Plumula Nelumbinis: A review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and safety

Research progress on the natural products in the intervention of myocardial infarction

Coronary heart disease is a prevalent cardiovascular ailment globally, with myocardial infarction (MI) being one of its most severe manifestations. The morbidity and mortality of MI are escalating, showing an increasing trend among younger, highly educated individuals, thereby posing a serious threat to public health. Currently, thrombolysis, percutaneous coronary intervention, and coronary artery bypass grafting are the primary clinical treatments for MI. Although these methods significantly reduce patient mortality, complications often result in poor prognoses. Due to limitations in chemical synthetic drug research, the focus has shifted towards developing herbs based on natural substances. Natural medicines represent a novel approach for safer and more effective MI management and treatment. They can control multiple pathogenic variables by targeting various pathways and systems. This paper investigates the molecular mechanisms of MI and evaluates the application of natural products and medicinal plants in MI treatment over the past 5 years, demonstrating their specific good therapeutic potential and superior tolerance. These natural therapies have been shown to mitigate myocardial cell damage caused by MI through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, myocardial fibrosis, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitophagy, and pyroptosis. This review offers the latest insights into the application of natural products and medicinal plants in MI treatment, elucidating their mechanisms of action and serving as an important reference for MI prevention.

Determination of doping higenamine in Chinese herbal medicines and their concentrated preparations by LC-MS/MS

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has included higenamine in the β2 agonist (S3) category of the Prohibited List since 2017 due to its pharmacological effects on adrenergic receptors. Although higenamine contained in Chinese herbal medicines has been identified by previous studies, comprehensive investigation on the higenamine content of Chinese herbs and their concentrated preparations is still required. This study aimed to determine the levels of higenamine in Chinese medicinal materials and their concentrated preparations used in Chinese medicine prescriptions in Taiwan. The levels of higenamine in Chinese medicinal materials, including Cortex Phellodendri, Flos Caryophylli, Fructus Euodiae, Fructus Kochiae, Plumula Nelumbinis, Radix Aconiti Preparata, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata, and Radix Asari, and their concentrated preparations were determined by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Our results showed that the amounts of higenamine were detected and quantified in studied Chinese medicinal materials and their concentrated preparations, except for Flos Caryophylli, Radix Aconiti Preparata, and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata. Plumula Nelumbinis and Cortex Phellodendri have higher levels of higenamine when compared to other Chinese herbs tested in the present study. The highest level of higenamine was 2100 μg/g found in the Plumula Nelumbinis medicinal material. In contrast with Plumula Nelumbinis and Cortex Phellodendri, higenamine levels below 10 μg/g were found in other most of the studied Chinese medicinal materials and their concentrated preparations. This study confirmed that various Chinese herbs and their concentrated preparations contained higenamine, and it provided more coherent and comprehensive information for reducing the potential risk of higenamine misuse in sports.

Structurally Diverse Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids with Antiadipogenic Activity through PPARγ Downregulation from the Embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Seeds

Six undescribed and six known bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids were isolated from the embryo of Nelumbo nucifera seeds. Their structures were fully characterized by a combination of 1H, 13C NMR, 2D NMR, and HRESIMS analyses, as well as ECD computational calculations. The antiadipogenic activity of 11 alkaloids was observed in a dose-responsive manner, leading to the suppression of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Luciferase assay and Western blot analysis showed that the active alkaloids downregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ, a key antiadipogenic receptor) expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Analysis of the structure-activity relationship unveiled that a 1R,1'S configuration in bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids led to a notable enhancement in antiadipogenic activity. The resistance level against lipid accumulation highlighted a consistent pattern with the suppressive effect on the PPARγ expression. These activity results indicate that alkaloids from the embryo of N. nucifera seeds have a potential of antiobesity effects through PPARγ downregulation.

IMN4NPD: An Integrated Molecular Networking Workflow for Natural Product Dereplication

Molecular networking has emerged as a standard approach for natural product (NP) discovery. However, the current pipeline based on molecular networks tends to prioritize larger clusters comprising multiple nodes. To address this issue, we present the integrated molecular networking workflow for NP dereplication (IMN4NPD). This approach not only expedites the rapid dereplication of extensive clusters within the molecular network but also places specific emphasis on self-looped or pairs of nodes, which are often overlooked by the current methods. By amalgamating the outputs from various computational tools, we efficiently dereplicate compounds falling into specific categories and provide annotations for both large cluster nodes and self-looped or pair of nodes within the molecular network. Furthermore, we have incorporated several fundamentally distinct similarity algorithms, namely, Spec2Vec and MS2DeepScore, for constructing the t-SNE network. Through comparison with modified cosine similarity, we have observed that integrating additional diverse spectral similarity measures, the resulting t-SNE network enhanced the ability to dereplicate NPs. Demonstrating the use case of an ethanol extract of Plumula nelumbinis, we illustrate that an integration of multiple computational solutions with IMN4NPD aids the dereplication, especially self-looped nodes, and in the discovery of novel compounds in NPs.

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera): a multidisciplinary review of its cultural, ecological, and nutraceutical significance

This comprehensive review systematically examines the multifarious aspects of Nelumbo nucifera, elucidating its ecological, nutritional, medicinal, and biomimetic significance. Renowned both culturally and scientifically, Nelumbo nucifera manifests remarkable adaptability, characterized by its extensive distribution across varied climatic regions, underpinned by its robust rhizome system and prolific reproductive strategies. Ecologically, this species plays a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems, primarily through biofiltration, thereby enhancing habitat biodiversity. The rhizomes and seeds of Nelumbo nucifera are nutritionally significant, being rich sources of dietary fiber, essential vitamins, and minerals, and have found extensive culinary applications. From a medicinal perspective, diverse constituents of Nelumbo nucifera exhibit therapeutic potential, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. Recent advancements in preservation technology and culinary innovation have further underscored its role in the food industry, highlighting its nutritional versatility. In biomimetics, the unique "lotus effect" is leveraged for the development of self-cleaning materials. Additionally, the transformation of Nelumbo nucifera into biochar is being explored for its potential in sustainable environmental practices. This review emphasizes the critical need for targeted conservation strategies to protect Nelumbo nucifera against the threats posed by climate change and habitat loss, advocating for its sustainable utilization as a species of significant value.

Liensinine improves AngII-induced vascular remodeling via MAPK/TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Liensinine(Lien, C37H42N2O6) is an alkaloid compound from plumula nelumbinis that demonstrates an antihypertensive effect. The protective effects of Lien on target organs during hypertension are still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to understand the mechanism of Lien during the treatment of hypertension, with emphasis on vascular protection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Lien was extracted and isolated from plumula nelumbinis for further study. In vivo model of Ang II-induced hypertension, non-invasive sphygmomanometer was used to detect the blood pressure in and out of the context of Lien intervention. Ultrasound was used to detect the abdominal aorta pulse wave and media thickness of hypertensive mice, and RNA sequencing was used to detect the differential genes and pathways of blood vessels. The intersection of Lien and MAPK protein molecules was detected by molecular interconnecting technique. The pathological conditions of abdominal aorta vessels of mice were observed by HE staining. The expression of PCNA, α-SMA, Collagen Type Ⅰ and Collagen Type Ⅲ proteins were detected by IHC. The collagen expression in the abdominal aorta was detected by Sirius red staining. The MAPK/TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling and the protein expression of PCNA and α-SMA was detected by Western blot. In vitro, MAPK/TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling and the protein expression of PCNA and α-SMA were detected by Western blot, and the expression of α-SMA was detected by immunofluorescence; ELISA was used to detect the effect of ERK/MAPK inhibitor PD98059 on Ang Ⅱ-induced TGF-β1secrete; and the detection TGF-β1and α-SMA protein expression by Western blot; Western blot was used to detect the effect of ERK/MAPK stimulant12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on the protein expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA.

RESULTS

Lien displayed an antihypertensive effect on Ang Ⅱ-induced hypertension, reducing the pulse wave conduction velocity of the abdominal aorta and the thickness of the abdominal aorta vessel wall, ultimately improving the pathological state of blood vessels. RNA sequencing further indicated that the differential pathways expressed in the abdominal aorta of hypertensive mice were enriched in proliferation-related markers compared with the Control group. The profile of differentially expressed pathways was ultimately reversed by Lien. Particularly, MAPK protein demonstrated good binding with the Lien molecule. In vivo, Lien inhibited Ang Ⅱ-induced abdominal aorta wall thickening, reduced collagen deposition in the ventral aortic vessel, and prevented the occurrence of vascular remodeling by inhibiting MAPK/TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling activation. In addition, Lien inhibited the activation of Ang II-induced MAPK and TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling, attenuating the expression of PCNA and inhibiting the reduction of α-SMA, collectively playing a role in the inhibition of Ang Ⅱ-induced hypertensive vascular remodeling. PD98059 alone could inhibit Ang Ⅱ-induced elevation of TGF-β1 and the decrease of α-SMA expression. Further, PD98059 combined with Lien had no discrepancy with the inhibitors alone. Simultaneously TPA alone could significantly increase the expression of TGF-β1 and decrease the expression of α-SMA. Further, Lien could inhibit the effect of TPA.

CONCLUSION

This study helped clarify the protective mechanism of Lien during hypertension, elucidating its role as an inhibitor of vascular remodeling and providing an experimental basis for the research and development of novel antihypertensive therapies.

Exploring the chemical composition, medicinal benefits, and antioxidant activity of Plumula nelumbinis essential oil from different habitats in China

Plumula nelumbinis, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine known for its calming and nerve-soothing properties, contains essential oil as a primary component. However, research on P. nelumbinis essential oil (PNEO) is limited. This study aimed to investigate PNEO components, network target analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses, and antioxidant activity of P. nelumbinis from ten different habitats. GC-MS analysis identified 14 compounds in the essential oil, with CP12 (β-Sitosterol) having the highest concentration. Five compounds were identified for the first time in P. nelumbinis, with three of them reported for the first time in the Nelumbo. Network target analysis revealed 185 potential targets for 11 compounds and GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that PNEO was mainly located in the plasma membrane and could regulate a variety of molecular functions. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the essential oil was primarily enriched in pathways related to cancer and the nervous system. PNEO demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, with N8 (Fujiannanping) showing the highest ABTS scavenging capacity and N7 (Hunanxiangtan) showing the highest DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Cell experiments showed that CP4, CP5 and CP10 had protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative damage. The study suggests that P. nelumbinis from different regions may have slightly different pharmacological effects due to the presence of unique compounds, and further research is necessary to explore the potential therapeutic benefits of PNEO.

Total alkaloids from the seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. improve cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice and protect Aβ-damaged PC12 cells

The seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. is a famous traditional Chinese medicine and food which is considered conducive to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, the effect and mechanism of TASENN (total alkaloids from the seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on AD mice and amyloid-β (Aβ) injured PC12 cells were evaluated. HPLC-UV analysis showed that the extracted TASENN (purity = 95.6%) mainly contains Liensinine, Isoliensinine, and Neferine (purity was 23.01, 28.02, and 44.57%, respectively). In vivo, oral treatment with TASENN (50 mg/kg/day for 28 days) improved the learning and memory functions of APP/PS1 transgenic mice, ameliorated the histopathological changes of cortical and hippocampal neurons, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis. We found that TASENN reduced the phosphorylation of Tau and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in APP/PS1 mouse brain. Moreover, TASENN down-regulated the expression of APP and BACE1, ameliorated Aβ deposition, and inhibited microglial proliferation and aggregation. The elevated protein expression of CaM and p-CaMKII in APP/PS1 mouse brain was also reduced by TASENN. In vitro, TASENN inhibited the apoptosis of PC12 cells injured by Aβ25-35 and increased the cell viability. Aβ25-35-induced increase of cytosolic free Ca2+ level and high expression of CaM, p-CaMKII, and p-Tau were decreased by TASENN. Our findings indicate that TASENN has a potential therapeutic effect on AD mice and a protective effect on PC12 cells. The anti-AD activity of TASENN may be closely related to its negative regulation of the CaM pathway.

Antimelanogenic Effect of Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Plumula Nelumbinis

Plumula Nelumbinis, the green embryo of a lotus seed, is widely consumed in China as a well-known food with medicinal effects. In this study, 14 alkaloids, including 4 new and 10 known alkaloids, were isolated from it, which were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, and were investigated for their antimelanogenic effects in vitro and in vivo. As a result, melanogenesis in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells was reduced significantly by a new compound 4 and known compound 12 at a concentration of 0.5 μg/mL, and the tyrosinase (TYR) activities were inhibited by 78.7 and 82.0% at 4 μg/mL, prior to α-arbutin (41.3%). Additionally, compounds 4 and 12 also exhibited superior antimelanogenic effects compared to α-arbutin on a zebrafish assay model at equivalent concentrations. Mechanistically, our preliminary findings suggested that compounds 4 and 12 exerted antimelanogenesis effect probably by inhibiting key proteins involved in melanin production such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, TYR, TRP-1, and TRP-2. The findings highlight the potential use of Plumula Nelumbinis containing compounds 4 and 12 as functional foods for treating hyperpigmentation.

Luteolin in the Qi Bi Anshen decoction improves propionic acid-induced autism-like behavior in rats by inhibiting LRP1/MMP9

BACKGROUND

A neurodevelopmental illness with a high frequency and unidentified pathophysiology is known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A research hotspot in this field is the identification of disease-specific biomarkers and drug intervention targets. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can eliminate the symptoms of autism by precisely regulating human physiology. The Qi Bi Anshen decoction (QAT) is a commonly used TCM clinical drug commonly-used to treat for treating ASD. However, the primary active ingredients and underlying mechanisms of action of this decoction remain unknown.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the active ingredients and pharmacodynamics of QAT in the treatment of ASD using a Sprague-Dawley rat model that resembled autism.

METHODS

Autism-like rat models were established through intracerebroventricular injections of propionic acid (PPA). Subsequently, the rats were treated with QAT, and their efficacy was evaluated using the three-chamber method to analyze social interactions and grooming behavior. Additionally, open-field tests, elevated cross-maze tests, hematoxylin and eosin staining, Nissl staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed; Western blot analysis was employed to determine the expression of synaptic plasticity-related proteins. Utilizing ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), the effectiveness of active QAT components was assessed, and potential QAT targets were screened through molecular docking, surface plasmon resonance, and thermal migration experiments. To better understand the precise processes involved in treating ASD with active QAT components, in vivo and in vitro knockdown tests were also performed.

RESULTS

QATexhibited a significant improvement in autism-like behavior and a notable increase in the production of proteins associated with synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, luteolin (LUT), identified as a potentially important active ingredient in QAT for treating ASD, reduced matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP9) expression. However, this effect was attenuated by the knockdown of low-density lipoprotein receptor-associated protein 1 (LRP1), which is the target binding site for LUT.

CONCLUSIONS

LUT emerges as a potentially crucial active component of QAT in the treatment of ASD, with the ability to antagonize LRP1 and subsequently reduce MMP9 expression.

Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Plumula Nelumbinis inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells migration and proliferation by regulating the ORAI2/Akt pathway

Plumula Nelumbinis, the embryo of the seed of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, is commonly used to make tea and nutritional supplements in East Asian countries. A bioassay-guided isolation of Plumula Nelumbinis afforded six previously undescribed bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, as well as seven known alkaloids. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of HRESIMS, NMR, and CD data. Pycnarrhine, neferine-2α,2'β-N,N-dioxides, neferine, linsinine, isolinsinine, and nelumboferine, at 2 μM significantly suppressed the migration of MOVAS cells with inhibition ratio above 50%, more active than that of the positive control cinnamaldehyde (inhibition ratio 26.9 ± 4.92%). Additionally, neferine, linsinine, isolinsinine, and nelumboferine, were also active against the proliferation of MOVAS cells with inhibition ratio greater than 45%. The preliminary structure-activity relationships were discussed. Mechanism studies revealed that nelumboferine inhibited the migration and proliferation of MOVAS cells by regulating ORAI2/Akt signaling pathway.

Recent advances on bioactive compounds, biosynthesis mechanism, and physiological functions of Nelumbo nucifera

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, commonly known as lotus, is a genus comprising perennial and rhizomatous aquatic plants, found throughout Asia and Australia. This review aimed to cover the biosynthesis of flavonoids, alkaloids, and lipids in plants and their types in different parts of lotus. This review also examined the physiological functions of bioactive compounds in lotus and the extracts from different organs of the lotus plant. The structures and identities of flavonoids, alkaloids, and lipids in different parts of lotus as well as their biosynthesis were illustrated and updated. In the traditional medicine systems and previous scientific studies, bioactive compounds and the extracts of lotus have been applied for treating inflammation, cancer, liver disease, Alzheimer's disease, etc. We suggest future studies to be focused on standardization of the extract of lotus, and their pharmacological mechanisms as drugs or functional foods. This review is important for the lotus-based food processing and application.

Liensinine prevents ischemic injury following myocardial infarction via inhibition of Wnt/β‑catenin signaling activation

BACKGROUND

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of deaths worldwide, triggering widespread and irreversible damage to the heart. Currently, there are no drugs that can reverse ischemic damage to the myocardium and hence, finding novel therapeutic agents that can limit the extent of myocardial damage following MI is crucial. Liensinine (LSN) is a naturally derived bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is known to exhibit numerous antioxidative and cardiovascular beneficial effects. However, the role of LSN in MI-induced injury and its underlying mechanisms remain unexplored.

PURPOSE

Our study aims to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of LSN following MI and its underlying molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

We constructed murine models of MI in order to examine the potential cardioprotective effects and mechanisms of LSN in protecting against myocardial ischemic damage both in vivo and in vitro.

RESULTS

Administration with LSN strongly protected against cardiac injuries following MI by decreasing the extent of ischemic damage and improving cardiac function. Additionally, LSN was found to be a potent inhibitor of Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Hence, the beneficial effects of LSN in preventing oxidative and DNA damage following ischemia was due to its ability to inhibit aberrant activation of Wnt/β‑catenin signaling.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings reveal for the first time a novel cardioprotective role of LSN during myocardial infarction and most notably, its ability to protect cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress-induced damage via inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our study therefore suggests new therapeutic potential of LSN or plants that contain the natural alkaloid LSN in ischemic heart diseases.

Discovery of Small-Molecule Antagonists of Orexin 1/2 Receptors from Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plants with a Hypnotic Effect

Insomnia is an important public health problem. The currently available treatments for insomnia can cause some adverse effects. Orexin receptors 1 (OX₁R) and 2 (OX₂R) are burgeoning targets for insomnia treatment. It is an effective approach to screening OX₁R and OX₂R antagonists from traditional Chinese medicine, which contains abundant and diverse chemical components. This study established an in-home ligand library of small-molecule compounds from medicinal plants with a definite hypnotic effect, as described in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Molecular docking was applied to virtually screen potential orexin receptor antagonists using molecular operating environment software, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology was used to detect the binding affinity between potential active compounds and orexin receptors. Finally, the results of virtual screening and SPR analysis were verified through in vitro assays. We successfully screened one potential lead compound (neferine) as an orexin receptor antagonist from the in-home ligand library, which contained more than 1000 compounds. The screened compound was validated as a potential agent for insomnia treatment through comprehensive biological assays. This research enabled the discovery of a potential small-molecule antagonist of orexin receptors for the treatment of insomnia, providing a novel screening approach for the detection of potential candidate compounds for corresponding targets.

Construction and application of covalently bonded CD147 cell membrane chromatography model based on polystyrene microspheres

In this study, a novel cell membrane chromatography (CMC) model was developed to investigate cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) targeted anti-tumor drug leads for specific screening and ligand-receptor interaction analysis by SNAP-tagged CD147 fusion protein conjugation and polystyrene microspheres (PS) modification. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are widely used in the treatment of cancer. CD147 plays important roles in tumor progression and acts as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention; therapeutic drugs for CD147-related cancers are limited to date. Thus, a screening method for active components in TCMs is crucial for the further research and development of CD147 antagonists. However, improvement is still needed to perform specific and accurate drug lead screening using the CMC-based method. Recently, our group developed a covalently immobilized receptor-SNAP-tag/CMC model using silica gel as carrier. Besides the carboxyl group on multi-step modified silica particles, the amino group of benzyl-guanine (BG, substrate of SNAP-tag) also possesses reactivity towards the carboxyl group on available carboxyl-modified PS. Herein, we used PS as carrier and an extended SNAP-tag with CD147 receptor to construct the PS-BG-CD147/CMC model for active compound investigation coupled with HPLC/MS and applied this coupled PS-BG-CD147/CMC-HPLC/MS two-dimensional system to drug lead screening from Nelumbinis Plumula extract (NPE) sample. In addition, to comprehensively verify the pharmacological effects of screened ingredients, a cell proliferation inhibition assay was performed, and the interaction between the ingredients and CD147 was studied by the frontal analysis method. This study developed a high-throughput PS-based CMC screening platform, which could be widely applied and utilized in chromatographic separation and drug lead discovery.

Extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities, and application of the polysaccharides from Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (lotus): A review

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (lotus) is a widely distributed plant with a long history of cultivation and consumption. Almost all parts of the lotus can be used as foodstuff and nourishment, or as an herb. It is noteworthy that the polysaccharides obtained from lotus exhibit surprisingly and satisfying biological activities, which explains the various benefits of lotus to human health, including anti-diabetes, anti-osteoporosis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, etc. Here, we systematically review the recent major studies on extraction and purification methods of polysaccharides from different parts (rhizome, seed, leaf, plumule, receptacle and stamen) of lotus, as well as the characterization of their chemical structure, biological activity and structure-activity relationship, and the applications of lotus polysaccharides in different fields. This article will give an updated and deeper understanding of lotus polysaccharides and provide theoretical basis for their further research and application in human health and manufacture development.

Evaluating the therapeutic role of selected active compounds in Plumula Nelumbinis on pulmonary hypertension via network pharmacology and experimental analysis

Excessive proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) are critical factors leading to vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension (PH). This study aimed to explore the effect and potential mechanism of Plumula Nelumbinis on PH by using network pharmacology and experimental analysis. Network pharmacology and molecular docking results indicated that the potential active components of Plumula Nelumbinis against PH were mainly alkaloid compounds, including neferine, liensinine, and isoliensinine. Subsequently, by constructing a Su5416 plus hypoxia (SuHx)-induced PH rat model, we found that the total alkaloids of Plumula Nelumbinis (TAPN) can reduce the right ventricular systolic pressure, delay the process of pulmonary vascular and right ventricular remodeling, and improve the right heart function in PH rats. In addition, TAPN can effectively reverse the upregulation of collagen1, collagen3, MMP2, MMP9, PCNA, PIM1, and p-SRC protein expression in lung tissue of PH rats. Finally, by constructing a hypoxia-induced PASMCs proliferation and migration model, we further found that TAPN, neferine, liensinine, and isoliensinine could inhibit the proliferation and migration of PASMCs induced by hypoxia; reverse the upregulation of collagen1, collagen3, MMP2, MMP9, PCNA, PIM1 and p-SRC protein expression in PASMCs. Based on these observations, we conclude that the alkaloid compounds extracted from Plumula Nelumbinis (such as neferine, liensinine, and isoliensinine) can inhibit the abnormal proliferation and migration of PASMCs by regulating the expression of p-SRC and PIM1, thereby delaying the progression of PH.

MYPT1 reduction is a pathogenic factor of erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is closely associated with smooth muscle dysfunction, but its underlying mechanisms remains incompletely understood. We here reported that the reduced expression of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1), the main regulatory unit of myosin light chain phosphatase, was critical for the development of vasculogenic ED. Male MYPT1 knockout mice had reduced fertility and the penises displayed impaired erections as evidenced by reduced intracavernous pressure (ICP). The penile smooth muscles of the knockout mice displayed enhanced response to G-Protein Couple Receptor agonism and depolarization contractility and resistant relaxation. We further identified a natural compound lotusine that increased the MYPT1 expression by inhibiting SIAH1/2 E3 ligases-mediated protein degradation. This compound sufficiently restored the ICP and improved histological characters of the penile artery of Mypt1 haploinsufficiency mice. In diabetic ED mice (db/db), the decreased expression of MYPT1 was measured, and ICP was improved by lotusine treatment. We conclude that the reduction of MYPT1 is the major pathogenic factor of vasculogenic ED. The restoration of MYPT1 by lotusine improved the function of injured penile smooth muscles, and could be a novel strategy for ED therapy.

Liensinine Inhibits Cell Growth and Blocks Autophagic Flux in Nonsmall-Cell Lung Cancer

Liensinine is a bioactive component of Plumula Nelumbinis extracted from the green embryo of the mature seeds of Nelumbonaceae and exhibits therapeutic functions and noteworthy anti-tumor effects in recent studies. However, the potential anti-tumor property and the underlying mechanisms of liensinine in nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have not been illustrated. In this study, we demonstrated that liensinine has the potential anti-tumor property, and it could inhibit growth of NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we found that although it induced significant accumulation of autophagosomes, liensinine could quench them for degradation and blocked autophagic flux. Importantly, we observed that liensinine inhibited the normal function of mitochondrial energy supply and impaired the lysosomal function. This research firstly provides a possibility insight that liensinine could be a novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.

The anticardiac fibrosis of total alkaloids of Plumula nelumbinis by regulating circulating lipidomic profile: In vivo study

Plumula nelumbinis has great medicinal potential as a herbal tea and traditional drug in China. This study was aimed to evaluate the anticardiac fibrosis of the total alkaloids of P. nelumbinis (TAP). TAP at 50 mg/kg/day significantly ameliorated isoproterenol-induced cardiac fibrosis in mice (p < .05). The circulating lipidomics study revealed that TAP improved the lipid metabolism dysfunction in cardiac fibrosis. Meanwhile, TAP suppressed the lipid accumulation, decreased MDA level (p < .01) in heart, and increased FFA level (p < .01). Furthermore, integrating lipidomics, chemical profiles and pharmacology network analysis found that AMPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways were the potential targeted pathway by TAP to regulate lipid metabolism dysfunction including glycerophospholipid metabolism. Above all, TAP provided a potential anticardiac fibrosis effect partly through regulation of lipid profiles. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The total alkaloids of Plumula nelumbinis (TAP) suppressed ISO-induced cardiac fibrosis in mice. Network pharmacology analysis and experiments revealed that TAP-regulated AMPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway to improve lipid metabolism disorder in cardiac fibrosis. This study provides evidence to the therapeutic potential of TAP in the treatment of ISO-induced cardiac fibrosis and could be a drug candidate for prevention and treatment of cardiac fibrosis.

Lotus Seed Green Embryo Extract and a Purified Glycosyloxyflavone Constituent, Narcissoside, Activate TRPV1 Channels in Dorsal Root Ganglion Sensory Neurons

Several studies have documented the broad-spectrum bioactivities of a lotus seed (Plumula nelumbinis [PN]) green embryo extract. However, the specific bioactive components and associated molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aimed to identify the ion channel-activating mechanisms of PN extracts. Using fluorometric imaging and patch-clamp recordings, PN extracts were screened for calcium channel activation in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The TRPV1 channels in DRG neurons were strongly activated by the PN extract (mean amplitude of 131 ± 45 pA at 200 μg/mL) and its purified glycosyloxyflavone narcissoside (401 ± 271 pA at 100 μM). Serial treatment with a 200 μg/mL PN extract in TRPV1-overexpressing HEK293T cells induced robust desensitization to 10 ± 10% of the initial current amplitude. Thus, we propose that the PN extract and narcissoside function as TRPV1 agonists. This new finding may advance our knowledge regarding the traditional and scientific functions of PN in human health and disease.

Higenamine in Plants as a Source of Unintentional Doping

BACKGROUND

Higenamine is a β2 agonist of plant origin. The compound has been included in WADA's prohibited list since 2017. Higenamine may be detected in different plants and many food supplements of natural origin.

METHODS

Our literature search was conducted through PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science studies investigating the presence of higenamine in plants that are used in traditional folk medicine or included in food supplements. Our study aimed to assess the risk of adverse analytical findings caused by higenamine-containing plants.

RESULTS

Based on our literature search, Nelumbo nucifera, Tinospora crispa, Nandina domestica, Gnetum parvifolium, Asarum siebodii,Asarum heterotropoides, Aconitum carmichaelii, and Aristolochia brasiliensis are higenamine-containing plants. Based on data from Eastern folk medicine, these plants can provide numerous health benefits. Professional athletes likely ingest these plants without knowing that they contain higenamine; these herbs are used in treatments for different conditions and various foods/food supplements in addition to folk medicine.

CONCLUSION

Athletes and their teams must be aware of the issues associated with the use of plant-based products. They should avoid consuming higenamine-containing plants during and outside of competition periods.

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) and Its Bioactive Phytocopounds: A Tribute to Cancer Prevention and Intervention

Simple Summary

The plant Nelumbo nucifera (Gaertn.), commonly known as lotus, sacred lotus, Indian lotus, water lily, or Chinese water lily, is an aquatic perennial crop belonging to the family of Nelumbonaceae. N. nucifera has traditionally been used as an herbal medicine and functional food in many parts of Asia. It has been found that different parts of this plant consist of various bioactive phytocompounds. Within the past few decades, N. nucifera and its phytochemicals have been subjected to intense cancer research. In this review, we critically evaluate the potential of N. nucifera phytoconstituents in cancer prevention and therapy with related mechanisms of action.

Abstract

Cancer is one of the major leading causes of death worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests a strong relationship between specific dietary habits and cancer development. In recent years, a food-based approach for cancer prevention and intervention has been gaining tremendous attention. Among diverse dietary and medicinal plants, lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., family Nymphaeaceae), also known as Indian lotus, sacred lotus or Chinese water lily, has the ability to effectively combat this disease. Various parts of N. nucifera have been utilized as a vegetable as well as an herbal medicine for more than 2000 years in the Asian continent. The rhizome and seeds of N. nucifera represent the main edible parts. Different parts of N. nucifera have been traditionally used to manage different disorders, such as fever, inflammation, insomnia, nervous disorders, epilepsy, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. It is believed that numerous bioactive components, including alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, steroids, and glycosides, are responsible for its various biological and pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, antiviral, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and hypoglycemic activities. Nevertheless, there is no comprehensive review with an exclusive focus on the anticancer attributes of diverse phytochemicals from different parts of N. nucifera. In this review, we have analyzed the effects of N. nucifera extracts, fractions and pure compounds on various organ-specific cancer cells and tumor models to understand the cancer-preventive and therapeutic potential and underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of this interesting medicinal and dietary plant. In addition, the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and possible toxicity of N. nucifera-derived phytochemicals, as well as current limitations, challenges and future research directions, are also presented.

Protective effect of sterols extracted from Lotus plumule on ethanol-induced injury in GES-1 cells in vitro

In this study, sterols were isolated from Lotus plumule by Soxhlet extraction and saponification and were further characterized by GC-MS analysis. The results showed that the sterols extracted from Lotus plumule mainly contained β-sitosterol, fucosterol, and campesterol. Models were established in vitro to investigate the protective effects of Lotus plumule sterols (LPSs) on ethanol-induced injury in human gastric epithelium (GES-1) cells. The results showed that appropriate concentrations of LPSs and β-sitosterol could protect GES-1 cells from ethanol-induced injury by reducing ROS levels, reducing calcium ion release, increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blot experiment results also showed that appropriate concentrations of LPSs and β-sitosterol could up-regulate the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and down-regulate the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 in GES-1 cells. Meanwhile, sterol pretreatment groups down-regulated the protein expression levels of p-P38 and p-JNK in ethanol-damaged GES-1 cells and up-regulated the expression level of p-ERK, suggesting that sterols protect GES-1 cells from ethanol-induced damage by regulating the MAPK signaling pathway. Taken together, Lotus plumule sterols could effectively prevent gastric cell damage in vitro and suggest the potential application of LPSs as bioactive ingredients for healthy foods.

Alkaloids from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera): recent advances in biosynthesis, pharmacokinetics, bioactivity, safety, and industrial applications

Different parts of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) including the seeds, rhizomes, leaves, and flowers, are used for medicinal purposes with health promoting and illness preventing benefits. The presence of active chemicals such as alkaloids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids (particularly alkaloids) may account for this plant's pharmacological effects. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview and summarize up-to-date research on the biosynthesis, pharmacokinetics, and bioactivity of lotus alkaloids as well as their safety. Moreover, the potential uses of lotus alkaloids in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors are explored. Current evidence shows that alkaloids, mainly consisting of aporphines, 1-benzylisoquinolines, and bisbenzylisoquinolines, are present in different parts of lotus. The bioavailability of these alkaloids is relatively low in vivo but can be enhanced by technological modification using nanoliposomes, liposomes, microcapsules, and emulsions. Available data highlights their therapeutic and preventive effects on obesity, diabetes, neurodegeneration, cancer, cardiovascular disease, etc. Additionally, industrial applications of lotus alkaloids include their use as food, medical, and cosmetic ingredients in tea, other beverages, and healthcare products; as lipid-lowering, anticancer, and antipsychotic drugs; and in facial masks, toothpastes, and shower gels. However, their clinical efficacy and safety remains unclear; hence, larger and longer human trials are needed to achieve their safe and effective use with minimal side effects.

Natural Ingredients from Medicine Food Homology as Chemopreventive Reagents against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Modulating Gut Microbiota Homoeostasis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a noteworthy worldwide public health problem. It represents a complex metabolic disorder, mainly characterized as hyperglycemia and lipid dysfunction. The gut microbiota dysbiosis has been proposed to play a role in the development of diabetes. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the use of medicine food homology (MFH) and functional food herbs (FF) to ameliorate diabetes and lead to a natural and healthy life. Hence, this review compiles some reports and findings to demonstrate that the practical use of the MFH/FF can modulate the homoeostasis of gut microbiota, thereby ameliorating the development of T2DM. The results provided useful data to support further investigation of the functional basis and application of MFH/FF to treat T2DM through maintaining intestinal homeostasis.