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Zhang YZ, Huo DY, Liu Z, Li XD, Wang Z, Li W. Review on Ginseng and its Potential Active Substance G-Rg2 Against Age-Related Diseases: Traditional Efficacy and Mechanism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024:118781. [PMID: 39260708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE According to the Shen Nong Herbal Classic, Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is documented to possess life-prolonging effects and is extensively utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various ailments such as qi deficiency, temper deficiency, insomnia, and forgetfulness. Ginseng is commonly employed for replenishing qi and nourishing blood, fortifying the body and augmenting immunity; it has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating fatigue, enhancing memory, and retarding aging. Furthermore, it exhibits a notable ameliorative impact on age-related conditions including cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. One of its active constituents - ginsenoside Rg2 (G-Rg2) - exhibits potential therapeutic efficacy in addressing these ailments. AIM OF THE REVIEW The aim of this review is to explore the traditional efficacy of ginseng in anti-aging diseases and the modern pharmacological mechanism of its potential active substance G-Rg2, in order to provide strong theoretical support for further elucidating the mechanism of its anti-aging effect. METHODS This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the traditional efficacy of ginseng and the potential mechanisms underlying the anti-age-related disease properties of G-Rg2, based on an extensive literature review up to March 12, 2024, from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases. Potential anti-aging mechanisms of G-Rg2 were predicted using network pharmacology and molecular docking analysis techniques. RESULTS In traditional Chinese medicine theory, ginseng has been shown to improve aging-related diseases with a variety of effects, including tonifying qi, strengthening the spleen and stomach, nourishing yin, regulating yin and yang, as well as calming the mind. Its potential active ingredient G-Rg2 has demonstrated significant therapeutic potential in age-related diseases, especially central nervous system and cardiovascular diseases. G-Rg2 exhibited a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Meanwhile, the network pharmacological analyses and molecular docking results were consistent with the existing literature review, further validating the potential efficacy of G-Rg2 as an anti-aging agent. CONCLUSION The review firstly explores the ameliorative effects of ginseng on a wide range of age-related diseases based on TCM theories. Secondly, the article focuses on the remarkable significance and value demonstrated by G-Rg2 in age-related cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Consequently, G-Rg2 has broad prospects for development in intervening in aging and treating age-related health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhuo Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center for the Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - De-Yang Huo
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center for the Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center for the Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xin-Dian Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center for the Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center for the Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center for the Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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Li Y, Wu Y, Li H, Wang M, Gao Y, Pei S, Liu S, Liu Z, Liu Z, Men L. UPLC-QTOF-MS based metabolomics unravels the modulatory effect of ginseng water extracts on rats with Qi-deficiency. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 242:116019. [PMID: 38382315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Ginseng is commonly used as a nutritional supplement and daily wellness product due to its ability to invigorate qi. As a result, individuals with Qi-deficiency often use ginseng as a health supplement. Ginsenosides and polysaccharides are the primary components of ginseng. However, the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action of these components in Qi-deficiency remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the modulatory effects and mechanisms of ginseng water extract, ginsenosides, and ginseng polysaccharides in a rat model of Qi-deficiency using metabolomics and network analysis. The rat model of Qi-deficiency was established via swimming fatigue and a restricted diet. Oral administration of different ginseng water extracts for 30 days primarily alleviated oxidative stress and disrupted energy metabolism and immune response dysfunction caused by Qi-deficiency in rats. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) was used for untargeted serum metabolomic analysis. Based on the analysis results, the active constituents of ginseng significantly reversed the changes in serum biomarkers related to Qi-deficiency in rats, particularly energy, amino acid, and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism. Furthermore, analysis of the metabolite-gene network suggested that the anti-Qi-deficiency effects of the ginseng components were mainly associated with toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and inflammatory response. Additional verification revealed that treatment with the ginseng components effectively reduced the inflammatory response and activation of the myocardial TLR4/NF-κB pathway induced by Qi-deficiency, especially the ginseng water extracts. Therefore, ginseng could be an effective preventive measure against the progression of Qi-deficiency by regulating metabolic and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
| | - Hanlin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Meiyuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Shuhua Pei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Shu Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Zhongying Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Lihui Men
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
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Zhan X, Xiao Y, Jian Q, Dong Y, Ke C, Zhou Z, Liu Y, Tu J. Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling reveals the effect of Atractylodes oil on Spleen Yang Deficiency Syndrome in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117205. [PMID: 37741473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Spleen Yang Deficiency Syndrome (SYDS), which is a syndrome commonly treated with Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), manifests as overall metabolic dysfunction caused mainly by digestive system disorders. Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (AL) is a widely used traditional herb with the efficacy of eliminate dampness and strengthen the spleen, Atractylodes oil (AO) is a medicinal component of AL and can be used to treat various gastrointestinal disorders. However, its effects on SYDS and underlying mechanisms have not been clarified to date. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of AO in the improvement of the symptoms of SYDS in rat and the underlying mechanism by integrating transcriptomics, and metabolomics. MATERIALS AND METHODS The SYDS rats induced by reserpine were treated with AO. The protective effect of AO on SYDS rats was evaluated by serum biochemical detection, histopathological analyses. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), colorimetric assay and immunofluorescence (IF) were performed to determine the levels of relevant indicators of mitochondrial function and energy metabolism in the liver. Liver metabolites and transcript levels were assessed by non-targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics to analyze potential molecular mechanisms and targets. The expression of the corresponding proteins was verified using Western blotting. RESULTS AO not only regulated the digestion, absorption function and oxidative stress status of SYDS rats, but also improved mitochondrial function and alleviated energy metabolism disorders in SYDS rats. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that AO regulation is mainly exerted in amino acid metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid metabolism, TCA cycle as well as PPAR and AMPK signaling pathways. In addition, The AMPK signaling pathway was verified and AO promoted AMPK phosphorylation and the expression of SIRT1, PGC-1α, and PPARα in SYDS rats. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic effect of AO on SYDS is potentially attributable to activation of the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway, which enhances transport and regulation of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhan
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yangxin Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Qipan Jian
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yan Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Chang Ke
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Zhongshi Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; Center for Hubei TCM Processing Technology Engineering, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yanju Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; Center for Hubei TCM Processing Technology Engineering, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Jiyuan Tu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; Center for Hubei TCM Processing Technology Engineering, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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Feng Y, Dai L, Zhang Y, Sun S, Cong S, Ling S, Zhang H. Buyang Huanwu Decoction alleviates blood stasis, platelet activation, and inflammation and regulates the HMGB1/NF-κB pathway in rats with pulmonary fibrosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117088. [PMID: 37652195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Qi deficiency and blood stasis are identified to be pathological factors of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory. Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD) is a traditional Chinese prescription ameliorating Qi deficiency and blood stasis. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-fibrosis effect of BYHWD and the potential molecular mechanism in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bleomycin was used to construct PF rat models. 27 PF rats were randomly divided into three groups based on treatments: model group (saline solution, n = 9), low-dose BYHWD group (3.5 g/kg, n = 9), and high-dose BYHWD group (14.0 g/kg, n = 9). Moreover, 9 normal rats were used as the blank group. The blood viscosity, coagulation indexes (APTT, TT, PT, and FIB), platelet-related parameters (PLT, PDW, MPV, PCT, and PLCR), platelet microparticles (PMPs), and inflammatory factors (IL-2, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-α, PAC-1, HMGB1, NF-κB, and TF) were determined. The lung tissue samples of rats were observed after hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The full component analysis of the BYHWD extract was performed using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method. The signaling pathway included into the study was selected on the basis of bioinformatics analysis and the results of the phytochemical analysis. The expression levels of genes and proteins involved in the selected signaling pathway were detected. RESULTS Compared to the blank group, the whole blood viscosity, PLR, PDW, MPV, PCT, PLCR, PMPs, and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, TNF-α, PAC-1, HMGB1, NF-κB, and TF were increased, while the levels of IL-2 and IL-10 were decreased in the model group. Both low-dose BYHWD and high-dose BYHWD reversed these PF-induced effects in spite of the fact that low-dose BYHWD had no significant effect on the level of NF-κB. In addition, BYHWD ameliorated PF-induced inflammation in the rat lung tissue. The phytochemical analysis of the BYHWD extract combined with the bioinformatics analysis suggested that the therapeutical effect of BYHWD on PF was related to the HMGB1/NF-κB pathway, which consisted of NF-κB, IKBKB, ICAM1, VCAM1, HMGB1, and TLR4. Both RT-qPCR and western blot analyses showed that PF induced increases in the expression levels of NF-κB, ICAM1, VCAM1, HMGB1, and TLR4, but a decrease in the expression level of IKBKB. Moreover, both low-dose BYHWD and high-dose BYHWD exerted the opposite effects, and recovered the expression levels of NF-κB, ICAM1, VCAM1, HMGB1, TLR4, and IKBKB, despite the fact that low-dose BYHWD had no effects on the mRNA expression levels of NF-κB or TLR4. CONCLUSIONS In summary, BYHWD alleviated PF-induced blood stasis, platelet activation, and inflammation in the rats. Our study suggested BYHWD had a therapeutic effect on PF and was a good alternative for the complementary therapy of PF, and the potential molecular mechanism was modulation of HMGB1/NF-κB signaling pathway, and it needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuenan Feng
- Experimental Training Center, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No.24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Linfeng Dai
- Xiangfang District:Department of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, No.82 Zhongshan Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150036, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Experimental Training Center, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No.24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Simiao Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No.24 Heping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Shan Cong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, No.64 Zhonghua West Road, Jianhua District, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Shuang Ling
- Jiamusi College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No.53 Guanghua Street, Jiamusi, 154007, China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- Nangang District:Department of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, No. 405 Gogol Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Zeng W, Chen Y, Zhang H, Peng L, Li Y, Liu B, Liang H, Du B, Li P. Probiotic-fermented Qushi decoction alleviates reserpine-induced spleen deficiency syndrome by regulating spleen function and gut microbiota dysbiosis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7702-7711. [PMID: 37439120 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spleen deficiency syndrome (SDS) is associated with elevated inflammatory factors and dysregulation of gastrointestinal motility hormones and intestinal microbiota. Qushi decoction (QD), a traditional formula, has not been reported using modern scientific research methods for changes in its probiotic fermented QD (FQD) composition and its potential mechanisms to alleviate SDS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the splenic protection of FQD in SDS rats by modulating gastrointestinal motility hormones and intestinal microbiota. RESULTS The results showed that FQD increased total polysaccharides, total protein, total flavonoids and the other active ingredients compared to QD, effectively improved splenic inflammation and apoptosis in SDS rats, and modulated gastrointestinal motility hormones to alleviate diarrhea and other symptoms. In addition, the dysregulation of the gut microbiota was reversed by increasing the levels of Bifidobacterium and decreasing the levels of Escherichia-Shigella and Proteobacteria, which may be related to the regulation of bacterial metabolites to alleviate SDS. CONCLUSION These results suggest that FQD is an effective formula for improving SDS. Our findings show that FQD beneficial to the implications for the treatment of SDS. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshen Zeng
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luwei Peng
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqi Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Liang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Du
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Chen X, Li M, Huang J, Qiu Q, Liang Y, Meng J, Park RY, Li PCH, Sun Y. Development of organic three-phase laminar flow microfluidic chip for extraction of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115724. [PMID: 37729745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbal extracts contain multiple active constituents, so the sample preparation based on the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is demanding, especially when a study subsequent to extraction is needed. Since the laminar flow occurring in microchannels can be formed between two miscible organic phases, a new method of extracting polar compounds from the crude extract of Panax ginseng Meyer in aqueous ethanol by pure n-butanol in the three-phase laminar flow microfluidic chip was established. METHODS A new chip consisting of long microchannels with a guide structure was employed to improve the extraction efficiency caused by the low diffusion ability of saponins. The method was evaluated by using the extraction yields and purities of ginsenosides Rg1, Re and Rb1 as the indicators, and extraction conditions such as flow rate, temperature and other governing factors were optimized. RESULTS Using the new chip method, the extraction efficiencies of ginsenoside Rg1, Re and Rb1 were 63.1%, 69.5% and 71.6%, respectively, which are higher than the 26% achieved in a previous report. The extraction yields of 1.53, 0.51, 0.90 mg/g were also higher than those obtained previously by the successive laminar flow microchip method. CONCLUSION The proposed new microfluidic chip method has simplified the sample pretreatment steps to improve the yield of ginsenoside extraction from ginseng samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meiling Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiabiao Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiquan Qiu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongjie Liang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiang Meng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of TCM for Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rachel Yoonjo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Paul C H Li
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada.
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of TCM for Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Cao R, Niu J, Bian T, Ma D, Wang Z, Wang M, Yan X. Identifications of metabolic differences between Hedysari Radix Praeparata Cum Melle and Astragali Radix Praeparata Cum Melle for spleen-qi deficiency rats: A comparative study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115689. [PMID: 37677887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Hedysari Radix Praeparata Cum Melle (HRPCM) and Astragali Radix Praeparata Cum Melle (ARPCM) are capable of improving spleen-qi deficiency (SQD) syndrome especially in the gastrointestinal dysfunction and decreased immunity in traditional Chinese medicine clinically. This study aims to compare and reveal the metabolic differences between HRPCM and ARPCM for SQD rats. Firstly, HRPCM (12.6 g/kg) and ARPCM (12.6 g/kg) were used to intervene SQD rats to further evaluate the effect. The results showed that HRPCM and ARPCM were able to improve the spleen pathology, increase the body weight, the rectal temperature, the spleen index, the thymus index, the levels of GAS and D-xylose in serum, and decrease the levels of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α in serum for SQD rats. Then, the studies of metabolic differences in serum and spleen were carried out using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The findings emphasized that HRPCM and ARPCM not only regulated metabolic profiling of serum and spleen in SQD rats, but also existed differences. HRPCM and ARPCM regulated metabolic pathways mainly including lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, sugar metabolism and other types of metabolism for SQD rats. However, the metabolite profiles in SQD rats changed significantly, mainly involving abnormal glycine synthesis occurred in SQD rats. The expression trends of metabolites in HRPCM and ARPCM intervention for SQD rats were partly the same. Interestingly, there are similarities and differences in metabolic profiling between HRPCM and ARPCM for SQD rats. The differences were mainly in the synthesis of L-glutamine in amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefeng Li
- Pharmacy of College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China; Scientific Research and Experimental Center, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yugui Zhang
- Pharmacy of College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Pharmacy of College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiangtao Niu
- Pharmacy of College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tiantian Bian
- Pharmacy of College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dingcai Ma
- Pharmacy of College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Pharmacy of College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Maomao Wang
- Pharmacy of College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xingke Yan
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Hu L, Chen J, Duan H, Zou Z, Qiu Y, Du J, Chen J, Yao X, Kiyohara H, Nagai T, Yao Z. A screening strategy for bioactive components of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang regulating spleen-qi deficiency based on "endobiotics-targets-xenobiotics" association network. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 314:116605. [PMID: 37178982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang is a famous traditional Chinese medicine formula that has been prevalent in China for over 700 years to treat spleen-qi deficiency related diseases, such as gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. However, the bioactive components responsible for regulating spleen-qi deficiency remain unclear and have puzzled many researchers. AIM OF THE STUDY The current study focuses on efficacy evaluation of regulating spleen-qi deficiency and screening the bioactive components of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang were evaluated through blood routine examination, immune organ index, and biochemical analysis. Metabolomics was utilized to analyze the potential endogenous biomarkers (endobiotics) in the plasma, and the prototypes (xenobiotics) of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang in the bio-samples were characterized using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Then, these endobiotics were used as "bait" to predict targets based on network pharmacology and to screen potential bioactive components from the absorbed prototypes in the plasma by constructing an "endobiotics-targets-xenobiotics" association network. Further, the anti-inflammatory activities of representative compounds (calycosin and nobiletin) were validated through poly(I:C)-induced pulmonary inflammation mice model. RESULTS Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang exhibited immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities in spleen-qi deficiency rat, as supported by the observation of increased levels of D-xylose and gastrin in serum, an increase in the thymus index and number of lymphocytes in blood, as well as a reduction in the level of IL-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Furthermore, plasma metabolomic analysis revealed a total of 36 Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang related endobiotics, which were mainly enriched in primary bile acids biosynthesis, the metabolism of linoleic acid, and the metabolism of phenylalanine pathways. Meanwhile, 95 xenobiotics were characterized in plasma, urine, small intestinal contents, and tissues of spleen-qi deficiency rat after Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang treatment. Using an integrated association network, six potential bioactive components of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang were screened. Among them, calycosin was found to significantly reduce the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, increase the number of lymphocytes, while nobiletin dramatically decreased the levels of CXCL10, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IL-6. CONCLUSION Our study proposed an available strategy for screening bioactive components of BYZQT regulating spleen-qi deficiency based on "endobiotics-targets-xenobiotics" association network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liufang Hu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Huifang Duan
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhenyu Zou
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuan Qiu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jing Du
- Tong Ren Tang Technologies Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100079, China.
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hiroaki Kiyohara
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology for Phytomedicines, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo, 1088641, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nagai
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology for Phytomedicines, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo, 1088641, Japan.
| | - Zhihong Yao
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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9
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Ma P, Peng C, Peng Y, Fan L, Chen X, Li X. A mechanism of Sijunzi decoction on improving intestinal injury with spleen deficiency syndrome and the rationality of its compatibility. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 306:116088. [PMID: 36649851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD) is a renowned formula for the treatment of spleen deficiency syndrome (SDS) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Its non-polysaccharides (NPS) component, dominated by various compounds of SJZD, has shown the remarkable efficacy in SDS, especially in gastrointestinal injury. However, the principle of compatibility of SJZD and the micro-mechanism of effect on SDS are still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate the scientific implications of SJZD compatibility and its micro-mechanism in the treatment of SDS-induced intestinal injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, the chemical composition of NPS in SJZD and incomplete SJZD (iSJZD, including SJZD-R, SJZD-A, SJZD-P, SJZD-G) were comprehensively analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS, and comparing their chemical composition by multivariate statistical analysis to reveal the effect of a single herb on SJZD compatibility. Second, network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to uncover the micro-mechanisms of potential active compounds in SJZD for the treatment of SDS, and develop an active component combination (ACC) by accurate quantification. Subsequently, the action of the potential active compounds and ACC was verified through in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS A total of 112, 77, 93, 87, and 67 compounds were detected in NPS of SJZD, SJZD-R, SJZD-A, SJZD-P, and SJZD-G, respectively. Changes in the chemical components of SJZD_NPS and iSJZD_NPS revealed that RG and RAM, as well as RAM and Poria significantly affected the dissolution of each other's chemical components, and the co-decoction of four herbs promoted the dissolution of the active compounds and inhibited toxic compounds. Furthermore, network pharmacology showed that 274 compounds of 15 categories in SJZD_NPS acted on the 186 key targets to treat SDS by inhibiting inflammation, enhancing immunity, and regulating gastrointestinal function and metabolism. Finally, through in vitro experiments, six compounds among 18 potential compounds were verified to markedly repair intestinal epithelium injury by modulating the FAK/PI3K/Akt or LCK/Ras/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. It is worth mentioning that ACC, composed of 11 compounds accurately quantified, demonstrated significant in vivo treatment effects on intestinal damage with SDS similar to NPS or SJZD. CONCLUSIONS This study elucidates the scientific evidence of the "Jun-Chen-Zuo-Shi" and "detoxification and synergistic" in the decocting process of SJZD. An ACC, the active component of SJZD, ameliorate SDS-induced intestinal injury by the FAK/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which provides a strategy for screening alternatives to effective combinations of TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chongsheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ying Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Li Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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10
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Du J, Deng T, Cao B, Wang Z, Yang M, Han J. The application and trend of ultra-weak photon emission in biology and medicine. Front Chem 2023; 11:1140128. [PMID: 36874066 PMCID: PMC9981976 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1140128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultra-weak bioluminescence, also known as ultra-weak photon emission (UPE), is one of the functional characteristics of biological organisms, characterized by specialized, low-energy level luminescence. Researchers have extensively studied UPE for decades, and the mechanisms by which UPE is generated and its properties have been extensively investigated. However, there has been a gradual shift in research focus on UPE in recent years toward exploring its application value. To better understand the application and trend of UPE in biology and medicine, we have conducted a review of relevant articles in recent years. Among the several topics covered in this review is UPE research in biology and medicine (including traditional Chinese medicine), primarily focused on UPE as a promising non-invasive tool for diagnosis and oxidative metabolism monitoring as well as a potential tool for traditional Chinese medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Du
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Baorui Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Biomedical Sciences College, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Biomedical Sciences College, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Meina Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Biomedical Sciences College, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinxiang Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Biomedical Sciences College, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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11
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Polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla modulate gut microbiota and alleviate syndrome of spleen deficiency in rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20217. [PMID: 36418343 PMCID: PMC9684442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudostellaria heterophylla, also called Tai-zi-shen (TZS) in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), is always used clinically to treat spleen deficiency symptoms. Polysaccharides in TZS have various pharmacological activities, including anti-diabetic, immune regulation, and myocardial protection. However, the relationship between the spleen-invigorating effects of TZS or its polysaccharides and intestinal flora are not clear. This study investigated the effects of TZS decoction (PHD) and polysaccharide (PHP) on immune function and intestinal flora in a rat model of spleen deficiency syndrome (SDS) induced by a decoction of raw rhubarb (RRD). PHD and PHP increased immune organ index, alleviated inflammatory cell filtration, and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rats with spleen deficiency syndrome. In addition, the production of butyric acid was promoted in PHD and PHP groups. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that PHD and PHP reduced the relative abundance of Firmicutes while increasing the one of Bacteroidetes; significantly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased the abundance of Rombutsia; and PHP significantly increased the abundance of Alloprevotella. And there was a significant positive correlation between the alleviation of SDS and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria. These findings suggested PHD and PHP, especially PHP, has a potential to relieve spleen deficiency by reducing intestinal inflammation, modulating structure and composition of gut microbiota, and promoting the production of butyric acid.
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12
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Wang Y, Ma C, Dou D. Semen raphani weakened the action of ginseng under chronic fatigue condition. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 295:115352. [PMID: 35598795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fatigue is a kind of subhealth status and people paid much more attention on it. Ginseng is used to treating fatigue as a kind of qi -tonifying drug in Chinese medicine. In the traditional applications, there is a viewpoint that ginseng could not be used with semen raphani and supposed that semen raphani is a kind of qi regulating drug, which will reduce the qi invigorating effect of ginseng. However, the underlying combination mechanism of the two drugs remained unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to explore whether ginseng can be used with semen raphani or not to remedy acute and chronic fatigue conditions. METHODS We used normal and weight-bearing swimming method combined with appetite control animals. The biochemical indexes in energy metabolism, antioxidant, regulating endocrine system and immunity capacities were performed to explore the antagonism effect of semen raphani on ginseng under acute and chronic fatigue conditions. The serum and urine metabolomics were investigated using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS). Fecal flora was analyzed via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. RESULTS The combination of ginseng with semen raphani have no influence on acute fatigue effect compared with ginseng alone. Both can improve the exhausted swimming time, the activity of GSH-Px, LDH and Na+-K+-ATPase. Furthermore, the combination of ginseng with semen raphani can increase the urine volume of rats and down-regulate the content of AQP-3, which can alleviate the "fireness" side-effect of ginseng. But the abundance and diversity of bacterial are decreased under acute fatigue experiment. Both the combination of ginseng with semen raphani and ginseng alone can remedy chronic-fatigue. They can also regulate the endocrine system, immune system, citric acid cycle metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, etc. Furthermore, they can promote substance metabolism and energy metabolism in qi deficiency rats, and increase the abundance and diversities of the flora. While with the increased content of semen raphani, the combination of ginseng and semen raphani weaken the capacity of antioxidant, lactic acid metabolism, energy metabolism, flora diversity and regulation of endocrine system. CONCLUSION Compared with ginseng alone, the combination of ginseng with semen raphani can weaken the qi invigorating ability under chronic fatigue condition. The more ratios of semen raphani is in the combination of the two drugs, the less the power of treating chronic fatigue is. Compared with ginseng alone, the combination of ginseng with semen raphani have no influence on the qi invigorating ability under actue fatigue experiment. But the combination of ginseng with semen raphani will benefit for the "fireness" side-effect of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Deqiang Dou
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.
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13
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Zheng Y, Liu Z, Cai A, Xu S, Weng Z, Gao W, Xu Y. Study on the mechanism of Ginseng-Gegen for mesenteric lymphadenitis based on network pharmacology. Transl Pediatr 2022; 11:1534-1543. [PMID: 36247894 PMCID: PMC9561513 DOI: 10.21037/tp-22-386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the main active ingredients of the Ginseng-Gegen (Panax Ginseng-Radix Puerariae) drug pair, to predict relevant action targets, and to establish a network of "drug-active ingredients-targets", to ultimately explore the mechanism of Ginseng-Gegen in the treatment of mesenteric lymphadenitis. METHODS The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) platform was used to screen the chemical constituents of Ginseng-Gegen, and the active ingredient targets were retrieved by UniProt database. The databases of GeneCards and the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) were applied to search for mesenteric lymphadenitis-related targets. Cytoscape software was used to construct the network of active ingredient-action targets. The biological functions of the targets were analyzed in the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) database. RESULTS A total of 26 potential active ingredients of the Ginseng-Gegen drug pair were screened, with 128 drug-related targets and 255 mesenteric lymphadenitis-related targets. After matching, 23 potential targets were obtained for treating mesenteric lymphadenitis. Among them, MOL012297 (puerarin), MOL005344 (ginsenoside Rh2), and MOL000358 (beta-sitosterol) were linked to 3 or more key target genes. They were supposed to be important ingredients of Ginseng-Gegen in the treatment of mesenteric lymphadenitis. CONCLUSIONS Ginseng-Gegen is related to oxidative stress and inflammation, and it is a part of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, and the advanced glycation end products/receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGE-RAGE) signaling pathway. These biological processes and signaling pathways may be potential mechanisms of Ginseng-Gegen for treating mesenteric lymphadenitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zheng
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine/Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Luo Xiaorong Renowned Doctor's Studio of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoxun Liu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine/Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Luo Xiaorong Renowned Doctor's Studio of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aiyuan Cai
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siting Xu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zelin Weng
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine/Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Luo Xiaorong Renowned Doctor's Studio of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenying Gao
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of TCM Pediatrics, Jiangmen Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Youjia Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine/Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Intervention effects of ginseng on spleen-qi deficiency in rats revealed by GC–MS-based metabonomic approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 217:114834. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Cao L, Du C, Zhai X, Li J, Meng J, Shao Y, Gao J. Codonopsis pilosula Polysaccharide Improved Spleen Deficiency in Mice by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Energy Related Metabolisms. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:862763. [PMID: 35559259 PMCID: PMC9086242 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.862763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Codonopsis Radix (CR) is an important traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of spleen deficiency syndrome (SDS). Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) in CR are considered to be responsible for tonifying the spleen function; however, the mechanisms of the polysaccharides have remained unclear. This study aimed to investigate the treatment mechanisms of CPP in SDS mice using a combinational strategy of 16S rRNA gene sequencing and targeted metabolomics. Here, studies demonstrated that CPP had invigorating effect in vivo in Sennae Folium-induced SDS in mice by organ indexes, D-xylose determination, gastrointestinal hormones levels and goblet cells observation. Antibiotic treatment revealed that the intestinal microbiota was required for the invigorating spleen effect of CPP. Furthermore, gut microbiota analysis found that CPP significantly enriched probiotic Lactobacillus and decreased the abundance of some opportunistic pathogens, such as Enterococcus and Shigella. The metabolic profile analysis of the colonic content revealed that 25 chemicals were altered significantly by CPP, including amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates and carnitine etc., which are mainly related to "energy conversion" related processes such as amino acids metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and nitrogen metabolism. Spearman's correlation assays displayed there were strong correlations among biochemical indicators-gut microbiota-metabolomics. In summary, these results provided a new perspective for CPP improving SDS by regulating energy metabolism related bacteria and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianping Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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16
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Ma P, Peng Y, Zhao L, Liu F, Li X. Differential effect of polysaccharide and nonpolysaccharide components in Sijunzi decoction on spleen deficiency syndrome and their mechanisms. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 93:153790. [PMID: 34710756 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sijunzi decoction (SJZD), reported in "Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang" of the Song dynasty, is the basic prescription for the treatment of spleen deficiency syndrome (SDS) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is composed of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Atractylodisa Macricephalae Rhizoma, Poria and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle. PURPOSE This study sought to explore the effects of different components in SJZD (including nonpolysaccharide NPS and active polysaccharide S-3) on SDS rats and their underlying mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS First, SDS model rats were established by reserpine injection and then treated with SJZD, NPS and S-3. To clarify their effect on GI motility and immune function, the gastrointestinal (GI) hormone levels in rat serum and their related receptor expressions in rat intestine were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot, and the intestinal T lymphocyte expression were quantified by flow cytometry. The levels of SCFAs in feces and serum were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the gut microbiota composition was determined by 16S RNA sequencing. Furthermore, pseudo-germ-free (pGF) and gut microbiota dysbiosis (GMD) model rats were established to verify the key role of the gut microbiota in the treatment of SDS with SJZD, NPS and S-3. RESULTS SJZD has a stronger therapeutic effect on intestinal immune and GI hormone secretion in SDS rats, while the efficacy of NPS and S-3 showed slight differences. NPS mainly regulated the secretion of GI hormones in SDS rats and directly improved intestinal immunity by increasing the expression of T lymphocyte cells, while S-3 mainly enhanced intestinal immune function by increasing the expression of T lymphocyte cells and repairing the intestinal barrier in both direct and indirect ways. Additionally, experiments in pGF and GMD rats have proven that the immune-enhancing effects of SJZD, NPS, and S-3 on SDS rats and the regulation of GI hormones of S-3 are related to modulation of the gut microbiota composition, while the regulation of GI hormones by SJZD and NPS is not completely dependent on this modulation. In particular, Lactobacillus, SMB53, Blautia, Dorea, Collinsella and Adlercreutzia were significantly modulated by SJZD, and 3 genera (including Lactobacillus, Dorea and SMB53) were also remarkably regulated by NPS. S-3 significantly increased the abundance of Butyricimonas and Collinsella, which were different from altered genera in the SJZD group. CONCLUSION This study uncovered that NPS and S-3 are inseparable effective substances for SJZD in the treatment of SDS rats, in which NPS mainly improves intestinal motility dysfunction and S-3 mainly enhances intestinal immunity. The mediation effect of the gut microbiota is extremely important, but the regulating effect of NPS on gastrointestinal hormones has nothing to do with the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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17
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Shi H, Xia Y, Gu R, Yu S. Ginseng adjuvant therapy on COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27586. [PMID: 34713832 PMCID: PMC8556025 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading fast and it brings great pressure to the social economy. Many reports revealed that ginseng can develop immunity for respiratory disease, but there is no evidence to prove its effects on COVID-19. This protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis will clarify the safety and effectiveness of ginseng adjuvant therapy on COVID-19 patients. METHODS Different databases (Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, Wan fang Database, ClinicalTrials, World Health Organization Trials, and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry) will be retrieved to search related articles according to pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Clinical recovery time and effective rates will be assessed as the primary outcomes and any changes of patient's condition will be considered as the secondary outcomes. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis will be conducted to explore sources of heterogeneity. Endnote X9.3 will be used to manage data screening. The statistical analysis will be completed by RevMan5.3 and Stata/SE 15.1 software. RESULTS This study will assess the effects and safety for ginseng adjuvant therapy on COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION The discussion will be considered to determine whether sufficient evidence exists to prove the effects of ginseng adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 patients. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021277843).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology (SIBET), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 88 Keling Road, Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yawen Xia
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Second Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Renjun Gu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology (SIBET), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 88 Keling Road, Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
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18
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Structural differences of polysaccharides from Astragalus before and after honey processing and their effects on colitis mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:815-824. [PMID: 33857512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Honey-processed Astragalus is a dosage form of Radix Astragali processed with honey, which exhibits better efficacy of tonifying Qi than the raw product. Polysaccharides are its main water-soluble active components. This work was designed to study the structural differences of homogeneous honey-processed Astragalus polysaccharides (HAPS3a) and Astragalus polysaccharides (APS3a) and their effects on colitis mice. The results showed that HAPS3a (Mw = 2463.5 kDa) and APS3a (Mw = 3373.2 kDa) differed in molecular weight, monosaccharide compositions, glycosidic bonds and degree of branching (DB). Notably, the molar ratios of galactose and galacturonic acid in HAPS3a were 22.66% and 33.24%, while those in APS3a were 11.87% and 49.55%, respectively. The uronic acid residues 1,4-β-GalpA and 1,6-α-GlcpA of the backbone in APS3a were converted into the corresponding neutral residues in HAPS3a after honey processing. The different DB of HAPS3a (15.35%) and APS3a (25.13%) suggested that the chain conformation became smoother. The anti-inflammatory effects on colitis mice revealed that HAPS3a exhibited better effects than APS3a by protecting intestinal mucosa, regulating the expression of cytokines and influencing microbiota diversity. Taken together, the differences in anti-inflammatory activity might be related to structural differences caused by honey processing. Our findings have laid a foundation for the processing mechanism of Astragalus.
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Zapata F, Pastor-Ruiz V, Ortega-Ojeda F, Montalvo G, Ruiz-Zolle AV, García-Ruiz C. Human ultra-weak photon emission as non-invasive spectroscopic tool for diagnosis of internal states - A review. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 216:112141. [PMID: 33540236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the knowledge that human ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) is mainly due to the metabolic oxidative stress processes that the skin cells undergo in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), external stressors (like UV radiation), but also internal stressors (like diseases or brain activity) might strongly influence the UPE. This manuscript revises the scientific advances focused on the influence of internal factors on the human UPE. According to literature, the UPE seems to be influenced by some diseases (including diabetes, hemiparesis, protoporphyria, or a typical cold), and even by the cerebral intention/relaxation (brain activity/meditation). These allow to consider UPE as a natural and promising non-invasive spectroscopic tool for helping during the diagnosis of a variety of illnesses or stress- / mood-state disorders. Nonetheless, further research is required for answering some still unresolved controversial points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Zapata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoria Pastor-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Ortega-Ojeda
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Libreros 27, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Montalvo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Libreros 27, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Libreros 27, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Zhu H, Liu H, Zhu JH, Wang SY, Zhou SS, Kong M, Mao Q, Long F, Fang ZJ, Li SL. Efficacy of ginseng and its ingredients as adjuvants to chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Food Funct 2021; 12:2225-2241. [PMID: 33595586 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03341c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng and its ingredients benefit the curative effects and alleviate the adverse reactions of chemotherapy during non-small cell lung cancer treatment.
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Zhang Y, Li W, Chen TT, Yang Y, Wu MY, Luo JY, Gong Y, Zou L. Chemical Fingerprint Analysis and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Study of the Protective Effect of Buxue Yimu Granule in Medical-Induced Incomplete Abortion Rats. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:578217. [PMID: 33328985 PMCID: PMC7734354 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.578217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical abortion is a common method to terminate an early pregnancy and often causes serious complications such as abnormal uterine bleeding and endometritis. Buxue Yimu granule (BYG) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine prescription composed of five kinds of drugs and is widely used in gynecology and obstetrics. The aim of the present study was to establish the quality standard of BYG and investigate its protective effect on incomplete abortion. The chemical fingerprint of BYG was established by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The major compounds of BYG were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. An incomplete abortion rat model was induced by intragastric administration of mifepristone (8.3 mg·kg-1) combined with misoprostol (100.0 μg·kg-1) during early pregnancy. The serum levels of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), estradiol (E2), and progesterone (PG) were determined. The serum endogenous metabolites were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Multivariate analysis, including partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), was employed to analyze the metabolic profiles, and MetaboAnalyst was used to investigate the metabolic pathways. Furthermore, hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) was used to evaluate the histopathological changes in uterine tissue. The expression levels of VEGFA and NF-κB were detected by immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that HPLC fingerprint analysis can be successfully used to assess the quality of BYG. The medical-induced incomplete abortion rats were clearly separated from control rats, and the biochemical changes were gradually restored to normal after administration of BYG. Moreover, 19 potential biomarkers, including N-lactoylleucine, 2-piperidinone, isobutyryl-l-carnitine, eicosapentaenoylcholine, LysoPC(14:0), LysoPC(20:5), physagulin C, LysoPC(18:3), leukotriene D5, deoxycholic acid 3-glucuronide, glycine, pregnanediol 3-O-glucuronide, LysoPC(18:2), LysoPC(17:0/0:0), N-acetyl-leukotriene E4, LysoPC(18:0), platelet-activating factor, LysoPA(24:1), and LysoPC(18:1), which were mainly related to the amino acids metabolism, lipids metabolism, and bile acid biosynthesis, were identified. Consequently, BYG exerts a potential protective role in the intervention of incomplete abortion by anti-inflammatory, promote endometrial repair, and regulate the metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Yong Yang
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng-Yao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhuzhou Qianjin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou, China
| | - Jie-Ying Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhuzhou Qianjin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou, China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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You Y, Luo L, You Y, Lin Y, Hu H, Chen Y, Fu C, Xie T. Shengmai Yin formula modulates the gut microbiota of spleen-deficiency rats. Chin Med 2020; 15:114. [PMID: 33133231 PMCID: PMC7594433 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spleen-deficiency syndrome, an important pathological change in traditional Chinese medicine, has been proven to attribute to intestinal dysbacteriosis. Shengmai Yin (SMY), a classic formula for replenishing qi and restoring pulse, is a common medicine for critical emergencies in traditional Chinese Medicine. Interestingly, our previous study established a spleen-deficiency rat model and verified the potency of SMY formula in curing spleen-deficiency rats. Our goal herein was to explore whether SMY can modulate the composition of intestinal flora and alleviate spleen-deficiency in rats. Methods This experiment was randomly divided into three groups, namely the normal control group (NC), model control group (MC), and the Shengmai Yin group (SMY). After the treatment, the weight and symptom indexes of the rats were recorded, histological changes in the colon were observed, levels of serum D-xylose, gastrin (GAS), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were measured, and gut microbiota profiling was conducted by 16S rRNA sequencing. Results The body mass of the spleen-deficiency model rats significantly decreased compared with that of the NC group, and SMY treatment significantly increased body mass compared with the MC group (P < 0.01). Colon histopathology revealed that SMY treatment alleviated colonic mucosal damage in spleen-deficiency rats. The serum levels of D-xylose and gastrin (GAS) were significant increased by SMY (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was reduced by SMY (P < 0.01) compared with MC. Furthermore, alpha diversity was significantly decreased in the model rats compared to the normal rats (P < 0.05) and increased with SMY treatment (P < 0.01). The most abundant phyla were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, followed by Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Actinobacteria. At the genus level, there was a lower relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Akkermasia, and Allobaculum, and a higher relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae NK4A 136 group, Ruminococcaceae UCG-014, and Sphingomonas in the MC group. The relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Alistipes, Bifidobacterium, Bifidobacterium, Bifidobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136group, Lactobacillus, Lactobacillaceae, Bacilli, Verrucomicrobiae, and Akkermansia were significantly abundant in the treatment groups, and thus may be singled out as potential biomarkers for SMY in the treatment of spleen deficiency. In addition, analysis on the correlation between species and physicochemical indexes showed that the abundance of Parasutterella was negatively correlated with the change in GAS, and positively correlated with the change in VIP (P < 0.01). Conclusion Our findings have provided preliminary evidence that modulating the gut microbiota may play a role in the treatment of spleen deficiency with SMY. However, further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism by which SMY regulation of related gut microbiota occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu You
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Lin Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan China.,Department of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Nursing Vocational College, 173 Lung Du Nan Road, Chengdu, 610100 Sichuan China
| | - Yanyan You
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Yanjun Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Huiling Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Yunhui Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Chaomei Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Tian Xie
- Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318# Yuhangtang Road, Cangqian Street, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 31112 Zhejiang China
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