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Flori L, Piragine E, Spezzini J, Citi V, Calderone V, Martelli A. Influence of Polyphenols on Adipose Tissue: Sirtuins as Pivotal Players in the Browning Process. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119276. [PMID: 37298226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) can be classified into two different types: (i) white adipose tissue (WAT), which represents the largest amount of total AT, and has the main function of storing fatty acids for energy needs and (ii) brown adipose tissue (BAT), rich in mitochondria and specialized in thermogenesis. Many exogenous stimuli, e.g., cold, exercise or pharmacological/nutraceutical tools, promote the phenotypic change of WAT to a beige phenotype (BeAT), with intermediate characteristics between BAT and WAT; this process is called "browning". The modulation of AT differentiation towards WAT or BAT, and the phenotypic switch to BeAT, seem to be crucial steps to limit weight gain. Polyphenols are emerging as compounds able to induce browning and thermogenesis processes, potentially via activation of sirtuins. SIRT1 (the most investigated sirtuin) activates a factor involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), which, through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) modulation, induces typical genes of BAT and inhibits genes of WAT during the transdifferentiation process in white adipocytes. This review article aims to summarize the current evidence, from pre-clinical studies to clinical trials, on the ability of polyphenols to promote the browning process, with a specific focus on the potential role of sirtuins in the pharmacological/nutraceutical effects of natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Flori
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Jacopo Spezzini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Citi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutrafood: Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute", University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center "Biology and Pathology of Ageing", University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutrafood: Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute", University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center "Biology and Pathology of Ageing", University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Li X, Li X, Hong J, Wang Y, Guo D, Liu J, Zhang Z, He W, Xue K, Wang Q. Comparative Analyses of Soil Bacterial Colonies of Two Types of Chinese Ginger after a Major Flood Disaster. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0435522. [PMID: 36744938 PMCID: PMC10100910 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04355-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginger, an important cash crop, has been cultivated for thousands of years in China. However, comparative studies on soil bacterial communities of Chinese ginger varieties, especially after flooding, are lacking. Here, we comprehensively compared the bacterial communities of two types of ginger soils from four different locations. Surprisingly, the 100-year flood (20 July 2021, in Henan, China) did not significantly affect the soil bacterial composition compared with previous reports. In contrast, flooding may have brought in nutrients and promoted the propagation of eutrophic bacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria were the most abundant in the Zhangliang region (~25%). However, due to the most severe flooding and inundation, the Zhangliang region, also probably contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals, showed the lowest microbial diversity. Moreover, the geographical location influenced the microbial communities more than did the soil type or ginger variety. These findings help us understand the species and composition of bacteria and infection of ginger after flooding and soaking. Further, the interaction mechanisms underlying these emerging phenomena need to be further investigated. IMPORTANCE There are few comparative studies on the soil bacterial communities of Chinese ginger varieties after flooding. After a 100-year flood (20 July 2021, in Henan, China), we comprehensively compared the bacterial communities of two types of ginger soils from four different locations. Surprisingly, this flood did not significantly affect the soil bacterial composition compared with previous reports. In contrast, it was found that the flooding may have brought in nutrients and promoted the propagation of eutrophic bacteria for the Zhangliang region. However, the flooding had also brought in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and heavy metal contamination. Moreover, we also verified that geographical location influenced the microbial communities more than did the soil type or ginger variety. These findings help us understand the species and composition of bacteria and infection of ginger after flooding and soaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Li
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Ping Dingshan, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Wuhan Jinxin Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Hong
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Ping Dingshan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Ping Dingshan, China
| | - Duanqiang Guo
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Ping Dingshan, China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Ping Dingshan, China
| | - Zewen Zhang
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Ping Dingshan, China
| | - Wenwei He
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Ping Dingshan, China
| | - Kaisheng Xue
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Ping Dingshan, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Ping Dingshan, China
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Wang N, Liu W, Zhou L, Liu W, Liang X, Liu X, Xu Z, Zhong T, Wu Q, Jiao X, Chen J, Ning X, Jiang X, Zhao Q. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Notopterol Derivatives as Triple Inhibitors of AChE/BACE1/GSK3β for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:32131-32152. [PMID: 36120034 PMCID: PMC9476211 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is very complex, and there are many hypotheses. Therefore, the development of a multi-target-directed-ligand may be an effective therapeutic strategy. Our previous study showed that notopterol (a natural product from Notopterygium) is a dual BACE1/GSK3β inhibitor. In this study, we designed and synthesized 48 notopterol derivatives with furacoumarin as a scaffold in order to enhance their balanced AChE/BACE1/GSK3β inhibitory activity. Fortunately, 1c showed effective inhibitory activity against AChE (58.7% at 1.0 μM), BACE1 (48.3% at 20 μM), and GSK3β (40.3% at 10 μM). Furthermore, 1c showed good blood-brain barrier penetrability, suitable bioavailability, and oral safety. More importantly, 1c could ameliorate the impaired learning and memory in Aβ-induced AD mice. In conclusion, we reported the triple inhibitor of AChE/BACE1/GSK3β lead compounds based on a furocoumarin scaffold of notopterol for the first time, which provides a potential new strategy for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department
of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern
Theater Command, Shenyang110840, People’s Republic
of China
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- School
of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang
Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Lijun Zhou
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwu Liu
- School
of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang
Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xu Liang
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zihua Xu
- Department
of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern
Theater Command, Shenyang110840, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Tianming Zhong
- Department
of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern
Theater Command, Shenyang110840, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department
of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern
Theater Command, Shenyang110840, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xinming Jiao
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangxia Chen
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Ning
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Jiang
- Department
of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern
Theater Command, Shenyang110840, People’s Republic
of China
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
- Key
Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry
of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingchun Zhao
- Department
of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern
Theater Command, Shenyang110840, People’s Republic
of China
- School
of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People’s Republic of China
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Natural bioactive constituents from herbs and nutraceuticals promote browning of white adipose tissue. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu X, Gao YP, Shen ZX, Qu YY, Liu WW, Yao D, Xing B, Xu ZH, Li X, Zhao QC. Study on the experimental verification and regulatory mechanism of Rougui-Ganjiang herb-pair for the actions of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue based on network pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114378. [PMID: 34192599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cinnamomum cassia Presl (Rougui) has character of xin、gan、wen, belongs to Jing of heart、lung、bladder, and has the effect of dispersing cold and relieving pain. It is widely used to resolve the exterior and dissipate cold in Treatise on Febrile Diseases (Shang Han Lun), such as Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Tang and Guizhi Renshen Tang. Both these two prescriptions contain Cinnamomum cassia Presl and Zingiber officinale Rosc (Ganjiang). Rougui-Ganjiang herb-pair (RGHP) can warm viscera and remove cold, which is widely used in Shang Han Lun. And in modern times, recent studies have showed that cinnamon and ginger also have the effect of thermogenesis and regulating the body temperature, respectively. AIM OF THE STUDY To maintain the body thermal homeostasis and prevent cold invasion of main organs, in this study, we assessed the underlying physiological changes induced by RGHP in mice exposed to -20 °C and explored the mechanisms for the thermogenic actions of RGHP in brown adipose tissue (BAT) by network pharmacology and molecular docking. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Kunming (KM) mice were fed normal diet with orally administration of distilled water or ethanol RGHP extract (three doses: 375,750 and 1500 mg/kg) for 21 days, once per day and then exposed to -20 °C for 2 h. The core temperature, activity ability and the degree of frostbite in mice, morphological and ATP content of adipocytes were measured. In addition, the network pharmacology was employed to predict the targets of RGHP' s thermogenesis effect on BAT. Pathway analysis and biological process with key genes was carried out through KEGG and GO analysis, respectively. Furthermore, the core ingredients and targets obtained by network pharmacology were verified by molecular docking and Western blot assays. RESULTS RGHP can significantly increase the core body temperature, reduce the degree of frostbite and enhance the activity ability of mice after cold exposure. Meanwhile, it can also improve the lipid morphology and decrease ATP production in BAT. A network pharmacology-based analysis identified 246 ingredients from RGHP (two herbs), which related to 222 target genes. There were 8 common genes between 222 compounds target genes and 62 thermogenesis associated target genes, which linked to 49 potential compounds. There are 24 ingredients which degree are greater than the average. Among them, we found that oleic acid, EIC, 6-gingerol, eugenol, isohomogenol and sitogluside could be detected in mice plasma. The cAMP-PPAR signaling pathway was enriched for thermogenesis after KEGG analysis with 8 genes. Molecular docking analysis and Western blot assay further confirmed that oleic acid, 6-gingerol, eugenol and isohomogenol were potential active ingredients for RGHP's heat production effect. And UCP1, PGC-1α, PPARα and PPARγ are key thermogenesis proteins. CONCLUSIONS RGHP treatment can significantly maintain the rectal temperature of mice by enhancing the BAT heat production. RGHP exhibited the heat production effect, which might be mainly attributed to increasing thermogenesis through the cAMP-PPAR signaling pathway in cold exposure mice. Oleic acid, 6-gingerol, eugenol and isohomogenol might be considered the potential therapeutic ingredients which affect the key targets of thermogenesis effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- School of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, China
| | - Ya-Ping Gao
- School of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ze-Xu Shen
- School of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ying-Ying Qu
- School of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wen-Wu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dong Yao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110847, China
| | - Bo Xing
- School of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zi-Hua Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, China.
| | - Qing-Chun Zhao
- School of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, China.
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Barakat B, Almeida MEF. Biochemical and immunological changes in obesity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 708:108951. [PMID: 34102165 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a syndemia that promotes high expenditures for public health, and is defined by the excess of adipose tissue that is classified according to its function and anatomical distribution. In obese people, this tissue generates oxidative stress associated with a chronic inflammatory response, in which there is an imbalance in relation to the release of hormones and adipokines that cause loss of body homeostasis and predisposition to the development of some comorbidities. The purpose of this review is to summarize the main events that occur during the onset and progression of obesity with a special focus on biochemical and immunological changes. Hypertrophied and hyperplasia adipocytes have biomarkers and release adipokines capable of regulating pathways and expressing genes that culminate in the development of metabolic changes, such as changes in energy balance and intestinal microbiota, and the development of some comorbidities, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemias, arterial hypertension, liver disease, cancer, allergies, osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obstructive sleep apnea. Thus, it is necessary to treat and/or prevent pathology, using traditional methods based on healthy eating, and regular physical and leisure activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Barakat
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Rio Paranaíba Campus, Rio Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Martha E F Almeida
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Rio Paranaíba Campus, Rio Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Inhibitory Effects of Gyeji-Tang on MMP-9 Activity and the Expression of Adhesion Molecules in IL-4- and TNF-α-Stimulated BEAS-2B Cells. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050951. [PMID: 34068739 PMCID: PMC8151808 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gyeji-tang (GJT), a traditional herbal formula composed of five herbal medicines, is commonly used to treat the common cold, exogenous febrile disease, fever and headaches in Korea, China and Japan. Although various pharmacological activities of GJT have been reported in several studies, the effect of GJT water extract (GJTWE) on airway inflammation has not yet been investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of GJTWE on airway inflammation-related factors using human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells, and to identify the phytochemicals in GJTWE by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-MS/MS) analysis. GJTWE significantly decreased the production of chemokines, including eotaxin-3, eotaxin-1, regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and matrix metalloproteinase-9, and the expression of the adhesion molecules, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, in interleukin-4 + tumor necrosis factor-α (IT)-stimulated BEAS-2B cells. In the UPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis, 21 phytochemicals, including six flavonoids, two chalcones, five terpenoids, six phenolics, one phenylpropanoid and one coumarin, were identified in GJTWE. The findings suggested that GJTWE might exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on airway inflammation by regulating the expression of inflammatory response-related factors in IT-stimulated BEAS-2B cells; further studies are required to determine the bioactive compounds involved in the inhibition of airway inflammation.
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Luan F, Ji Y, Peng L, Liu Q, Cao H, Yang Y, He X, Zeng N. Extraction, purification, structural characteristics and biological properties of the polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117863. [PMID: 33766352 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., as a well-known homology plant of medicine and food, has the function of replenishing the Qi, strengthening the spleen and tonifying the lung, nourishing the blood and engendering the liquid in traditional Chinese medicine. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the C. pilosula polysaccharides (CPPs) are one of the major and representative pharmacologically active macromolecules and present multiple biological activities both in vitro and in vivo methods, such as immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, neuroprotective, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue, hypoglycemic, anti-hypoxia, renoprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and prebiotic. The purpose of the present review is to provide comprehensively and systematically reorganized information in the extraction and purification, structure characterization, biological activities and the underlying mechanisms of action as well as toxicities of CPPs to support their therapeutic potentials and sanitarian functions. New valuable insights for the future researches regarding CPPs were also proposed in the fields of therapeutic agents and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Yafei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Lixia Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Haijuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519041, PR China
| | - Xirui He
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519041, PR China.
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, PR China.
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Li X, Lu HY, Jiang XW, Yang Y, Xing B, Yao D, Wu Q, Xu ZH, Zhao QC. Cinnamomum cassia extract promotes thermogenesis during exposure to cold via activation of brown adipose tissue. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113413. [PMID: 32980484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl (Lauraceae), a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, is well known to exert hot property. It is recorded as dispelling cold drug in ancient Chinese monographs, such as Synopsis of golden chamber published in Han dynasty. According to Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015), Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl (Cinnamon) has the functions of dispersing cold, relieving pain, warming meridians and promoting blood circulation. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Cinnamon extract (CE) on cold endurance and the mechanism of thermogenesis activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The improving effect of hypothermia were evaluated with body temperature by infrared camera and multi-thermo thermometer. In vivo, the thermogenic effect was observed with energy metabolism and substrate utilization. The activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) was evaluated with the histomorphology and expression of thermogenic protein. In vitro, the uncoupling effect on mitochondrial was evaluated with Seahorse and fluorescent staining. The mechanism of thermogenesis was explored in brown adipocyte. RESULTS The body temperature and energy expenditure were significantly increased by CE administration in cold environment. In morphology, lipid droplets were reduced and the number of mitochondrial was increased. CE significantly increased the non-shivering thermogenesis via upregulating the expression of thermogenic protein. In vitro, the uncoupling effect was obviously along with the decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production. It was confirmed that the thermogenesis effect was induced via lipolysis and energy metabolism. In addition, CE also alleviated myocardium injury in the morphology in cold environment. Moreover, the major constituent was identified as (1) coumarin, (2) cinnamic acid, (3) cinnamaldehyde and (4) 2-methoxy cinnamaldehyde. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of improving cold tolerance was related to lipolysis and activation of BAT. Meanwhile, we provided a kind of potential prevention methods for cold injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, China.
| | - Hong-Yuan Lu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Xiao-Wen Jiang
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Bo Xing
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Dong Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, China.
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Zi-Hua Xu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, China.
| | - Qing-Chun Zhao
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, China.
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Liu J, Feng W, Peng C. A Song of Ice and Fire: Cold and Hot Properties of Traditional Chinese Medicines. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:598744. [PMID: 33542688 PMCID: PMC7851091 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.598744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The theory of cold and hot properties is the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and has been successfully applied to combat human diseases for thousands of years. Although the theory of cold and hot is very important to guide the clinical application of TCMs, this ancient theory remains an enigma for a long time. In recent years, more and more researchers have tried to uncover this ancient theory with the help of modern techniques, and the cold and hot properties of a myriad of TCMs have been studied. However, there is no review of cold and hot properties. In this review, we first briefly introduced the basic theories about cold and hot properties, including how to distinguish between the cold and hot properties of TCMs and the classification and treatment of cold and hot syndromes. Then, focusing on the application of cold and hot properties, we take several important TCMs with cold or hot property as examples to summarize their traditional usage, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. In addition, the mechanisms of thermogenesis and antipyretic effect of these important TCMs, which are related to the cold and hot properties, were summarized. At the end of this review, the perspectives on research strategies and research directions of hot and cold properties were also offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwestern China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wuwen Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwestern China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwestern China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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11
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Namiranian P, Naghizadeh A, Adel-Mehraban MS, Karimi M. Hot and Cold Theory: Evidence in Physiology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1343:119-133. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80983-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Xin T, Lu C. SirT3 activates AMPK-related mitochondrial biogenesis and ameliorates sepsis-induced myocardial injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:16224-16237. [PMID: 32721927 PMCID: PMC7485737 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin-3 (SirT3) and AMPK stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis, which increases mitochondrial turnover and cardiomyocyte regeneration. We studied the effects of SirT3, AMPK, and mitochondrial biogenesis on sepsis-induced myocardial injury. Our data showed that after treating cardiomyocytes with lipopolysaccharide, SirT3 and AMPK levels decreased, and this was followed by mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiomyocyte death. Overexpression of SirT3 activated the AMPK pathway and improved mitochondrial biogenesis, which is required to sustain mitochondrial redox balance, maintain mitochondrial respiration, and suppress mitochondrial apoptosis. Inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis abolished SirT3/AMPK-induced cardioprotection by causing mitochondrial damage. These findings indicate that SirT3 reduces sepsis-induced myocardial injury by activating AMPK-related mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xin
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjing 300192, P.R. China
| | - Chengzhi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjing 300192, P.R. China
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Abstract
During nearly 100 years of research on cancer cachexia (CC), science has been reciting the same mantra: it is a multifactorial syndrome. The aim of this paper is to show that the symptoms are many, but they have a single cause: anoxia. CC is a complex and devastating condition that affects a high proportion of advanced cancer patients. Unfortunately, it cannot be reversed by traditional nutritional support and it generally reduces survival time. It is characterized by significant weight loss, mainly from fat deposits and skeletal muscles. The occurrence of cachexia in cancer patients is usually a late phenomenon. The conundrum is why do similar patients with similar tumors, develop cachexia and others do not? Even if cachexia is mainly a metabolic dysfunction, there are other issues involved such as the activation of inflammatory responses and crosstalk between different cell types. The exact mechanism leading to a wasting syndrome is not known, however there are some factors that are surely involved, such as anorexia with lower calorie intake, increased glycolytic flux, gluconeogenesis, increased lipolysis and severe tumor hypoxia. Based on this incomplete knowledge we put together a scheme explaining the molecular mechanisms behind cancer cachexia, and surprisingly, there is one cause that explains all of its characteristics: anoxia. With this different view of CC we propose a treatment based on the physiopathology that leads from anoxia to the symptoms of CC. The fundamentals of this hypothesis are based on the idea that CC is the result of anoxia causing intracellular lactic acidosis. This is a dangerous situation for cell survival which can be solved by activating energy consuming gluconeogenesis. The process is conducted by the hypoxia inducible factor-1α. This hypothesis was built by putting together pieces of evidence produced by authors working on related topics.
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Li C, Zhang H, Li X. The Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Treatment of Obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3371-3381. [PMID: 33061498 PMCID: PMC7524185 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s274534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the lipid deposition caused by the imbalance between energy intake and consumption caused by a variety of factors. Obesity can lead to multiple systemic complications. At present, the treatment of obesity is mainly lifestyle intervention, drug weight loss, and weight loss surgery, but the curative effect is limited or the side effects are serious. Traditional Chinese medicine plays a unique role in the treatment of obesity. Existing studies have found that traditional Chinese medicine can treat obesity in a variety of ways, such as regulating intestinal microflora, enhancing hormone level, regulating fat metabolism, and so on. In this review, we will introduce and summarize the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaohua Li Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai200137, People’s Republic of China Tel/Fax +86 021-58670561 Email
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