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Lankatillake C, Huynh T, Dias DA. Abrus precatorius Leaf Extract Stimulates Insulin-mediated Muscle Glucose Uptake: In vitro Studies and Phytochemical Analysis. PLANTA MEDICA 2024; 90:388-396. [PMID: 38490239 DOI: 10.1055/a-2281-0988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, linked with insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia, is a leading cause of mortality. Glucose uptake through glucose transporter type 4, especially in skeletal muscle, is crucial for maintaining euglycaemia and is a key pathway targeted by antidiabetic medication. Abrus precatorius is a medicinal plant with demonstrated antihyperglycaemic activity in animal models, but its mechanisms are unclear.This study evaluated the effect of a 50% ethanolic (v/v) A. precatorius leaf extract on (1) insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and (2) related gene expression in differentiated C2C12 myotubes using rosiglitazone as a positive control, and (3) generated a comprehensive phytochemical profile of A. precatorius leaf extract using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry to elucidate its antidiabetic compounds. A. precatorius leaf extract significantly increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, and insulin receptor substrate 1 and Akt substrate of 160 kDa gene expression; however, it had no effect on glucose transporter type 4 gene expression. At 250 µg/mL A. precatorius leaf extract, the increase in glucose uptake was significantly higher than 1 µM rosiglitazone. Fifty-five phytochemicals (primarily polyphenols, triterpenoids, saponins, and alkaloids) were putatively identified, including 24 that have not previously been reported from A. precatorius leaves. Abrusin, precatorin I, glycyrrhizin, hemiphloin, isohemiphloin, hispidulin 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, homoplantaginin, and cirsimaritin were putatively identified as known major compounds previously reported from A. precatorius leaf extract. A. precatorius leaves contain antidiabetic phytochemicals and enhance insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in myotubes via the protein kinase B/phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway by regulating insulin receptor substrate 1 and Akt substrate of 160 kDa gene expression. Therefore, A. precatorius leaves may improve skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and hyperglycaemia. Additionally, it is a valuable source of bioactive phytochemicals with potential therapeutic use for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintha Lankatillake
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Tien Huynh
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Daniel A Dias
- ARC Training Centre for Hyphenated Analytical Separation Technologies (HyTECH), CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
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Kim R, Kim JW, Choi H, Oh JE, Kim TH, Go GY, Lee SJ, Bae GU. Ginsenoside Rg5 promotes muscle regeneration via p38MAPK and Akt/mTOR signaling. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:726-734. [PMID: 38107401 PMCID: PMC10721479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal muscles play a key role in physical activity and energy metabolism. The loss of skeletal muscle mass can cause problems related to metabolism and physical activity. Studies are being conducted to prevent such diseases by increasing the mass and regeneration capacity of muscles. Ginsenoside Rg5 has been reported to exhibit a broad range of pharmacological activities. However, studies on the effects of Rg5 on muscle differentiation and growth are scarce. Methods To investigate the effects of Rg5 on myogenesis, C2C12 myoblasts were induced to differentiate with Rg5, followed by immunoblotting, immunostaining, and qRT-PCR for myogenic markers and promyogenic signaling (p38MAPK). Immunoprecipitation confirmed that Rg5 increased the interaction between MyoD and E2A via p38MAPK. To investigate the effects of Rg5 on prevention of muscle mass loss, C2C12 myotubes were treated with dexamethasone to induce muscle atrophy. Immunoblotting, immunostaining, and qRT-PCR were performed for myogenic markers, Akt/mTOR signaling for protein synthesis, and atrophy-related genes (Atrogin-1 and MuRF1). Results Rg5 promoted C2C12 myoblast differentiation through phosphorylation of p38MAPK and MyoD/E2A heterodimerization. Furthermore, Rg5 stimulated C2C12 myotube hypertrophy via phosphorylation of Akt/mTOR. Phosphorylation of Akt induces FoxO3a phosphorylation, which reduces the expression of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1. Conclusion This study provides an understanding of how Rg5 promotes myogenesis and hypertrophy and prevents dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. The study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to show that Rg5 promotes muscle regeneration and to suggest that Rg5 can be used for therapeutic intervention of muscle weakness and atrophy, including cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuni Kim
- Drug Information Research Institute, Muscle Physiome Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Won Kim
- Drug Information Research Institute, Muscle Physiome Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Choi
- Drug Information Research Institute, Muscle Physiome Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Oh
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Far East University, Chungbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Drug Information Research Institute, Muscle Physiome Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Yeon Go
- Research Institute of Aging Related Disease, AniMusCure Inc., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Aging Related Disease, AniMusCure Inc., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Un Bae
- Drug Information Research Institute, Muscle Physiome Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Li L, Chang Z, Wei K, Tang Y, Chen Z, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhu H, Feng B. Chemical Differentiation and Quantitative Analysis of Black Ginseng Based on an LC-MS Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis Approach. Molecules 2023; 28:5251. [PMID: 37446911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Black ginseng is a new type of processed ginseng that is traditionally used in herbal medicine in East Asian countries. It is prepared from fresh, white, or red ginseng by undergoing a process of steaming and drying several times. However, the chemical differentiation of black ginseng with different processing levels is not well understood. The aim of this study was to propose a new method for discriminating and quantifying black ginseng. Six ginsenosides from black ginseng were accurately quantified, and based on this, the black ginseng samples were divided into incomplete and complete black ginseng. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) combined with a multivariate statistical analysis strategy was then employed to differentiate the two groups. A total of 141 ions were selected as analytical markers of black ginseng, with 45 of these markers being annotated by matching precise m/z and MS/MS data from prior studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Zhixia Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Keyu Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Yi Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Heyun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Bo Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China
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Hu YY, Zhong RH, Guo XJ, Li GT, Zhou JY, Yang WJ, Ren BT, Zhu Y. Jinfeng pills ameliorate premature ovarian insufficiency induced by cyclophosphamide in rats and correlate to modulating IL-17A/IL-6 axis and MEK/ERK signals. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116242. [PMID: 36775079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Jinfeng Pill (JFP) is a classical Chinese medicine formula and composed of 9 herbs, including Epimedium brevicornu Maxim (Yinyanghuo), Cervus elaphus Linnaeus (Lurong), Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. (Renshen), Equus asinus (EJiao), Ligustrum lucidum W.T.Aiton (Nvzhenzi), Reynoutria multiflora (Thunb.) Moldenke (Heshouwu), Curculigo orchioides Gaertn (Xianmao), Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm. (Rougui) and Leonurus japonicus Houtt. (Yimucao). The formula is clinically used to regulate menstrual cycle and alleviate polycystic ovarian syndrome due to its capabilities of ovulation induction. It is therefore presumed that JFP could be used for the therapy of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) but the assumed efficacy has not been fully substantiated in experiment. AIM OF STUDY To evaluate the effectiveness of JFP on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced POI and preliminarily explore its potential mechanisms of action. MATERIAL AND METHODS An experimental rat model of POI was established by using CTX induction to assess the efficacy of JFP. The potential targets of action for JFP alleviating POI were predicted by the combination of network pharmacology and transcriptomics and finally validating by RT-qPCR and Western blot. RESULTS JFP alleviated the damages of ovarian tissue induced by CTX in the rat model of POI via significantly decreasing serum levels of FSH and LH and the ratio of FSH/LH and increasing the levels of E2 and AMH, accompanied with promoting ovarian folliculogenesis and follicle maturity and reversing the depletion of follicle pool. With the analysis of network pharmacology, pathways in cancer, proteoglycans in cancer, PI3K-AKT, TNF and FoxO signaling pathways were predicted to be influenced by JFP. The results of RNA-seq further revealed that IL-17 signaling pathway was the most important pathway regulated by both CTX and JFP, following by transcriptional misregulation in cancer and proteoglycans in cancer. Combining the two analytical methods, JFP likely targeted genes associated with immune regulation, including COX-2, HSP90AA1, FOS, MMP3 and MAPK11 and pathways, including IL-17,Th17 cell differentiation and TNF signaling pathway. Finally, JFP was validated to regulate the mRNA expression of FOS, FOSB, FOSL1, MMP3, MMP13 and COX-2 and decrease the release of IL-17A and the protein expression of IL-6 and suppress the phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 in CTX induced POI rats. CONCLUSION Jinfeng Pill is effective to ameliorate the symptoms of POI induced by CTX in the model of rats and its action is likely associated with suppressing IL-17A/IL-6 axis and the activity of MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yi Hu
- Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Lab of Reproductive Pharmacology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Rui-Hua Zhong
- Lab of Reproductive Pharmacology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiang-Jie Guo
- Lab of Reproductive Pharmacology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guo-Ting Li
- Lab of Reproductive Pharmacology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie-Yun Zhou
- Lab of Reproductive Pharmacology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen-Jie Yang
- Lab of Reproductive Pharmacology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bing-Tao Ren
- Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Lab of Reproductive Pharmacology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Lab of Reproductive Pharmacology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Zha W, Sun Y, Gong W, Li L, Kim W, Li H. Ginseng and ginsenosides: Therapeutic potential for sarcopenia. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Ginsenoside Rg5 Sensitizes Paclitaxel—Resistant Human Cervical-Adeno-Carcinoma Cells to Paclitaxel—And Enhances the Anticancer Effect of Paclitaxel. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071142. [PMID: 35885925 PMCID: PMC9316462 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In cervical cancer chemotherapy, paclitaxel (PTX) chemoresistance has become a major difficulty, and it also affects the survival rate of numerous tumor patients. Thus, for the reversal of chemoresistance, it is imperative to develop combinatory drugs with petite or almost no side effects to sensitize cells to paclitaxel. Ginsenoside Rg5 (GRg5) may act as a chemosensitizer by reversing multidrug resistance. The present study aimed to determine the potential of GRg5 as a chemosensitizer in PTX-resistant human cervical adeno-carcinoma cell lines (HeLa cells). MTT assay was carried out to assess whether GRg5 can potentiate the cytotoxic effect of PTX in PTX- resistant HeLa cells; using flow cytometry-based annexin V-FITC assay, cellular apoptosis was analyzed; the rate of expression of the cell cycle, apoptosis and major cell-survival-signaling-related genes and its proteins were examined using RT-PCR and Western blotting technique. We found increased mRNA expression of Bak, Bax, Bid, and PUMA genes, whereas the mRNA expression of Bcl2, Bcl-XL, c-IAP-1, and MCL-1 were low; GRg5 combination triggered the efficacy of paclitaxel, which led to increased expression of Bax with an enhanced caspase-9/-3 activation, and apoptosis. Moreover, the study supports GRg5 as an inhibitor of two key signaling proteins, Akt and NF-κB, by which GRg5 augments the susceptibility of cervical cancer cells to PTX chemotherapy. GRg5 drastically potentiated the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity of paclitaxel in PTX-resistant human cervical cancer cells in a synergistic mode. Moreover, in the clinical context, combining paclitaxel with GRg5 may prove to be a new approach for enhancing the efficacy of the paclitaxel.
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Kim JY, Kwack MH, Lee EH, Lee WJ. Effects of Black Ginseng Water Extract under the Inflammatory Conditions of Cultured Sebocytes and Outer Root Sheath Cells. Ann Dermatol 2022; 34:95-104. [PMID: 35450316 PMCID: PMC8989908 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2022.34.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng has been used in Korea for a long time as a restorative herbal medicine. Black ginseng (BG) is made from red or white ginseng by multiple steamy and dry processes. Although BG has been reported to have anti-inflammatory potential, studies on its influence on inflammatory skin disorders are lacking. Objective To investigate the effects of BG under the inflammatory conditions of cultured sebocytes and outer root sheath (ORS) cells. Methods The cultured cells were treated with 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide, 5 µg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or 5 µg/ml LPS+50 µg/ml BG for 6 hours and 24 hours. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining and Nile red staining were performed for analysis of inflammatory biomarkers and sebum-related biomarkers. Results BG brought out the increased gene and protein expression of inflammatory biomarkers such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α, in the LPS-treated sebocytes and ORS cells. In addition, BG induced increased expression of TLR4, p-c-jun, p-JNK and p-iκB in LPS-treated sebocytes and ORS cells. Furthermore, it significantly increased the expression of LL-37 and the production of sebum in LPS-treated sebocytes. Conclusion It may be possible for BG to increase the expression of inflammatory biomarkers in inflammatory skin disorders, such as acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi Hee Kwack
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Weon Ju Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Mata-Torres G, Andrade-Cetto A, Espinoza-Hernández F. Approaches to Decrease Hyperglycemia by Targeting Impaired Hepatic Glucose Homeostasis Using Medicinal Plants. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:809994. [PMID: 35002743 PMCID: PMC8733686 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.809994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver plays a pivotal role in maintaining blood glucose levels through complex processes which involve the disposal, storage, and endogenous production of this carbohydrate. Insulin is the hormone responsible for regulating hepatic glucose production and glucose storage as glycogen, thus abnormalities in its function lead to hyperglycemia in obese or diabetic patients because of higher production rates and lower capacity to store glucose. In this context, two different but complementary therapeutic approaches can be highlighted to avoid the hyperglycemia generated by the hepatic insulin resistance: 1) enhancing insulin function by inhibiting the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, one of the main enzymes that disrupt the insulin signal, and 2) direct regulation of key enzymes involved in hepatic glucose production and glycogen synthesis/breakdown. It is recognized that medicinal plants are a valuable source of molecules with special properties and a wide range of scaffolds that can improve hepatic glucose metabolism. Some molecules, especially phenolic compounds and terpenoids, exhibit a powerful inhibitory capacity on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and decrease the expression or activity of the key enzymes involved in the gluconeogenic pathway, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase or glucose 6-phosphatase. This review shed light on the progress made in the past 7 years in medicinal plants capable of improving hepatic glucose homeostasis through the two proposed approaches. We suggest that Coreopsis tinctoria, Lithocarpus polystachyus, and Panax ginseng can be good candidates for developing herbal medicines or phytomedicines that target inhibition of hepatic glucose output as they can modulate the activity of PTP-1B, the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes, and the glycogen content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adolfo Andrade-Cetto
- Laboratorio de Etnofarmacología, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Liu Y, Zhang H, Dai X, Zhu R, Chen B, Xia B, Ye Z, Zhao D, Gao S, Orekhov AN, Zhang D, Wang L, Guo S. A comprehensive review on the phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and antidiabetic effect of Ginseng. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 92:153717. [PMID: 34583224 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Ginseng, one of the well-known medicinal herbs, has been used in the management of diabetes and its complications for more than 1000 years. PURPOSE The aim of this review is devoted to summarize the phytochemistry and pharmacokinetics of Ginseng, and provide evidence for the antidiabetic effects of Ginseng and its ingredients as well as the underlying mechanisms involved. METHODS For the purpose of this review, the following databases were consulted: the PubMed Database (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (http://www.cnki.net), National Science and Technology Library (http://www.nstl.gov.cn/), Wanfang Data (http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/) and the Web of Science Database (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/). RESULTS Ginseng exhibits glucose-lowering effects in different diabetic animal models. In addition, Ginseng may prevent the development of diabetic complications, including liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, retinopathy, atherosclerosis and others. The main ingredients of Ginseng include ginsenosides and polysaccharides. The underlying mechanisms whereby this herb exerts antidiabetic activities may be attributed to the regulation of multiple signaling pathways, including IRS1/PI3K/AKT, LKB1/AMPK/FoxO1, AGEs/RAGE, MAPK/ERK, NF-κB, PPARδ/STAT3, cAMP/PKA/CERB and HIF-1α/VEGF, etc. The pharmacokinetic profiles of ginsenosides provide valuable information on therapeutic efficacy of Ginseng in diabetes. Although Ginseng is well-tolerated, dietary consumption of this herb should follow the doctors' advice. CONCLUSION Ginseng may offer an alternative strategy in protection against diabetes and its complications through the regulations of the multi-targets via various signaling pathways. Efforts to understand the underlying mechanisms with strictly-controlled animal models, combined with well-designed clinical trials and pharmacokinetic evaluation, will be important subjects of the further investigations and weigh in translational value of this herb in diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yage Liu
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuan Dai
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ruyuan Zhu
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bingke Xia
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zimengwei Ye
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sihua Gao
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Shuzhen Guo
- Department of Scientific Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Liu Y, Deng J, Fan D. G-Rh4 improves pancreatic β-cells dysfunction in vivo and in vitro by increased expression of Nrf2 and its target genes. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 148:111925. [PMID: 33359794 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the hypoglycemic mechanism of ginsenoside Rh4 (G-Rh4) in vivo and in vitro models. Our results showed that G-Rh4 markedly improved the symptoms of diabetes, normalized glucose metabolism, and promoted insulin secretion which contributed to attenuate symptoms of hyperglycemia in high-fat diet/streptozocin induced type 2 diabetes mellitus mice. This positive effect was associated with increased expression of Nrf2 by G-Rh4. Further results demonstrated that G-Rh4 promoted Nrf2 nucleus translocation as well as up-regulated the expression of HO-1, NQO1 and GCLC. Furthermore, we also found that G-Rh4 increased insulin secretion by activating the signal pathway of PDX-1, GLUT2 and GCK. More importantly, the protective effects of G-Rh4 on alloxan-induced upregulation of Nrf2 target gene and insulin secretion were abolished by Nrf2 knockdown. Finally, we explored the mechanism of G-Rh4 associated with Nrf2 activation and found that the Akt deficiency inhibited G-Rh4-mediated Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Altogether, we present evidence that G-Rh4 increased expression of Nrf2 and results in increased antioxidant gene, as well as a rise in insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro. Exploiting the Nrf2 pathway may show great potential as a therapeutic strategy to improve pancreatic β-cells dysfunction in the diabetic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Jianjun Deng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
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Metabolic Changes in Serum Metabolome of Beagle Dogs Fed Black Ginseng. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120517. [PMID: 33352805 PMCID: PMC7765939 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of black ginseng, which has many kinds of biological activities, on dogs was investigated. Serum samples of beagle dogs, which were fed with black ginseng for 8 weeks, were measured using high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. Acquired NMR data from the serum of dogs fed for 0, 4, and 8 weeks were analyzed by metabolic profiling and multivariate statistical analysis. In statistical analysis and biomarker analysis results of metabolite profiles, formate, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, and valine had variable importance in projection (VIP) scores above 1.0 and excellent area under the curve (AUC) values of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves above 0.9. In the result of multivariate statistical analysis, the score plot showed the discrimination between before and after feeding of black ginseng. These differences in metabolic profiles are considered to be due to the involvement of metabolic processes following black ginseng administration, such as enhancing immunity and energy metabolism. Through metabolomics analysis, we confirmed the biological efficacy of black ginseng in dogs and also confirmed that metabolomics can be applied to the pet health industry.
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Wang L, Xu Z, Ling D, Li J, Wang Y, Shan T. The regulatory role of dietary factors in skeletal muscle development, regeneration and function. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:764-782. [PMID: 33021403 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1828812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in motor function, respiration, and whole-body energy homeostasis. How to regulate the development and function of skeletal muscle has become a hot research topic for improving lifestyle and extending life span. Numerous transcription factors and nutritional factors have been clarified are closely associated with the regulation of skeletal muscle development, regeneration and function. In this article, the roles of different dietary factors including green tea, quercetin, curcumin (CUR), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and resveratrol (RES) in regulating skeletal muscle development, muscle mass, muscle function, and muscle recovery have been summarized and discussed. We also reviewed the potential regulatory molecular mechanism of these factors. Based on the current findings, dietary factors may be used as a potential therapeutic agent to treat skeletal muscle dysfunction as well as its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziye Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Defeng Ling
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
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Lee DK, Park S, Long NP, Min JE, Kim HM, Yang E, Lee SJ, Lim J, Kwon SW. Research Quality-Based Multivariate Modeling for Comparison of the Pharmacological Effects of Black and Red Ginseng. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092590. [PMID: 32858896 PMCID: PMC7551003 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Black ginseng has various pharmacological activities, but only few studies have compared its pharmacological effects with those of red ginseng. We conducted an integrative systematic literature evaluation and developed a non-inferiority test based on the multivariate modeling approach to compare the pharmacological effects of red ginseng and black ginseng. We searched reported studies on the pharmaceutical effects and composition of ginsenosides and assigned numeric scores using nonlinear principal component analysis, based on discretization measures for the included publications. Downstream weighted linear regression models were constructed to study the eight major biological activities that are generally known to be exhibited by red ginseng. Our statistical model, based on available ordinal information gathered from previous literature, helped in comparing the overlapping effects of black ginseng. Black ginseng showed antioxidant effects comparable to those of red ginseng; however, this variant was inferior to red ginseng in enhancing immunity, relieving fatigue, alleviating depression/anxiety, decreasing body fat, and reducing blood pressure. We have showed a cost-efficient method to indirectly evaluate the biological effects of ginseng products using data from published articles. This method can also be used to compare the nutritional and medicinal value of herbal medicines that share similar compositions of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kyu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (D.-K.L.); (N.P.L.); (J.E.M.); (H.M.K.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Seongoh Park
- Department of Statistics, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 02844, Korea;
| | - Nguyen Phuoc Long
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (D.-K.L.); (N.P.L.); (J.E.M.); (H.M.K.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Jung Eun Min
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (D.-K.L.); (N.P.L.); (J.E.M.); (H.M.K.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Hyung Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (D.-K.L.); (N.P.L.); (J.E.M.); (H.M.K.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Eugine Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Seul Ji Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (D.-K.L.); (N.P.L.); (J.E.M.); (H.M.K.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Johan Lim
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (D.-K.L.); (N.P.L.); (J.E.M.); (H.M.K.); (S.J.L.)
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-7844; Fax: +82-886-7844
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Jeong YJ, Hwang MJ, Hong CO, Yoo DS, Kim JS, Kim DY, Lee KW. Anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of black ginseng extract containing increased Rh4, Rg5, and Rk1 content in muscle and liver of type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:1101-1112. [PMID: 32670664 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Black ginseng (BG), which is produced by repeated steaming and drying of fresh ginseng, has various pharmacological and therapeutic properties. This study investigated the anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of BG ethanolic extract in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. The levels of fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin levels and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values were decreased in the groups fed BG extract (BG) (100 and 900 mg/kg BW/day), compared to the control group (CON). In the BG compared with the CON, hepatic steatosis in the liver and the size of adipocytes in muscle tissue were improved. The administration of BG regulated the glucose transporter type (GLUT) 4 and 2, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and γ in muscle and liver. Moreover, ginsenosides (Rh4, Rg5, and Rk1), which profiled by HPLC, regulated the markers for lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism; PPARs and GLUTs in muscle and C2C12 rather than liver cells and tissue. These findings suggested that ginsenosides (Rh4, Rg5, and Rk1) from BG extract can ameliorate type 2 diabetes through their anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841 Korea
| | - Moon-Jung Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841 Korea
| | - Chung-Oui Hong
- Herbal Crop Research Division, RDA, Bisanro 92, Eumseong, Chungbuk 27709 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Seok Yoo
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, 25 Insamgwangjang-ro, Geumsan-eup, Geumsan-gun, Chungnam 32724 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seong Kim
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, 25 Insamgwangjang-ro, Geumsan-eup, Geumsan-gun, Chungnam 32724 Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yeon Kim
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, 25 Insamgwangjang-ro, Geumsan-eup, Geumsan-gun, Chungnam 32724 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841 Korea
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Xia YG, Li X, Yu LS, Liang J, Sun HM, Kuang HX. Structural-fingerprinting of polysaccharides to discern Panax species by means of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:932-943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Park SJ, Park M, Sharma A, Kim K, Lee HJ. Black Ginseng and Ginsenoside Rb1 Promote Browning by Inducing UCP1 Expression in 3T3-L1 and Primary White Adipocytes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112747. [PMID: 31726767 PMCID: PMC6893667 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of black ginseng (BG) and ginsenoside Rb1, which induced browning effects in 3T3-L1 and primary white adipocytes (PWATs) isolated from C57BL/6 mice. BG and Rb1 suppressed the expressions of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1c (SREBP-1c), whereas the expression level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) was increased. Furthermore, BG and Rb1 enhanced the protein expressions of the brown-adipocyte-specific markers PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). These results were further supported by immunofluorescence images of mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, BG and Rb1 induced expressions of brown-adipocyte-specific marker proteins by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. BG and Rb1 exert antiobesity effects by inducing browning in 3T3-L1 cells and PWATs through AMPK-mediated pathway activation. We suggest that BG and Rb1 act as potential functional antiobesity food agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Joo Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (S.-J.P.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Miey Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (S.-J.P.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Anshul Sharma
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (S.-J.P.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Jeolabuk-do 1500, Korea;
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (S.-J.P.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +82-31-750-5968; Fax: +82-31-724-4411
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Li S, Qian Y, Xie R, Li Y, Jia Z, Zhang Z, Huang R, Tuo L, Quan Y, Yu Z, Liu J, Xiang M. Exploring the protective effect of ShengMai-Yin and Ganmaidazao decoction combination against type 2 diabetes mellitus with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by network pharmacology and validation in KKAy mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 242:112029. [PMID: 31216433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE ShengMai-Yin and Ganmaidazao decoction are classic formulas in traditional Chinese medicine. Individually, Shengmai-Yin is used to treat cardiovascular diseases, and Ganmaidazao decoction for therapy of mental disorders. The combination of Shengmai-Yin and Ganmaidazao decoction (SGD) is normally used as adjuvant therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). AIM OF THE STUDY The central aim is to elucidate the pharmacological efficacy of SGD and its mechanism in the treatment of T2DM with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Active ingredients in SGD and their drug targets were identified using network analysis followed by experimental validation. First, existing databases were mined for information relevant to SGD, including pharmacological actions, chemical components, physicochemical characteristics, potential targets, and implicated diseases. Candidate patterns obtained with the network analysis were then tested in a KKAy mouse model of T2DM with NAFLD. Various doses of SGD were administered, followed by measurements of fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance tests, insulin tolerance tests, markers of lipid metabolism - including free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) - liver histology, and expression levels of implicated molecules including PI3K/AKT and PPARα. RESULTS Over 300 potential active compounds with their physicochemical characteristics and 562 candidate targets were collected, and then the network of them was constructed. Follow-up pathway and functional enrichment analyses indicated that SGD influences metabolism-related signaling pathways including PI3K-Akt, AMPK, and PPAR. In validation experiments, treatment of KKAy mice with SGD reduced serum levels of glucose, TC, TG, and FFA, decreased numbers of crown-like structures in visceral adipose tissue, reduced adipocyte size, and lowered liver lipid deposits. Further, SGD improved liver metabolism by increasing the expressions of PPARα, HSL, and PI3K/Akt, and decreasing expressions of SREBP-1 and FASN, inhibiting lipid biosynthesis, and increasing insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION Experimental validation of network analysis revealed anti-diabetic effects of the plant product SGD, manifested most notably by improved serum profiles and diminished insulin resistance. These experimental results may have clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ying Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Rui Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yangsha Li
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhao Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zijun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Rongrong Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lingling Tuo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yihong Quan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhihong Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ming Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Lee W, Ku SK, Kim JE, Cho SH, Song GY, Bae JS. Inhibitory Effects of Black Ginseng on Particulate Matter-Induced Pulmonary Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:1237-1251. [PMID: 31495180 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with elevated pulmonary injury caused by the loss of vascular barrier integrity. Black ginseng (BG), steamed and dried ginseng nine times, exhibits various pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antihyperglycemic, anti-atopic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of black ginseng extract (BGE) against PM-induced lung endothelial cell (EC) barrier disruption and pulmonary inflammation. Permeability, leukocyte migration, activation of proinflammatory proteins, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and histology were examined in PM2.5-treated ECs and mice. BGE significantly scavenged PM2.5-induced ROS and inhibited the ROS-induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Concurrently, BGE activated Akt, which helped maintain endothelial integrity. Furthermore, BGE reduced vascular protein leakage, leukocyte infiltration, and proinflammatory cytokine release in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in PM-induced lung tissues. These results indicated that BGE may exhibit protective effects against PM-induced inflammatory lung injury and vascular hyperpermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhwa Lee
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Deajeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Histology and Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan-si 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Yong Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Francini F, Schinella GR, Ríos JL. Activation of AMPK by Medicinal Plants and Natural Products: Its Role in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:880-901. [PMID: 30484403 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666181128120726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Type-2 Diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disease characterized by permanent hyperglycemia, whose development can be prevented or delayed by using therapeutic agents and implementing lifestyle changes. Some therapeutic alternatives include regulation of glycemia through modulation of different mediators and enzymes, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a highly relevant cellular energy sensor for metabolic homeostasis regulation, with particular relevance in the modulation of liver and muscle insulin sensitivity. This makes it a potential therapeutic target for antidiabetic drugs. In fact, some of them are standard drugs used for treatment of T2D, such as biguanides and thiazolidindiones. In this review, we compile the principal natural products that are activators of AMPK and their effect on glucose metabolism, which could make them candidates as future antidiabetic agents. Phenolics such as flavonoids and resveratrol, alkaloids such as berberine, and some saponins are potential natural activators of AMPK with a potential future as antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Francini
- Centro de Endocrinologia Experimental y Aplicada, (CONICET-CCT La Plata-UNLP FCM, CEAS CICPBA), Argentina
| | - Guillermo R Schinella
- Cátedra de Farmacología Básica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina.,Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, La Plata, Argentina
| | - José-Luis Ríos
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Panax ginseng Total Protein Facilitates Recovery from Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy through the Activation of Glucose Consumption in C2C12 Myotubes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3719643. [PMID: 31467885 PMCID: PMC6699344 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3719643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The clinical anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (DEX) can cause many side effects such as muscle atrophy for long-term use. Muscle atrophy induced by DEX may be caused by decrease of glucose consumption. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer was previously considered to be an antiatrophic agent for glucocorticoid- (GC-) treated therapies. As one of the main components, it remains unclear whether ginseng total protein (GP) facilitates recovery from muscle atrophy induced by DEX. Methods In this study, GP was extracted and purified with Sephadex-G50. C2C12 myoblasts was induced with 2% horse serum to differentiate into C2C12 myotubes. Cell viability was analyzed by the MTT assay, and Ca2+ concentration was analyzed by a flow cytometer. The release of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and the glucose consumption were analyzed by spectrophotometry. The phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B (Akt) and the expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) were analyzed by Western blotting. The phosphorylation of AS160 was quantified by Immunofluorescence staining. Results We found that GP increased cell viability and increased myotube diameter in high-dose DEX-treated C2C12 myotubes for 24 h, but this activity was not found in the enzymatic hydrolyzed GP group. GP reduced muscle atrophy by decreasing the expression of key proteins such as muscle RING-finger protein-1 and muscle atrophy F-box, reducing the Ca2+ concentration, and decreasing the release of LDH in DEX-injured C2C12 myotubes. Moreover, GP improved glucose consumption and increased the phosphorylation of AMPK, PI3K, Akt, and AS160 and the expression of GLUT4 in DEX-treated C2C12 myotubes. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that GP has effects on recovering DEX-induced muscle atrophy and cell injury, which may improve glucose consumption via the AMPK and PI3K/Akt pathways in high-dose DEX-treated C2C12 myotubes. This study provides in vitro mechanistic insights into the recovery of muscle atrophy with GP treatment.
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Won HJ, Kim HI, Park T, Kim H, Jo K, Jeon H, Ha SJ, Hyun JM, Jeong A, Kim JS, Park YJ, Eo YH, Lee J. Non-clinical pharmacokinetic behavior of ginsenosides. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:354-360. [PMID: 31308806 PMCID: PMC6606970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the major active ingredients of ginseng and other plants of the genus Panax, have been used as natural medicines in the East for a long time; in addition, their popularity in the West has increased owing to their various beneficial pharmacological effects. There is therefore a wealth of literature regarding the pharmacological effects of ginsenosides. In contrast, there are few comprehensive studies that investigate their pharmacokinetic behaviors. This is because ginseng contains the complicated mixture of herbal materials as well as thousands of constituents with complex chemical properties, and ginsenosides undergo multiple biotransformation processes after administration. This is a significant issue as pharmacokinetic studies provide crucial data regarding the efficacy and safety of compounds. Moreover, there have been many difficulties in the development of the optimal dosage regimens of ginsenosides and the evaluation of their interactions with other drugs. Therefore, this review details the pharmacokinetic properties and profiles of ginsenosides determined in various animal models administered through different routes of administration. Such information is valuable for designing specialized delivery systems and determining optimal dosing strategies for ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Joong Won
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Il Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongmin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanghee Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Jun Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Hyun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeri Jeong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sik Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Jin Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ho Eo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry Management, The Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Metwaly AM, Lianlian Z, Luqi H, Deqiang D. Black Ginseng and Its Saponins: Preparation, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects. Molecules 2019; 24:E1856. [PMID: 31091790 PMCID: PMC6572638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Black ginseng is a type of processed ginseng that is prepared from white or red ginseng by steaming and drying several times. This process causes extensive changes in types and amounts of secondary metabolites. The chief secondary metabolites in ginseng are ginsenosides (dammarane-type triterpene saponins), which transform into less polar ginsenosides in black ginseng by steaming. In addition, apparent changes happen to other secondary metabolites such as the increase in the contents of phenolic compounds, reducing sugars and acidic polysaccharides in addition to the decrease in concentrations of free amino acids and total polysaccharides. Furthermore, the presence of some Maillard reaction products like maltol was also engaged. These obvious chemical changes were associated with a noticeable superiority for black ginseng over white and red ginseng in most of the comparative biological studies. This review article is an attempt to illustrate different methods of preparation of black ginseng, major chemical changes of saponins and other constituents after steaming as well as the reported biological activities of black ginseng, its major saponins and other metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Metwaly
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, DD port, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Zhu Lianlian
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, DD port, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China.
| | - Huang Luqi
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 16 Mennei South street, Dong-Cheng District, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Dou Deqiang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, DD port, Dalian Economic and Technical Development Zone, Dalian 116600, China.
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Karmazyn M, Gan XT. Ginseng for the treatment of diabetes and diabetes-related cardiovascular complications: a discussion of the evidence 1. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 97:265-276. [PMID: 30395481 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with elevated blood glucose levels due either to insufficient insulin production (type 1 DM) or to insulin resistance (type 2 DM). The incidence of DM around the world continues to rise dramatically with more than 400 million cases reported today. Among the most serious consequences of chronic DM are cardiovascular complications that can have deleterious effects. Although numerous treatment options are available, including both pharmacological and nonpharmacological, there is substantial emerging interest in the use of traditional medicines for the treatment of this condition and its complications. Among these is ginseng, a medicinal herb that belongs to the genus Panax and has been used for thousands of years as a medicinal agent especially in Asian cultures. There is emerging evidence from both animal and clinical studies that ginseng, ginseng constituents including ginsenosides, and ginseng-containing formulations can produce beneficial effects in terms of normalization of blood glucose levels and attenuation of cardiovascular complications through a multiplicity of mechanisms. Although more research is required, ginseng may offer a useful therapy for the treatment of diabetes as well as its complications.
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Yang QY, Lai XD, Ouyang J, Yang JD. Effects of Ginsenoside Rg3 on fatigue resistance and SIRT1 in aged rats. Toxicology 2018; 409:144-151. [PMID: 30144466 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) is one of the key components of a frequently used herbal tonic panax ginseng for fatigue treatment. However, the molecular mechanisms of Rg3 on anti-fatigue effects have not been completely understood yet. METHODS AND MATERIALS We built a postoperative fatigue syndrome (POFS) model and tried to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for anti-fatigue effects of Rg3. 160 aged male rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 40/group): normal group, Rg3-treated normal group (Rg3 group), postoperative fatigue syndrome model group (POFS group) and Rg3-treated postoperative fatigue syndrome model group (POFS + Rg3 group). The open field test (OFT) was used to assess general activity and exploratory behavior of rats in different groups. We then analyzed total cholesterol (TC), serum triglyceride (TG) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA expression in skeletal muscles of rats. We also detected the influence of Rg3 on silent information regulator of transcription 1 (sirtuin1, SIRT1) activity and protein 53 (p53) transcriptional activity in vitro. RESULTS Rg3 significantly increased the journey distance and rearing frequency, while slowed down the rest time. The serum concentrations of TC, TG and LDH were all up-regulated by Rg3. Meanwhile, Rg3 increased concentrations of SOD, but also decreased MDA release out of skeletal muscles. The mRNA expressions of PGC-1α and PEPCK were also enhanced by Rg3. Besides, Rg3 could activate SIRT1 and suppress p53 transcriptional activity in the biological process. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Rg3 could improve exercise performance and resist fatigue possibly through elevating SIRT1 deacetylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yu Yang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Lai
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, 400036, China
| | - Jia-Dan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Abdelazim A, Khater S, Ali H, Shalaby S, Afifi M, Saddick S, Alkaladi A, Almaghrabi OA. Panax ginseng improves glucose metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through 5' adenosine monophosphate kinase up-regulation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:1436-1441. [PMID: 31762606 PMCID: PMC6864146 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), insulin receptors and transporters are distorted in diabetes mellitus. In this study, the effect of Panax ginseng was assessed on glucose manipulating enzymes activities and gene expression of AMPK, IRA and GLUT2 in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Forty male albino rats were randomly divided to four groups 10 rats of each, group I, normal control group (received saline orally); group II, normal rats received 200 mg/kg of Panax ginseng orally; group III, Streptozotocin (STZ) –induced diabetic rats and group IV, STZ-induced diabetic rats received 200 mg/kg of Panax ginseng orally. The duration of experiment was 30 days. Results showed the ability of Panax ginseng to induce a significant decrease in the blood glucose and increase in the serum insulin levels, hepatic glucokinase (GK), and glycogen synthase (GS) activities with a modulation of lipid profile besides high expression levels of AMPK, insulin receptor A (IRA), glucose transporting protein-2 (GLUT-2) in liver of diabetic rats. In conclusion, the obtained results point to the ability of Panax ginseng to improve the glucose metabolism in diabetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaser Abdelazim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safaa Khater
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Haytham Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa Shalaby
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Afifi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,University of Jeddah Center for Scientific and Medical Research, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salina Saddick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alkaladi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Almaghrabi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Effects of Multi-Electrode Renal Denervation on Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Metabolism in a Canine Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018; 29:731-738.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Governa P, Baini G, Borgonetti V, Cettolin G, Giachetti D, Magnano AR, Miraldi E, Biagi M. Phytotherapy in the Management of Diabetes: A Review. Molecules 2018; 23:E105. [PMID: 29300317 PMCID: PMC6017385 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytotherapy has long been a source of medicinal products and over the years there have been many attempts to use herbal medicines for the treatment of diabetes. Several medicinal plants and their preparations have been demonstrated to act at key points of glucidic metabolism. The most common mechanisms of action found include the inhibition of α-glucosidase and of AGE formation, the increase of GLUT-4 and PPARs expression and antioxidant activity. Despite the large amount of literature available, the actual clinical effectiveness of medicinal plants in controlling diabetes-related symptoms remains controversial and there is a crucial need for stronger evidence-based data. In this review, an overview of the medicinal plants, which use in the management of diabetes is supported by authoritative monographs, is provided. References to some species which are currently under increasing clinical investigation are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Governa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Italian Society of Phytotherapy, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Giulia Baini
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Italian Society of Phytotherapy, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Vittoria Borgonetti
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Italian Society of Phytotherapy, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Giulia Cettolin
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Italian Society of Phytotherapy, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Daniela Giachetti
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Italian Society of Phytotherapy, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Anna Rosa Magnano
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Italian Society of Phytotherapy, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Miraldi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Italian Society of Phytotherapy, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Marco Biagi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Italian Society of Phytotherapy, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Aliper A, Jellen L, Cortese F, Artemov A, Karpinsky-Semper D, Moskalev A, Swick AG, Zhavoronkov A. Towards natural mimetics of metformin and rapamycin. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:2245-2268. [PMID: 29165314 PMCID: PMC5723685 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aging is now at the forefront of major challenges faced globally, creating an immediate need for safe, widescale interventions to reduce the burden of chronic disease and extend human healthspan. Metformin and rapamycin are two FDA-approved mTOR inhibitors proposed for this purpose, exhibiting significant anti-cancer and anti-aging properties beyond their current clinical applications. However, each faces issues with approval for off-label, prophylactic use due to adverse effects. Here, we initiate an effort to identify nutraceuticals-safer, naturally-occurring compounds-that mimic the anti-aging effects of metformin and rapamycin without adverse effects. We applied several bioinformatic approaches and deep learning methods to the Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) dataset to map the gene- and pathway-level signatures of metformin and rapamycin and screen for matches among over 800 natural compounds. We then predicted the safety of each compound with an ensemble of deep neural network classifiers. The analysis revealed many novel candidate metformin and rapamycin mimetics, including allantoin and ginsenoside (metformin), epigallocatechin gallate and isoliquiritigenin (rapamycin), and withaferin A (both). Four relatively unexplored compounds also scored well with rapamycin. This work revealed promising candidates for future experimental validation while demonstrating the applications of powerful screening methods for this and similar endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Aliper
- Insilico Medicine, Inc, Research Department, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Leslie Jellen
- Insilico Medicine, Inc, Research Department, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Franco Cortese
- Biogerontology Research Foundation, Research Department, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Science, Queen's University School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Artem Artemov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc, Research Department, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | | | - Alexey Moskalev
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology and Gerontology, Institute of Biology of Komi Science Center of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia
| | | | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc, Research Department, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Biogerontology Research Foundation, Research Department, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Lee SY, Go GY, Vuong TA, Kim JW, Lee S, Jo A, An JM, Kim SN, Seo DW, Kim JS, Kim YK, Kang JS, Lee SJ, Bae GU. Black ginseng activates Akt signaling, thereby enhancing myoblast differentiation and myotube growth. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:116-121. [PMID: 29348730 PMCID: PMC5766703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Black ginseng (BG) has greatly enhanced pharmacological activities relative to white or red ginseng. However, the effect and molecular mechanism of BG on muscle growth has not yet been examined. In this study, we investigated whether BG could regulate myoblast differentiation and myotube hypertrophy. Methods BG-treated C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated, followed by immunoblotting for myogenic regulators, immunostaining for a muscle marker, myosin heavy chain or immunoprecipitation analysis for myogenic transcription factors. Results BG treatment of C2C12 cells resulted in the activation of Akt, thereby enhancing heterodimerization of MyoD and E proteins, which in turn promoted muscle-specific gene expression and myoblast differentiation. BG-treated myoblasts formed larger multinucleated myotubes with increased diameter and thickness, accompanied by enhanced Akt/mTOR/p70S6K activation. Furthermore, the BG treatment of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells restored myogenic differentiation. Conclusion BG enhances myoblast differentiation and myotube hypertrophy by activating Akt/mTOR/p70S6k axis. Thus, our study demonstrates that BG has promising potential to treat or prevent muscle loss related to aging or other pathological conditions, such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Lee
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Yeon Go
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuan Anh Vuong
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Won Kim
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sullim Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Jo
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Min An
- Ginseng by Pharm Co., Ltd., Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Nam Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Kim
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kee Kim
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sun Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Un Bae
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kang OH, Shon MY, Kong R, Seo YS, Zhou T, Kim DY, Kim YS, Kwon DY. Anti-diabetic effect of black ginseng extract by augmentation of AMPK protein activity and upregulation of GLUT2 and GLUT4 expression in db/db mice. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:341. [PMID: 28662663 PMCID: PMC5492680 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer), three to nine times-steamed and dried ginseng, has biological and pharmacological activities. In this study, the anti-diabetic effects of the black ginseng ethanol extract (GBG05-FF) in typical type 2 diabetic model db/db mice were investigated. METHODS The effect of GBG05-FF in Type 2 diabetic mice was investigated by their blood analysis, biological mechanism analysis, and histological analysis. RESULTS The mice group treated with GBG05-FF showed decreased fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance compared to that of the nontreated GBG05-FF group. In the blood analysis, GBG05-FF decreased main plasma parameter such as HbA1c, triglyceride, and total-cholesterol levels related to diabetes and improved the expression of genes and protein related to glucose homeostasis and glucose uptake in the liver and muscle. The histological analysis result shows that GBG05-FF decreased lipid accumulation in the liver and damage in the muscle. Moreover, GBG05-FF increased the phosphorylation of the AMPK in the liver and upregulated the expression of GLUT2 in liver and GLUT4 in muscle. Therefore, the mechanisms of GBG05-FF may be related to suppressing gluconeogenesis by activating AMPK in the liver and affecting glucose uptake in surrounding tissues via the upregulation of GLUT2 and GLUT4 expression. CONCLUSION These findings provided a new insight into the anti-diabetic clinical applications of GBG05-FF and it might play an important role in the development of promising functional foods and drugs from the viewpoint of the chemical composition and biological activities.
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Ganesan P, Arulselvan P, Choi DK. Phytobioactive compound-based nanodelivery systems for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus - current status. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:1097-1111. [PMID: 28223801 PMCID: PMC5310641 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s124601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major chronic disease that is prevalent worldwide, and it is characterized by an increase in blood glucose, disturbances in the metabolism, and alteration in insulin secretion. Nowadays, food-based therapy has become an important treatment mode for type 2 diabetes, and phytobioactive compounds have gained an increasing amount of attention to this end because they have an effect on multiple biological functions, including the sustained secretion of insulin and regeneration of pancreatic islets cells. However, the poor solubility and lower permeability of these phyto products results in a loss of bioactivity during processing and oral delivery, leading to a significant reduction in the bioavailability of phytobioactive compounds to treat T2DM. Recently, nanotechnological systems have been developed for use as various types of carrier systems to improve the delivery of bioactive compounds and thus obtain a greater bioavailability. Furthermore, carrier systems in most nanodelivery systems are highly biocompatible, with nonimmunologic behavior, a high degree of biodegradability, and greater mucoadhesive strength. Therefore, this review focuses on the various types of nanodelivery systems that can be used for phytobioactive compounds in treating T2DM with greater antidiabetic effects. There is also additional focus on improving the effects of various phytobioactive compounds through nanotechnological delivery to ensure a highly efficient treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Ganesan
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Applied Life Science
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Palanisamy Arulselvan
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Applied Life Science
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Although ginseng has been shown to have an antiobesity effect, antiobesity-related mechanisms are complex and have not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated ginseng’s effects on food intake, the digestion, and absorption systems, as well as liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle in order to identify the mechanisms involved. A review of previous in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that ginseng and ginsenosides can increase energy expenditure by stimulating the adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase pathway and can reduce energy intake. Moreover, in high fat diet-induced obese and diabetic individuals, ginseng has shown a two-way adjustment effect on adipogenesis. Nevertheless, most of the previous studies into antiobesity effects of ginseng have been animal based, and there is a paucity of evidence supporting the suggestion that ginseng can exert an antiobesity effect in humans.
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Chen G, Li H, Gao Y, Zhang L, Zhao Y. Flavored black ginseng exhibited antitumor activity via improving immune function and inducing apoptosis. Food Funct 2017; 8:1880-1889. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01870j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Flavored black ginseng rich in ginsenoside F2, Rg5 and protopanaxadiol exhibited antitumor activity via improving immune function and inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Chen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agriculture University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Haijun Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine
- the First Hospital of Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yugang Gao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agriculture University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Lianxue Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agriculture University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agriculture University
- Changchun
- China
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