diabetes and 9.2 million with prediabetes, Tamilnadu will have 4.8 million with diabetes and 3.9 million with prediabetes, Jharkhand will have 0.96 million with diabetes and 1.5 million with prediabetes, and Chandigarh will have 0.12 million with diabetes and 0.13 million with prediabetes. Projections for the whole of India would be 62.4 million people with diabetes and 77.2 million people with prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Anjana
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre for Education, 4, Conran Smith Road, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600 086, India
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Mohan V, Unnikrishnan R, Thomas N, Bhansali A, Wangnoo SK, Thomas K. Pneumococcal infections and immunization in diabetic patients. J Postgrad Med 2011; 57:78-81. [PMID: 21206113 DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.74299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
India is today facing a diabetes epidemic and has the maximum number of patients with diabetes in the world. People with diabetes are more prone to develop all types of infections. Pneumococcal infections are a common cause of morbidity and mortality, and people with diabetes are more prone to develop pneumococcal infections. With the availability of the pneumococcal vaccine, most international organizations now recommend that people with diabetes should be vaccinated against pneumococcal disease. This article tries to provide a balanced review of the place of pneumococcal vaccination in Indian diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mohan
- Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India.
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17
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Anjana R, Ali M, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, Datta M, Unnikrishnan R, Rema M, Mohan V. The need for obtaining accurate nationwide estimates of diabetes prevalence in India - rationale for a national study on diabetes. Indian J Med Res 2011; 133:369-80. [PMID: 21537089 PMCID: PMC3103169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Diabetes Atlas, India is projected to have around 51 million people with diabetes. However, these data are based on small sporadic studies done in some parts of the country. Even a few multi-centre studies that have been done, have several limitations. Also, marked heterogeneity between States limits the generalizability of results. Other studies done at various time periods also lack uniform methodology, do not take into consideration ethnic differences and have inadequate coverage. Thus, till date there has been no national study on the prevalence of diabetes which are truly representative of India as a whole. Moreover, the data on diabetes complications is even more scarce. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a large well-planned national study, which could provide reliable nationwide data, not only on prevalence of diabetes, but also on pre-diabetes, and the complications of diabetes in India. A study of this nature will have enormous public health impact and help policy makers to take action against diabetes in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.M. Anjana
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases, Prevention & Control, Chennai, India
| | - M.K. Ali
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - R. Pradeepa
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases, Prevention & Control, Chennai, India
| | - M. Deepa
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases, Prevention & Control, Chennai, India
| | - M. Datta
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases, Prevention & Control, Chennai, India
| | - R. Unnikrishnan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases, Prevention & Control, Chennai, India
| | - M. Rema
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases, Prevention & Control, Chennai, India
| | - V. Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases, Prevention & Control, Chennai, India,Reprint requests: Dr V. Mohan, Director & Chief of Diabetes Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, Who Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases, Prevention & Control, 4, Conran Smith Road, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600 086, India e-mail
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Anoop M, Issac A, Mathew T, Philip S, Kareem NA, Unnikrishnan R, Sreekumar E. Genetic characterization of dengue virus serotypes causing concurrent infection in an outbreak in Ernakulam, Kerala, South India. Indian J Exp Biol 2010; 48:849-857. [PMID: 21341545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral infection, causes significant morbidity and has become endemic in the Indian subcontinent. Virus strains currently circulating in many parts of the country are not well studied at the molecular level. In the present study, genetic characterization of virus strains from a dengue outbreak that occurred in and around a tertiary care hospital in Ernakulam, Kerala in the year 2008 has been reported. By reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 37 out of 75 (49.3%) clinically suspected cases were positive for dengue viral RNA. Among these, 21 (56.8%) samples showed concurrent infection with multiple serotypes of the virus. Majority of the combined infections were caused by dengue serotype 2 and 3. Co-infections with type 1 and 2 in two patients, and type 1, 2 and 3 in one patient were also observed. The core-pre-Membrane (CprM) junction nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the type 1 strains were related to the viral strains reported from Delhi-2001 and Gwalior-2002 dengue outbreaks, while the type 2 strains were related to the strains from Gwalior-2001 epidemic. Sequences of type 3 strains did not show clear relation to any of the previous Indian isolates, and in the phylogenetic analysis, they formed a distinct lineage within the Indian type 3 strains. This study indicates hyperendemicity of dengue in the region with the presence of multiple serotypes and high rates of co-infection, and local genomic evolution of the viral strains involved in this outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anoop
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thycaud P O, Thiruvananthapuram 695 014, Kerala, India
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Unnikrishnan R, Das R, Jaydip R, Sudhakaran C, Mohan V. Unexpected and abnormally low HDL cholesterol levels on combination hypolipidemic therapy. J Assoc Physicians India 2009; 57:180-181. [PMID: 19582991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In general, Indians have low HDL cholesterol levels. Fenofibrate, a drug widely used in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia, usually also increases HDL cholesterol. There have been a few reports in the literature of a paradoxical decrease in serum HDL-cholesterol in patients treated with fenofibrate, either alone or in combination with a statin. We report three cases of paradoxical decrease in serum HDL-cholesterol in type 2 diabetic patients treated with a statin-fenofibrate combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Unnikrishnan
- Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, & Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Chennai
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Reddy NP, Katakam A, Gupta V, Unnikrishnan R, Narayanan J, Canilang EP. Measurements of acceleration during videofluorographic evaluation of dysphagic patients. Med Eng Phys 2000; 22:405-12. [PMID: 11086251 DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4533(00)00047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Accelerometry represents a noninvasive technique for the assessment of the swallowing mechanism. However, the underlying physiological events that give rise to the acceleration signal are poorly understood. In the present study, the acceleration signal was measured simultaneously during videofluorography examination. Preliminary results revealed that the signal occurred during laryngeal elevation and the magnitude of acceleration correlated well with the laryngeal displacement. Acceleration measurements present a potentially useful noninvasive tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Reddy
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-0302, USA.
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Resmi MR, Sandhyarani N, Unnikrishnan R, Ma S, Pradeep T. Charge-Transfer Complexation of C(60) with Diphenyltetrathiafulvalene (DPTTF) Capped Gold Clusters. J Colloid Interface Sci 1999; 217:395-402. [PMID: 10469548 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1999.6361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
4,4'-Diphenyltetrathiafulvalene (DPTTF) capped gold nanoparticles of 3- to 5-nm diameter have been prepared and their thermal stability has been investigated by variable temperature FT-IR spectroscopy. The DPTTF molecules at the cluster surface undergo charge-transfer complexation with C(60) to form Au/DPTTF.C(60). Direct evidence of complexation is observed in the x-ray photoelectron and infrared spectra of the clusters. The orientational ordering transition of C(60) in Au/DPTTF.C(60) clusters occur at a higher temperature than pure C(60) indicating increased resistance to orientational disorder due to charge transfer. Variable-temperature infrared spectroscopic studies yield complementary information. Both FT-IR and mass spectra show that some of the sites on the gold surface are occupied by the phase-transfer reagent used in the cluster preparation. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- MR Resmi
- Department of Chemistry and Regional Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, 600 036, India
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