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Li C, Abdurehim A, Zhao S, Sun Q, Xu J, Xie J, Zhang Y. Research on the potential mechanism of Deapioplatycodin D against pulmonary fibrosis based on bioinformatics and experimental verification. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 974:176603. [PMID: 38679121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a group of respiratory diseases that are extremely complex and challenging to treat. Due to its high mortality rate and short survival, it's often referred to as a "tumor-like disease" that poses a serious threat to human health. OBJECTIVE We aimed validate the potential of Deapioplatycodin D (DPD) to against PF and clarify the underlying mechanism of action of DPD for the treatment of PF based on bioinformatics and experimental verification. This finding provides a basis for the development of safe and effective therapeutic PF drugs based on DPD. METHODS We used LPS-induced early PF rats as a PF model to test the overall efficacy of DPD in vivo. Then, A variety of bioinformatics methods, such as WGCNA, LASSO algorithm and immune cell infiltration (ICI), were applied to analyze the gene microarray related to PF obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to obtained key targets of PF. Finally, an in vitro PF model was constructed based on BEAS-2B cells while incorporating rat lung tissues to validate the regulatory effects of DPD on critical genes. RESULTS DPD can effectively alleviate inflammatory and fibrotic markers in rat lungs. WGCNA analysis resulted in a total of six expression modules, with the brown module having the highest correlation with PF. Subsequently, seven genes were acquired by intersecting the genes in the brown module with DEGs. Five key genes were identified as potential biomarkers of PF by LASSO algorithm and validation dataset verification analysis. In the ICI analysis, infiltration of activated B cell, immature B cell and natural killer cells were found to be more crucial in PF. Ultimately, it was observed that DPD could modulate key genes to achieve anti-PF effects. CONCLUSION In short, these comprehensive analysis methods were employed to identify critical biomarkers closely related to PF, which helps to elucidate the pathogenesis and potential immunotherapy targets of PF. It also provides essential support for the potential of DPD against PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Aliya Abdurehim
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Shuang Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Qing Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jiawen Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Junbo Xie
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Biotechnology & Food Science College, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China.
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Shi L, Cui T, Wang X, Wu R, Wu J, Wang Y, Wang W. Biotransformation and pharmacological activities of platycosides from Platycodon grandiflorum roots. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2024; 16:392-400. [PMID: 39072194 PMCID: PMC11283221 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In Northeast China, Goubao pickle is a popular food fermented from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum as the main material, offering a unique flavor and rich nutritional value. Platycosides in roots of P. grandiflorum may play a crucial role in determining the quality of Goubao pickle through microorganism fermentation. However, biotransfermation of platycosides has not been reviewed during fermentation. In this study, we reviewed platycosides in chemical diversity, metabolic processes in vivo, biotransformation of platycosides in vitro, and pharmacological effects. Finally, we also discussed how to improve the bioactive secondary platycosides we desire by regulating enzymes from microorganisms in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tong Cui
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yanqun Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Weiming Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin 150036, China
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Sun L, Li Y, Zhao R, Fan Q, Liu F, Zhu Y, Han J, Liu Y, Jin N, Li X, Li Y. Platycodin D2 enhances P21/CyclinA2-mediated senescence of HCC cells by regulating NIX-induced mitophagy. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:79. [PMID: 38374035 PMCID: PMC10875888 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells usually show strong resistance to chemotherapy, which not only reduces the efficacy of chemotherapy but also increases the side effects. Regulation of autophagy plays an important role in tumor treatment. Cell senescence is also an important anti-cancer mechanism, which has become an important target for tumor treatment. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to find anti-HCC drugs that act through this new mechanism. Platycodin D2 (PD2) is a new saponin compound extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Platycodon grandiflorum. PURPOSE Our study aimed to explore the effects of PD2 on HCC and identify the underlying mechanisms. METHODS First, the CCK8 assay was used to detect the inhibitory effect of PD2 on HCC cells. Then, different pathways of programmed cell death and cell cycle regulators were measured. In addition, we assessed the effects of PD2 on the autophagy and senescence of HCC cells by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blotting. Finally, we studied the in vivo effect of PD2 on HCC cells by using a mouse tumor-bearing model. RESULTS Studies have shown that PD2 has a good anti-tumor effect, but the specific molecular mechanism has not been clarified. In this study, we found that PD2 has no obvious toxic effect on normal hepatocytes, but it can significantly inhibit the proliferation of HCC cells, induce mitochondrial dysfunction, enhance autophagy and cell senescence, upregulate NIX and P21, and downregulate CyclinA2. Gene silencing and overexpression indicated that PD2 induced mitophagy in HCC cells through NIX, thereby activating the P21/CyclinA2 pathway and promoting cell senescence. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PD2 induces HCC cell death through autophagy and aging. Our findings provide a new strategy for treating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Sun
- Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, People's Republic of China
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaru Li
- Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, People's Republic of China
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Renshuang Zhao
- Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, People's Republic of China
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinlei Fan
- Chinese Center for Animal Hygiene and Epidemiology, Qingdao, 266032, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- Chinese Center for Animal Hygiene and Epidemiology, Qingdao, 266032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilong Zhu
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jicheng Han
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyun Liu
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, People's Republic of China.
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China.
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China.
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiquan Li
- Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, People's Republic of China.
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China.
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Ge S, Guo Z, Xiao T, Sun P, Yang B, Ying Y. Qingfei Tongluo Mixture Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibrosis through mTOR-Dependent Autophagy in Rats. Mediators Inflamm 2024; 2024:5573353. [PMID: 38361765 PMCID: PMC10869187 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5573353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
As an interstitial fibrosis disease characterized by diffuse alveolitis and structural alveolar disorders, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has high lethality but lacks limited therapeutic drugs. A hospital preparation used for the treatment of viral pneumonia, Qingfei Tongluo mixture (QFTL), is rumored to have protective effects against inflammatory and respiratory disease. This study aims to confirm whether it has a therapeutic effect on bleomycin-induced IPF in rats and to elucidate its mechanism of action. Male SD rats were randomly divided into the following groups: control, model, CQ + QFTL (84 mg/kg chloroquine (CQ) + 3.64 g/kg QFTL), QFTL-L, M, H (3.64, 7.28, and 14.56 g/kg, respectively) and pirfenidone (PFD 420 mg/kg). After induction modeling and drug intervention, blood samples and lung tissue were collected for further detection. Body weight and lung coefficient were examined, combined with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson staining to observe lung tissue lesions. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the hydroxyproline (HYP) assay kit were used to detect changes in proinflammatory factors (transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)) and HYP. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed to observe changes in proteins related to pulmonary fibrosis (α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP12)) and autophagy (P62 and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)). Treatment with QFTL significantly improved the adverse effects of bleomycin on body weight, lung coefficient, and pathological changes. Then, QFTL reduced bleomycin-induced increases in proinflammatory mediators and HYP. The expression changes of pulmonary fibrosis and autophagy marker proteins are attenuated by QFTL. Furthermore, the autophagy inhibitor CQ significantly reversed the downward trend in HYP levels and α-SMA protein expression, which QFTL improved in BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis rats. In conclusion, QFTL could effectively attenuate bleomycin-induced inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis through mTOR-dependent autophagy in rats. Therefore, QFTL has the potential to be an alternative treatment for IPF in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenghong Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550031, China
| | - Pingping Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Ying
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Jang AY, Kim M, Rod-In W, Nam YS, Yoo TY, Park WJ. In vitro immune-enhancing effects of Platycodon grandiflorum combined with Salvia plebeian via MAPK and NF-κB signaling in RAW264.7 cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297512. [PMID: 38306362 PMCID: PMC10836713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune-enhancing activity of the combination of Platycodon grandiflorum and Salvia plebeian extracts (PGSP) was evaluated through macrophage activation using RAW264.7 cells. PGSP (250-1000 μg/mL) showed a higher release of NO in a dose-dependent manner. The results showed that PGSP could significantly stimulate the production of PGE2, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells and promote iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-6 mRNA expression. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 and the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, p38, and NF-κB p65 were greatly increased in PGSP-treated cells. PGSP also promoted the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells. All these results indicated that PGSP might activate macrophages through MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Taken together, PGSP may be considered to have immune-enhancing activity and might be used as a potential immune-enhancing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Yeong Jang
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
- Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Weerawan Rod-In
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
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Cao Y, Wo M, Xu C, Fei X, Jin J, Shan Z. An AMPK agonist suppresses the progress of colorectal cancer by regulating the polarization of TAM to M1 through inhibition of HIF-1α and mTOR signal pathway. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:1560-1567. [PMID: 38156922 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_2670_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the impact of an adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonist, metformin (MET), on the antitumor effects of macrophages and to determine the underlying mechanism involved in the process. MATERIALS AND METHODS M0 macrophages were derived from phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-stimulated THP-1 cells. RESULTS The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) were decreased in macrophages incubated with HCT116 cells, whereas those of arginase-1 (Arg-1), CD163, and CD206 were elevated; these effects were reversed by MET. The transfection of small interfering (si) RNA abrogated the influence of MET on the expression of the M1/M2 macrophage biomarkers. MET significantly suppressed the proliferation and migration abilities of HCT116 cells incubated with M0 macrophages; these actions were reversed by siRNA transfection against AMPK. The hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT), and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) levels were reduced by the introduction of MET and promoted by siRNA transfection against AMPK. In addition, the levels of HIF-1α, p-AKT, and p-mTOR suppressed by MET were markedly increased following the transfection of siRNA against AMPK. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that MET can repress the progression of colorectal cancer by transforming tumor-associated macrophages to the M1phenotype via inhibition of the HIF-1α and mTOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shangcheng, China
| | - Mingyi Wo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Center for Clinical Laboratory, Gongshu, China
| | - Chan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Third Hospital of Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Xihu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianming Fei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Center for Clinical Laboratory, Gongshu, China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Center for Clinical Laboratory, Gongshu, China
| | - Zhiming Shan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Center for Clinical Laboratory, Gongshu, China
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Jung J, Cho YJ, Jeong M, Lee S, Kim JH, Kim J, Kim N, Lee J, Park JHY, Lee KW, Lee S. Optimization of extraction condition for platycodin D from Platycodon grandiflorum root and verification of its biological activity. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:6425-6434. [PMID: 37823168 PMCID: PMC10563676 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycosides, major components of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) extract, have been implicated in a wide range of biological effects. In particular, platycodin D (PD) is a well-known main bioactive compound of Platycosides. Despite the biological significance of PD, optimization of extract condition for PD from PG root has not been well investigated. Here, we established the optimum extraction condition as ethanol concentration of 0%, temperature of 50°C, and extraction time of 11 h to obtain PD-rich P. grandiflorum extract (PGE) by using response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The 5.63 mg/g of PD was extracted from the PG root in optimum condition, and this result was close to the predicted PD content. To analyze the biological activity of PGE related to mucin production, we demonstrated the inhibitory effect of PGE on PMA-induced hyperexpression of MUC5AC as well as ERK activation, a signal mediator of MUC5AC expression. Moreover, we showed that PGE had expectorant activity in mice. These results indicated that PGE had sufficient functions as a potential mucoregulator and expectorant for treating diverse airway diseases. Additionally, we confirmed that PGE had antioxidant activity and inhibited LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, and IL-6. Taken together, PGE derived from novel optimizing conditions showed various biological effects, suggesting that PGE could be directly applied to the food industry as food material having therapeutic and preventive potential for human airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeon Jung
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yeon Jin Cho
- Bio‐MAX Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Minju Jeong
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Seung‐Su Lee
- BOBSNU Co., Ltd. Seoul Techno Holdings, Inc. Subsidiary CompanySuwonSouth Korea
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Department of Food Science and BiotechnologySungshin Women's UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jong‐Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science & TechnologyKorea National University of TransportationJeungpyeongRepublic of Korea
| | - Nara Kim
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jiyun Lee
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | | | - Ki Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Bio‐MAX Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence TechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life sciencesSeoul National University
| | - Sung‐Young Lee
- Bio‐MAX Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
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Jiang L, Niu H, Chen Y, Li X, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Li M. Quality control of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. based on value chains and food chain analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14048. [PMID: 37640759 PMCID: PMC10462715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. has been proposed as a medicine and food homology, thus playing an important role in disease prevention and health promotion, with great potential for research and value in clinical application. We aimed to analyze stakeholders' production behavior and financial performance from a value chain (VC) perspective and provide a basis for improving the quality of P. grandiflorum and the interests of stakeholders. P. grandiflorum collected from different producing areas were chemically analyzed, and the quality of platycodin D was evaluated. Rstudio3.6.0 was used to analyze the correlation between total platycodins (as platycodin D, platycoside E, and platycodin D3) and platycodin D in P. grandiflorum, providing the basis for quality control of P. grandiflorum. In addition, we studied the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of P. grandiflorum extract under different links. Based on the food chain energy pyramid, the transfer efficiency of active components of P. grandiflorum in different links was studied. Accordingly, 10 different types of VCs were determined in producing P. grandiflorum. Our results show that vertical coordination has led to a more consistent traceability system and strict regulation of supply chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Jiang
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010020, China
- Inner Mongolia Traditional Chinese & Mongolian Medical Research Institute, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Hui Niu
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010020, China
- Inner Mongolia Traditional Chinese & Mongolian Medical Research Institute, Hohhot, 010010, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010020, China
- Inner Mongolia Traditional Chinese & Mongolian Medical Research Institute, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Xing Li
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010020, China
- Inner Mongolia Traditional Chinese & Mongolian Medical Research Institute, Hohhot, 010010, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China
| | - Yulian Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010020, China
- Inner Mongolia Traditional Chinese & Mongolian Medical Research Institute, Hohhot, 010010, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China.
| | - Minhui Li
- Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010020, China.
- Inner Mongolia Traditional Chinese & Mongolian Medical Research Institute, Hohhot, 010010, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China.
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou, 014040, China.
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Si Q, Su L, Wang D, De BJ, Na R, He N, Byambaa T, Dalkh T, Bao X, Yi L. An evaluation of the qualitative superiority of the Mongolian medicinal herb hurdan-tsagaan (Platycodi Radix) from five different geographic origins based on anti-inflammatory effects. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 310:116331. [PMID: 36931411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The contents and types of the active compounds in medicinal herbs depend greatly on their extraction methods, sources of origin and the modes of cultivation. Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. is an ethnic medicinal herb widely cultivated in China, and its dried root, Platycodi Radix (PR), is an important ingredient in herbal formulae for attenuating lung issues in Mongolian medical practice. However, research evaluating the superiority of PR based on harvesting regions is relatively limited. AIM This study aimed to evaluate the qualitative superiority of PR from different regions based on anti-inflammatory effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of three commercial PR samples were obtained from Anguo, Bozhou and Shangluo, and two wild samples were obtained from Chifeng and Hinggan. PR extract (PRE) was prepared by water distillation, and platycodin D content in the extract was examined by HPLC-UVD. An optimal dose of PRE was administered to BALB/c mice with S. pneumoniae pneumonia, and IL-10 and TNF-α levels in lung tissue were examined by ELISA. HepG2 cells were treated with PRE, and an analysis of differentially expressed gene and functional enrichment was performed using an HTS2 assay. RESULTS The contents of moisture, total ash, crude extract and platycodin D in the raw roots met the quality control requirements outlined in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition). The platycodin D content in the aqueous extract of the roots in descending order was 24.16% in PRE_Shangluo, 22.91% in PRE_Hinggan, 21.41% in PRE_Bozhou, 17.8% in PRE_Chifeng and 15.92% in PRE_Anguo. Furthermore, administration of PREs at an optimal dose of 2.0 g/kg resulted in some anti-inflammatory effect in mice with Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia, among which PRE_Shangluo administration exhibited a more obvious anti-inflammatory impact as shown by a significant decrease in the plasma white cell count (p < 0.05) and IL-10 level elevation and TNF-α reduction in lung tissue (p < 0.05) after treatment. In HepG2 cells treated with 100 μg/ml of each PRE, PRE_Hinggan and PRE_Shangluo resulted in significant differential expression of genes such as nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (NFKB1) and significant enrichment of pathways involved in the immune system, such as PI3K-Akt, MAPK and NF-kappa B signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS In this study, based on the anti-inflammatory effect, the quality of PR of Shangluo origin was superior to that of PR from the other four regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Si
- Scientific Research Department, Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Hospital, Hohhot, 010065, China; Inner Mongolia Azitai Mongolian Medicine Psychosomatic Research Co., Ltd., Ordos, 017004, China
| | - Longga Su
- Medicine Innovation Center for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, China; Drug Quality Testing Center, Ordos Mongolian Hospital, Ordos, 017010, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Bao-Jun De
- Inner Mongolia Azitai Mongolian Medicine Psychosomatic Research Co., Ltd., Ordos, 017004, China
| | - Risu Na
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Nagongbilige He
- Experimental Center, Traditional Chinese & Mongolian Medical Research Institute of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Tserentsoo Byambaa
- International School of Mongolian Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, 14210, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tserendagva Dalkh
- International School of Mongolian Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, 14210, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Xilinqiqige Bao
- Scientific Research Department, Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Hospital, Hohhot, 010065, China; Medicine Innovation Center for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, China.
| | - Letai Yi
- Medicine Innovation Center for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, China.
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10
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Kim M, Jang H, Park JH. Balloon Flower Root-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: In Vitro Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory, Proliferative, and Antioxidant Effects for Chronic Wound Healing. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1146. [PMID: 37371876 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in wound lesions can lead to oxidative stress and failure of normal wound healing processes, eventually resulting in chronic skin wounds. A multitude of researchers have investigated various natural products with physiological activities, including antioxidant effects, for healing chronic skin wounds. Balloon flower root (BFR), which contains bioactive components such as platycodins, is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, we isolated BFR-derived extracellular vesicles (BFR-EVs) that possess anti-inflammatory, proliferative, and antioxidant activities via a combination of polyethylene glycol-based precipitation and ultracentrifugation. Our objective was to investigate the potential of BFR-EVs in treating chronic wounds caused by ROS. Despite efficient intracellular delivery, BFR-EVs showed no significant cytotoxicity. In addition, BFR-EVs inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, water-soluble tetrazolium salt-8 assay showed that BFR-EVs had a proliferation-promoting effect on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Scratch closure and transwell migration assays indicated that BFR-EVs could promote the migration of HDFs. When the antioxidant effect of BFR-EVs was evaluated through 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, the results revealed that BFR-EVs significantly suppressed ROS generation and oxidative stress induced by H2O2 and ultraviolet irradiation. Our findings suggest that BFR-EVs hold the potential as a natural candidate for healing chronic skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejun Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
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11
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Zhu M, Sun Y, Bai H, Wang Y, Yang B, Wang Q, Kuang H. Effects of saponins from Chinese herbal medicines on signal transduction pathways in cancer: A review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1159985. [PMID: 37063281 PMCID: PMC10090286 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1159985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer poses a serious threat to human health, and the search for safe and effective drugs for its treatment has aroused interest and become a long-term goal. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCM), an ancient science with unique anti-cancer advantages, has achieved outstanding results in long-term clinical practice. Accumulating evidence shows that saponins are key bioactive components in TCM and have great research and development applications for their significant role in the treatment of cancer. Saponins are a class of glycosides comprising nonpolar triterpenes or sterols attached to hydrophilic oligosaccharide groups that exert antitumor effects by targeting the NF-κB, PI3Ks-Akt-mTOR, MAPK, Wnt-β-catenin, JAK-STAT3, APMK, p53, and EGFR signaling pathways. Presently, few advances have been made in physiological and pathological studies on the effect of saponins on signal transduction pathways involved in cancer treatment. This paper reviews the phytochemistry and extraction methods of saponins of TCM and their effects on signal transduction pathways in cancer. It aims to provide theoretical support for in-depth studies on the anticancer effects of saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Haodong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qiuhong Wang, ; Haixue Kuang,
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Qiuhong Wang, ; Haixue Kuang,
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12
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Shin KC, Oh DK. Biotransformation of Platycosides, Saponins from Balloon Flower Root, into Bioactive Deglycosylated Platycosides. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020327. [PMID: 36829886 PMCID: PMC9952785 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycosides, saponins from balloon flower root (Platycodi radix), have diverse health benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tussive, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, and whitening activities. Deglycosylated platycosides, which show greater biological effects than glycosylated platycosides, are produced by the hydrolysis of glycoside moieties in glycosylated platycosides. In this review, platycosides are classified according to the chemical structures of the aglycone sapogenins and also divided into natural platycosides, including major, minor, and rare platycosides, depending on the content in Platycodi radix extract and biotransformed platycosides. The biological activities of platycosides are summarized and methods for deglycosylation of saponins, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, are introduced. The biotransformation of glycosylated platycosides into deglycosylated platycosides was described based on the hydrolytic pathways of glycosides, substrate specificity of glycosidases, and specific productivities of deglycosylated platycosides. Methods for producing diverse and/or new deglycosylated platycosides are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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13
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Yu Z, Li Y, Fu R, Xue Y, Zhao D, Han D. Platycodin D inhibits the proliferation and migration of hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts and promotes apoptosis through a caspase-dependent pathway. Arch Dermatol Res 2022; 315:1257-1267. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAbnormal fibroblast proliferation and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition lead to the formation of hypertrophic scars (HSs). However, there is no satisfactory method to inhibit the occurrence and development of HSs. In our study, platycodin D (PD), a natural compound extracted from Platycodon grandiflorus, inhibited HSs formation both in vitro and in vivo. First, qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to confirm PD dose-dependently downregulated the expression of Col I, Col III and α-SMA in human hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts (HSFs) (p < 0.05). Second, cck-8, transwell and wound healing assays verified PD suppressed the proliferation (p < 0.05) and migration of HSFs (p < 0.05), and inhibited the differentiation of HSFs into myofibroblasts. Moreover, PD-induced HSFs apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry and the apoptosis was activated through a caspase-dependent pathway. The rabbit ear scar model was used to further confirm the inhibitory effect of PD on collagen and α-SMA deposition. Finally, Western blot analysis showed that PD reduced TGF-β RI expression (p < 0.05) and affected matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) protein levels (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our study showed that PD inhibited the proliferation and migration of HSFs by inhibiting fibrosis-related molecules and promoting apoptosis via a caspase-dependent pathway. The TGF-β/Smad pathway also mediated the inhibition of HSFs proliferation and HSFs differentiation into myofibroblasts. Therefore, PD is a potential therapeutic agent for HSs and other fibrotic diseases.
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Zhang S, Chai X, Hou G, Zhao F, Meng Q. Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC.: A review of phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and traditional use. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 106:154422. [PMID: 36087526 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traditional Chinese medicine Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. (PG, balloon flower) has medicinal and culinary value. It consists of a variety of chemical components including triterpenoid saponins, polysaccharides, flavonoids, polyphenols, polyethylene glycols, volatile oils and mineral components, which have medicinal and edible value. PURPOSE The ultimate goal of this review is to summarize the phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, safety and uses of PG in local and traditional medicine. METHODS A comprehensive search of published literature up to March 2022 was conducted using the PubMed, China Knowledge Network and Web of Science databases to identify original research related to PG, its active ingredients and pharmacological activities. RESULTS Triterpene saponins are the primary bioactive compounds of PG. To date, 76 triterpene saponin compounds have been isolated and identified from PG. In addition, there are other biological components, such as flavonoids, polyacetylene and phenolic acids. These extracts possess antitussive, immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antiobesity, antidepressant, and cardiovascular system activities. The mechanisms of expression of these pharmacological effects include inhibition of the expression of proteins such as MDM and p53, inhibition of the activation of enzymes, such as AKT, the secretion of inflammatory factors, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-1β, and activation of the AMPK pathway. CONCLUSION This review summarizes the chemical composition, pharmacological activities, molecular mechanism, toxicity and uses of PG in local and traditional medicine over the last 12 years. PG contains a wide range of chemical components, among which triterpene saponins, especially platycoside D (PD), play a strong role in pharmacological activity, representing a natural phytomedicine with low toxicity that has applications in food, animal feed and cosmetics. Therefore, PG has value for exploitation and is an excellent choice for treating various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Guige Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Fenglan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
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15
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Whole Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Platycodin D-Mediated RNA Regulatory Network in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152360. [PMID: 35954204 PMCID: PMC9367903 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most fatal malignant tumors harmful to human health. Previous studies report that Platycodin D (PD) exhibits anti-tumor effects in multiple human cancers, including NSCLC, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Accumulating evidence indicates that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) participate in NSCLC disease progression, but the link between PD and the ncRNAs in NSCLC is poorly elucidated. Here, we used whole transcriptome sequencing to systematically investigate the RNAs-associated regulatory network in the PD treating NSCLC cell lines. A total of 942 significantly dysregulated RNAs were obtained. Among those, five circRNAs and six IncRNAs were rigorously selected via database and in vitro validation. In addition, the functional enrichment study of differentially expressed mRNAs, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within PD-related mRNA structures, and the interaction between PD and mRNA-related proteins were analyzed through gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), structural variant analysis, and molecular docking, respectively. With further in vitro validation, the results show that PD inhibits cell proliferation, arrests the cell cycle, and induces cell apoptosis through targeting BCL2-related proteins. We hope these data can provide a full concept of PD-related molecular changes, leading to a new treatment for NSCLC.
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liang J, Kuang HX, Xia YG. Exploring the effects of different processing techniques on the composition and biological activity of Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. by metabonomics and pharmacologic design. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 289:114991. [PMID: 35038566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.114991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. (PG) is a common natural medicine with a history of thousands of years. The processing products were mainly recorded as raw, honey-processed, wine-fried, yellow-fried, and bran-fried PG, which were respectively used for different clinical purposes. Therefore, it is necessary to study the chemical composition and pharmacological activity of PG after processing. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the effects of different processing methods on the composition and biological activity of PG using metabonomics and pharmacologic design. MATERIALS AND METHODS UPLC-QTOF-MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify different metabolites before and after the processing of PG. Network pharmacology was used to construct the metabolite-target-disease network. CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, and western blotting were used to detect cell viability, apoptosis, and the expression of related proteins, respectively. RESULT A total of 43 differentially expressed metabolites (VIP >10) were detected and identified in the analyzed groups. Based on their chemical nature, these metabolites were divided into five categories, namely, saccharolipids, flavonoid glycosides, alkynes, saponins, and lipids (including fatty acids, phospholipids, fatty aldehydes, and sterols). The content of lipids in the five processed groups (CH, FC, JZ, MZI, and MZG) was found to be higher than that in raw PG. In particular, the processing approaches explored herein increased the contents of many phospholipids, such as, glycerophosphoinositols, phosphatidic acids, and lysophosphatidyle·thanolamines. The 8 metabolites were found by venn diagram to distinguish different processed products (metabolites 2, 6, 19, 20, 21, 26, 28, and 38). The results of network pharmacology analysis showed that the primary anti-cancer targets of 43 metabolites of PG processing products are PIK3CA, Akt, and STAT3, and based on CCK-8 assay, MZI has a significant killing effect on A549 cells, compared to other processing techniques. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis showed that the cells treated with MZI exhibit significantly increased cell apoptosis, and that the effect is dose-dependent. Finally, the western blots performed herein demonstrated that the MZI effectively inhibits the expression of p-Akt and p-STAT3, which is consistent with the network pharmacology results. CONCLUSION Depending on the processing technique, the contents of 43 different metabolites in PG were varied significantly. Specifically, the contents of phospholipids and fatty acids increase, whereas the contents of large Mw saponins decrease. Compared to the other investigated processing methods, MZI increases the potential of PG in inducing cell apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation by affecting the Akt and STAT3 signaling pathways. The increased levels of 3-O-β-glucopyranosyl polygalacic acid and platycoside F after honey-frying confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Jun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Yong-Gang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, PR China.
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Shin KC, Kil TG, Kang SH, Oh DK. Production of Deglucose-Apiose-Xylosylated Platycosides from Glycosylated Platycosides by Crude Enzyme from Aspergillus tubingensis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:430-436. [PMID: 35283429 PMCID: PMC9628805 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2112.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Platycosides, Platycodi radix (Platycodon grandiflorus root) saponins, are used as food supplements and exert diverse pharmacological activities. Deglycosylation of saponins enhances their biological efficacy, and deglycosylated platycosides are produced mainly through enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the types of available deglycosylated platycosides remain limited because of a lack of hydrolyzing enzymes that can act on specific glycosides in glycosylated platycosides. In this study, a crude enzyme from Aspergillus tubingensis converted platycoside E (PE) and polygalacin D3 (PGD3) into deglucose-apiose-xylosylated (deGAX)-platycodin D (PD) and deGAX-polygalacin D (PGD), respectively. The products were identified through LC/MS analysis by specifically hydrolyzing all glucose residues at C-3, and apiose and xylose residues at C-28 of platycoside. The hydrolytic activity of the crude enzyme obtained after the cultivation of the fungus using citrus pectin and corn steep solid as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, in culture medium was increased compared with those using other carbon and nitrogen sources. The crude enzyme from A. tubingensis was the most effective in producing deGAX platycoside at pH 5.0 and 60°C. The crude enzyme produced 0.32 mg/ml deGAX-PD and 0.34 mg/ml deGAX-PGD from 1 mg/ml PE and 1 mg/ml PGD3 (at pH 5.0 and 60°C) for 12 and 10 h, with productivities of 32.0 and 42.5 mg/l/h and molar yields of 62.1 and 59.6%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to produce deGAX platycosides from glycosylated platycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Geun Kil
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwan Kang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-454-3118 Fax: +82-2-444-5518 E-mail:
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Wu MD, Zhang YY, Yi SY, Sun BB, Lan J, Jiang HM, Hao GP. Acetylshikonin induces autophagy-dependent apoptosis through the key LKB1-AMPK and PI3K/Akt-regulated mTOR signalling pathways in HL-60 cells. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1606-1620. [PMID: 35106915 PMCID: PMC8899184 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylshikonin (ASK) is a natural naphthoquinone derivative of traditional Chinese medicine Lithospermum erythrorhyzon. It has been reported that ASK has bactericidal, anti‐inflammatory and antitumour effects. However, whether ASK induces apoptosis and autophagy in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells and the underlying mechanism are still unclear. Here, we explored the roles of apoptosis and autophagy in ASK‐induced cell death and the potential molecular mechanisms in human AML HL‐60 cells. The results demonstrated that ASK remarkably inhibited the cell proliferation, viability and induced apoptosis in HL‐60 cells through the mitochondrial pathway, and ASK promoted cell cycle arrest in the S‐phase. In addition, the increased formation of autophagosomes, the turnover from light chain 3B (LC3B) I to LC3B II and decrease of P62 suggested the induction of autophagy by ASK. Furthermore, ASK significantly decreased PI3K, phospho‐Akt and p‐p70S6K expression, while enhanced phospho‐AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and phospho‐liver kinase B1(LKB1) expression. The suppression of ASK‐induced the conversion from LC3B I to LC3B II caused by the application of inhibitors of AMPK (compound C) demonstrated that ASK‐induced autophagy depends on the LKB1/AMPK pathway. These data suggested that the autophagy induced by ASK were dependent on the activation of LKB1/AMPK signalling and suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. The cleavage of the apoptosis‐related markers caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 and the activity of caspase‐3 induced by ASK were markedly reduced by inhibitor of AMPK (compound C), an autophagy inhibitor 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) and another autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ). Taken together, our data reveal that ASK‐induced HL‐60 cell apoptosis is dependent on the activation of autophagy via the LKB1/AMPK and PI3K/Akt‐regulated mTOR signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Di Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University &Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan-Ying Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University &Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shu-Ying Yi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University &Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Bei-Bei Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University &Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Lan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University &Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Han-Ming Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University &Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Gang-Ping Hao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University &Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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19
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Tan W, Pan T, Wang S, Li P, Men Y, Tan R, Zhong Z, Wang Y. Immunometabolism modulation, a new trick of edible and medicinal plants in cancer treatment. Food Chem 2021; 376:131860. [PMID: 34971892 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The edible and medicinal plants (EMPs) are becoming an abundant source for cancer prevention and treatment since the natural and healthy trend for modern human beings. Currently, there are more than one hundred species of EMPs widely used and listed by the national health commission of China, and most of them indicate immune or metabolic regulation potential in cancer treatment with numerous studies over the past two decades. In the present review, we focused on the metabolic influence in immunocytes and tumor microenvironment, including immune response, immunosuppressive factors and cancer cells, discussing the immunometabolic potential of EMPs in cancer treatment. There are more than five hundred references collected and analyzed through retrieving pharmacological studies deposited in PubMed by medical subject headings and the corresponding names derived from pharmacopoeia of China as a sole criterion. Finally, the immunometabolism modulation of EMPs was sketch out implying an immunometabolic control in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Yongfan Men
- Research Laboratory of Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Rui Tan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China.
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China.
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20
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Zhou Y, Farooqi AA, Xu B. Comprehensive review on signaling pathways of dietary saponins in cancer cells suppression. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-26. [PMID: 34751072 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nutrigenomics utilizes high-throughput genomic technologies to reveal changes in gene and protein levels. Excitingly, ever-growing body of scientific findings has provided sufficient evidence about the interplay between diet and genes. Cutting-edge research and advancements in genomics, epigenetics and metabolomics have deepened our understanding on the role of dietary factors in the inhibition of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Dietary saponins, a type of triterpene glycosides, are generally found in Platycodon grandifloras, Dioscorea oppositifolia, asparagus, legumes, and sea cucumber. Wealth of information has started to shed light on pleiotropic mechanistic roles of dietary saponins in cancer prevention and inhibition. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the in vitro research of dietary saponins in the last two decades by searching common databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The results showed that dietary saponins exerted anti-cancer activities via regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, arrest cell cycle, anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis, and anti-angiogenesis, by regulation of several critical signaling pathways, including MAPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, and VEGF/VEGFR. However, there is no data about the dosage of dietary saponins for practical anti-cancer effects in human bodies. Extensive clinical studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of dietary saponins for further commercial and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhou
- Food Science and Technology Program, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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21
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Shin KC, Kim DW, Oh YJ, Seo MJ, Na CS, Kim YS. Improved production of deglucosylated platycodin D from saponins from balloon flower leaf by a food-grade enzyme using high hydrostatic pressure. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08104. [PMID: 34660923 PMCID: PMC8503635 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycosides, saponins contained in balloon flower, which have been used as food health supplements for respiratory diseases, have diverse pharmacological effects. Platycosides exhibit better pharmacological activity by hydrolyzing their own sugars. However, to date, there have been no studies on the production of deglucosylated platycodin D suitable for food applications. In this study, Pluszyme 2000P, which was derived from Aspergillus niger, a food-grade microorganism, was used to completely convert platycoside E into deglucosylated platycodin D. For an efficient and economical production of deglucosylated platycodin D, the productivity was improved approximately 2.4 times by application of high hydrostatic pressure and the discarded balloon flower leaf was used as a substrate. As a result, deglucosylated platycodin D was produced with the highest concentration (3.49 mg/mL) and productivity (581.7 mg/L/h) reported so far. Our results contribute to functional saponin production and the related food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Wook Kim
- Department of Wild Plants and Seeds Conservation, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa, 36209, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Oh
- Department of Wild Plants and Seeds Conservation, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa, 36209, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Chae Sun Na
- Department of Wild Plants and Seeds Conservation, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa, 36209, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Su Kim
- Department of Wild Plants and Seeds Conservation, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa, 36209, Republic of Korea
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22
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Shin KC, Kil TG, Lee TE, Oh DK. Production of Bioactive Deapiosylated Platycosides from Glycosylated Platycosides in Balloon Flower Root Using the Crude Enzyme from the Food-Available Fungus Rhizopus oryzae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4766-4777. [PMID: 33852306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extract from balloon flower root (Platycodi radix) containing platycosides as saponins is a beneficial food additive and is used for their savory taste and the alleviation of respiratory diseases. Deglycosylated platycosides show greater pharmacological effects than glycosylated platycosides. However, there are no reports on the conversion of glycosylated platycosides into deapiosylated platycosides. In this study, we showed that the crude enzyme from Rhizopus oryzae, a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) fungus isolated from meju (fermented soybean brick), completely converted glycosylated platycosides in Platycodi radix extract into deapiosylated platycosides: deapiosylated platycodin D (deapi-PD), deapiosylated platycodin A (deapi-PA), deapiosylated polygalacin D (deapi-PGD), and deapiosylated platyconic acid A (deapi-PCA). Among these, deapi-PA and deapi-PCA were first identified using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of deapiosylated platycosides were greater than those of the precursor glycosylated platycosides. These deapiosylated platycosides could improve the properties of functional food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Geun Kil
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Eui Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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23
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Deng Y, Ye X, Chen Y, Ren H, Xia L, Liu Y, Liu M, Liu H, Zhang H, Wang K, Zhang J, Zhang Z. Chemical Characteristics of Platycodon grandiflorum and its Mechanism in Lung Cancer Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:609825. [PMID: 33643040 PMCID: PMC7906976 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.609825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The technology, network pharmacology and molecular docking technology of the ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) were used to explore the potential molecular mechanism of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) in the treatment of lung cancer (LC). Methods: UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technology was used to analyze the ingredients of PG and the potential LC targets were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database, and the Analysis Platform (TCMSP), GeneCards and other databases. The interaction network of the drug-disease targets was constructed with the additional use of STRING 11.0. The pathway enrichment analysis was carried out using Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) in Metascape, and then the “Drug-Ingredients-Targets-Pathways-Disease” (D-I-T-P-D) network was constructed using Cytoscape v3.7.1. Finally, the Discovery Studio 2016 (DS) software was used to evaluate the molecular docking. Results: Forty-seven compounds in PG, including triterpenoid saponins, steroidal saponins and flavonoids, were identified and nine main bioactive components including platycodin D were screened. According to the method of data mining, 545 potential drug targets and 2,664 disease-related targets were collected. The results of topological analysis revealed 20 core targets including caspase 3 (CASP3) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) suggesting that the potential signaling pathway potentially involved in the treatment of LC included MAPK signaling pathway and P13K-AKT signaling pathway. The results of molecular docking proved that the bound of the ingredients with potential key targets was excellent. Conclusion: The results in this study provided a novel insight in the exploration of the mechanism of action of PG against LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xianwen Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Yufan Chen
- Patient Service Center, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Hongmin Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Lanting Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Minmin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Haiping Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Huangang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Kairui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinlian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Guangxi, China
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24
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Gao Y, Wu Y, Liu S, Liu Z, Song F, Liu Z. A strategy to comprehensively and quickly identify the chemical constituents in Platycodi Radix by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with traveling wave ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:691-708. [PMID: 33289296 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Quick identification of the complex composition of traditional Chinese medicine only through liquid-mass spectrometry technology is difficult. Especially the identification of isomers and co-eluting compounds is even more difficult. In this study, an approach of multidimensional data modes based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with traveling wave ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was proposed to quickly and comprehensively identify the compounds in Platycodi Radix. First, data-independent acquisition, high-definition acquisition, and tandem mass spectrometry acquisition modes were used to acquire integrated multidimensional mass spectral data. Second, summarize the diagnostic ions of compounds according to the fragmentation pathway of references. Third, unknown compounds and isomers were identified via the UNIFI™ software with an in-house library. Finally, a total of 87 compounds were identified, seven compounds were explicitly identified by comparing the retention time and fragment ions with the references. Fourteen compounds were first detected in the Platycodi Radix, four of them tentatively were identified by comparing with previous literature, eight compounds were observed and reported for the first time by comparing typical fragmentation pathway with the known standard substances in this paper. This research strategy has a certain potential for the analysis of complex components of other traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Shu Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Fengrui Song
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Zhongying Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
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25
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Pan Z, Chen Q, Zheng X, Wang K, Duan Y, Xiao K, Jia Z, Ding X. JuBei Oral Liquid Induces Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis in NSCLC Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:7585-7598. [PMID: 32821122 PMCID: PMC7423349 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s254464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although gefitinib brings about tremendous advances in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, most of patients become incurable due to drug resistance. JuBei oral liquid (JB) has been widely used to treat pneumonia in clinic. Components of JB were reported to induce apoptosis in NSCLC, which indicated that JB could be a potential antitumor agent for NSCLC patients. In this study, we investigated the effect of JB on gefitinib-sensitive PC-9 and gefitinib-resistant PC-9/GR, H1975 cells as well as its underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods PC-9, PC-9/GR and H1975 cells were treated with JB, LY294002, SCH772984, gefitinib alone or in combination. Then, cell viability, colony formation, cell death, expression of mitochondria-dependent pathway proteins, expression of EGFR, PI3K/AKT, MAPK signal pathway proteins, Bcl-2 mitochondrial translocation, ROS generation and cell apoptosis were examined by MTT, colony forming, live/dead cell staining, Western blot, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry assay. Results Our results showed that JB significantly induced cell growth inhibition and apoptotic cell death in PC-9, PC-9/GR and H1975 cells. JB activated mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway through inhibiting Bcl-2 mitochondrial translocation while inducing Bax translocated into mitochondria along with accumulated ROS production, thereby increasing the release of cytochrome c, subsequently cleaving procaspase9 into cleaved-caspase9 and then cleaving procaspase3 into cleaved-caspase3. Furthermore, the employment of protein kinase inhibitors LY294002 and SCH772984 revealed that the induction of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by JB was reliant on inactivation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK signal pathways. Moreover, JB could synergize with gefitinib to induce apoptosis in PC-9, PC-9/GR and H1975 cells. Conclusion These data indicated that JB could be a potential therapeutic agent for NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations as well as those under gefitinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Pan
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiufang Chen
- Department of Science and Education, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulan Zheng
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalei Duan
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Xiao
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Jia
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuansheng Ding
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
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26
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Huang H, Fang J, Fan X, Miyata T, Hu X, Zhang L, Zhang L, Cui Y, Liu Z, Wu X. Advances in Molecular Mechanisms for Traditional Chinese Medicine Actions in Regulating Tumor Immune Responses. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1009. [PMID: 32733246 PMCID: PMC7360845 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been developed for thousands of years with its various biological activities. The interest in TCM in tumor prevention and treatment is rising with its synergistic effect on tumor cells and tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIM). Characteristic of TCM fits well within the whole system and multi-target cancer treatment. Herein we discuss the underlying mechanisms of TCM actions in TIM via regulating immunosuppressive cells, including restoring the antigen presentation function of dendritic cells, enhancing NK cells-mediated killing activity, restraining the functions of myeloid cell-derived suppressor cells, and inhibiting cancer-associated fibroblasts. TCM also regulates tumor progression through enhancing immune response, preventing immune escape and inducing cell death of tumor cells, which triggers immune response in nearby cells. In addition, we discuss TCM in clinical applications and the advantages and disadvantages of TCM in cancer prevention and treatment, as well as current therapeutic challenges and strategies. It might be helpful for understanding the therapeutic potential of TCM for cancer in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiansong Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiude Fan
- Center for Liver Disease Research, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Tatsunori Miyata
- Center for Liver Disease Research, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Xiaoyue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- Center for Liver Disease Research, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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27
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Zhang M, Luo J, Luo X, Liu L. SPAG6 silencing induces autophagic cell death in SKM-1 cells via the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:551-560. [PMID: 32537026 PMCID: PMC7291649 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a member of the cancer-testis antigen family, sperm-associated antigen 6 (SPAG6) has been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Previous studies have demonstrated that SPAG6 is upregulated in bone marrow from patients with MDS and MDS-transformed acute myeloid leukemia and that knockdown of SPAG6 expression levels suppressed proliferation and promote apoptosis and differentiation in SKM-1 cells. However, the association between SPAG6 and autophagy in SKM-1 cells remains unclear. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate this association and its underlying mechanism. The present study used a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentivirus to silence SPAG6 expression levels in SKM-1 cells and demonstrated that SPAG6 knockdown increased autophagy and apoptosis. Furthermore, pharmacologically inhibiting autophagy with chloroquine and 3-methyladenine decreased SPAG6 knockdown-mediated apoptosis, indicating that SPAG6 knockdown-mediated autophagy promoted apoptosis in SKM-1 cells. Additionally, compared with the expression levels in negative control-shRNA lentivirus-transfected SKM-1 cells, the protein expression levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and phosphorylated unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (p-ULK1) were upregulated, while phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) protein expression was downregulated in SPAG6-shRNA lentivirus-transfected cells. Moreover, inhibiting AMPK expression levels with Compound C, a specific inhibitor of AMPK, attenuated SPAG6 knockdown-induced autophagy and apoptosis, suggesting that AMPK-mediated autophagy enhanced the pro-apoptotic effect of SPAG6 knockdown in SKM-1 cells. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that SPAG6 silencing triggered autophagy via regulation of the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway, which further contributed to the apoptosis of SKM-1 cells induced by SPAG6 knockdown. Thus, the current results indicate that SPAG6 may be a potential therapeutic target against MDS, and that autophagy may represent a potential mechanism for the treatment of MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.,Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.,Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Luo
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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28
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Shin KC, Kim DW, Woo HS, Oh DK, Kim YS. Conversion of Glycosylated Platycoside E to Deapiose-Xylosylated Platycodin D by Cytolase PCL5. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041207. [PMID: 32054089 PMCID: PMC7072768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycosides, the saponins abundant in Platycodi radix (the root of Platycodon grandiflorum), have diverse pharmacological activities and have been used as food supplements. Since deglycosylated saponins exhibit higher biological activity than glycosylated saponins, efforts are on to enzymatically convert glycosylated platycosides to deglycosylated platycosides; however, the lack of diversity and specificities of these enzymes has limited the kinds of platycosides that can be deglycosylated. In the present study, we examined the enzymatic conversion of platycosides and showed that Cytolase PCL5 completely converted platycoside E and polygalacin D3 into deapiose-xylosylated platycodin D and deapiose-xylosylated polygalacin D, respectively, which were identified by LC-MS analysis. The platycoside substrates were hydrolyzed through the following novel hydrolytic pathways: platycoside E → platycodin D3 → platycodin D → deapiosylated platycodin D → deapiose-xylosylated platycodin D; and polygalacin D3 → polygalacin D → deapiosylated polygalacin D → deapiose-xylosylated polygalacin D. Our results show that cytolast PCL5 may have a potential role in the development of biologically active platycosides that may be used for their diverse pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Research Institute of Bioactive-Metabolome Network, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.-C.S.); (D.-K.O.)
| | - Dae Wook Kim
- Forest Plant Industry Department, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Korea; (D.W.K.); (H.S.W.)
| | - Hyun Sim Woo
- Forest Plant Industry Department, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Korea; (D.W.K.); (H.S.W.)
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Research Institute of Bioactive-Metabolome Network, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.-C.S.); (D.-K.O.)
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yeong-Su Kim
- Forest Plant Industry Department, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Korea; (D.W.K.); (H.S.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-679-2740; Fax: +82-54-679-0636
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29
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Shen F, Wu W, Zhang M, Ma X, Cui Q, Tang Z, Huang H, Tong T, Yau L, Jiang Z, Hou Y, Bai G. Micro-PET Imaging Demonstrates 3- O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl Platycodigenin as an Effective Metabolite Affects Permeability of Cell Membrane and Improves Dosimetry of [ 18F]-Phillygenin in Lung Tissue. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1020. [PMID: 31572193 PMCID: PMC6753856 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum, as a traditional medicinal plant, is commonly used in the treatment of pulmonary disease. Platycodon saponins are proposed as active ingredients. However, the role of secondary saponin metabolites (SSM) in the traditional use of Platycodon has not yet been fully clarified. In this study, [18F]-phillygenin ([18F]-PH) probe was synthesized and thereby used as a tracer for micro-positron emission tomography scanning to explore the effects of platycodon saponins. The membrane permeability with different SSM was evaluated in vitro based on the dye-carrying capacity of fluorescein isothiocyanate. The results showed that total platycodon saponins improved the dosimetry of [18F]-PH in the lung tissue, and an SSM named 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl platycodigenin (GPD682) appreciably changed the distribution of drugs both in vitro and in vivo. We propose that GPD682 could be utilized as an important ingredient to help drug delivery to the lung tissue and improve the treatment of respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingxin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongyao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Tiantian Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Leefong Yau
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Kim HI, Hong SH, Ku JM, Lim YS, Lee SJ, Song J, Kim TY, Cheon C, Ko SG. Scutellaria Radix Promotes Apoptosis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells via Induction of AMPK-Dependent Autophagy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:691-705. [PMID: 30974965 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria Radix (SR) is an herb traditionally used in Asian countries to treat inflammatory diseases. Recent studies report that SR exhibits anticancer activities in various types of tumors. In this study, we investigated the apoptotic and autophagic effect of SR in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the leading cause of cancer-associated death. Treatment of SR in two NSCLC cell lines, H358 and H2087 cells resulted in suppressed cell viability. Western blot assays showed increased expressions of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), cleaved-caspase 3 and cleaved-Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), key factors of apoptosis. Co-treatment of SR with a caspase inhibitor Z-VAD led to nullification of the antiproliferative effect, suggesting the role of apoptosis in the action mechanism of SR. Further experiments revealed autophagy was involved in the effect of SR. SR-treated NSCLC cells expressed increased ratio of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-II/LC3-I. When chloroquine was co-treated with SR, this ratio was further increased, indicating SR treatment induced autophagy in NSCLC cells. Interestingly, loss of autophagy by 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) co-treatment suppressed SR-induced apoptosis. We then evaluated the relevance of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the autophagic/apoptotic process in NSCLC by SR treatment. Immunoblot assays showed increased phosphorylation of AMPK α and P70-S6 kinase in SR-treated H358 and H2087 cells. Under AMPK-inhibited conditions by compound C, SR treatment failed to induce both autophagy and apoptosis. Taken together, this study identifies the positive effect of SR in H358 and H2087 cells by inducing apoptosis via AMPK-dependent autophagy. Thus, our results suggest the potential use of SR as a novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo In Kim
- * Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,† Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyang Hong
- * Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Mo Ku
- * Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Seul Lim
- * Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,† Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Ji Lee
- * Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,† Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungbin Song
- ‡ Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Young Kim
- * Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunhoo Cheon
- * Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- * Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jeon D, Kim SW, Kim HS. Platycodin D, a bioactive component of Platycodon grandiflorum, induces cancer cell death associated with extreme vacuolation. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2019; 23:118-127. [PMID: 30949399 PMCID: PMC6440520 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2019.1588163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD) is a major active component of the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A.DC. and possesses multiple biological and pharmacological properties, including anti-cancer activity. The aim of this study was to characterize PD-induced cytoplasmic vacuolation in human cancer cells and investigate the underlying mechanisms. PD-induced cancer cell death was associated with cytoplasmic pinocytic and autophagic vacuolation. Cellular energy levels were decreased by this compound, leading to the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Additionally, compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, completely prevented PD-induced vacuolation. These results suggest that PD induces cancer cell death, associated with excessive vacuolation through AMPK activation when cellular energy levels are low. Therefore, our findings provide a mechanistic rationale for a novel combinatorial approach using PD to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daun Jeon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seok Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Hepatoprotective Effect of Baicalein Against Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010131. [PMID: 30602693 PMCID: PMC6337302 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalein (BAI), one of the main components of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, possesses numerous pharmacological properties, including anti-cancer, anti-oxidative, anti-virus and anti-bacterial activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of baicalein against acetaminophen (APAP)-exposed liver injury in mice, and elucidate the underlying hepatoprotective mechanism. Baicalein pretreatment significantly alleviated the elevation of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in serum and hepatic in a dose-dependent manner. It also dose-dependently reduced the hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, as well as the depletion of hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), hepatic glutathione (GSH) and hepatic catalase (CAT). Moreover, pretreatment with baicalein significantly ameliorated APAP-exposed liver damage and histological hepatocyte changes. Baicalein also relieved APAP-induced autophagy by regulating AKT/mTOR pathway, LC3B and P62 expression. Furthermore, the hepatoprotective effect of baicalein to APAP-induced liver injury involved in Jak2/Stat3 and MAPK signaling pathway. Taken together, our findings suggested that baicalein exhibits the ability to prevent liver from APAP-induced liver injury and provided an underlying molecular basis for potential applications of baicalein to cure liver injuries.
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Cao Y, Luo Y, Zou J, Ouyang J, Cai Z, Zeng X, Ling H, Zeng T. Autophagy and its role in gastric cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 489:10-20. [PMID: 30472237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, which is tightly regulated by a series of autophagy-related genes (ATGs), is a vital intracellular homeostatic process through which defective proteins and organelles are degraded and recycled under starvation, hypoxia or other specific cellular stress conditions. For both normal cells and tumour cells, autophagy not only sustains cell survival but can also promote cell death. Autophagy-related signalling pathways include mTOR-dependent pathways, such as the AMPK/mTOR and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways, and non-mTOR dependent pathways, such as the P53 pathway. Additionally, autophagy plays a dual role in gastric carcinoma (GC), including a tumour-suppressor role and a tumour-promoter role. Long-term Helicobacter pylori infection can impair autophagy, which may eventually promote tumourigenesis of the gastric mucosa. Moreover, Beclin1, LC3 and P62/SQSTM1 are regarded as autophagy-related markers with GC prognostic value. Autophagy inhibitors and autophagy inducers show promise for GC treatment. This review describes research progress regarding autophagy and its significant role in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Yichen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Juan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Zhihong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Hui Ling
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Tiebing Zeng
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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Park M, Park SY, Lee HJ, Kim CE. A Systems-Level Analysis of Mechanisms of Platycodon grandiflorum Based on A Network Pharmacological Approach. Molecules 2018; 23:E2841. [PMID: 30388815 PMCID: PMC6278259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is widely used in Asia for its various beneficial effects. Although many studies were conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms of PG, it is still unclear how the combinations of multiple ingredients work together to exert its therapeutic effects. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive review of the systems-level mechanisms of PG by adopting network pharmacological analysis. We constructed a compound⁻target⁻disease network for PG using experimentally validated and machine-leaning-based prediction results. Each target of the network was analyzed based on previously known pharmacological activities of PG. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the majority of targets were related to cellular and metabolic processes, responses to stimuli, and biological regulation. In pathway enrichment analyses of targets, the terms related to cancer showed the most significant enrichment and formed distinct clusters. Degree matrix analysis for target⁻disease associations of PG suggested the therapeutic potential of PG in various cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, small-cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. We expect that network pharmacological approaches will provide an understanding of the systems-level mechanisms of medicinal herbs and further develop their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musun Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Sa-Yoon Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
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Leng J, Wang Z, Fu CL, Zhang J, Ren S, Hu JN, Jiang S, Wang YP, Chen C, Li W. NF-κB and AMPK/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways are involved in the protective effects of Platycodon grandiflorum
saponins against acetaminophen-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice. Phytother Res 2018; 32:2235-2246. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Leng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
| | - Cheng-lin Fu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
| | - Shen Ren
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
| | - Jun-nan Hu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
| | - Ying-ping Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development; Changchun China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development; Changchun China
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36
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Li DY, Chen WJ, Shang J, Chen G, Li SK. Regulatory interactions between long noncoding RNA LINC00968 and miR-9-3p in non-small cell lung cancer: A bioinformatic analysis based on miRNA microarray, GEO and TCGA. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9487-9497. [PMID: 29805671 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to mediate carcinogenesis in various types of cancer. However, the regulatory role of lncRNA LINC00968 in lung adenocarcinoma remains unclear. The microRNA (miRNA) expression in LINC00968-overexpressing human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells was detected using miRNA microarray analysis. miR-9-3p was selected for further analysis, and its expression was verified in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. In addition, the regulatory axis of LINC00968 was validated using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Results of the GEO database indicated miR-9-3p expression in lung adenocarcinoma was significantly higher compared with normal tissues. Functional enrichment analyses of the target genes of miR-9-3p indicated protein binding and the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway were the most enriched Gene Ontology and KEGG terms, respectively. Combining target genes with the correlated genes of LINC00968 and miR-9-3p, 120 objective genes were obtained, which were used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Cyclin A2 (CCNA2) was identified to have a vital role in the PPI network. Significant correlations were detected between LINC00968, miR-9-3p and CCNA2 in lung adenocarcinoma. The LINC00968/miR-9-3p/CCNA2 regulatory axis provides a new foundation for further evaluating the regulatory mechanisms of LINC00968 in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yao Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jie Chen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jun Shang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Kang Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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Ye J, Zhang R, Wu F, Zhai L, Wang K, Xiao M, Xie T, Sui X. Non-apoptotic cell death in malignant tumor cells and natural compounds. Cancer Lett 2018; 420:210-227. [PMID: 29410006 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional cancer therapy is mainly targeting on enhancing cell apoptosis, however, it is well established that many cancer cells are chemo-resistant and defective in apoptosis induction. Therefore, it may have important therapeutic implications to exploit some novel natural compounds based on non-apoptotic programmed cell death. Currently, accumulating evidence shows that the compounds from nature source can induce non-apoptotic programmed cell death in cancer cells, and therefore these natural compounds have gained a great promise for the future anticancer therapeutics. In this review, we will concentrate our efforts on the latest developments regarding major forms of non-apoptotic programmed cell death--autophagic cell death, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, glutamoptosis and exosome-associated cell death. Our increased understanding of the role of natural compounds in regulating non-apoptotic programmed cell death will hopefully provide prospective strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Oncology Institutes and Holistic Integrative Cancer Center of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Cancer Pharmacology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Des Moines Medical School, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Lijuan Zhai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Oncology Institutes and Holistic Integrative Cancer Center of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Cancer Pharmacology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaifeng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Oncology Institutes and Holistic Integrative Cancer Center of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Cancer Pharmacology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mang Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Oncology Institutes and Holistic Integrative Cancer Center of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Cancer Pharmacology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xinbing Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Oncology Institutes and Holistic Integrative Cancer Center of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Cancer Pharmacology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Chen CC, Kao CP, Chiu MM, Wang SH. The anti-cancer effects and mechanisms of Scutellaria barbata D. Don on CL1-5 lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:109340-109357. [PMID: 29312612 PMCID: PMC5752525 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, with a poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy, is the most common malignant tumor and has the highest mortality rate worldwide. Scutellaria barbata D. Don (SB), which is derived from the dried whole plant of Labiatae, is a well-known anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer herb. The aim of this study was to examine the anti-cancer effects and precise regulatory mechanisms of SB in CL1-5 lung cancer cells. In an in vitro assay, we found that the anti-tumor mechanism of SB was due to P38/SIRT1-regulated cell apoptosis through G2/M phase arrest and ER stress-, intrinsic mitochondrial-, and extrinsic FAS/FASL-mediated pathways. Autophagy also plays a key role in SB-induced CL1-5 cell cytotoxicity. In addition, SB exerts additive effects with etoposide or cisplatin in lung cancer cells. In an in vivo assay, we found that SB significantly reduces tumor size with decreased proliferation and angiogenesis, as well as increased apoptosis and autophagy in CL1-5 tumor-bearing mice. These findings provided experimental evidence for the application of SB in the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pin Kao
- Department of Nursing, Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Miao Chiu
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Huei Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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39
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Tang Z, Hou Y, Hu X, Liu A, Yau L, Tong T, Jiang Z, Bai G. Metabolite identification and pharmacokinetic study of platycodi radix (Jiegeng) in vivo. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04814a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The secondary platycosides, 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosylplatycodigenin and 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosylplatyconic acid, were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed in vivo for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300353
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300353
| | - Xueyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300353
| | - Aina Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300353
| | - Leefong Yau
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health
- Macau University of Science and Technology
- Taipa
- People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health
- Macau University of Science and Technology
- Taipa
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health
- Macau University of Science and Technology
- Taipa
- People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300353
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