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Leonti M. Are we romanticizing traditional knowledge? A plea for more experimental studies in ethnobiology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2024; 20:56. [PMID: 38797828 PMCID: PMC11128107 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-024-00697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In answer to the debate question "Is ethnobiology romanticizing traditional practices, posing an urgent need for more experimental studies evaluating local knowledge systems?" I suggest to follow-up on field study results adopting an inclusive research agenda, and challenge descriptive data, theories, and hypotheses by means of experiments. Traditional and local knowledge are generally associated with positive societal values by ethnobiologists and, increasingly also by stakeholders. They are seen as a way for improving local livelihoods, biocultural diversity conservation and for promoting sustainable development. Therefore, it is argued that such knowledge needs to be documented, protected, conserved in situ, and investigated by hypothesis testing. Here I argue that a critical mindset is needed when assessing any kind of knowledge, whether it is modern, local, indigenous, or traditional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leonti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
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Blaizot R, Armanville F, Michaud C, Boceno C, Dupart O, Pansart C, Niemetzky F, Couppie P, Nacher M, Adenis A, Chosidow O, Duvignaud A. Scabies in French Guiana: Quantitative and qualitative factors associated with therapeutic failure. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:602-612. [PMID: 38041562 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies for the control of scabies should be adapted to local settings. Traditional communities in French Guiana have non-Western conceptions of disease and health. OBJECTIVES The objectives for this study were to explore knowledge, attitudes and practices to identify potential factors associated with the failure of scabies treatment in these communities. METHODS Patients with a clinical diagnosis of scabies, seen at either the Cayenne Hospital or one of 13 health centres between 01 April 2021 and 31 August 2021, were included as participants, and were seen again after 6 weeks to check for persistence of lesions. Factors associated with treatment failure were looked for both at inclusion and at 6 weeks. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a diversified subsample of participants. RESULTS In total, 164 participants were included in the quantitative component, and 21 were interviewed for the qualitative component. Declaring that the second treatment dose had been taken was associated with therapeutic success. Western treatments were not always affordable. Better adherence was observed with topical treatments than with oral ivermectin, whereas permethrin monotherapy was associated with failure. Scabies-associated stigma was high among Amerindians and Haitians but absent in Ndjuka Maroons. Participants reported environmental disinfection as being very complex. CONCLUSIONS The treatment of scabies in traditional Guianan communities may vary depending on local perceptions of galenic formulations, disease-associated stigma and differences in access to health care. These factors should be taken into account when devising strategies for the control of scabies aimed at traditional communities living in remote areas, and migrant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blaizot
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Service de Dermatologie, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Inserm CIC 1424, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques, Cayenne, French Guiana
- UMR 1019 Tropical Biomes and Immunophysiopathology (TBIP), Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Groupe Infectiologie Dermatologique- Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles, Société Française de Dermatologie, Paris, France
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - F Armanville
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - C Michaud
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - C Boceno
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Permanence d'Accès aux Soins de Santé, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - O Dupart
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Permanence d'Accès aux Soins de Santé, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - C Pansart
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Permanence d'Accès aux Soins de Santé, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - F Niemetzky
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - P Couppie
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Service de Dermatologie, Cayenne, French Guiana
- UMR 1019 Tropical Biomes and Immunophysiopathology (TBIP), Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - M Nacher
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Inserm CIC 1424, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - A Adenis
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Inserm CIC 1424, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - O Chosidow
- Groupe Infectiologie Dermatologique- Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles, Société Française de Dermatologie, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - A Duvignaud
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux Population Health Centre, University of Bordeaux, INSERM UMR 1219, IRD EMR 271, Bordeaux, France
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Abreu MB, Ferraz TSDO, Albuquerque UP, Ferreira Júnior WS. Interactions between local medical systems and the biomedical system: a conceptual and methodological review in light of hybridization subprocesses. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2023; 19:60. [PMID: 38093307 PMCID: PMC10720130 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-023-00637-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Local medical systems (LMSs) are complex and dynamic, encompassing local perceptions of diseases, prevention and treatment strategies, and evaluations of therapeutic responses. These systems are not isolated and interact with other medical systems, such as the biomedical system. The interaction between these systems creates a "contact zone", which some authors refer to as intermedicality, involving both competitive and complementary interactions. However, there is limited discussion in the literature regarding the complexity of these interactions. Some studies seek to understand this interaction through the lens of hybridization, a concept introduced to ethnobiology by Ana Ladio and Ulysses Albuquerque. The authors conceptualize hybridization as "discrete structures and practices coming together to form a new practice not necessarily implying homogenization." They discuss hybridization in the context of medicinal plants used in urban settings and propose seven hybridization subprocesses to gain a deeper understanding of this phenomenon. In this study, we update these hybridization subprocesses, expanding the concepts to comprehend the specific interaction of resources from LMS and biomedical systems known and used by different human groups. In this context, we propose a new subprocess and have made adjustments to the existing subprocesses to encompass the diversity of possible interactions between medicinal plants and pharmaceuticals, providing evidence from the literature demonstrating interactions that can be classified within the proposed subprocesses. Furthermore, we discuss, from a theoretical standpoint, how these subprocesses may have implications for the resilience of medical systems. Moreover, we propose a flowchart that can be utilized to identify these hybridization subprocesses in intermedicality contexts in future studies. These classifications are crucial because they enable us to comprehend the complexity of interactions between medicinal plants and pharmaceuticals, as well as the impacts that these different interactions can have on the resilience of LMSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Barros Abreu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n - Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Investigações Bioculturais no Semiárido, Universidade de Pernambuco, Campus Petrolina, Rodovia BR 203, Km2, s/n - Vila Eduardo, Petrolina, PE, 56328903, Brazil
| | - Thais Samila de Oliveira Ferraz
- Laboratório de Investigações Bioculturais no Semiárido, Universidade de Pernambuco, Campus Petrolina, Rodovia BR 203, Km2, s/n - Vila Eduardo, Petrolina, PE, 56328903, Brazil
| | - Ulysses Paulino Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Sistemas Socioecológicos, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50670-900, Brazil
| | - Washington Soares Ferreira Júnior
- Laboratório de Investigações Bioculturais no Semiárido, Universidade de Pernambuco, Campus Petrolina, Rodovia BR 203, Km2, s/n - Vila Eduardo, Petrolina, PE, 56328903, Brazil.
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Gaillet M, Musset L, Cropet C, Djossou F, Mallard A, Odonne G, Davy D, Douine M, Epelboin L, Lazrek Y, Mathieu L, Nacher M, Mosnier E. Determination of different social groups' level of knowledge about malaria in a multicultural Amazonian cross-border context. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1585. [PMID: 37598208 PMCID: PMC10439639 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A steady decline in the number of cases of malaria was observed in the 2000s in French Guiana. This enabled regional health policies to shift their public health goal from control to elimination. To include inhabitants in this strategy, the main objective of this study was to describe knowledge about malaria, and related attitudes and practices in persons living in the French Guiana border. METHODS We conducted a survey in people over 15 years old living in the twelve neighbourhoods of Saint-Georges de l'Oyapock with the highest malaria incidence. It comprised a 147-item questionnaire which collected data on socio-demographic characteristics and included a Knowledge Attitude and Practices survey on malaria. Knowledge-related data were studied using exploratory statistical methods to derive summary variables. A binary variable assessing level of knowledge was proposed and then assessed using exploratory approaches. RESULTS The mean age of the 844 participants was 37.2 years [15.8], the male/female sex ratio was 0.8. In terms of nationality, 485 (57.5%) participants were Brazilian and 352 (41.7%) French. One third (305, 36.1%) spoke Brazilian Portuguese as their native language, 295 (34.9%) the Amerindian language Palikur, 36 (4.3%) French. The symptoms of malaria and prevention means were poorly known by 213 (25.2%) and 378 (44.8%) respondents, respectively. A quarter (206, 24.4%) did not know that malaria can be fatal. Overall, 251 people (29.7%) had an overall poor level of knowledge about malaria. Being under 25 years old, living in a native Amerindian neighbourhood, having an Amerindian mother tongue language, having risk behaviours related to gold mining were significantly associated with a poor level of knowledge. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to describe the poor level of knowledge about malaria in populations living in the malaria endemic border area along the Oyapock river in French Guiana. Results will allow to reinforce, to diversify and to culturally adapt prevention messages and health promotion to increase their effectiveness with a view to quickly reaching the goal of malaria elimination through empowerment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Gaillet
- Service des Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.
- Écosystèmes Amazoniens Et Pathologie Tropicale, EA3593, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.
| | - Lise Musset
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Pôle Zones Endémiques, WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance, Institut Pasteur de La Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Claire Cropet
- Centre d'investigation Clinique, INSERM1424, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Félix Djossou
- Écosystèmes Amazoniens Et Pathologie Tropicale, EA3593, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
- Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Adeline Mallard
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Pôle Zones Endémiques, WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance, Institut Pasteur de La Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Guillaume Odonne
- UMSR Laboratoire Écologie, Évolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens, CNRS-Université de Guyane-IFREMER, OHM Oyapock, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Damien Davy
- UMSR Laboratoire Écologie, Évolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens, CNRS-Université de Guyane-IFREMER, OHM Oyapock, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Maylis Douine
- Écosystèmes Amazoniens Et Pathologie Tropicale, EA3593, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
- Centre d'investigation Clinique, INSERM1424, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Loic Epelboin
- Écosystèmes Amazoniens Et Pathologie Tropicale, EA3593, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
- Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Yassamine Lazrek
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Pôle Zones Endémiques, WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance, Institut Pasteur de La Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Luana Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Pôle Zones Endémiques, WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance, Institut Pasteur de La Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d'investigation Clinique, INSERM1424, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Emilie Mosnier
- Service des Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de La Santé & Traitement de L'Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
- ANRS, MIE, University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Rapinski M, Cuerrier A, Davy D. Adaptations in the transformation of cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz; Euphorbiaceae) for consumption in the dietary management of diabetes: the case of Palikur, or Parikwene People, from French Guiana. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1061611. [PMID: 37252236 PMCID: PMC10213250 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1061611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the French overseas department of French Guiana, in South America, nutrition therapy for the management of diabetes is based on French guidelines. However, this region is demographically diverse and includes several populations of Indigenous Peoples, Parikwene among others, also called Palikur. Due to socio-economical, cultural, and geographical differences, along with distinctions in the local food system, dietary recommendations, which many consider in the context of post-colonial power dynamics, are not well suited to local populations. In the absence of suitable recommendations, it is hypothesized that local populations will adapt their dietary practices considering diabetes as an emerging health problem. Methods Seventy-five interviews were conducted with community members and Elders, as well as healthcare professionals and administrators providing services to the Parikwene population of Macouria and Saint-Georges de l'Oyapock communes. Data regarding the representation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) consumption and diabetes were collected via semi-structured interviews and participant observation (i.e., observation and participation in community activities), namely via participating in activities related to the transformation of cassava tubers at swidden and fallow fields. Results and Discussion Parikwene have adapted the transformation of cassava tubers for their consumption in the management of diabetes.The importance of cassava tubers as a staple and core food to the Parikwene food system was established by identifying it as a cultural keystone species. Narratives illustrated conflicting perceptions regarding the implication of cassava consumption in the development of diabetes. Adaptations to the operational sequence involved in the transformation of cassava tubers led to the production of distinct cassava roasted semolina (i.e., couac), based on organoleptic properties (i.e., sweet, and acidic couac). Preferences for the consumption of acidic couac were grounded in the Parikwene knowledge system, as well as attention to diabetes related symptoms and glucometer readings. Conclusion These results provide important insights related to knowledge, attitudes, and practices in developing locally and culturally adapted approaches to providing dietary recommendations in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rapinski
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Université de Montréal, Jardin botanique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- UAR 3456 Laboratoire Ecologie, Evolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), CNRS, Université de Guyane, IFREMER, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Alain Cuerrier
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (IRBV), Université de Montréal, Jardin botanique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Damien Davy
- UAR 3456 Laboratoire Ecologie, Evolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), CNRS, Université de Guyane, IFREMER, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Frausin G, dos Santos Bruno AC, Freitas Hidalgo AD, Ming LC, Milliken W, Pohlit AM. Amazonian Forest Peoples' Perceptions of Malaria on the Upper Rio Negro, Brazil, are Shaped by Both Local and Scientific Knowledge. J ETHNOBIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-42.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Frausin
- Independent researcher. Cra. 10 no. 6-53 Barrio Las Avenidas, Florencia-Caquetá, Colombia
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Easy Access to Biomedicine and Knowledge about Medicinal Plants: A Case Study in a Semiarid Region of Brazil. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5073625. [PMID: 35911135 PMCID: PMC9334072 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5073625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate how proximity to urban areas interferes with the relationship between socioeconomic variables and various aspects of medicinal plant knowledge. The study was conducted in six communities of the Catimbau National Park (PARNA Catimbau) in the state of Pernambuco. Eighty participants were interviewed. The communities were divided into two groups according to their distance from the nearest urban center. Socioeconomic data and information on medicinal plants were collected through semistructured interviews. Subsequently, generalized linear models were generated to verify the influence of the interaction between the variables on medicinal knowledge. We observed that proximity to the urban center influenced the relationship between the level of education and the knowledge of body systems treated by medicinal plants. We concluded that environmental variables can generate a differentiated effect on the influence of socioeconomic factors on one's knowledge of medicinal plants.
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Douine M, Granier S, Brureau K, Breton J, Michaud C, Gaillet M, Agostini C, Ballet M, Nacher M, Valdes A, Abboud P, Adenis A, Djossou F, Epelboin L, Vignier N. Levers and Barriers to Vaccinate against COVID-19 in the Multicultural Context of French Guiana: A Qualitative Cross-Sectional Survey among Health Care Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1216. [PMID: 34835147 PMCID: PMC8622149 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In French Guiana, a French overseas territory in South America facing a fourth wave of COVID-19, vaccination coverage is very low, both in the population and among health care workers (HCWs). Vaccine hesitancy concerned 35.7% of the latter in early 2021. The objective of this complementary study is to understand barriers and levers and to adapt messages to increase vaccination coverage among HCWs. We conducted a regional cross-sectional survey of HCWs with a questionnaire containing open-ended questions exploring factors associated with vaccine hesitancy and the needs to adapt the vaccination campaign in French Guiana. The discourses were analyzed using a qualitative approach based on grounded theory, with open coding of data by themes and construction of abstract categories. The analysis of the 357 responses collected from January to March 2021 reveals several trends. The ethical aspect of the HCWs' role emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated themselves (to protect patients, to set an example...) and of vaccinating as many people as possible, including the most geographically or socially distant, such as undocumented migrants. However, some HCWs remain suspicious of the vaccine with concerns over the efficacy and side effects, of health institutions, and of the pharmaceutical industry. The role of fake news circulating on social networks has been widely discussed. Efforts to explain and convince HCWs must be continued in French Guiana using the identified levers to improve the acceptability of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maylis Douine
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, DRISP, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Av des Flamboyants, 97300 Cayenne, France; (S.G.); (K.B.); (M.N.); (A.A.); (N.V.)
- TBIP (Tropical Biome and Immuno Physiopathology), U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Guyane, Campus de Troubiran, 97337 Guyane Française, France; (F.D.); (L.E.)
| | - Sibylle Granier
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, DRISP, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Av des Flamboyants, 97300 Cayenne, France; (S.G.); (K.B.); (M.N.); (A.A.); (N.V.)
- Département Universitaire de Médecine Générale Montpellier-Nîmes, Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Kepha Brureau
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, DRISP, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Av des Flamboyants, 97300 Cayenne, France; (S.G.); (K.B.); (M.N.); (A.A.); (N.V.)
- Département Universitaire de Médecine Générale, Campus de la Fouillole, Université des Antilles, BP 145, 97145 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Jacques Breton
- Union Régionale des Professions de Santé—Médecins Libéraux de Guyane, Av des Flamboyants, 97300 Cayenne, France;
| | - Céline Michaud
- Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, Av des Flamboyants, 97300 Cayenne, France; (C.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Mélanie Gaillet
- Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, Av des Flamboyants, 97300 Cayenne, France; (C.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Camille Agostini
- Centre Hospitalier Ouest Guyanais, Av Paul Castaing, 97320 Saint Laurent du Maroni, France;
| | - Mathilde Ballet
- Agence Régionale de la Santé de Guyane, Av des Flamboyants, 97300 Cayenne, France;
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, DRISP, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Av des Flamboyants, 97300 Cayenne, France; (S.G.); (K.B.); (M.N.); (A.A.); (N.V.)
- TBIP (Tropical Biome and Immuno Physiopathology), U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Guyane, Campus de Troubiran, 97337 Guyane Française, France; (F.D.); (L.E.)
| | - Audrey Valdes
- Hygiene Department, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, Av des Flamboyants, 97300 Cayenne, France;
| | - Philippe Abboud
- Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, 97300 Cayenne, France;
| | - Antoine Adenis
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, DRISP, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Av des Flamboyants, 97300 Cayenne, France; (S.G.); (K.B.); (M.N.); (A.A.); (N.V.)
- Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, 97300 Cayenne, France;
| | - Félix Djossou
- TBIP (Tropical Biome and Immuno Physiopathology), U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Guyane, Campus de Troubiran, 97337 Guyane Française, France; (F.D.); (L.E.)
- Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, 97300 Cayenne, France;
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- TBIP (Tropical Biome and Immuno Physiopathology), U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Guyane, Campus de Troubiran, 97337 Guyane Française, France; (F.D.); (L.E.)
- Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, 97300 Cayenne, France;
| | - Nicolas Vignier
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, CIC Inserm 1424, DRISP, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Av des Flamboyants, 97300 Cayenne, France; (S.G.); (K.B.); (M.N.); (A.A.); (N.V.)
- Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Inserm UMR 1136, Department of social Epidemiology, IPLESP, Sorbonne Université, 27 rue de Chaligny, 75012 Paris, France
- UFR SMBH, Faculté de Médecine, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93000 Bobigny, France
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