1
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Zerillo L, Polvere I, Stilo R, Vito P, Rinaldi M, Zotti T, Costagliola C. Diverse effects of synthetic glucocorticoid species on cell viability and stress response of neuroblastoma cells. Neuroscience 2024; 554:1-10. [PMID: 39002754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used as powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapeutics in multiple pathological conditions. However, compelling evidence indicates that they might promote neurodegeneration by altering mitochondrial homeostatic processes. Although the effect of dexamethasone on cell survival and homeostasis has been widely investigated, the effect of other glucocorticoids needs to be explored in more detail. In this report, we have compared the neurotoxicity induced by dexamethasone, prednisolone, betamethasone, and hydrocortisone in cultured neuroblastoma cells, through the analysis of several parameters such as cell viability, ER stress, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial fusion and fission markers. Interestingly, we have found that synthetic glucocorticoids may impact neuronal viability by affecting different cellular responses, suggesting that their therapeutic use should be consciously decided after careful consideration of benefits and detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Zerillo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy; Genus Biotech, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | | | - Romania Stilo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | - Pasquale Vito
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy; Genus Biotech, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | - Michele Rinaldi
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Zotti
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy.
| | - Ciro Costagliola
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy
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2
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Ponticelli C, Reggiani F, Moroni G. Autophagy: A Silent Protagonist in Kidney Transplantation. Transplantation 2024; 108:1532-1541. [PMID: 37953477 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent regulated mechanism that recycles unnecessary cytoplasmic components. It is now known that autophagy dysfunction may have a pathogenic role in several human diseases and conditions, including kidney transplantation. Both defective and excessive autophagy may induce or aggravate several complications of kidney transplantation, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, alloimmune response, and immunosuppressive treatment and side effects. Although it is still complicated to measure autophagy levels in clinical practice, more attention should be paid to the factors that may influence autophagy. In kidney transplantation, the association of low doses of a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor with low doses of a calcineurin inhibitor may be of benefit for autophagy modulation. However, further studies are needed to explore the role of other autophagy regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Reggiani
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Moroni
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
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3
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Wang W, Jiang H, Yu J, Lou C, Lin J. Astaxanthin-mediated Nrf2 activation ameliorates glucocorticoid-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired bone formation of glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rats. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:294. [PMID: 38745231 PMCID: PMC11092235 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteonecrosis of the femoral head caused by glucocorticoids (GIONFH) is a significant issue resulting from prolonged or excessive clinical glucocorticoid use. Astaxanthin, an orange-red carotenoid present in marine organisms, has been the focus of this study to explore its impact and mechanism on osteoblast apoptosis induced by dexamethasone (Dex) and GIONFH. METHODS In this experiment, bioinformatic prediction, molecular docking and dynamics simulation, cytotoxicity assay, osteogenic differentiation, qRT-PCR analysis, terminal uridine nickend labeling (TUNEL) assay, determination of intracellular ROS, mitochondrial function assay, immunofluorescence, GIONFH rat model construction, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans were performed. RESULTS Our research demonstrated that a low dose of astaxanthin was non-toxic to healthy osteoblasts and restored the osteogenic function of Dex-treated osteoblasts by reducing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. Furthermore, astaxanthin rescued the dysfunction in poor bone quality, bone metabolism and angiogenesis of GIONFH rats. The mechanism behind this involves astaxanthin counteracting Dex-induced osteogenic damage by activating the Nrf2 pathway. CONCLUSION Astaxanthin shields osteoblasts from glucocorticoid-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction via Nrf2 pathway activation, making it a potential therapeutic agent for GIONFH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Second Clinical School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongyi Jiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Second Clinical School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiachen Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Second Clinical School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chao Lou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
- The Second Clinical School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
- The Second Clinical School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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4
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Zhong M, Wu Z, Chen Z, Wu L, Zhou J. Geniposide alleviates cholesterol-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in osteoblasts by mediating the GLP-1R/ABCA1 pathway. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:179. [PMID: 38468352 PMCID: PMC10926581 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol (CHO) is an essential component of the body. However, high CHO levels in the body can damage bone mass and promote osteoporosis. CHO accumulation can cause osteoblast apoptosis, which has a negative effect on bone formation. The pathogenesis of osteoporosis is a complicate process that includes oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammation. Geniposide (GEN) is a natural compound with anti-osteoporotic effect. However, the roles of GEN in osteopathogenesis are still unclear. Our previous studies demonstrated that GEN could reduce the accumulation of CHO in osteoblasts and the activation of ER stress in osteoblasts. However, the molecular mechanism of GEN in inhibiting CHO-induced apoptosis in osteoblasts needs to be further investigated. METHODS MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with osteogenic induction medium (OIM). Ethanol-solubilized cholesterol (100 µM) was used as a stimulator, and 10 µM and 25 µM geniposide was added for treatment. The alterations of protein expression were detected by western blot, and the cell apoptosis was analyzed by a flow cytometer. RESULTS CHO promoted osteoblast apoptosis by activating ER stress in osteoblasts, while GEN alleviated the activation of ER stress and reduced osteoblast apoptosis by activating the GLP-1R/ABCA1 pathway. Inhibition of ABCA1 or GLP-1R could eliminate the protective activity of GEN against CHO-induced ER stress and osteoblast apoptosis. CONCLUSION GEN alleviated CHO-induced ER stress and apoptosis in osteoblasts by mediating the GLP-1R/ABCA1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Zhong
- College of Rehabilitation, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Zhixi Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Longhuo Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- Department of Joint Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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Xiao Y, Xie X, Chen Z, Yin G, Kong W, Zhou J. Advances in the roles of ATF4 in osteoporosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115864. [PMID: 37948991 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is characterized by reduced bone mass, decreased strength, and enhanced bone fragility fracture risk. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) plays a role in cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, redox balance, amino acid uptake, and glycolipid metabolism. ATF4 induces the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) into osteoblasts, increases osteoblast activity, and inhibits osteoclast formation, promoting bone formation and remodeling. In addition, ATF4 mediates the energy metabolism in osteoblasts and promotes angiogenesis. ATF4 is also involved in the mediation of adipogenesis. ATF4 can selectively accumulate in osteoblasts. ATF4 can directly interact with RUNT-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and up-regulate the expression of osteocalcin (OCN) and osterix (Osx). Several upstream factors, such as Wnt/β-catenin and BMP2/Smad signaling pathways, have been involved in ATF4-mediated osteoblast differentiation. ATF4 promotes osteoclastogenesis by mediating the receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) signaling. Several agents, such as parathyroid (PTH), melatonin, and natural compounds, have been reported to regulate ATF4 expression and mediate bone metabolism. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the biological activities of ATF4 in maintaining bone homeostasis and inhibiting OP development. ATF4 has become a therapeutic target for OP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaosheng Xiao
- Department of Orthopaetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xunlu Xie
- Department of Pathology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhixi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Guoqiang Yin
- Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Weihao Kong
- Department of Joint Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- Department of Joint Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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Yang Y, Jiang Y, Qian D, Wang Z, Xiao L. Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis with natural products: Regulatory mechanism based on cell ferroptosis. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:951. [PMID: 38082321 PMCID: PMC10712195 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT With the development of society, the number of patients with osteoporosis is increasing. The prevention and control of osteoporosis has become a serious and urgent issue. With the continuous progress of biomedical research, ferroptosis has attracted increased attention. However, the pathophysiology and mechanisms of ferroptosis and osteoporosis still need further study. Natural products are widely used in East Asian countries for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we will discuss the basic mechanisms of ferroptosis, the relationship between ferroptosis and osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and in vitro and in vivo studies of natural products to prevent osteoporosis by interfering with ferroptosis. METHODS This article takes ferroptosis, natural products, osteoporosis, osteoblasts and osteoclast as key words. Retrieve literature from 2012 to 2023 indexed in databases such as PubMed Central, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and ISI. RESULTS Ferroptosis has many regulatory mechanisms, including the system XC -/GSH/GPX4, p62/Keap1/Nrf2, FSP1/NAD (P) H/CoQ10, P53/SAT1/ALOX15 axes etc. Interestingly, we found that natural products, such as Artemisinin, Biochanin A and Quercetin, can play a role in treating osteoporosis by promoting ferroptosis of osteoclast and inhibiting ferroptosis of osteoblasts. CONCLUSIONS Natural products have great potential to regulate OBs and OCs by mediating ferroptosis to prevent and treat osteoporosis, and it is worthwhile to explore and discover more natural products that can prevent and treat osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshang Yang
- Translational Medical Innovation Center, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital of Yangzhou University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital of Yangzhou University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Translational Medical Innovation Center, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital of Yangzhou University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daoyi Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital of Yangzhou University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- Translational Medical Innovation Center, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital of Yangzhou University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital of Yangzhou University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Long Xiao
- Translational Medical Innovation Center, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital of Yangzhou University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital of Yangzhou University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, Jiangsu, China.
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Wu Y, Wang X, Yang L, Kang S, Yan G, Han Y, Fang H, Sun H. Potential of alisols as cancer therapeutic agents: Investigating molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115722. [PMID: 37865991 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Albeit remarkable achievements in anti-cancer endeavors, the prevention and treatment of cancer remain unresolved challenges. Hence, there is an urgent need to explore new and efficacious natural compounds with potential anti-cancer therapeutic agents. One such group of compounds is alisols, tetracyclic triterpene alcohols extracted from alisma orientale. Alisols play a significant role in cancer therapy as they can suppress cancer cell proliferation and migration by regulating signaling pathways such as mTOR, Bax/Bcl-2, CHOP, caspase, NF-kB and IRE1. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that alisols can be absorbed entirely, rapidly, and evenly distributed in vivo. Moreover, alisols are low in toxicity and relatively safe to take. Remarkably, each alisol can be converted into many compounds with different pathways to their anti-cancer effects in the body. Thus, alisols are regarded as promising anti-cancer agents with minimal side effects and low drug resistance. This review will examine and discuss alisols' anti-cancer molecular mechanism, pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Based on a comprehensive analysis of nearly 20 years of research, we evaluate the therapeutic potential of alisols for various types of cancer and offer insights and strategies for developing new cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinqi Wu
- State key laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classical formula and modern Chinese medicine, National Chinmedomics Research Center, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xijun Wang
- State key laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classical formula and modern Chinese medicine, National Chinmedomics Research Center, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dade Road 111, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dade Road 111, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyu Kang
- State key laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classical formula and modern Chinese medicine, National Chinmedomics Research Center, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guangli Yan
- State key laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classical formula and modern Chinese medicine, National Chinmedomics Research Center, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ying Han
- State key laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classical formula and modern Chinese medicine, National Chinmedomics Research Center, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Heng Fang
- State key laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classical formula and modern Chinese medicine, National Chinmedomics Research Center, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State key laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classical formula and modern Chinese medicine, National Chinmedomics Research Center, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China.
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Park JS, Lee C, Cheon SY, Lee Y, Jeon H, Lee D, Kim SH, Lim SG, Koo H. Efficient drug supply in stem cell cytosol via pore-forming saponin nanoparticles promotes in vivo osteogenesis and bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122342. [PMID: 37804721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Directional differentiation of stem cells is a key step in stem cell therapy. In this study, we developed saponin-based nanoparticles (Ad-SNPs) containing dexamethasone (Dex) and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) to promote osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and bone regeneration. The Ad-SNPs can achieve rapid cellular uptake through a pore-forming effect without cytotoxic cationic charges. They also provide extended retention in cell cytosol due to their uptake route. These properties are advantageous in efficiently supplying drugs to the hMSCs. The combination of Dex and ALA facilitated mitochondrial fusion and prevented reactive oxygen species-induced DNA damage. It also helped to preserve mitochondrial dynamics, and the efficient supply of it provided by the Ad-SNPs induced differentiation of hMSCs into osteoblasts. The Ad-SNPs showed outstanding performance in osteoblast differentiation, maturation, and mineralization in 3D culture compared with NPs without saponin and with free drugs. When Ad-SNP-treated hMSCs were tested in a rat femoral bone defect model, they showed the fastest regeneration of bones and complete repair in the shortest period among all groups. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first application of pore-forming saponin-based NPs with rapid cellular uptake and extended retention to stem cell therapy, and we demonstrated their promising potential in bone regeneration and efficient delivery of Dex and ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Park
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, and Catholic Photomedicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaehyun Lee
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, and Catholic Photomedicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Cheon
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, and Catholic Photomedicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeeun Lee
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, and Catholic Photomedicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Jeon
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, and Catholic Photomedicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, and Catholic Photomedicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hee Kim
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, and Catholic Photomedicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Gi Lim
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, and Catholic Photomedicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Heebeom Koo
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, and Catholic Photomedicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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Zhong M, Wu Z, Chen Z, Ren Q, Zhou J. Advances in the interaction between endoplasmic reticulum stress and osteoporosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115134. [PMID: 37437374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main site for protein synthesis, folding, and secretion, and accumulation of the unfolded/misfolded proteins in the ER may induce ER stress. ER stress is an important participant in various intracellular signaling pathways. Prolonged- or high-intensity ER stress may induce cell apoptosis. Osteoporosis, characterized by imbalanced bone remodeling, is a global disease caused by many factors, such as ER stress. ER stress stimulates osteoblast apoptosis, increases bone loss, and promotes osteoporosis development. Many factors, such as the drug's adverse effects, metabolic disorders, calcium ion imbalance, bad habits, and aging, have been reported to activate ER stress, resulting in the pathological development of osteoporosis. Increasing evidence shows that ER stress regulates osteogenic differentiation, osteoblast activity, and osteoclast formation and function. Various therapeutic agents have been developed to counteract ER stress and thereby suppress osteoporosis development. Thus, inhibition of ER stress has become a potential target for the therapeutic management of osteoporosis. However, the in-depth understanding of ER stress in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis still needs more effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Zhong
- College of Rehabilitation, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhixi Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qun Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- Department of Joint Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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10
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Xiao Y, Zhang S, Ye Y, Chen J, Xu Y. Geniposide suppressed OX-LDL-induced osteoblast apoptosis by regulating the NRF2/NF-κB signaling pathway. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:641. [PMID: 37649066 PMCID: PMC10466864 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis (OP), due to microarchitectural alterations, is associated with decreased bone mass, declined strength, and increased fracture risk. Increased osteoblast apoptosis contributes to the progression of OP. Natural compounds from herbs provide a rich resource for drug screening. Our previous investigation showed that geniposide (GEN), an effective compound from Eucommia ulmoides, could protect against the pathological development of OP induced by cholesterol accumulation. METHODS The rat OP models were duplicated. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate bone changes. TUNEL/DAPI staining assays were used for cell apoptosis detection. Protein expression was determined by western blotting assays. RESULTS A high-fat diet promoted OP development in vivo, and OX-LDL stimulated osteoblast apoptosis in vitro. GEN exhibited protective activities against OX-LDL-induced osteoblast apoptosis by increasing the NRF2 pathway and decreasing the NF-κB pathway. PDTC, an NF-κB inhibitor, could further promote the biological functions of GEN. In contrast, ML385, an NRF2 inhibitor, might eliminate GEN's protection. CONCLUSION GEN suppressed OX-LDL-induced osteoblast apoptosis by regulating the NRF2/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaosheng Xiao
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yongjun Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jincai Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Youjia Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
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11
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Ran D, Yan W, Yanhong B, Hong W. Geniposide augments apoptosis in fibroblast-like synoviocytes by restoring hypoxia-enhanced JNK-BNIP3-mediated autophagy. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:1745-1760. [PMID: 37624402 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the main effector cells of chronic inflammation and hyperplasia of synovium, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) show abnormal proliferation and insufficient apoptosis in the hypoxic microenvironment, which is due to the increase of BNIP3-mediated autophagy. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of geniposide (GE) on hypoxia-induced hyper-proliferative FLSs with a focus on autophagy and the JNK-BNIP3 pathway. METHODS The dynamic changes of autophagy, apoptosis, and hypoxia-related proteins in adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The proliferation, autophagy, apoptosis, and mitochondrial state of FLSs were detected by CCK-8, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Western blot, qRT-PCR, and co-immunoprecipitation were used to detect the expression of the JNK-BNIP3 pathway. RESULTS The excessive accumulation of BNIP3 in the synovium of AA rats was accompanied by inhibition of apoptosis and an increase in autophagy. GE inhibited the expression of BNIP3, enhanced apoptosis, decreased autophagy, and improved chronic inflammation and hyperplasia of synovium. The amount of autophagy under different oxygen concentrations was the key to mediating the different survival rates of FLSs, and the inhibition of autophagy triggered apoptosis. GE suppressed the proliferation of FLSs and down-regulated autophagy, leading to the accumulation of ROS and the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, induced the increase of apoptosis, and suppressed the accumulation of BNIP3 and the hyperphosphorylation of JNK. CONCLUSION GE inhibited autophagy by restoring the hypoxia-induced activated JNK-BNIP3 pathway, inducing mitochondrial oxidative damage, augmented apoptosis, and decreased survival rate of FLSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Ran
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Wang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research &, Developmentof Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Bu Yanhong
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research &, Developmentof Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Wu Hong
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research &, Developmentof Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
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12
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Wu T, Jiang Y, Shi W, Wang Y, Li T. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: a novel targeted approach to repair bone defects by regulating osteogenesis and angiogenesis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:480. [PMID: 37464413 PMCID: PMC10353205 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration therapy is clinically important, and targeted regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is important in regenerative medicine. The processing of proteins in the ER controls cell fate. The accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins occurs in pathological states, triggering ER stress. ER stress restores homeostasis through three main mechanisms, including protein kinase-R-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1ɑ (IRE1ɑ) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), collectively known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, the UPR has both adaptive and apoptotic effects. Modulation of ER stress has therapeutic potential for numerous diseases. Repair of bone defects involves both angiogenesis and bone regeneration. Here, we review the effects of ER stress on osteogenesis and angiogenesis, with emphasis on ER stress under high glucose (HG) and inflammatory conditions, and the use of ER stress inducers or inhibitors to regulate osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In addition, we highlight the ability for exosomes to regulate ER stress. Recent advances in the regulation of ER stress mediated osteogenesis and angiogenesis suggest novel therapeutic options for bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yaping Jiang
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Weipeng Shi
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yingzhen Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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13
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Tang LD, Wang JY, Zhang Y, Chen XY, Zhang L, Yuan Y. Iridoid from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Exerts Antiarthritis Effects by Inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway In Vivo and In Vitro. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2023; 2023:4167906. [PMID: 37123081 PMCID: PMC10132903 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4167906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of EU-Idd both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, we used the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model to investigate the efficacy of EU-Idd on rheumatoid arthritis. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Safranin O-fast green staining were used to evaluate the pathological status of the ankle joints in CIA rats. Micro-CT scanning was used to investigate bone erosion of the ankle joints. In vitro, the effect of EU-Idd on Th17 cell differentiation was identified by flow cytometry. TRAP staining was used to detect osteoclast cells. HFLS-RA model cells, induced by tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of EU-Idd while the levels of related inflammatory cytokines and JAK2/STAT3 proteins were detected by RT-qPCR and western blotting. EU-Idd alleviated joint inflammation in CIA rats and exerted protective effects on the ankle joints. EU-Idd also prevented the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th17 cells, reduced the number of osteoclasts, and improved the expression levels of bone metabolism-related proteins including OPG and RANKL. Moreover, EU-Idd inhibited the invasion and migration of HFLS-RA cells and downregulated the expression of related inflammatory cytokine genes and the protein expression levels of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3, both in vivo and in vitro. EU-Idd exerts anti-inflammatory and osteoprotective effects by regulating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in rheumatoid arthritis. These results are beneficial to excavate new pharmaceutical ingredients for rheumatoid arthritis from iridoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Dong Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Ying Wang
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Chen
- Shanghai Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Rheumatoid Department, No. 725 South Wanpin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, 201203 Shanghai, China
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14
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Duan Y, Su YT, Ren J, Zhou Q, Tang M, Li J, Li SX. Kidney tonifying traditional Chinese medicine: Potential implications for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1063899. [PMID: 36699069 PMCID: PMC9868177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1063899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging global population is increasingly affected by osteoporosis (OP), which is one of the most significant threats to the elderly. Moreover, its prevention and treatment situations have become increasingly severe. Therefore, it is imperative to develop alternatives or complementary drugs for preventing and treating osteoporosis. Kidney tonifying traditional Chinese medicine (KTTCM) has been used for the treatment of osteoporosis for a long time. Pharmacological studies have shown that kidney tonifying traditional Chinese medicine can promote osteoblasts, inhibit osteoclasts, and regulate the level of estrogen and plays vital roles in stimulating osteogenesis, restraining adipogenesis of marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), regulating the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, and inhibiting oxidative stress. These effects are mediated by OPG/RANKL/RANK, BMP/Smads, MAPKs, and Wnt/β-catenin systems. To develop a safe, synergistic, effective, and homogenized TCM formula with robust scientific evidence to provide faster and more economical alternatives, the anti-osteoporosis ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms of kidney tonifying traditional Chinese medicine are recapitulated from the perspective of molecular and cell biology, and the safety and toxicity of kidney tonifying traditional Chinese medicine have also been reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Duan
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Bioactive Substance Discovery of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China,Hunan Province Sino-US International Joint Research Center for Therapeutic Drugs of Senile Degenerative Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-Ting Su
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Bioactive Substance Discovery of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China,Hunan Province Sino-US International Joint Research Center for Therapeutic Drugs of Senile Degenerative Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Hunan Province Sino-US International Joint Research Center for Therapeutic Drugs of Senile Degenerative Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Qun Zhou
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Bioactive Substance Discovery of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China,Hunan Province Sino-US International Joint Research Center for Therapeutic Drugs of Senile Degenerative Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Bioactive Substance Discovery of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China,Hunan Province Sino-US International Joint Research Center for Therapeutic Drugs of Senile Degenerative Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Li
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Bioactive Substance Discovery of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China,Hunan Province Sino-US International Joint Research Center for Therapeutic Drugs of Senile Degenerative Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Shun-Xiang Li
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Bioactive Substance Discovery of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China,Hunan Province Sino-US International Joint Research Center for Therapeutic Drugs of Senile Degenerative Diseases, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Shun-Xiang Li,
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15
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Li Z, Li D, Chen R, Gao S, Xu Z, Li N. Cell death regulation: A new way for natural products to treat osteoporosis. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106635. [PMID: 36581167 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disease that results from the imbalance of homeostasis within the bone. Intra-bone homeostasis is dependent on a precise dynamic balance between bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by mesenchymal lineage osteoblasts, which comprises a series of complex and highly standardized steps. Programmed cell death (PCD) (e.g., apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis) is a cell death process that involves a cascade of gene expression events with tight structures. These events play a certain role in regulating bone metabolism by determining the fate of bone cells. Moreover, existing research has suggested that natural products derived from a wide variety of dietary components and medicinal plants modulate the PCDs based on different mechanisms, which show great potential for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, thus revealing the emergence of more acceptable complementary and alternative drugs with lower costs, fewer side effects and more long-term application. Accordingly, this review summarizes the common types of PCDs in the field of osteoporosis. Moreover, from the perspective of targeting PCDs, this review also discussed the roles of currently reported natural products in the treatment of osteoporosis and the involved mechanisms. Based on this, this review provides more insights into new molecular mechanisms of osteoporosis and provides a reference for developing more natural anti-osteoporosis drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Li
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Dandan Li
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Renchang Chen
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Shang Gao
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Zhanwang Xu
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China; Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Nianhu Li
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China; Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China.
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16
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Huang J, Ye Y, Xiao Y, Ren Q, Zhou Q, Zhong M, Jiao L, Wu L. Geniposide ameliorates glucocorticoid-induced osteoblast apoptosis by activating autophagy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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17
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Liu L, Wu Q, Chen Y, Gu G, Gao R, Peng B, Wang Y, Li A, Guo J, Xu X, Shao X, Li L, Shen Y, Sun J. Updated Pharmacological Effects, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential of Natural Product Geniposide. Molecules 2022; 27:3319. [PMID: 35630796 PMCID: PMC9144884 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the potential of natural products in new drug development has attracted more and more scientists' attention, and natural products have become an important source for the treatment of various diseases or important lead compounds. Geniposide, as a novel iridoid glycoside compound, is an active natural product isolated from the herb Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJ) for the first time; it is also the main active component of GJ. Recent studies have found that geniposide has multiple pharmacological effects and biological activities, including hepatoprotective activity, an anti-osteoporosis effect, an antitumor effect, an anti-diabetic effect, ananti-myocardial dysfunction effect, a neuroprotective effect, and other protective effects. In this study, the latest research progress of the natural product geniposide is systematically described, and the pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of geniposide are also summarized and discussed comprehensively. We also emphasize the major pathways modulated by geniposide, offering new insights into the pharmacological effects of geniposide as a promising drug candidate for multiple disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Qin Wu
- Medical School, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (Q.W.); (G.G.)
| | - Yuping Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China;
| | - Guoxiang Gu
- Medical School, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (Q.W.); (G.G.)
| | - Runan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Bo Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Anbang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Jipeng Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Xinru Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Xiaochen Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Lingxing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ya Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China; (L.L.); (R.G.); (B.P.); (Y.W.); (A.L.); (J.G.); (X.X.); (X.S.); (L.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Jihu Sun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, #283 Jiefang South Road, Yancheng 224000, China
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