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Xu W, Kuang Y, Liu C, Ma Z, Zhang X, Zhai M, Zhang G, Xu W, Cheng H, Liu Y, Xue B, Luo B, Zhao H, Ren S, Liu J, Tao J, Zhou G, Sun Y, Xu X. Severe photochemical pollution formation associated with strong HONO emissions from dew and guttation evaporation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169309. [PMID: 38103604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The unknown daytime source of HONO has been extensively investigated due to unexplained atmospheric oxidation capacity and current modelling bias, especially during cold seasons. In this study, abrupt morning increases in atmospheric HONO at a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP) were observed almost on daily basis, which were closely linked to simultaneous rises in atmospheric water vapor content and NH3 concentrations. Dew and guttation water formation was frequently observed on wheat leaves, from which water samples were taken and chemically analyzed for the first time. Results confirmed that such natural processes likely governed the daily nighttime deposition and daytime release of HONO and NH3, which have not been considered in the numerous HONO budget studies investigating its large missing daytime source in the NCP. The dissolved HONO and NH3 in leaf surface water droplets reached 1.4 and 23 mg L-1 during the morning on average, resulting in averaged atmospheric HONO and NH3 increases of 0.89 ± 0.61 and 43.7 ± 29.3 ppb during morning hours, with relative increases of 186 ± 212 % and 233 ± 252 %, respectively. The high atmospheric oxidation capacity contained within HONO was stored in near surface liquid water (such as dew, guttation and soil surface water) during nighttime, which prevented its atmospheric dispersion after sunset and protected it from photodissociation during early morning hours. HONO was released in a blast during later hours with stronger solar radiation, which triggered and then accelerated daytime photochemistry through the rapid photolysis of HONO and subsequent OH production, especially under high RH conditions, forming severe secondary gaseous and particulate pollution. Results of this study demonstrate that global ecosystems might play significant roles in atmospheric photochemistry through nighttime dew formation and guttation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhai
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongbing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yusi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Biao Xue
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Biao Luo
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huarong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sanxue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junwen Liu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiangchuan Tao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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2
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Zhang H, Tong S, Zhang W, Xu Y, Zhai M, Guo Y, Li X, Wang L, Tang G, Liu Z, Hu B, Liu C, Liu P, Sun X, Mu Y, Ge M. A comprehensive observation on the pollution characteristics of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166852. [PMID: 37717750 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is a typical secondary photochemical product in the atmospheric environment with significant adverse effects on human health and plant growth. In this study, PAN and other pollutants, as well as meteorological conditions were observed intensively from August to September in 2022 at a typical urban sampling site in Beijing, China. The mean and maximum PAN concentrations during the observation period were 1.00 ± 0.97 ppb and 4.84 ppb, respectively. Severe photochemical pollution occurred during the observation period, with the mean PAN concentration about 3.1 times higher than that during the clean period. There was a good positive correlation between O3 and PAN, and their correlation was higher during the O3 exposure period than that during the clean period. The simulated results by box-model coupled with the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM v3.3.1) showed that the O3-related reactions were the largest sources of OH radicals during O3 exposure period, which was conducive to the co-contamination of PAN and O3. Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and methylglyoxal (MGLY) were the largest OVOCs precursors of peroxyacetyl radicals (PA), with the contributions to the total PA generated by OVOCs about 67 % - 83 % and 17 % - 30 %, respectively. The reduction of emissions from liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and solvent usage has the highest reduction effect on PAN and O3, followed by the control of gasoline vehicle exhaust emissions. This study deepens the understanding of the PAN photochemistry in urban areas with high O3 background conditions and the impact of anthropogenic activities on the photochemical pollution. Meanwhile, the findings of this study highlight the necessity of strengthening anthropogenic emissions control to effectively reduce the co-contamination of PAN and O3 in Beijing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yanyong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Mingzhu Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yucong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Chengtang Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Xu Sun
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; Beijing Urban Ecosystem Research Station State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco- Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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3
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Wang Y, Sun M, Qiao X, Feng X, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhang J. A WRF-CMAQ modeling of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate and source apportionment in Central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165033. [PMID: 37355137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), as an essential constituent in the photochemical smog, is formed from photochemical reactions between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx. However, limited regional studies on distribution, formation and sources of PAN restrict the further understanding of the atmospheric behavior and environmental significance of PAN. In this study, the variation characteristics of PAN and the influencing factors to PAN concentrations were investigated using the WRF-CMAQ model simulation in the central China during July 2019. The results showed that the monthly mean concentration of PAN in the near-surface layer was 0.4 ppbv and increased with the height rising, accompanied by strong intra-day variation. The process analysis suggested that the removal was mainly controlled by dry deposition (57 %), followed by the gas-phase chemistry (43 %) which was mainly attributed to the thermal decomposition. Based on the sensitivity simulation, PAN concentrations decreased effectively in most of the simulated regions when precursors of VOCs and NOx emissions were reduced, and PAN concentrations were more sensitive to VOCs emissions than NOx emissions. The reduction of NOx and VOCs could lead to enhanced atmospheric oxidation in east-central region, which in turn hindered the decrease of PAN concentrations. During the simulation period, we found that emissions from industry and transportation sectors had the greatest impact on PAN concentrations in the central China, with contributions of 39 %-49 % and 33 %-41 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Ecological Environment Assessment and Complaints Center, Beijing 100161, China
| | - Xueqi Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland.
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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4
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Qiao X, Sun M, Wang Y, Zhang D, Zhang R, Zhao B, Zhang J. Strong relations of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation to alkene and nitrous acid during various episodes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 326:121465. [PMID: 36958651 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is one of the critical secondary pollutants in photochemical smog. This study investigated the relationship between PAN and PAN precursors with the Regional Atmospheric Chemical Mechanism version 2 model in six episodes recorded in Zhengzhou. In all episodes, peroxyacetyl radical (PA) was primarily produced by acetaldehyde oxidation, with more than 70% contributions. In photochemical episodes and photochemical-haze co-occurring episodes (combined episodes), methylglyoxal secondarily contributes 8.1%-10.6% to PA while in haze pollution, the propagation of other radicals to PA is the second most important source (12.0%-19.1%). Among anthropogenic non-methane hydrocarbons, alkene restricted PAN formation as first-generation precursors, with the relative incremental reactivity of PAN (RIRPAN) more than 0.6 during three-type episodes. Nitrous acid (HONO) also played important role in PAN formation. Especially during photochemical episodes, RIRPAN(HONO) reached 0.79, which was comparable to the RIRPAN value of alkene. Through sensitivity analysis of the relative formation of PAN to O3 (the amount of PAN generated when 100 ppb O3 formed), HONO was identified as the key precursor of PAN in haze pollution by promoting the oxidation of NMHC, while alkene predominated the relative formation of PAN to O3 in photochemical and combined pollution through producing acetaldehyde. The sensitivity of PAN to HONO is obviously enhanced with higher NOx/VOC ratios during photochemical and combined pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Beijing Ecological Environment Assessment and Complaints Center, Beijing, 100161, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bu Zhao
- School for Environment and Sustainability and Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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5
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Wang Y, Liu T, Gong D, Wang H, Guo H, Liao M, Deng S, Cai H, Wang B. Anthropogenic Pollutants Induce Changes in Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Formation Intensity and Pathways in a Mountainous Background Atmosphere in Southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6253-6262. [PMID: 37017935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mountainous background areas are typically considered to have a clean atmosphere where peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) can be decomposed. This study demonstrated that PAN was photochemically formed with a simulated production rate of 0.28 ± 0.06 ppbv h-1 in the Nanling mountains (1690 m a.s.l.) of South China and that net PAN formation was dependent on both volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx precursors (transition regime). In contrast to dominated acetaldehyde oxidation in previous urban and rural research, PAN at Nanling was primarily formed by methylglyoxal (38%), acetaldehyde (28%), radicals (20%), and other oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) (13%). Moreover, when polluted air masses invaded the Nanling mountains, the PAN production rate was altered, primarily because anthropogenic aromatics intensified PAN formation via the oxidized pathways of methylglyoxal, other OVOCs, and radicals. Finally, net PAN formation at Nanling reduced the hydroxyl radical level by consuming NOx, impaired local radical cycling, and thereby suppressed local O3 production. This suppressing effect was exacerbated on polluted days. The findings of this study deepen our understanding of PAN photochemistry and the impact of anthropogenic intrusions on the background atmosphere of mountainous regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute for Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Daocheng Gong
- Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute for Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Minping Liao
- Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shuo Deng
- Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huang Cai
- Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Bao F, Cheng Y, Kuhn U, Li G, Wang W, Kratz AM, Weber J, Weber B, Pöschl U, Su H. Key Role of Equilibrium HONO Concentration over Soil in Quantifying Soil-Atmosphere HONO Fluxes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2204-2212. [PMID: 35104400 PMCID: PMC8851686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is an important component of the global nitrogen cycle and can regulate the atmospheric oxidative capacity. Soil is an important source of HONO. [HONO]*, the equilibrium gas-phase concentration over the aqueous solution of nitrous acid in the soil, has been suggested as a key parameter for quantifying soil fluxes of HONO. However, [HONO]* has not yet been well-validated and quantified. Here, we present a method to retrieve [HONO]* by conducting controlled dynamic chamber experiments with soil samples applied with different HONO concentrations at the chamber inlet. We show a bi-directional soil-atmosphere exchange of HONO and confirm the existence of [HONO]* over soil: when [HONO]* is higher than the atmospheric HONO concentration, HONO will be released from soil; otherwise, HONO will be deposited. We demonstrate that [HONO]* is a soil characteristic, which is independent of HONO concentrations in the chamber but varies with different soil water contents. We illustrate the robustness of using [HONO]* for quantifying soil fluxes of HONO, whereas the laboratory-determined chamber HONO fluxes can largely deviate from those in the real world for the same soil sample. This work advances the understanding of the soil-atmosphere exchange of HONO and the evaluation of its impact on the atmospheric oxidizing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Bao
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Department
of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Minerva
Research Group, Max Planck Institute for
Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Uwe Kuhn
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Guo Li
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Alexandra Maria Kratz
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Jens Weber
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Institute
of Biology, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Bettina Weber
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Institute
of Biology, University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Hang Su
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
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7
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Zhang J, Ran H, Guo Y, Xue C, Liu X, Qu Y, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Mu Y, Chen Y, Wang J, An J. High crop yield losses induced by potential HONO sources - A modelling study in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149929. [PMID: 34478900 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a major source of hydroxyl radicals in the troposphere through its photolysis, and can significantly influence ozone (O3) levels, thereby causing considerable crop yield losses. Previous studies have assessed relative crop yield losses by using exposure-response equations with observed or simulated O3, however, the contribution of enhanced O3 due to potential HONO sources to the crop yield losses has never been quantified. In this study, for the first time, we evaluated the crop yield losses caused by potential HONO sources in the North China Plain (NCP), which is one of the major grain-producing areas in China suffering from heavy O3 pollution, by using the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model during the wheat and maize growing seasons of 2016. HONO simulations were significantly improved after including six potential HONO sources in the WRF-Chem model. The potential HONO sources produced a daily maximum 8-h O3 enhancement of 8.1/8.2 ppb during the wheat/maize growing seasons, respectively, and led to ~11.4%/3.3% relative yield losses for wheat/maize, respectively, corresponding to approximately US$3.78/0.66 billion losses, respectively, in NCP in 2016. The above results suggest that potential HONO sources play a significant role in O3 formation and could induce high crop yield losses globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haiyan Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yitian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Yu C, Wang Z, Ma Q, Xue L, George C, Wang T. Measurement of heterogeneous uptake of NO 2 on inorganic particles, sea water and urban grime. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 106:124-135. [PMID: 34210428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions of NO2 on different surfaces play an important role in atmospheric NOx removal and HONO formation, having profound impacts on photochemistry in polluted urban areas. Previous studies have suggested that the NO2 uptake on the ground or aerosol surfaces could be a dominant source for elevated HONO during the daytime. However, the uptake behavior of NO2 varies with different surfaces, and different uptake coefficients were used or derived in different studies. To obtain a more holistic picture of heterogeneous NO2 uptake on different surfaces, a series of laboratory experiments using different flow tube reactors was conducted, and the NO2 uptake coefficients (γ) were determined on inorganic particles, sea water and urban grime. The results showed that heterogeneous reactions on those surfaces were generally weak in dark conditions, with the measured γ varied from <10-8 to 3.2 × 10-7 under different humidity. A photo-enhanced uptake of NO2 on urban grime was observed, with the obvious formation of HONO and NO from the heterogeneous reaction. The photo-enhanced γ was measured to be 1.9 × 10-6 at 5% relative humidity (RH) and 5.8 × 10-6 at 70% RH on urban grime, showing a positive RH dependence for both NO2 uptake and HONO formation. The results demonstrate an important role of urban grime in the daytime NO2-to-HONO conversion, and could be helpful to explain the unknown daytime HONO source in the polluted urban area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Qingxin Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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Zhang G, Jing S, Xu W, Gao Y, Yan C, Liang L, Huang C, Wang H. Simultaneous observation of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate and ozone in the megacity of Shanghai, China: Regional transport and thermal decomposition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116570. [PMID: 33529905 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and ozone (O3) are two typical indicators for photochemical pollution that have adverse effects on the ecosystem and human health. Observation networks for these pollutants have been expanding in developed regions of China, such as North China Plain (NCP) and Pearl River Delta (PRD), but are sparse in Yangtze River Delta (YRD), meaning their concentration and influencing factors remain poorly understood. Here, we performed a one-year measurement of atmospheric PAN, O3, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and meteorological parameters from December 2016 to November 2017 in Shanghai. Overall, high hourly maximum PAN and O3 were found to be 7.0 and 185 ppbv in summer, 6.2 and 146 ppbv in autumn, 5.8 and 137 ppbv in spring, and 6.0 and 76.7 ppbv in winter, respectively. Continental air masses probably carried atmospheric pollutants to the sampling site, while frequent maritime winds brought in less polluted air masses. Furthermore, positive correlations (R: 0.72-0.85) between PAN and O3 were found in summer, indicating a predominant role of photochemistry in their formation. Unlike in summer, weak or no correlations between PAN and O3 were featured during the other seasons, especially in winter, due to their different loss pathways. Unexpectedly, positive correlations between PAN and PM2.5 were found in all seasons. During summer, moderate correlation could be attributed to the strong photochemistry acting as a common driver in the formation of secondary aerosols and PAN. During winter, high PM2.5 might promote PAN production through HONO production, hence resulting in a good positive correlation. Additionally, the loss of PAN by thermal decomposition (TPAN) only accounted for a small fraction (ca. 1%) of the total (PAN + TPAN) during a typical winter episode, while it significantly reached 14.4 ppbv (71.1% of the total) in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Shengao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Linlin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
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Xu W, Zhang G, Wang Y, Tong S, Zhang W, Ma Z, Lin W, Kuang Y, Yin L, Xu X. Aerosol Promotes Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Formation During Winter in the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3568-3581. [PMID: 33656863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is an important indicator for photochemical pollution, formed similar to ozone in the photochemistry of certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of nitrogen oxides, and has displayed surprisingly high concentrations during wintertime that were better correlated to particulate rather than ozone concentrations, for which the reasons remained unknown. In this study, wintertime observations of PAN, VOCs, PM2.5, HONO, and various trace gases were investigated to find the relationship between aerosols and wintertime PAN formation. Wintertime photochemical pollution was affirmed by the high PAN concentrations (average: 1.2 ± 1.1 ppb, maximum: 7.1 ppb), despite low ozone concentrations. PAN concentrations were determined by its oxygenated VOC (OVOC) precursor concentrations and the NO/NO2 ratios and can be well parameterized based on the understanding of their chemical relationship. Data analysis and box modeling results suggest that PAN formation was mostly contributed by VOC aging processes involving OH oxidation or photolysis rather than ozonolysis pathways. Heterogeneous reactions on aerosols have supplied key photochemical oxidants such as HONO, which produced OH radicals upon photolysis, promoting OVOC formation and thereby enhancing PAN production, explaining the observed PM2.5-OVOC-PAN intercorrelation. In turn, parts of these OVOCs might participate in the formation of secondary organic aerosol, further aggravating haze pollution as a feedback. Low wintertime temperatures enable the long-range transport of PAN to downwind regions, and how that will impact their oxidation capacity and photochemical pollution requires further assessment in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Weili Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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11
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Li K, Jacob DJ, Liao H, Qiu Y, Shen L, Zhai S, Bates KH, Sulprizio MP, Song S, Lu X, Zhang Q, Zheng B, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Lee HC, Kuk SK. Ozone pollution in the North China Plain spreading into the late-winter haze season. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2015797118. [PMID: 33649215 PMCID: PMC7958175 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015797118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface ozone is a severe air pollution problem in the North China Plain, which is home to 300 million people. Ozone concentrations are highest in summer, driven by fast photochemical production of hydrogen oxide radicals (HOx) that can overcome the radical titration caused by high emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from fuel combustion. Ozone has been very low during winter haze (particulate) pollution episodes. However, the abrupt decrease of NOx emissions following the COVID-19 lockdown in January 2020 reveals a switch to fast ozone production during winter haze episodes with maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) ozone concentrations of 60 to 70 parts per billion. We reproduce this switch with the GEOS-Chem model, where the fast production of ozone is driven by HOx radicals from photolysis of formaldehyde, overcoming radical titration from the decreased NOx emissions. Formaldehyde is produced by oxidation of reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which have very high emissions in the North China Plain. This remarkable switch to an ozone-producing regime in January-February following the lockdown illustrates a more general tendency from 2013 to 2019 of increasing winter-spring ozone in the North China Plain and increasing association of high ozone with winter haze events, as pollution control efforts have targeted NOx emissions (30% decrease) while VOC emissions have remained constant. Decreasing VOC emissions would avoid further spreading of severe ozone pollution events into the winter-spring season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Harvard-NUIST Joint Laboratory for Air Quality and Climate, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044 Nanjing, China
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Daniel J Jacob
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044 Nanjing, China;
| | - Yulu Qiu
- Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Lu Shen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Shixian Zhai
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Kelvin H Bates
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Melissa P Sulprizio
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Shaojie Song
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Xiao Lu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hyun Chul Lee
- Samsung Advance Institute of Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Keun Kuk
- Samsung Advance Institute of Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
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