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Wang J, Xue Y, Wu B, Lei M, Ma H, He X, Tan Q, Guan J, Song W, Li R, Cui X. Toxic effect and mRNA mechanism of moon dust simulant induced pulmonary inflammation in rats. Toxicology 2024; 505:153805. [PMID: 38621634 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Moon dust presents a significant hazard to manned moon exploration missions, yet our understanding of its toxicity remains limited. The objective of this study is to investigate the pattern and mechanism of lung inflammation induced by subacute exposure to moon dust simulants (MDS) in rats. SD rats were exposed to MDS and silica dioxide through oral and nasal inhalation for 6 hours per day continuously for 15 days. Pathological analysis indicated that the toxicity of MDS was lower than that of silica dioxide. MDS led to a notable recruitment and infiltration of macrophages in the rat lungs. Material characterization and biochemical analysis revealed that SiO2, Fe2O3, and TiO2 could be crucial sources of MDS toxicity. The study revealed that MDS-induced oxidative stress response can lead to pulmonary inflammation, which potentially may progress to lung fibrosis. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that MDS suppresses the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, triggers the Tnfr2 non-classical NF-kB pathway and IL-17 signaling pathway, ultimately causing lung inflammation and activating predominantly antioxidant immune responses. Moreover, the study identified the involvement of upregulated genes IL1b, csf2, and Sod2 in regulating immune responses in rat lungs, making them potential key targets for preventing pulmonary toxicity related to moon dust exposure. These findings are expected to aid in safeguarding astronauts against the hazardous effects of moon dust and offer fresh insights into the implications and mechanisms of moon dust toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Wang
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Lei
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Honglei Ma
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxing He
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Guan
- Aier Eye Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Renfu Li
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinguang Cui
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Martínez Morales S, Cerón Bretón JG, Carbajal N, Cerón Bretón RM, Lara Severino R, Kahl JD, Carrillo Ávila JR, Carranco Lozada SE, Espinosa Guzmán A, Pech Pech IE, Garcia Martinez R, Robles Heredia JC, Hernández López G, Solís Canul JA, Uc Chi MP. PM 2.5-bound trace metals in an urban area of Northern Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic: characterization, sources, and health risk. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2023; 16:1-20. [PMID: 37359394 PMCID: PMC10191825 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-023-01372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract A field study was carried out in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey (MAM), the second most populated city in Mexico, characterized by increasing urbanization, high traffic density, and intense industrial activity. These characteristics commonly present high concentrations of air pollutants leading to the degradation of air quality. PM2.5 was analyzed for heavy metals at two urban sites located within the MAM (Juarez and San Bernabe) in order to determine sources, health risk, morphology, and elemental content during the COVID-19 pandemic (autumn 2020 and spring 2021). Twenty-four-hour samples of PM2.5 were collected at each site during 30-day periods using high-volume equipment. Gravimetric concentrations and 11 metals were measured (Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Cr, and Pb) by different analytical techniques (flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy). Selected samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy-energy-disperse spectroscopy in order to characterize their morphology and elemental content. PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the Mexican standard and WHO guidelines in Juarez during spring 2021. Cu, Cd, and Co were highly enriched by anthropogenic sources, and Ni, K, Cr, and Pb had a moderate enrichment. Mg, Mn, and Ca were of crustal origin. Bivariate statistics and PCA confirmed that alkaline metals originated from crustal sources and that the main sources of trace metals included traffic emissions, resuspension from soil/road dust, steel industry, smelting, and non-exhaust emissions at both sites. Lifetime cancer risk coefficients did not exceed the permissible levels established by EPA and WHO, implying that local residents are not at risk of developing cancer. Non-carcinogenic risk coefficients revealed that there is a possible risk of suffering cardiovascular and respiratory diseases due to inhalation of cobalt at the study sites. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11869-023-01372-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Martínez Morales
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, División de Geociencias Aplicadas, 78216 San Luis Potosí, México
| | | | - Noel Carbajal
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, División de Geociencias Aplicadas, 78216 San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Rosa Maria Cerón Bretón
- Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Facultad de Química, Ciudad del Carmen, 24180 Campeche, Mexico
| | - Reyna Lara Severino
- Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Ciudad del Carmen, 24115 Campeche, Mexico
| | - Jonathan D.W. Kahl
- University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, School of Freshwater Science, 53201 Milwaukee, USA
| | - Jair Rafael Carrillo Ávila
- Secretaría de Medio Ambiente del Estado de Nuevo León, Sistema Integral de Monitoreo Ambiental, Nuevo León 64010 Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Alberto Espinosa Guzmán
- Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Centro de Investigación en Corrosión, San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, 24079 Mexico
| | - Ildefonso Esteban Pech Pech
- Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Centro de Investigación en Corrosión, San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, 24079 Mexico
| | - Rocío Garcia Martinez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jose Angel Solís Canul
- Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Facultad de Química, Ciudad del Carmen, 24180 Campeche, Mexico
| | - Martha Patricia Uc Chi
- Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Facultad de Química, Ciudad del Carmen, 24180 Campeche, Mexico
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Zhao P, Zhao P, Tang J, Casuccio GS, Gao J, Li J, He Y, Li M, Feng Y. Source identification and apportionment of ambient particulate matter in Beijing using an advanced computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160608. [PMID: 36462658 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of electron microscopy to analyze the morphology, composition, and sources of atmospheric particles has been studied extensively worldwide. However, in China, there are few studies on single-particle source analysis based on computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) technology for a large number of particles, and the related technical methods need to be established and improved. In this study, ambient particulate matter (PM) was collected simultaneously from urban, suburban, and background areas of Beijing in spring 2018 and subsequently characterized using the IntelliSEM-EPAS™ technology (an advanced CCSEM software). The deposition velocity model was used to deduce the size distribution and calculate the concentration of ambient PM. Based on the k-means algorithm and empirical rules, all particles investigated were quantitatively apportioned to nine major sources, including soil/road dust, carbonates-silicates, carbonates, irregular carbonaceous particles, irregular iron oxides, combustion/industry, calcium sulfate, secondary particles, and salt-related particles. The size-resolved contributions (mass and number) of different sources were calculated. For example, soil/road dust (65.1 %), carbonate-silicate (16.1 %), and carbonate (7.1 %) were the top three sources contributing to PM10 mass. This study was the first localized application of IntelliSEM-EPAS technology in China, demonstrating its great promise in PM source apportionment. For further accurate and refined source apportionment, it is essential to build localized individual particle source profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Joint Laboratory for Electron Microscopy Analysis of Atmospheric Particles, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Pusheng Zhao
- Joint Laboratory for Electron Microscopy Analysis of Atmospheric Particles, Beijing 100012, China; Beijing Met High-Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 102200, China.
| | - Jie Tang
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Joint Laboratory for Electron Microscopy Analysis of Atmospheric Particles, Beijing 100012, China
| | | | - Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Joint Laboratory for Electron Microscopy Analysis of Atmospheric Particles, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Beijing Met High-Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 102200, China; Joint Laboratory for Electron Microscopy Analysis of Atmospheric Particles, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanyun He
- Beijing Met High-Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 102200, China
| | - Mengyan Li
- Beijing Met High-Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 102200, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Franzin BT, Guizellini FC, Hojo O, Pastre IA, de Marchi MRR, Silva HF, Fertonani FL, Oliveira CM. Chemical and morpho-structural characterization of atmospheric aerosol (PM 10 and PM 2.5) in a city of São Paulo state, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59486-59498. [PMID: 33844139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To access the sources of air pollutants is crucial to control atmospheric pollution in urban areas, minimizing human exposure. Particulate matter is a pollutant of great concern making its chemical and morpho-structural characterization of enormous importance. The present work aims at the characterization of atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5. Data of the aerosol mass concentration was correlated by multivariate analysis with water-soluble ion fraction composition accessed by ion chromatography (IC), as well as with meteorological information and air mass backward trajectories. The gravimetric analysis presented average values 3 to 4 times higher than the guide values recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). A morpho-structural analysis by SEM/FEG coupled to EDS was also carried out identifying the coarse fraction elements from minerals and from soil resuspension organic spherical particles that originated from combustion processes as well as Ti, associated with long-distance transportation. In the fine fraction, Zn with origin probably in tires and vehicle brakes was found. These origins were confirmed by the air masses' backward trajectories obtained by the HYSPLIT model (NOAA). This study contributes to a better understanding of the complex composition of the particulate material in the atmosphere of Araraquara City, resulting from the combination of local and long-distance sources, and serves as a basis for the comparison with future studies related to the air quality at this and other regions in Brazil and in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Trevizan Franzin
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil.
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edif. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | | | - Ossamu Hojo
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Iêda Aparecida Pastre
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences Institute, Ibilce, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | | | - Hugo Félix Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edif. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- Área Departamental de Engenharia Química do Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, ISEL-ADEQ, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1059-007, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Luis Fertonani
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences Institute, Ibilce, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edif. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
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Castanheiro A, Wuyts K, Hofman J, Nuyts G, De Wael K, Samson R. Morphological and elemental characterization of leaf-deposited particulate matter from different source types: a microscopic investigation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25716-25732. [PMID: 33471309 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) deposition on urban green enables the collection of particulate pollution from a diversity of contexts, and insight into the physico-chemical profiles of PM is key for identifying main polluting sources. This study reports on the morphological and elemental characterization of PM2-10 deposited on ivy leaves from five different environments (forest, rural, roadside, train, industry) in the region of Antwerp, Belgium. Ca. 40,000 leaf-deposited particles were thoroughly investigated by particle-based analysis using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and their physico-chemical characteristics were explored for PM source apportionment purposes. The size distribution of all deposited particles was biased towards small-sized PM, with 32% of the particles smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and median diameters of 2.80-3.09 μm. The source type influenced both the particles' size and morphology (aspect ratio and shape), with roadside particles being overall the smallest in size and the most spherical. While forest and rural elemental profiles were associated with natural PM, the industry particles revealed the highest anthropogenic metal input. PM2-10 profiles for roadside and train sites were rather comparable and only distinguishable when evaluating the fine (2-2.5 μm) and coarse (2.5-10 μm) PM fractions separately, which enabled the identification of a larger contribution of combustion-derived particles (small, circular, Fe-enriched) at the roadside compared to the train. Random forest prediction model classified the source type correctly for 61-85% of the leaf-deposited PM. The still modest classification accuracy denotes the influence of regional background PM and demands for additional fingerprinting techniques to facilitate source apportionment. Nonetheless, the obtained results demonstrate the utility of leaf particle-based analysis to fingerprint and pinpoint source-specific PM, particularly when considering both the composition and size of leaf-deposited particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Castanheiro
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Karen Wuyts
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jelle Hofman
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- Solutions4IoT Lab, Imec, High Tech Campus 31, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Nuyts
- Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry & Speciation (AXES), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- Antwerp X-ray Analysis, Electrochemistry & Speciation (AXES), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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Wang YW, Wu YH, Zhang JZ, Tang JH, Fan RP, Li F, Yu BY, Kou JP, Zhang YY. Ruscogenin attenuates particulate matter-induced acute lung injury in mice via protecting pulmonary endothelial barrier and inhibiting TLR4 signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:726-734. [PMID: 32855531 PMCID: PMC8114925 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhalation of particulate matter (PM) is closely related to respiratory damage, including acute lung injury (ALI), characterized by inflammatory fluid edema and disturbed alveolar-capillary permeability. Ruscogenin (RUS), the main active ingredient in the traditional Chinese medicine Ophiopogonis japonicus, has been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity and rescue LPS-induced ALI. In this study, we investigated whether and how RUS exerted therapeutic effects on PM-induced ALI. RUS (0.1, 0.3, 1 mg·kg-1·d-1) was orally administered to mice prior to or after intratracheal instillation of PM suspension (50 mg/kg). We showed that RUS administration either prior to or after PM challenge significantly attenuated PM-induced pathological injury, lung edema, vascular leakage and VE-cadherin expression in lung tissue. RUS administration significantly decreased the levels of cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β, as well as the levels of NO and MPO in both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum. RUS administration dose-dependently suppressed the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and the expression of TLR4 and MyD88 in lung tissue. Furthermore, TLR4 knockout partly diminished PM-induced lung injury, and abolished the protective effects of RUS in PM-instilled mice. In conclusion, RUS effectively alleviates PM-induced ALI probably by inhibition of vascular leakage and TLR4/MyD88 signaling. TLR4 might be crucial for PM to initiate pulmonary lesion and for RUS to exert efficacy against PM-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yun-Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jia-Zhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jia-Hui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Rui-Ping Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Bo-Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jun-Ping Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Sequential SEM-EDS, PLM, and MRS Microanalysis of Individual Atmospheric Particles: A Useful Tool for Assigning Emission Sources. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9020037. [PMID: 33670617 PMCID: PMC7922855 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the particulate matter (PM) from three different monitoring stations in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area in Mexico were investigated for their compositional, morphological, and optical properties. The main aim of the research was to decipher the different sources of the particles. The methodology involved the ex situ sequential analysis of individual particles by three analytical techniques: scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS). The microanalysis was performed on samples of total suspended particles. Different morphologies were observed for particles rich in the same element, including prismatic, spherical, spheroidal, and irregular morphologies. The sequential microanalysis by SEM-EDS/PLM/MRS revealed that Fe-rich particles with spherical and irregular morphologies were derived from anthopogenic sources, such as emissions from the metallurgical industry and the wear of automobile parts, respectively. In contrast, Fe-rich particles with prismatic morphologies were associated with natural sources. In relation to carbon (C), the methodology was able to distinguish between the C-rich particles that came from different anthopogenic sources—such as the burning of fossil fuels, biomass, or charcoal—and the metallurgical industry. The optical properties of the Si-rich particles depended, to a greater extent, on their chemical composition than on their morphology, which made it possible to quickly and accurately differentiate aluminosilicates from quartz. The methodology demonstrated in this study was useful for performing the speciation of the particles rich in different elements. This differentiation helped to assign their possible emission sources.
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Mancheno T, Zalakeviciute R, González-Rodríguez M, Alexandrino K. Assessment of metals in PM 10 filters and Araucaria heterophylla needles in two areas of Quito, Ecuador. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05966. [PMID: 33553731 PMCID: PMC7855334 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliability of Araucaria heterophylla needles as a biomonitor was evaluated by analyzing the concentration of metals in PM10 filters and in Araucaria heterophylla needles. The sampling campaign was carried out at two sites in the city of Quito, Ecuador, in 2017–2019. Concentrations of Cr, Cu, K, Mn, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, Al and Mg were determined in PM10 filters and in Araucaria heterophylla needles using an Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The annual mean concentrations of PM10 ranged between 24.9 and 26.3 μg m−3, exceeding the limit established by the World Health Organization (20 μg m−3). Statistical analyses, performed for the PM10 filters, showed that dust resuspension and anthropogenic activities were important sources for PM10 emissions in the city. Metals related to natural emissions (Ca, Mg, K, Al and Fe) dominated in both types of samples, while the minor metals were those related to anthropogenic emissions (Zn, Cu, Cr and Pb). The former were positively associated with the needle samples, while the latter were associated with PM10 filters. This work not only improved scientific knowledge on the concentrations of PM10 and metals in the Andean city of Quito, but also greatly contributed to the progress of research on the use of Araucaria heterophylla needles as a biomonitor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasa Zalakeviciute
- Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, EC 170125, Ecuador.,Grupo de Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Américas, calle José Queri y Av. De los Granados/Bloque 7, Quito, EC 170125, Ecuador.,SI2Lab, FICA, Universidad de Las Américas, Ecuador
| | - Mario González-Rodríguez
- Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, EC 170125, Ecuador.,SI2Lab, FICA, Universidad de Las Américas, Ecuador
| | - Katiuska Alexandrino
- Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, EC 170125, Ecuador.,Grupo de Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Américas, calle José Queri y Av. De los Granados/Bloque 7, Quito, EC 170125, Ecuador
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Miculescu F, Luță C, Constantinescu AE, Maidaniuc A, Mocanu AC, Miculescu M, Voicu ȘI, Ciocan LT. Considerations and Influencing Parameters in EDS Microanalysis of Biogenic Hydroxyapatite. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:jfb11040082. [PMID: 33203117 PMCID: PMC7711801 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium phosphates (CPs) used as biomaterials have been intensively studied in recent years. In most studies, the determination of the chemical composition is mandatory. Due to the versatility and possibilities of performing qualitative and quantitative compositional analyses, energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) is a widely used technique in this regard. The range of calcium phosphates is very diverse, the first method of approximating the type of compound being EDS microanalysis, by assessing the atomic Ca/P ratio. The value of this ratio can be influenced by several factors correlated with instrumental parameters and analysed samples. This article highlights the influence of the electron beam acceleration voltage (1 kV-30 kV) and of the particle size of calcium phosphate powders on the EDS analysis results. The characterised powders were obtained from bovine bones heat-treated at 1200 °C for 2 h, which have been ground and granulometrically sorted by mechanical vibration. The granulometric sorting generated three types of samples, with particle sizes < 20 μm, < 40 μm and < 100 μm, respectively. These were morphologically and dimensionally analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compositionally by EDS, after the spectrometer was calibrated with a standard reference material (SRM) from NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). The results showed that the adjusting of acceleration voltage and of the powder particle size significantly influences the spectrum profile and the results of EDS analyses, which can lead to an erroneous primary identification of the analysed calcium phosphate type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Miculescu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.); (A.E.C.); (A.-C.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-21-3169563
| | - Cristina Luță
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.); (A.E.C.); (A.-C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Andreea Elena Constantinescu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.); (A.E.C.); (A.-C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Andreea Maidaniuc
- S.C. Nuclear NDT Research & Services S.R.L, 104 Berceni St., Central Laboratory Building, 041919 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Aura-Cătălina Mocanu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.); (A.E.C.); (A.-C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Marian Miculescu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.); (A.E.C.); (A.-C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Ștefan Ioan Voicu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Lucian Toma Ciocan
- Department of Prosthetics Technology and Dental Materials, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020022 Bucharest, Romania;
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10
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Morillas H, Gredilla A, Gallego-Cartagena E, Upasen S, Maguregui M, Madariaga JM. PM 10 spatial distribution and metals speciation study in the Bilbao metropolitan area during the 2017-2018 period. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127482. [PMID: 32640380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Speciation of respirable particles is becoming increasingly important from an epidemiological and analytical point of view to determine the potential effects of air pollution on human health. For this reason, current laws and analytical sampling methods focus on particle size, as it turns out to be the main factor for the greater or lesser penetration into the airways. In this sense, particles of less than 10 μm in diameter (<10 μm), referred to as PM10, are the particles that have a higher capacity for access to the respiratory tract and, therefore, more significant effect on them. In this sense, one of the most important factors that have a key role in the PM10 atmospheric pollution effect is the dispersion effect with the direct influence of natural effects such as wind, rain, topography apart from others. In this work, PM10 data extracted from the Basque Government environmental stations (19 sampling points) in the Biscay province (Basque Country, north of Spain) were combined with the results obtained from the use of self-made passive samplers (SMPS) in the same sampling points areas and subsequently, the sample analysis with a non-invasive elemental technique (Scanning Electron Microscope coupled to Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry) was carried out. Thanks to this methodology, it was possible to determine a wide variety of metals in PM10 such as Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Ti, etc. Most of them present as oxides and others as part of natural aggregations such as quartz, aluminosilicates, phosphates etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Morillas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Department of Mathematics and Experimental Sciences Didactics, Faculty of Education, Philosophy and Anthropology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, II Building, Oñati Plaza 3, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Ainara Gredilla
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-2018, San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Euler Gallego-Cartagena
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de La Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Settakorn Upasen
- Research Unit of Developing Technology and Innovation of Alternative Energy for Industries, Burapha University, 169 Long-Hard Bangsean Road, Seansuk Sub-District, Muang District, Chonburi Province, 20131, Thailand
| | - Maite Maguregui
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 450, 01080, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Madariaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
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11
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Zalakeviciute R, Alexandrino K, Rybarczyk Y, Debut A, Vizuete K, Diaz M. Seasonal variations in PM 10 inorganic composition in the Andean city. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17049. [PMID: 33046746 PMCID: PMC7550351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is one of the key pollutants causing health risks worldwide. While the preoccupation for increased concentrations of these particles mainly depends on their sources and thus chemical composition, some regions are yet not well investigated. In this work the composition of chemical elements of atmospheric PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 10 µm), collected at the urban and suburban sites in high elevation tropical city, were chemically analysed during the dry and wet seasons of 2017-2018. A large fraction (~ 68%) of PM10 composition in Quito, Ecuador is accounted for by water-soluble ions and 16 elements analysed using UV/VIS spectrophotometer and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Hierarchical clustering analysis was performed to study a correlation between the chemical composition of urban pollution and meteorological parameters. The suburban area displays an increase in PM10 concentrations and natural elemental markers during the dry (increased wind intensity, resuspension of soil dust) season. Meanwhile, densely urbanized area shows increased total PM10 concentrations and anthropogenic elemental markers during the wet season, which may point to the worsened combustion and traffic conditions. This might indicate the prevalence of cardiovascular and respiratory problems in motorized areas of the cities in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Zalakeviciute
- Grupo de Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente Y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Américas, Calle José Queri y Av. de Los Granados/Bloque 7, Quito, EC, 170125, Ecuador. .,Intelligent and Interactive Systems Lab (SI2 Lab) Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Katiuska Alexandrino
- Grupo de Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente Y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de Las Américas, Calle José Queri y Av. de Los Granados/Bloque 7, Quito, EC, 170125, Ecuador
| | - Yves Rybarczyk
- Intelligent and Interactive Systems Lab (SI2 Lab) Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador.,Faculty of Data and Information Sciences, Dalarna University, 791 88, Falun, Sweden
| | - Alexis Debut
- Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología CENCINAT, Universidad de Las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Karla Vizuete
- Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología CENCINAT, Universidad de Las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Maria Diaz
- Air Quality Monitoring Network, Secretariat of the Environment, Municipality of the Quito Metropolitan District, Calle Rio Coca, Quito, EC, 170125, Ecuador
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12
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Spatial and Temporal Distribution of PM2.5 Pollution over Northeastern Mexico: Application of MERRA-2 Reanalysis Datasets. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12142286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol and meteorological remote sensing data could be used to assess the distribution of urban and regional fine particulate matter (PM2.5), especially in locations where there are few or no ground-based observations, such as Latin America. The objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application, version 2 (MERRA-2) aerosol components to represent PM2.5 ground concentrations and to develop and validate an ensemble neural network (ENN) model that uses MERRA-2 aerosol and meteorology products to estimate the monthly average of PM2.5 ground concentrations in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA), which is the main urban area in Northeastern Mexico (NEM). The project involves the application of the ENN model to a regional domain that includes not only the MMA but also other municipalities in NEM in the period from January 2010 to December 2014. Aerosol optical depth (AOD), temperature, relative humidity, dust PM2.5, sea salt PM2.5, black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and sulfate (SO42−) reanalysis data were identified as factors that significantly influenced PM2.5 concentrations. The ENN estimated a PM2.5 monthly mean of 25.62 μg m−3 during the entire period. The results of the comparison between the ENN and ground measurements were as follows: correlation coefficient R ~ 0.90; root mean square error = 1.81 μg m−3; mean absolute error = 1.31 μg m−3. Overall, the PM2.5 levels were higher in winter and spring. The highest PM2.5 levels were located in the MMA, which is the major source of air pollution throughout this area. The estimated data indicated that PM2.5 was not distributed uniformly throughout the region but varied both spatially and temporally. These results led to the conclusion that the magnitude of air pollution varies among seasons and regions, and it is correlated with meteorological factors. The methodology developed in this study could be used to identify new monitoring sites and address information gaps.
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13
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Longoria-Rodríguez FE, González LT, Mendoza A, Leyva-Porras C, Arizpe-Zapata A, Esneider-Alcalá M, Acuña-Askar K, Gaspar-Ramirez O, López-Ayala O, Alfaro-Barbosa JM, Kharissova OV. Environmental Levels, Sources, and Cancer Risk Assessment of PAHs Associated with PM 2.5 and TSP in Monterrey Metropolitan Area. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:377-391. [PMID: 32025753 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in total suspended particles and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5) was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, a sequential chemical analysis of C-rich particles was performed through the parallel coupling of micro-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray scattering detection. Samples were collected at four sites in the Monterrey metropolitan area, Mexico. A total of 13 PAHs were quantified; indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, chrysene, and benzo(a)anthracene were the most abundant. The total PAH concentrations at the four sampling sites ranged from 1.34 to 8.76 μg/m3. The diagnostic relation of the PAHs indicates that these compounds were emitted by the burning of gasoline and diesel and by the burning of charcoal and biomass. The sequential analysis correlated the morphology and the elemental/molecular composition of the C-rich particles, associated with the PAHs, with their possible emission sources. The estimated lifetime excess cancer risk for inhalation was higher than that established by the World Health Organization, which clearly makes this a potential health risk for the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco E Longoria-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV-Mty), Unidad Monterrey, Alianza Norte 202, C.P. 66628, Apodaca, N.L., Mexico
| | - Lucy T González
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, C.P. 64890, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Alberto Mendoza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, C.P. 64890, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Cesar Leyva-Porras
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV), Miguel de Cervantes # 120, C.P. 31136, Chihuahua, Chih., Mexico
| | - Alejandro Arizpe-Zapata
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV-Mty), Unidad Monterrey, Alianza Norte 202, C.P. 66628, Apodaca, N.L., Mexico
| | - Miguel Esneider-Alcalá
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV-Mty), Unidad Monterrey, Alianza Norte 202, C.P. 66628, Apodaca, N.L., Mexico
| | - Karim Acuña-Askar
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Laboratorio de Biorremediación Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Octavio Gaspar-Ramirez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Unidad Noreste (CIATEJ), Apodaca, N.L., Mexico
| | - Olivia López-Ayala
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Laboratorio de Química Analítica Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, C.P. 64570, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Juan M Alfaro-Barbosa
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Laboratorio de Química Analítica Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, C.P. 64570, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Oxana V Kharissova
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Innovación, Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería y Tecnología, Facultad de Fisicomatemáticas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
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14
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de Los A Gutiérrez M, Palmieri MA, Giuliani DS, Colman Lerner JE, Maglione G, Andrinolo D, Tasat DR. Monitoring human genotoxicity risk associated to urban and industrial Buenos Aires air pollution exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:13995-14006. [PMID: 32034600 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The quality of life in large megacities is directly affected by its air quality. In urban environments, suspended particles from anthropogenic origin is one of the main air contaminants identified as highly genotoxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic. Atmospheric monitoring is therefore imperative, and bioassays to detect the effects of genotoxic agents give usually excellent results. Analysis of micronucleus (MN) in exfoliated oral mucosa cells is a sensitive non-invasive method for monitoring genetic damage in human populations. The first aim of this study was to analyze and characterize levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in two areas from Buenos Aires: La Plata city, an urban (U) area and Ensenada, an industrial (I) area. Secondly, we evaluated the possible health risk of its inhabitants through a simple genotoxic assay on exfoliated oral mucosa cells. Whole blood cell count and nuclear abnormalities frequencies were evaluated in the exfoliated oral mucosa cells from urban and industrial inhabitants. Smoking habit represented a significant factor increasing MN percentage while, age did not increase the production of any of the nuclear aberrations assayed (micronuclei, binucleated, karyorrhexis) when the inhabitants from the urban and the industrial areas were compared. In addition, changes in MN and binucleated cell percentages in males and females were found to be area-dependent. We suggest that regardless PM concentration, PM-specific characteristics (size, shape, chemical elements, etc.) and VOCs levels could be responsible for the different harmful genotoxic effects seen in the two areas. Although this is a preliminary study, our results allowed to recognize that individuals living in both the urban and the industrial areas could be considered susceptible groups and should periodically undergo biological monitoring and appropriate care.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Los A Gutiérrez
- Center for Environmental Research (CIM) Faculty of Exact Sciences, CONICET, National University of La Plata, Boulevard 120 No. 1489, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica A Palmieri
- Biodiversity and Experimental Biology Department, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Av. Int. Güiraldes No. 2160, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela S Giuliani
- Center for Environmental Research (CIM) Faculty of Exact Sciences, CONICET, National University of La Plata, Boulevard 120 No. 1489, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge E Colman Lerner
- Center for Research and Development in Applied Sciences (CINDECA), Faculty of Exact Sciences, CONICET, CIC-PBA, National University of La Plata, 47 y 115 No. 257, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo Maglione
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Marcelo T. de Alvear 2142, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darío Andrinolo
- Center for Environmental Research (CIM) Faculty of Exact Sciences, CONICET, National University of La Plata, Boulevard 120 No. 1489, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Deborah R Tasat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Marcelo T. de Alvear 2142, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- School of Science and Technology, National University of San Martín, 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Franzin BT, Guizellini FC, de Babos DV, Hojo O, Pastre IA, Marchi MRR, Fertonani FL, Oliveira CMRR. Characterization of atmospheric aerosol (PM 10 and PM 2.5) from a medium sized city in São Paulo state, Brazil. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 89:238-251. [PMID: 31892396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution causes deleterious effects on human health with aerosols being among the most polluting agents. The objective of this work is the characterization of the PM2.5 and PM10 aerosol mass in the atmosphere. The methods of analysis include WD-XRF and EDS. Data were correlated with meteorological information and air mass trajectories (model HYSPLIT) by multivariate analysis. A morphological structural analysis was also carried out to identify the probable sources of atmospheric aerosols in the city of São José do Rio Preto, Brazil. The mean mass concentration values obtained were 24.54 μg/m3 for PM10, above the WHO annual standard value of 20 μg/m3 and 10.88 μg/m3 for PM2.5 whose WHO recommended limit is 10 μg/m3. WD-XRF analysis of the samples revealed Si and Al as major components of the coarse fraction. In the fine fraction, the major elements were Al and S. The SEM-FEG characterization allowed identifying the morphology of the particles in agglomerates, ellipsoids and filaments in the PM10, besides spherical in the PM2.5. The analysis by EDS corroborated WD-XRF results, identifying the crustal elements, aluminosilicates and elements of anthropogenic origin in the coarse fraction. For the fine fraction crustal elements were also identified; aluminosilicates, black carbon and spherical particles (C and O) originating from combustion processes were predominant. The use of multivariate analysis to correlate air mass trajectories with the results of the morpho-structural characterization of the particulate matter allowed confirmation of the complex composition of the particles resulting from the combination of both local and long-distance sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno T Franzin
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Chemistry Institute, Analytical Chemistry Department, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil; Centro de Química Estrutural - Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edif. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Filipe C Guizellini
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Chemistry Institute, Analytical Chemistry Department, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Diego V de Babos
- Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCAr, Chemistry Department, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Ossamu Hojo
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Chemistry Institute, Analytical Chemistry Department, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Iêda Ap Pastre
- Chemistry and Environmental Sciences Department, Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences Institute, Ibilce, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Mary R R Marchi
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Chemistry Institute, Analytical Chemistry Department, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Fernando L Fertonani
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Chemistry Institute, Analytical Chemistry Department, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil; Chemistry and Environmental Sciences Department, Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences Institute, Ibilce, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Cristina M R R Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural - Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edif. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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16
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Trace Metal Content and Health Risk Assessment of PM10 in an Urban Environment of León, Mexico. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trace metal concentrations in PM10 were measured in an urban–industrial site in León, Mexico in three different seasons. PM10 were collected in quartz fiber filters of 47 mm diameter using low volume equipment operating with a controlled flow of 5 L min−1 over 24 h. Mass concentrations were gravimetrically determined and it was found that PM10 samples showed values in excess of the Mexican standard and the established values by WHO during cold dry and warm dry seasons. Morphology of selected particles was studied by SEM-EDS analysis, and the elemental composition was determined. Collected samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry in order to quantify ambient air concentrations of some trace metals (Cu, Co, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mg, and Mn). Median concentrations of trace metals showed the maximum value for iron (3.079 μgm−3) and the minimum value for Cd (0.050 μgm−3) over the entire period. From the meteorological analysis, it was found that sources located SW and ESE of the sampling site contributed to the levels of trace metals in PM10 in the studied site. The health risk assessment found that the population of León is at increased lifetime risk of experiencing cancer because of exposure to these concentrations of PM10 and their trace metal content.
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17
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Karaca F, Anil I, Yildiz A. Physicochemical and morphological characterization of atmospheric coarse particles by SEM/EDS in new urban central districts of a megacity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:24020-24033. [PMID: 31222651 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Physicochemical and morphological characteristics of atmospheric particles in new urban centers of fast-developing megacities are not well understood. In this study, atmospheric coarse particles (PM2.5-10) were simultaneously collected in multiple stations (10) in new urban centers, namely Beylikduzu, Buyukcekmece, and Esenyurt, of Istanbul using a modified passive particulate sampling method. Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-photon spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was used to investigate the size distribution characteristics, chemical composition and their weight percent abundances, and morphological properties of the collected particles. The particle clusters were mainly dominated by Ca-rich Al silicates, Ca dominant, Ca- and S-rich, and NaCl particles, respectively. Their potential sources were assigned to the natural sources (e.g., wind erosion, soil resuspension, and sea sprays) and anthropogenic activities (construction, transportation, mining and crushing, and cement production). In addition to the major contributions (up to 47% of particle number abundance), the minor contribution clusters (less than 1%) with transitional metals rich particles (Fe, Zn, and Cu rich) mainly from anthropogenic sources (combustion, traffic, and vehicular emissions) were identified. The typical size range (> 0.65 to < 11.00 μm) distribution of the major particle clusters fits a left-skewed modal distribution with a peak at 1.10-2.30-μm size range. However, the number of particles decreases significantly with increasing distance to the source, and this justification is stronger for larger size fractions (> 2.3 μm). Particle numbers and varieties indicated significant spatial variations depending upon the identified sources, meteorological factors, and temporal conditions. In general, the results of this study suggest that the passive sampling of PM2.5-10 coupled with SEM/EDS based single-particle analysis is an effective tool to understand the physicochemical characterization and spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric particles in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferhat Karaca
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan, 010000.
- The Environment & Resource Efficiency Cluster (EREC), Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan, 010000.
| | - Ismail Anil
- Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering A13, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Main Campus, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Atzei D, Fermo P, Vecchi R, Fantauzzi M, Comite V, Valli G, Cocco F, Rossi A. Composition and origin of PM 2.5 in Mediterranean Countryside. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:294-302. [PMID: 30557803 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work PM2.5 was collected during winter and summer in a Sardinian village (Gonnostramatza, Italy) highly affected by biomass burning emissions. A multi-technique approach was adopted for the complete PM chemical characterization. The bulk characterization was performed by IC (Ion Chromatography), HPAEC (High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography), TOT (Thermal Optical Transmittance) and ED-XRF (Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) while XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) was used for the surface characterization. Using levoglucosan as specific tracer of biomass burning emissions, the assessment of the impact of this source was carried out and it represent the major PM source at the investigate site during winter. In winter the average levoglucosan concentration is 2096 ± 324 ng/m3 while during summer its concentration is negligible (18 ± 7 ng/m3). Levoglucosan content in PM2.5 during winter is on average 13.7%; it is estimated that 65% of PM2.5 is due to wood burning. XPS has been exploited in this work aiming at highlighting possible differences between surface and bulk composition of PM2.5. The surface of the particulate matter resulted enriched in carbon compared to the bulk. Among the components of XPS C1s signals recorded on the samples collected during winter, it was found that the signal at 286.5 eV, which is due to the presence of COH, reflects the bulk composition of levoglucosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Atzei
- Department of Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari and INSTM, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - P Fermo
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - R Vecchi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, and INFN, Milano, Via G. Celoria, 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - M Fantauzzi
- Department of Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari and INSTM, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - V Comite
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - G Valli
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, and INFN, Milano, Via G. Celoria, 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - F Cocco
- Department of Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari and INSTM, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Rossi
- Department of Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari and INSTM, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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