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Lv X, Liu Y, Liu S, Liu Y, Qu Y, Cai Q. Metabonomics and pharmacodynamics studies of Gentiana radix and wine-processed Gentiana radix in damp-heat jaundice syndrome rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 332:118291. [PMID: 38705427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gentiana radix (GR) and wine-processed Gentiana radix (WGR) have been commonly used in folk medicine for the treatment of bile or liver disorders, including jaundice, hepatitis, swelling and inflammation for thousands of years. However, the therapeutic effects of gentian root (GR) and wine-made gentian root (WGR) treatment on damp-heat jaundice syndrome (DHJS) have not been studied in animal experiments. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of GR and WGR on DHJS in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a high-fat and high-sugar diet in a humidified hot environment, hepatic injury induced by giving alpha-naphthalene isothiocyanate (ANIT) in rats were used as a DHJS model. Histological analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), PCR analysis, and metabolomics were used to elucidate the mechanism of GR and WGR for DHJS. RESULTS The results indicated that GR and WGR affected DHJS by inhibiting the release of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct bilirubin (D-BIL), total bilirubin (TBIL), total bile acid (TBA), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione S-transferase (GST) (P < 0.05). In addition, they significantly reduced the gene expression levels of Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), bile salt export pump (BESP), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3) (P < 0.05). The WGR group improved the above function indicators better than the GR group. GR and WGR could restore 11 potential biomarkers in rats with DHJS tended to return to normal levels, these biomarkers were involved in arachidonic acid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, retinol metabolism, arginine biosynthesis. The results of the metabolic pathway showed that WGR was significantly better than GR in the improvement of porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that treatment with GR and WGR has a beneficial effect on DHJS in rats, the major mechanisms may be involved in improving functional indicators of the body and endogenous metabolism, and WGR is more effective than GR. It provides important evidence for the clinical application of GR and WGR in the treatment of DHJS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lv
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77, 1st Life Road, D D Port, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, 2, Dagong Road, Liaodongwan New District, Panjin, 124221, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangzhi Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77, 1st Life Road, D D Port, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, 2, Dagong Road, Liaodongwan New District, Panjin, 124221, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujing Liu
- Shenyang Institute for Food and Drug Control, 67, Qiuyue Lake Street, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77, 1st Life Road, D D Port, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77, 1st Life Road, D D Port, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Cai
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77, 1st Life Road, D D Port, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China.
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Maituoheti R, Rouzimaimaiti R, Xu NN, Zhao J, Aisa HA. seco-iridoid glycosides and flavonoid glycosides from the Gentiana olivieri Griseb and their anti-inflammatory activities. Fitoterapia 2024; 177:106049. [PMID: 38838827 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Three undescribed seco-iridoid glycosides, one undescribed flavonoid glycoside, and three known glycosides were isolated and identified from Gentiana olivieri Griseb. The structures of these compounds were determined through spectroscopic analysis and ECD calculations. Olivierisecosides NP (1-3) were identified as aromatic conjugated seco-iridoid glucosides, among them olivierisecoside N was representing a particularly rare subtype known as the morroniside seco-iridoids. The compounds 2, 3, 5, and 6 exhibited significant inhibition of COX-2 expression, particularly compound 5 which demonstrated the most pronounced inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 23.33 ± 0.51 μM. This study provides evidence for the potential development and utilization of G. olivieri as a source of anti-inflammatory components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyilan Maituoheti
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Hotan Characteristic Chinese Traditional Medicine Research, College of Xinjiang Uyghur Medicine, Hotan 848000, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ruxianguli Rouzimaimaiti
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Nan-Nan Xu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jiangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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Wang J, Liu R, Zhang J, Su H, Yang Q, Wulu J, Li J, Zhang Z, Lv Z. Comparative analysis of phytochemical profile and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of four Gentiana species from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 326:117926. [PMID: 38369064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gentiana species, known as the traditional Tibetan medicine "Bangjian," have been integral to clinical practice for millennia. Despite their longstanding use, our understanding of the variation in chemical constituents and bioactive effects among different species is limited. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present study, we aimed to assess the differences in chemical profiles and bioactivities among four Gentiana species (G. veitchiorum, G. trichotoma, G. crassuloides, and G. squarrosa) and explore potential bioactive markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical composition of the four Gentiana species was analyzed using UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was compared through DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring the inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced secretion of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) by RAW264.7 macrophages. Additionally, compounds strongly correlated with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were identified through spectrum-effect relationship analysis. RESULTS A total of 50 compounds were identified across the four Gentiana species. In vitro antioxidant assays demonstrated DPPH and ABTS scavenging abilities and reducing power within the concentration range of 62.5-2000 μg/mL. All four species inhibited the production of NO, IL-6, and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells. Spectrum-effect relationship analysis revealed that gentiascabraside A, gentiatibetine, tachioside, lutonarin, and isotachioside were associated with the highest antioxidant activity; and swertiamarin, tarennoside, eleganoside C, and alpigenoside were associated with the highest anti-inflammatory activity. CONCLUSIONS This study presents, for the first time, the chemical profiles and bioactivities of G. trichotoma, G. crassuloides, and G. squarrosa, which were comprehensively compared with those of G. veitchiorum. The findings provide novel insights to understand the traditional use and/or expand the current use of Gentiana species. Additionally, this research highlights the potential of Gentiana species as natural sources of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, suggesting promising applications in tea production or medicinal contexts in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- Shanghai Inoherb Cosmetics Co.Ltd., Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jianguang Zhang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Qin Zhou Provincial Health School, Qinzhou, 53500, China
| | - Hongna Su
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiansang Wulu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Juan Li
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Zhi Lv
- Shanghai Inoherb Cosmetics Co.Ltd., Shanghai, 200080, China.
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Jovanović MS, Milutinović M, Branković S, Mihajilov-Krstev T, Randjelović M, Miladinović B, Ćujić Nikolić N, Šavikin K, Kitić D. Spasmolytic, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities of Spray-Dried Extracts of Gentiana asclepiadea L. with In Silico Pharmacokinetic Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1445. [PMID: 38891254 PMCID: PMC11174654 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the spasmolytic activity of an underground parts extract of Gentiana asclepiadea L. (Gentianaceae), assess its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and explore the impact of extract encapsulation on the aforementioned bioactivities. An extract encapsulated by spray drying with whey protein, pure extract, and pure whey protein were comparatively tested. The main compounds identified via HPLC-DAD analysis underwent in silico ADME assessment. The spasmolytic effect was tested on a model of spontaneous rat ileum contractions, and the mechanism of action was further evaluated on acetylcholine-, KCl-, CaCl2-, BaCl2-, histamine-, N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-, and glibenclamide-modified contractions. The most abundant compounds were secoiridoids (dominantly gentiopicroside), followed by C-glycosylated flavonoids and xanthones. Both pure and encapsulated extracts achieved significant spasmolytic effects, despite the spasmogenic activity of pure whey protein. The extract may exert its spasmolytic effect through multiple pathways, predominantly by antagonizing the Ca2+ channel and opening the K+ channel, while the nitric oxide pathway appears not to be involved. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the pure extract were moderate. The extract stabilized by encapsulation retained all of the tested bioactivities of the unencapsulated extract. The obtained results suggest that G. asclepiadea has potential for use in the treatment of some gastrointestinal complaints and that the encapsulated extract could be a valuable functional ingredient in pharmaceutical and food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš S. Jovanović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Boulevard Dr. Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (M.M.); (M.R.); (B.M.)
| | - Milica Milutinović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Boulevard Dr. Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (M.M.); (M.R.); (B.M.)
| | - Suzana Branković
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Boulevard Dr. Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
| | - Tatjana Mihajilov-Krstev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
| | - Milica Randjelović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Boulevard Dr. Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (M.M.); (M.R.); (B.M.)
| | - Bojana Miladinović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Boulevard Dr. Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (M.M.); (M.R.); (B.M.)
| | - Nada Ćujić Nikolić
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.Ć.N.); (K.Š.)
| | - Katarina Šavikin
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.Ć.N.); (K.Š.)
| | - Dušanka Kitić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Boulevard Dr. Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (M.M.); (M.R.); (B.M.)
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5
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Choubey P, Sharma V, Joshi R, Upadhyaya A, Kumar D, Patial V. Hydroethanolic extract of Gentiana kurroo Royle rhizome ameliorates ethanol-induced liver injury by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrogenesis in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 325:117866. [PMID: 38350504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gentiana kurroo Royle is a medicinal plant mentioned as Traymana in Ayurveda. In the folklore, it is used to cure fever, stomach ache, skin diseases and liver disorders. However, limited reports are available on the therapeutic potential of Gentiana kurroo Royle against alcohol-induced liver damage. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the effectiveness of the hydroethanolic extract of Gentiana kurroo Royle rhizome (GKRE) against alcohol-induced liver injury and explore the mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS GKRE was characterized using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. The binding affinity of the identified compound was studied in silico. In vitro studies were performed in the Huh-7 cell line. An acute oral toxicity study (2 g/kg BW) of GKRE was done in rats following OECD 420 guidelines. In the efficacy study, rats were treated with 50% ethanol (5 mL/kg BW, orally) for 4 weeks, followed by a single intraperitoneal dose of CCl4 (30%; 1 mL/kg BW) to induce liver injury. After 4th week, the rats were treated with GKRE at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW doses for the next fifteen days. The biochemical and antioxidant parameters were analyzed using commercial kits and a biochemistry analyzer. Histopathology, gene and protein expressions were studied using qRT PCR and western blotting. RESULTS Thirteen compounds were detected in GKRE. Few compounds showed a strong interaction with the fibrotic and inflammatory proteins in silico. GKRE reduced (p < 0.05) the ethanol-induced ROS production and inflammation in Huh-7 cells. The acute oral toxicity study revealed no adverse effect of GKRE in rats at 2 g/kg BW. GKRE improved (p < 0.05) the body and liver weights in ethanol-treated rats. GKRE improved (p < 0.05) the mRNA levels of ADH, SREBP1c and mitochondrial biogenesis genes in the liver tissues. GKRE also improved (p < 0.05) the liver damage markers, lipid peroxidation and levels of antioxidant enzymes in the liver. A reduced severity (p < 0.05) of pathological changes, fibrotic tissue deposition and caspase 3/7 activity were observed in the liver tissues of GKRE-treated rats. Further, GKRE downregulated (p < 0.05) the expression of fibrotic (TGFβ, αSMA and SMADs) and inflammatory markers (TNFα, IL6, IL1β and NFκB) in the liver. CONCLUSION GKRE showed efficacy against alcohol-induced liver damage by inhibiting oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation and fibrogenesis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Choubey
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics & Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; PG Department of Dravyaguna, Rajiv Gandhi Govt. Post Graduate Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Paprola, 176115, HP, India
| | - Vinesh Sharma
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics & Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - Robin Joshi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - Ashwani Upadhyaya
- PG Department of Dravyaguna, Rajiv Gandhi Govt. Post Graduate Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Paprola, 176115, HP, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - Vikram Patial
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics & Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India.
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Ji W, Qian C, Su X, Li X, Zhang Z, Ma Y, Zhang M, Li D. Structure characterization and protective effect against UVB irradiation of polysaccharides isolated from the plateau plant Gentiana dahurica Fisch. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131551. [PMID: 38621566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Gentiana dahurica Fisch. (G. dahurica) is one of the legitimate sources of Qinjiao in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and grows on high-altitude plateaus. Plants develop unique biochemical accumulations to resist plateau conditions, especially the strong UV irradiation. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the polysaccharide of G. dahurica (GDP), its structure and its activity against UVB irradiation. Four GDPs were isolated and two of them were subjected to structural elucidation. The results suggested that GDP-1 has 53.5 % Ara and 30.8 % GalA as its main monosaccharides, with a molecular weight (Mw) of 23 kDa; the GDP-2 has 33.9 % Ara and 48.5 % GalA, with a Mw of 82 kDa. Methylation and NMR spectroscopy analysis revealed that GDP-1 contains →5)-α-Araf-(1 → 5)-α-Araf-(1 → 3,5)-α-Araf-(1 → 3,4)-α-GalpA-(6-OMe)-(1→ as the main chain, the branches of GalA (with esterification), and the terminal Ara; the GDP-2 contains →4)-α-GalpA-(1 → 4)-α-GalpA-(6-OMe)-(1 → 5)-α-Araf-(1 → 3,5)-α-Araf-(1→ as the main chain, the branches of →5)-α-Araf-(1-5)-α-Araf, and the terminal GalA. Both GDP-1 and GDP-2 exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity against DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radicals. Moreover, GDPs significantly attenuated the decreases in viability and proliferation of HaCaT cells after UVB irradiation. They can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improve the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH). The potential mechanism explored by flow cytometry assays of cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution suggested that GDPs exert protective effects against UVB irradiation by reducing ROS and attenuating S phase cell arrest. In brief, the GDP-1 and GDP-2 are α-1,3- and α-1,4- arabinogalacturonan, respectively. The high content of Ara could be attributed to biochemical accumulation in resisting to the plateau environment and to prevent UVB irradiation-related damage in cells. These findings provide insight into authentic medicinal herbs and the development of GDPs in the modern pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ji
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Cuiyin Qian
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Su
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yonggui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Animal and Plant Resources of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai Province, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, PR China.
| | - Mingjin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810016, PR China; Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, People's Government of Qinghai Province & Beijing Normal University, Xining 810016, PR China.
| | - Duxin Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China; Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, People's Government of Qinghai Province & Beijing Normal University, Xining 810016, PR China.
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7
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Li X, Zeng P, Wu X, Yang X, Lin J, Liu P, Wang Y, Diao Y. ResD-Net: A model for rapid prediction of antioxidant activity in gentian root using FT-IR spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 310:123848. [PMID: 38266602 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Gentian, an herb resource known for its antioxidant properties, has garnered significant attention. However, existing methods are time-consuming and destructive for assessing the antioxidant activity in gentian root samples. In this study, we propose a method for swiftly predicting the antioxidant activity of gentian root using FT-IR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. We employed machine learning and deep learning models to establish the relationship between FT-IR spectra and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The results of model fitting reveal that the deep learning model outperforms the machine learning model. The model's performance was enhanced by incorporating the Double-Net and residual connection strategy. The enhanced model, named ResD-Net, excels in feature extraction and also avoids gradient vanishing. The ResD-Net model achieves an R2 of 0.933, an RMSE of 0.02, and an RPD of 3.856. These results support the accuracy and applicability of this method for rapidly predicting antioxidant activity in gentian root samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Li
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Pan Zeng
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Xunxun Wu
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Xintong Yang
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Jingcang Lin
- Quanzhou Medical College, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Peizhong Liu
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China; Quanzhou Medical College, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yong Diao
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China.
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8
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Kitić N, Živković J, Šavikin K, Randjelović M, Jovanović M, Kitić D, Miladinović B, Milutinović M, Stojiljković N, Branković S. Spasmolytic Activity of Gentiana lutea L. Root Extracts on the Rat Ileum: Underlying Mechanisms of Action. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:453. [PMID: 38337986 PMCID: PMC10857127 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The roots of Gentiana lutea L. are utilized in the preparation of various beverages and herbal remedies, serving as a traditional remedy for gastrointestinal ailments. The spasmolytic activity that could substantiate the traditional use of G. lutea root had not been investigated. The main objective goal of the study was to determine the validity of its use as a traditional remedy. The extraction of G. lutea root was performed using a 50% hydroethanolic solvent with three different extraction techniques: ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), heat-assisted extraction, and percolation. The spasmolytic activity was tested on isolated rat ileum. The mechanism of action was monitored using the models of spontaneous contractions and acetylcholine-, histamine-, CaCl2-, Bay K8644-, L-NAME-, ODQ-, apamin-, BaCl2-, charybdotoxin-, glibenclamide-, TRAM-34-, and quinine-modified contractions. UAE, having the best bioactivity, was further subjected to a liquid-liquid extraction fractionation. HPLC phytochemical analysis was performed for all tested extracts and fractions. Gentian root extracts were rich in secoiridoids, xanthones, and flavonoids. The UAE has shown better results on spontaneous contractions in comparison to its fractions, leading to the more detailed testing of its spasmolytic mechanism of activity. The extract's activity is primarily mediated through intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, ATP-sensitive K+ channels, voltage-sensitive K+ channels, and mechanisms that activate Ca2+ channels. Overall, the G. lutea root shows great potential in the treatment of spasmodic gastrointestinal ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Kitić
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Centre for Biomedicine, University of Niš, Ave. Dr. Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Jelena Živković
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.Ž.); (K.Š.)
| | - Katarina Šavikin
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.Ž.); (K.Š.)
| | - Milica Randjelović
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Niš, Ave. Dr. Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.J.); (B.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Miloš Jovanović
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Niš, Ave. Dr. Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.J.); (B.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Dušanka Kitić
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Niš, Ave. Dr. Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.J.); (B.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Bojana Miladinović
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Niš, Ave. Dr. Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.J.); (B.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Milica Milutinović
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, University of Niš, Ave. Dr. Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (M.R.); (M.J.); (B.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Nenad Stojiljković
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Niš, Ave. Dr. Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (N.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Suzana Branković
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Niš, Ave. Dr. Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (N.S.); (S.B.)
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9
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Liu B, Pang F, Bi H, Guo D. Regulatory mechanisms of Gentiopicroside on human diseases: a brief review. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:725-750. [PMID: 37632552 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Gentiopicroside (GPS), a single compound isolated from Gentiana lutea L. and the crucial representative of secoiridoid constituent, has been permitted for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. GPS and its metabolites have been increasingly used in the search for clinical management with therapeutic properties and fewer side effects. The objective of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the involvement of molecular pathways in the therapeutic effects of GPS on human diseases and chronic conditions. This study presents a meticulously conducted comprehensive search of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases (from 1983 to 2023), aimed at identifying articles relating to regulatory mechanisms of GPS on human diseases and the pharmacokinetics of GPS. The inclusion criteria were meticulously and precisely defined to encompass original research papers that explicitly focused on elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of GPS in various human diseases through in vitro and animal studies. Notably, these studies were mandated to integrate specific genetic markers or pathways as essential components of their research inquiries. The evaluated pharmacokinetic parameters included maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach maximum plasma concentration (Tmax), area under the curve (AUC), clearance, and plasma half-life (t1/2). Subsequently, through a rigorous screening process of titles and abstracts, studies conducted in vitro or on animals, as well as those reporting pharmacokinetic data related to drugs other than GPS or language barriers, were systematically excluded. Drawing from the data and studies pertaining to this review, we conducted a thorough and informative analysis of the pharmacological characteristics and biological functions of GPS. These encompassed a wide range of effects, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, antioxidant, analgesic, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties. The analysis provided a comprehensive and insightful understanding of GPS's pharmacological profile and its diverse activities. Enhancing theoretical and experimental methodologies could prove advantageous in expanding the clinical applications of GPS. This could involve optimizing the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of GPS, uncovering additional biomarkers and potential biotransformation pathways, and investigating its combined effects with standard-of-care medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655#, Daxue Road, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Feng Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Qingdao Hiser Hospital, No.4, Renmin Road, Qingdao, 266033, China
- Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Shandong Academy of Eye Disease Prevention and Therapy, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan, 250002, China
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Dadong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Shandong Academy of Eye Disease Prevention and Therapy, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan, 250002, China.
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China.
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10
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Olennikov DN, Kashchenko NI. Gentianopsis metabolites and bioactivity: HPLC-PDA-ESI-tQ-MS/MS profiles, HPLC-UV quantification of Gentianopsis komarovii and Gentianopsis stricta, and choleretic potential. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:158-163. [PMID: 35921543 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2107640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gentianopsis is a small gentianaceous genus with a known ethnopharmacological focus as hepatoprotectors containing two underestimated species that are scientifically unexplored: Gentianopsis komarovii (Grossh.) Toyok., which is typical of the Far East, and Gentianopsis stricta (Klotzsch) Ikonn., which is grown in Central Asia. Application of the HPLC-PDA-ESI-tQ-MS/MS technique led to the identification of 28 compounds, such as iridoid glycosides, flavones and xanthones, with loganic acid, sweroside, loganin, secologanin, isoorientin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-gentiobioside, chrysoeriol-7-O-glucoside and acacetin-7-O-glucoside being found in the genus for the first time. The extracts of G. komarovii and G. stricta demonstrated choleretic potential, strengthening the bile flow and the total content of bile acids, bilirubin and cholesterol in the bile. The most pronounced effects were observed for luteolin-7-O-glucoside and gentiabavaroside (gentiacaulein-1-O-primveroside), establishing them as the principle choleretics of both herbs. Based on the results, G. komarovii, G. stricta and some phenolic metabolites are prospective new choleretic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil N Olennikov
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Medical and Biological Research, Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - Nina I Kashchenko
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Medical and Biological Research, Ulan-Ude, Russia
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11
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Antoniadi L, Bartnik M, Angelis A, Wawruszak A, Halabalaki M, Kukula-Koch W, Skaltsounis LA. Gentiopicroside-An Insight into Its Pharmacological Significance and Future Perspectives. Cells 2023; 13:70. [PMID: 38201274 PMCID: PMC10778152 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gentiopicroside (GPS) is a leading component of several plant species from the Gentianaceae botanical family. As a compound with plenty of biological activities and a component of herbal drugs, GPS has an important role in the regulation of physiological processes in humans. The results of recently published scientific studies underline a meaningful role of this molecule as an active factor in metabolic pathways and mechanisms, which may have an influence in the treatment of different diseases, including digestive tract disorders, malignant changes, neurological disorders, microbial infections, bone formation disorders, inflammatory conditions, and others. This review aims to collect previously published reports on the biological properties of GPS as a single compound that were confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies, and to draw attention to the newly discovered role of this bitter-tasting secoiridoid. Thanks to these properties, the research on this substance could be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemonia Antoniadi
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (L.A.); (A.A.); (M.H.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Magdalena Bartnik
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Apostolis Angelis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (L.A.); (A.A.); (M.H.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Anna Wawruszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (L.A.); (A.A.); (M.H.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Wirginia Kukula-Koch
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Leandros A. Skaltsounis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (L.A.); (A.A.); (M.H.); (L.A.S.)
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12
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Huang PQ, Luo YX, Zhang YJ, Li ZX, Wen Y, Zhang K, Li DL, Jin JW, Wu RH, Gan LS. Terpenoid Glucosides from Gentiana macrophylla That Attenuate TNF-α Induced Pulmonary Inflammation in A549 Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:6613. [PMID: 37764389 PMCID: PMC10535684 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Four previously undescribed terpenoid glucosides, including one sesquiterpenoid di-glucoside (1), two new iridoid glucosides (2, 3), and a new triterpenoid tri-glucoside (4), were isolated from a 70% ethanol extract of the root of Gentiana macrophylla (Gentianaceae), along with eight known terpenoids. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques, including 1D, 2D NMR, and HRMS (ESI), as well as chemical methods. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was determined by quantum chemical calculation of its theoretical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectrum. The sugar moieties of all the new compounds were confirmed to be D-glucose by GC analysis after acid hydrolysis and acetylation. Anti-pulmonary inflammation activity of the iridoids were evaluated on a TNF-α induced inflammation model in A549 cells. Compound 2 could significantly alleviate the release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 and increase the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Qi Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (P.-Q.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Z.-X.L.); (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (D.-L.L.); (J.-W.J.)
| | - Yong-Xin Luo
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (P.-Q.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Z.-X.L.); (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (D.-L.L.); (J.-W.J.)
| | - Yu-Jia Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (P.-Q.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Z.-X.L.); (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (D.-L.L.); (J.-W.J.)
| | - Zhi-Xuan Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (P.-Q.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Z.-X.L.); (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (D.-L.L.); (J.-W.J.)
| | - Yan Wen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (P.-Q.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Z.-X.L.); (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (D.-L.L.); (J.-W.J.)
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (P.-Q.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Z.-X.L.); (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (D.-L.L.); (J.-W.J.)
| | - Dong-Li Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (P.-Q.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Z.-X.L.); (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (D.-L.L.); (J.-W.J.)
| | - Jing-Wei Jin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (P.-Q.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Z.-X.L.); (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (D.-L.L.); (J.-W.J.)
| | - Ri-Hui Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (P.-Q.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Z.-X.L.); (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (D.-L.L.); (J.-W.J.)
| | - Li-She Gan
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; (P.-Q.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Z.-X.L.); (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (D.-L.L.); (J.-W.J.)
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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13
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Gao Q, Zhou LX, Huang R, Zhang SX, Chen G. Five New Glycoside Constituents from the Roots of Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300841. [PMID: 37462846 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Three undescribed glycoside constituents, macrophyllosides E-G and a pair of iridoid glycosides genticrasides A/B, together with eleven known glycoside compounds were isolated from the roots of Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk. Their structures were identified by means of spectra analysis and data comparison with previous literatures. Interestingly, the glucose moieties in macrophylloside E and F possess free anomeric hydroxy groups. Genticrasides A/B, identified as a pair of iridoid originated lactones, have not been reported from Gentianaceae family up to now. The anti-inflammatory effects of selected compounds were also evaluated through the nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells. In which, macrophyllosides G and D showed NO inhibitory activities with rates of 76.14±4.02 % and 52.44±8.29 % at 100 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Li-Xiang Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rong Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shu-Xian Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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14
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Zou H, Chen B, Zhang B, Zhou X, Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang J. Conservation planning for the endemic and endangered medicinal plants under the climate change and human disturbance: a case study of Gentiana manshurica in China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1184556. [PMID: 37564387 PMCID: PMC10410459 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1184556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Human activities and climate change have significantly impacted the quantity and sustainable utilization of medicinal plants. Gentiana manshurica Kitagawa, a high-quality original species of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma, has significant medicinal value. However, wild resources have experienced a sharp decline due to human excavation, habitat destruction, and other factors. Consequently, it has been classified as an Endangered (EN) species on the IUCN Red List and is considered a third-level national key-protected medicinal material in China. The effects of climate change on G. manshurica are not yet known in the context of the severe negative impacts of climate change on most species. In this study, an optimized MaxEnt model was used to predict the current and future potential distribution of G. manshurica. In addition, land use data in 1980, 2000, and 2020 were used to calculate habitat quality by InVEST model and landscape fragmentation by the Fragstats model. Finally, using the above-calculated results, the priority protection areas and wild tending areas of G. manshurica were planned in ZONATION software. The results show that the suitable area is mainly distributed in the central part of the Songnen Plain. Bio15, bio03, bio01, and clay content are the environmental variables affecting the distribution. In general, the future potential distribution is expected to show an increasing trend. However, the species is expected to become threatened as carbon emission scenarios and years increase gradually. At worst, the high suitability area is expected to disappear completely under SSP585-2090s. Combined with the t-test, this could be due to pressure from bio01. The migration trends of climate niche centroid are inconsistent and do not all move to higher latitudes under different carbon emission scenarios. Over the past 40 years, habitat quality in the current potential distribution has declined yearly, and natural habitat has gradually fragmented. Existing reserves protect only 9.52% of G. manshurica's priority conservation area. To avoid extinction risk and increase the practicality of the results, we clarified the hotspot counties of priority protection area gaps and wild tending areas. These results can provide an essential reference and decision basis for effectively protecting G. manshurica under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zou
- Heilongjiang Research Center of Genuine Wild Medicinal Materials Germplasm Resources, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Bingrui Chen
- Heilongjiang Research Center of Genuine Wild Medicinal Materials Germplasm Resources, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Boyan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Research Center of Genuine Wild Medicinal Materials Germplasm Resources, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Heilongjiang Research Center of Genuine Wild Medicinal Materials Germplasm Resources, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Research Center of Genuine Wild Medicinal Materials Germplasm Resources, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Heilongjiang Research Center of Genuine Wild Medicinal Materials Germplasm Resources, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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15
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Pasdaran A, Hassani B, Tavakoli A, Kozuharova E, Hamedi A. A Review of the Potential Benefits of Herbal Medicines, Small Molecules of Natural Sources, and Supplements for Health Promotion in Lupus Conditions. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1589. [PMID: 37511964 PMCID: PMC10416186 DOI: 10.3390/life13071589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Latin word lupus, meaning wolf, was in the medical literature prior to the 1200s to describe skin lesions that devour flesh, and the resources available to physicians to help people were limited. The present text reviews the ethnobotanical and pharmacological aspects of medicinal plants and purified molecules from natural sources with efficacy against lupus conditions. Among these molecules are artemisinin and its derivatives, antroquinonol, baicalin, curcumin, emodin, mangiferin, salvianolic acid A, triptolide, the total glycosides of paeony (TGP), and other supplements such as fatty acids and vitamins. In addition, medicinal plants, herbal remedies, mushrooms, and fungi that have been investigated for their effects on different lupus conditions through clinical trials, in vivo, in vitro, or in silico studies are reviewed. A special emphasis was placed on clinical trials, active phytochemicals, and their mechanisms of action. This review can be helpful for researchers in designing new goal-oriented studies. It can also help practitioners gain insight into recent updates on supplements that might help patients suffering from lupus conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Pasdaran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran;
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
| | - Bahareh Hassani
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran;
| | - Ali Tavakoli
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran;
| | - Ekaterina Kozuharova
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Azadeh Hamedi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran;
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
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16
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Wu X, Yang X, Cheng Z, Li S, Li X, Zhang H, Diao Y. Identification of Gentian-Related Species Based on Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (2D-COS) Combined with Residual Neural Network (ResNet). Molecules 2023; 28:5000. [PMID: 37446662 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gentian is a traditional Chinese herb with heat-clearing, damp-drying, inflammation-alleviating and digestion-promoting effects, which is widely used in clinical practice. However, there are many species of gentian. According to the pharmacopoeia, Gentiana manshurica Kitag, Gentiana scabra Bge, Gentiana triflora Pall and Gentianarigescens Franch are included. Therefore, accurately identifying the species of gentian is important in clinical use. In recent years, with the advantages of low cost, convenience, fast analysis and high sensitivity, infrared spectroscopy (IR) has been extensively used in herbal identification. Unlike one-dimensional spectroscopy, a two-dimensional correlation spectrum (2D-COS) can improve the resolution of the spectrum and better highlight the details that are difficult to detect. In addition, the residual neural network (ResNet) is an important breakthrough in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for significant advantages related to image recognition. Herein, we propose a new method for identifying gentian-related species using 2D-COS combined with ResNet. A total of 173 gentian samples from seven different species are collected in this study. In order to eliminate a large amount of redundant information and improve the efficiency of machine learning, the extracted feature band method was used to optimize the model. Four feature bands were selected from the infrared spectrum, namely 3500-3000 cm-1, 3000-2750 cm-1, 1750-1100 cm-1 and 1100-400 cm-1, respectively. The one-dimensional spectral data were converted into synchronous 2D-COS images, asynchronous 2D-COS images, and integrative 2D-COS images using Matlab (R2022a). The identification strategy for these three 2D-COS images was based on ResNet, which analyzes 2D-COS images based on single feature bands and full bands as well as fused feature bands. According to the results, (1) compared with the other two 2D-COS images, synchronous 2D-COS images are more suitable for the ResNet model, and (2) after extracting a single feature band 1750-1100 cm-1 to optimize ResNet, the model has the best convergence performance, the accuracy of training, test and external validation is 1 and the loss value is only 0.155. In summary, 2D-COS combined with ResNet is an effective and accurate method to identify gentian-related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunxun Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Xintong Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Zhiyun Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Suyun Li
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Haiyun Zhang
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yong Diao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
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17
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Ri MH, Xing Y, Zuo HX, Li MY, Jin HL, Ma J, Jin X. Regulatory mechanisms of natural compounds from traditional Chinese herbal medicines on the microglial response in ischemic stroke. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154889. [PMID: 37262999 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of clinically effective neuroprotective agents for stroke therapy is still a challenging task. Microglia play a critical role in brain injury and recovery after ischemic stroke. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHMs) are based on a unique therapeutic principle, have various formulas, and have long been widely used to treat stroke. Therefore, the active compounds in TCHMs and their underlying mechanisms of action are attracting increasing attention in the field of stroke drug development. PURPOSE To summarize the regulatory mechanisms of TCHM-derived natural compounds on the microglial response in animal models of ischemic stroke. METHODS We searched studies published until 10 April 2023 in the Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect using the following keywords: natural compounds, natural products or phytochemicals, traditional Chinese Medicine or Chinese herbal medicine, microglia, and ischemic stroke. This review was prepared according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. RESULTS Natural compounds derived from TCHMs can attenuate the M1 phenotype of microglia, which is involved in the detrimental inflammatory response, via inhibition of NF-κB, MAPKs, JAK/STAT, Notch, TLR4, P2X7R, CX3CR1, IL-17RA, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and pro-oxidant enzymes. Additionally, the neuroprotective response of microglia with the M2 phenotype can be enhanced by activating Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K/AKT, AMPK, PPARγ, SIRT1, CB2R, TREM2, nAChR, and IL-33/ST2. Several clinical trials showed that TCHM-derived natural compounds that regulate microglial responses have significant and safe therapeutic effects, but further well-designed clinical studies are needed. CONCLUSIONS Further research regarding the direct targets and potential pleiotropic or synergistic effects of natural compounds would provide a more reasonable approach for regulation of the microglial response with the possibility of successful stroke drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myong Hak Ri
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China; Faculty of Life Science, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Yue Xing
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong Xiang Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ming Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong Lan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Juan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Xuejun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
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18
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Zhang R, Yan C, Yang X, Hu K, Hao F, Yang S, Deng Q, Duan Z, Liu Y, Wen X. Determination of lead in Gentiana rigescens and evaluation of the effect of lead exposure on the liver protection of the natural medicine. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1251:340992. [PMID: 36925284 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, ultrasound-assisted rapidly synergistic cloud point extraction (UARS-CPE) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were combined to determine trace Pb in Gentiana rigescens Franch. ex Hemsl. (G. rigescens) samples. Under the optimal conditions, the enhancement factor (EF), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ) and precision were 33, 0.11 μg L-1, 0.37 μg L-1 and 1.3%, respectively. This method was applied to the analysis of G. rigescens samples, and the outcomes were in good agreement with the results determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A mice model of immune liver injury induced by concanavalin A (ConA) was established, and the liver protection of G. rigescens and gentiopicroside (GPS) on it and the effects of various dosages of Pb exposure on its liver protection were studied. Pb at a dosage of 5 mg kg-1 had little effect on the liver protection of G. rigescens and GPS, while 25, 125 mg kg-1 dosages of Pb could significantly attenuate the liver protection of both. In addition, it aggravated the necrosis of hepatocytes and inflammatory cell infiltration, and these effects were dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Caixia Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Kan Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Fangfang Hao
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Shengchun Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Qingwen Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Zhenjuan Duan
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China.
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China.
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19
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Qi PX, Liu SS, Zhang P, Xie YQ, Yang ZY, Khan A, Liu L. (±)-Gentiovarisin A and gentiovarisin B, unusual secoiridoid dimer skeletons from gentiopicroside. Fitoterapia 2023; 164:105392. [PMID: 36526221 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gentiana scabra, a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been documented in Chinese Pharmacopoeia for the treatment of hepatitis. Its index component gentiopicroside could not be detected in the decoction, which suggested that the quality control of the TCM with this ingredient needs attention. The transformed products were obtained from gentiopicroside, mimicking the traditional process of G. scabra. Further investigation of the heat-transformed products yielded two secoiridoid dimers, gentiovarisin A (1) and B (2), with an unprecedented 6/6/6/6/6-fused pentacyclic skeletons. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and the absolute configurations of 1 were confirmed as (+)-1 and (-)-1 by ECD method. Plausible transformation pathways of the isolates were also proposed. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited in vitro hepatoprotective activity similar to gentiopicroside, while (+)-1 displayed a more potent hepatoprotective activity than N-Acetyl-L-cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Xing Qi
- Yunnan Yunzhong Institute of Nutrition and health, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- Yunnan Yunzhong Institute of Nutrition and health, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Yunnan Yunzhong Institute of Nutrition and health, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qing Xie
- Yunnan Yunzhong Institute of Nutrition and health, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu-Ya Yang
- Yunnan Yunzhong Institute of Nutrition and health, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Afsar Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Lu Liu
- Yunnan Yunzhong Institute of Nutrition and health, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Ultrasound-Assisted Water Extraction of Gentiopicroside, Isogentisin, and Polyphenols from Willow Gentian “Dust” Supported by Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin as Cage Molecules. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217606. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The residue after sieving (“dust”) from the willow gentian underground parts is an unexploited herbal tea by-product, although it contains valuable bioactive compounds. Cyclodextrins as efficient green co-solvents, cage molecules, and multifunctional excipients could improve the extraction and contribute to the added value of the resulting extracts. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of gentiopicroside, isogentisin, and total phenolics (TPC) from willow gentian “dust” using ultrasound-assisted water extraction coupled with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD). The influence of extraction temperature (X1: 20–80 °C), time (X2: 20–50 min), and HPβCD concentration (X3: 2–4% w/v) was analyzed employing the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal extraction conditions for simultaneously maximizing the extraction yield of all monitored responses were X1: 74.89 °C, X2: 32.57 min, and X3: 3.01% w/v. The experimentally obtained response values under these conditions (46.96 mg/g DW for gentiopicroside, 0.51 mg/g DW for isogentisin, and 12.99 mg GAE/g DW for TPC) were in close agreement with those predicted, thus confirming the suitability and good predictive accuracy of the developed RSM models. Overall, the developed extraction system could be an applicable alternative strategy to improve the extraction of bioactive compounds from the underutilized “dust” of willow gentian underground parts.
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Fiorito S, Epifano F, Palumbo L, Collevecchio C, Mascioli F, Spogli R, Genovese S. Leaves of Yellow Gentian ( Gentiana lutea) as an Alternative Source of Bitter Secoiridoid Glycosides. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2232-2235. [PMID: 36001997 PMCID: PMC9937557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In a search for methods of manufacturing bitter principles from Gentiana lutea, mainly represented by gentiopicroside (1) and amarogentin (2), as an alternative to extraction from the roots of this plant, in this short communication it is shown that the leaves of this plant can be regarded as an additional source of such phytochemicals. Extraction of G. lutea leaves was coupled to solid-phase adsorption by differently structured solids as a separation technology step, providing a selective isolation of both these secondary metabolites in good to excellent yields. Thus, the extraction of bitter secoiridoids can be achieved in an equivalent or improved way rather than processing the roots of G. lutea while preserving the biodiversity of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Fiorito
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università “Gabriele
d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
| | - Francesco Epifano
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università “Gabriele
d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
| | - Lucia Palumbo
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università “Gabriele
d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
| | - Chiara Collevecchio
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università “Gabriele
d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mascioli
- Enrico
Toro Distilleria Srl, Via Tiburtina Valeria − Km.142,440, 65028 Tocco da Casauria (PE), Italy
| | - Roberto Spogli
- Prolabin
& Tefarm Srl, Via
dell’Acciaio 9, 06134 Perugia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Genovese
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università “Gabriele
d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
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22
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Rapid Identification of Wild Gentiana Genus in Different Geographical Locations Based on FT-IR and an Improved Neural Network Structure Double-Net. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185979. [PMID: 36144717 PMCID: PMC9506529 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentiana Genus, a herb mainly distributed in Asia and Europe, has been used to treat the damp heat disease of the liver for over 2000 years in China. Previous studies have shown significant differences in the compositional contents of wild Gentiana Genus samples from different geographical origins. Therefore, the traceable geographic locations of the wild Gentiana Genus samples are essential to ensure practical medicinal value. Over the last few years, the developments in chemometrics have facilitated the analysis of the composition of medicinal herbs via spectroscopy. Notably, FT-IR spectroscopy is widely used because of its benefit of allowing rapid, nondestructive measurements. In this paper, we collected wild Gentiana Genus samples from seven different provinces (222 samples in total). Twenty-one different FT-IR spectral pre-processing methods that were used in our experiments. Meanwhile, we also designed a neural network, Double-Net, to predict the geographical locations of wild Gentiana Genus plants via FT-IR spectroscopy. The experiments showed that the accuracy of the neural network structure Double-Net we designed can reach 100%, and the F1_score can reach 1.0.
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23
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Ma S, Zhang N, Hou J, Liu S, Wang J, Lu B, Zhu F, Wei P, Hong G, Liu T. Synthesis and Discovery of Ligustrazine–Heterocycle Derivatives as Antitumor Agents. Front Chem 2022; 10:941367. [PMID: 35958230 PMCID: PMC9358002 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.941367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligustrazine (TMP) is a natural pyrazine alkaloid extracted from the roots of Ligusticum Chuanxiong Hort, which has the potential as an antitumor agent. A series of 33 ligustrazine–heterocycle (TMPH) derivatives were designed, synthesized, and investigated via antitumor screening assays, molecular docking analysis, and prediction of drug-like properties. TMP was attached to other heterocyclic derivatives by an 8–12 methylene alkyl chain as a linker to obtain 33 TMPH derivatives. The structures were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and high-resolution mass spectroscopy spectral (HR-MS) data. The antiproliferative activity against human breast cancer MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, mouse breast cancer 4T1, mouse fibroblast L929, and human umbilical vein endothelial HUVEC cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. Compound 12–9 displayed significant inhibitory activity with IC50 values in the low micromolar range (0.84 ± 0.02 µM against the MDA-MB-231 cell line). The antitumor effects of compound 12–9 were further evaluated by plate cloning, Hoechst 33 342 staining, and annexin V-FITC/PI staining. The results indicated that compound 12–9 inhibited the proliferation and apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, molecular docking of compound 12–9 into the active site of the Bcl-2, CASP-3, and PSMB5 target proteins was performed to explore the probable binding mode. The 33 newly synthesized compounds were predicted to have good drug-like properties in a theoretical study. Overall, these results indicated that compound 12–9 inhibited cell proliferation through PSMB5 and apoptosis through Bcl-2/CASP-3 apoptotic signaling pathways and had good drug-like properties. These results provided more information, and key precursor lead derivatives, in the search for effective bioactive components from Chinese natural medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitang Ma
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- College of Life and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Life and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Jiafu Hou
- Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Shijuan Liu
- Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Tianjin, China
| | - Baowei Lu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Fucheng Zhu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Peipei Wei
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Ge Hong
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Ge Hong, ; Tianjun Liu,
| | - Tianjun Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Ge Hong, ; Tianjun Liu,
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24
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Bachheti RK, Worku LA, Gonfa YH, Zebeaman M, Deepti, Pandey DP, Bachheti A. Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases with Plant Phytochemicals: A Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:5741198. [PMID: 35832515 PMCID: PMC9273387 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5741198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the world's leading killers, accounting for 30% deaths. According to the WHO report, CVDs kill 17.9 million people per year, and there will be 22.2 million deaths from CVD in 2030. The death rates rise as people get older. Regarding gender, the death rate of women by CVD (51%) is higher than that of men (42%). To decrease and prevent CVD, most people rely on traditional medicine originating from the plant (phytochemicals) in addition to or in preference to commercially available drugs to recover from their illness. The CVD therapy efficacy of 92 plants, including 15 terrestrial plants, is examined. Some medicinal plants well known to treat CVD are, Daucus carota, Nerium oleander, Amaranthus Viridis, Ginkgo biloba, Terminalia arjuna, Picrorhiza kurroa, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Tinospora cordifolia, Mucuna pruriens, Hydrocotyle asiatica, Bombax ceiba, and Andrographis paniculate. The active phytochemicals found in these plants are flavonoids, polyphenols, plant sterol, plant sulphur compounds, and terpenoids. A general flavonoid mechanism of action is to prevent low-density lipoprotein oxidation, which promotes vasodilatation. Plant sterols prevent CVD by decreasing cholesterol absorption in the blood. Plant sulphur compound also prevent CVD by activation of nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and inhibition of cholesterol synthesis. Quinone decreases the risk of CVD by increasing ATP production in mitochondria while terpenoids by decreasing atherosclerotic lesion in the aortic valve. Although several physiologically active compounds with recognized biological effects have been found in various plants because of the increased prevalence of CVD, appropriate CVD prevention and treatment measures are required. More research is needed to understand the mechanism and specific plants' phytochemicals responsible for treating CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Bachheti
- Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Sciences and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Addis Ababa Sciences and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Limenew Abate Worku
- Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Sciences and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Addis Ababa Sciences and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yilma Hunde Gonfa
- Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Sciences and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Computational Science, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Zebeaman
- Bioprocess and Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Sciences and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Addis Ababa Sciences and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Deepti
- Department of Environment Science, Graphic Era University, Dehradun-248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - D. P. Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Government P. G. College, Uttarkashi, India
| | - Archana Bachheti
- Department of Environment Science, Graphic Era University, Dehradun-248002, Uttarakhand, India
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25
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Jovanović M, Mudrić J, Drinić Z, Matejić J, Kitić D, Bigović D, Šavikin K. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bitter compounds and polyphenols from willow gentian underground parts. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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26
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Mudrić J, Šavikin K, Đekić L, Pavlović S, Kurćubić I, Ibrić S, Đuriš J. Development of Lipid-Based Gastroretentive Delivery System for Gentian Extract by Double Emulsion-Melt Dispersion Technique. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122095. [PMID: 34959376 PMCID: PMC8704910 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentian (Gentiana lutea L., Gentianaceae) root extract (GRE) is used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. However, its bioactive potential is limited in conventional forms due to the low bioavailability and short elimination half-life of the dominant bioactive compound, gentiopicroside. The aim of study was to encapsulate GRE in the lipid-based gastroretentive delivery system that could provide high yield and encapsulation efficiency, as well as the biphasic release of gentiopicroside from the tablets obtained by direct compression. Solid lipid microparticles (SLM) loaded with GRE were prepared by freeze-drying double (W/O/W) emulsions, which were obtained by a multiple emulsion-melt dispersion technique, with GRE as the inner water phase, Gelucire® 39/01 or 43/01, as lipid components, with or without the addition of porous silica (Sylysia® 350) in the outer water phase. Formulated SLM powders were examined by SEM and mercury intrusion porosimetry, as well as by determination of yield, encapsulation efficiency, and flow properties. Furthermore, in vitro dissolution of gentiopicroside, the size of the dispersed systems, mechanical properties, and mucoadhesion of tablets obtained by direct compression were investigated. The results have revealed that SLM with the macroporous structure were formulated, and, consequently, the powders floated immediately in the acidic medium. Formulation with porous silica (Sylysia® 350) and Gelucire® 43/01 as a solid lipid was characterized with the high yield end encapsulation efficiency. Furthermore, the mucoadhesive properties of tablets obtained by direct compression of that formulation, as well as the biphasic release of gentiopicroside, presence of nanoassociates in dissolution medium, and optimal mechanical properties indicated that a promising lipid-based gastroretentive system for GRE was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Mudrić
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarina Šavikin
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ljiljana Đekić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.Đ.); (I.K.); (S.I.); (J.Đ.)
| | - Stefan Pavlović
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy-National Institute for the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivana Kurćubić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.Đ.); (I.K.); (S.I.); (J.Đ.)
| | - Svetlana Ibrić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.Đ.); (I.K.); (S.I.); (J.Đ.)
| | - Jelena Đuriš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.Đ.); (I.K.); (S.I.); (J.Đ.)
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Chi X, Zhang F, Gao Q, Xing R, Chen S. A Review on the Ethnomedicinal Usage, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Properties of Gentianeae (Gentianaceae) in Tibetan Medicine. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2383. [PMID: 34834747 PMCID: PMC8620629 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gentianaceae is a large plant family and is distributed worldwide. As the largest tribe in Gentianaceae, Gentianeae contains 939-968 species, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent areas are the main centers of diversity for Gentianeae. Species from the Gentianeae are widely used in traditional Tibetan medicine. In this review, a systematic and constructive overview of the information on botany, ethnomedicinal usage, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of Gentianeae in Tibetan medicine is provided. The results of this study are based on a literature search, including electronic databases, books, websites, papers, and conference proceedings. Botanical studies showed that Gentianeae includes the subtribe Gentianeae and Swertiinae, and several new genera and taxa have been identified. Approximately 83 species from Gentianeae were used in Tibetan medicine, among which Gentiana and Swertia constituted the largest number of species with 42 and 24 species, respectively. The species from Gentianeae are mainly used as Bangjian (སྤང་རྒྱན།), Jieji (ཀྱི་ལྕེ།), Dida (ཏིག་ཏ།), and Ganggaqiong (གང་གྰཆུང་།) in Tibetan medicine with different clinical applications. More than 240 formulas were found containing Gentianeae species with different attending functions. Phytochemical studies showed that the main active components of Gentianeae species are iridoids, xanthones, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. The bioactivities of plants from Gentianeae include hepatic protection, upper respiratory tract protection, joint and bone protection, glucose regulation, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral effects. This review will provide a reference for future research on natural resource protection, plant-based drug development, and further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chi
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (X.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.); (R.X.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810008, China
| | - Faqi Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (X.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.); (R.X.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810008, China
| | - Qingbo Gao
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (X.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.); (R.X.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810008, China
| | - Rui Xing
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (X.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.); (R.X.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810008, China
| | - Shilong Chen
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; (X.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.); (R.X.)
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining 810008, China
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An improved method for the isolation of amarogentin, the bitter principle of yellow gentian roots. Food Chem 2021; 364:130383. [PMID: 34153596 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amarogentin is well known to be among the most bitter naturally occurring compound. Either as an individual one or extracts, amarogentin is used as a food additive and as a dietary supplement. The aim of the present investigation is to set-up a convenient process to selectively isolate amarogentin from the ethanolic roots extract of Gentiana lutea. The process consisted in the treatment of an aqueous suspension of such an extract with a panel of 21 solid inorganic / organic sorbents followed by filtration, desorption, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. Among the solid materials tested, those containing Mg+2 in the frame of a lamellar structure provided very good adsorption yields in the range 86.4% - 99.9% (p < 0.05 at Student's t-test). The method we set up could be in principle useful to obtain a pure nature-derived food additive to provide bitter taste to foods and beverages.
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