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Yang F, Zhang F, Liu Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Wu C, Lei Y, Liu S, Xiao B, Wan X, Chen Y, Han Y, Cui M, Huang C, Wang G. Emission and optical characteristics of brown carbon in size-segregated particles from three types of Chinese ships. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 142:248-258. [PMID: 38527890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) is one of the important light absorption substances that have high light absorption ability under short wavelength light. However, limit studies have focused on the BrC emission from ships. In this study, size-segregated particulate matters (PM) were collected from three different types of ships, light absorption characteristics and size distribution of methanol-soluble BrC and water-soluble BrC in PM from ship exhausts were investigated. Results showed that four-stroke low-power diesel fishing boat (4-LDF) had the highest mass concentrations of methanol-soluble organic carbon (MSOC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), followed by 2-stroke high-power heavy-fuel-oil vessel (2-HHV), and four-stroke high-power marine-diesel vessel (4-HMV). While 2-HHV had obviously higher light absorption coefficients of methanol-soluble BrC (Abs365,M) and water-soluble BrC (Abs365,W) in unit weight of PM than the other two types of ships. The tested ships presented comparable or higher absorption efficiency of BrC in water extracts (MAE365,W) compared with other BrC emission sources. Majority of BrC was concentrated in fine particles, and the particle size distributions of both Abs365,M and Abs365,W showed bimodal patterns, peaking at 0.43-0.65 µm and 4.7-5.8 µm, respectively. However, different particle size distributions were found for MAE365,M between diesel and heavy fuel oil ships. Besides, different wavelength dependence in particles with different size were also detected. Ship exhaust could be confirmed as a non-ignorable BrC emission source, and complex influencing factor could affect the light absorption characteristics of ship emissions. Particle size should also be considered when light absorption ability of BrC was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqin Yang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Yali Lei
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Binyu Xiao
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Xinyi Wan
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Yubao Chen
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 100872, Hong Kong, China
| | - Min Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China.
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You B, Zhang Z, Du A, Li Y, Sun J, Li Z, Chen C, Zhou W, Xu W, Lei L, Fu P, Hou S, Li P, Sun Y. Seasonal characterization of chemical and optical properties of water-soluble organic aerosol in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172508. [PMID: 38642752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) plays a crucial role in altering radiative forcing and impacting human health. However, our understanding of the seasonal variations of WSOA in Chinese megacities after the three-year clean air action plan is limited. In this study, we analyzed PM2.5 filter samples collected over one year (2020-2021) in Beijing to characterize the seasonal changes in the chemical and optical properties of WSOA using an offline aerosol mass spectrometer along with spectroscopy techniques. The mean mass concentration of WSOA during the observation period was 8.84 ± 7.12 μg m-3, constituting approximately 64-67 % of OA. Our results indicate the contribution of secondary OA (SOA) increased by 13-28 % due to a substantial reduction in primary emissions after the clean air action plan. The composition of WSOA exhibited pronounced seasonal variations, with a predominant contribution from less oxidized SOA in summer (61 %) and primary OA originating from coal combustion and biomass burning during the heating season (34 %). The mass absorption efficiency of WSOA at 365 nm in winter was nearly twice that in summer, suggesting that WSOA from primary emissions possesses a stronger light-absorbing capability than SOA. On average, water-soluble brown carbon accounted for 33-48 % of total brown carbon absorption. Fluorescence analysis revealed humic-like substances as the most significant fluorescence component of WSOA, constituting 82 %. Furthermore, both absorption and fluorescence chromophores were associated with nitrogen-containing compounds, highlighting the role of nitrogen-containing species in influencing the optical properties of WSOA. The results are important for chemical transport models to accurately simulate the WSOA and its climate effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo You
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aodong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shengjie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Zhang J, Li J, Su Y, Chen C, Chen L, Huang X, Wang F, Huang Y, Wang G. Interannual evolution of the chemical composition, sources and processes of PM 2.5 in Chengdu, China: Insights from observations in four winters. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:32-45. [PMID: 38135399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The air quality in China has improved significantly in the last decade and, correspondingly, the characteristics of PM2.5 have also changed. We studied the interannual variation of PM2.5 in Chengdu, one of the most heavily polluted megacities in southwest China, during the most polluted season (winter). Our results show that the mass concentrations of PM2.5 decreased significantly year-by-year, from 195.8 ± 91.0 µg/m3 in winter 2016 to 96.1 ± 39.3 µg/m3 in winter 2020. The mass concentrations of organic matter (OM), SO42-, NH4+ and NO3- decreased by 49.6%, 57.1%, 49.7% and 28.7%, respectively. The differential reduction in the concentrations of chemical components increased the contributions from secondary organic carbon and NO3- and there was a larger contribution from mobile sources. The contribution of OM and NO3- not only increased with increasing levels of pollution, but also increased year-by-year at the same level of pollution. Four sources of PM2.5 were identified: combustion sources, vehicular emissions, dust and secondary aerosols. Secondary aerosols made the highest contribution and increased year-by-year, from 40.6% in winter 2016 to 46.3% in winter 2020. By contrast, the contribution from combustion sources decreased from 14.4% to 8.7%. Our results show the effectiveness of earlier pollution reduction policies and emphasizes that priority should be given to key pollutants (e.g., OM and NO3-) and sources (secondary aerosols and vehicular emissions) in future policies for the reduction of pollution in Chengdu during the winter months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junke Zhang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Yunfei Su
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Luyao Chen
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Xiaojuan Huang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Fangzheng Wang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Yawen Huang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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4
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Tang T, Huo T, Tao H, Tian M, Yang H, Wang H. Effects of aerosol water content and acidity on the light absorption of atmospheric humic-like substances in winter. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140796. [PMID: 38029936 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) could affect regional climate due to their strong light-absorbing capacity. Daily fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected from December 18, 2016 to January 8, 2017 at an urban site in Chongqing, Southwest China. The mean concentration of HULIS in terms of carbon (HULIS-C) was 6.4 ± 3.4 μg m-3, accounting for 72% of water-soluble organic carbon. The mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (MAE365) and absorption Ångström index (AAE) of atmospheric HULIS were 2.8 ± 0.30 m2 g-1 C and 4.6 ± 0.37, respectively. Good correlations between the light absorption coefficients of HULIS at 365 nm (Abs365) and the concentrations of K+, elemental carbon, NO3-, and NH4+ were observed, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.83, indicating that biomass burning and secondary formation were potential sources of light-absorbing HULIS, as evidenced by abundant fluorescent components related to less-oxygenated HULIS. Comparing the changes in Abs365 values, concentrations of major water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous compounds in PM2.5, and environmental factors during the clean and pollution periods, we found that extensive biomass burning during the pollution period contributed significantly to the increase of Abs365 values. Moreover, the aerosol pH during the pollution period was close to 4, and NO2 concentration and aerosol water content were about 1.6 and 2.7 times higher than those during the clean period, respectively, which were favorable to form secondary HULIS through aqueous phase reactions in the presence of high NOx, resulting in an evident increase in its light absorption. Knowledge generated from this study is critical for evaluating the regional radiative forcing of brown carbon in southwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Tingting Huo
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Hongli Tao
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Mi Tian
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Huanbo Wang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
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5
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Lei Y, Zhang K, Lu Y, Qin Y, Li L, Li J, Liu X, Wu C, Zhang S, Chen Y, Zhang J, Zhang F, Wang G. Characterization of water-soluble brown carbon in atmospheric fine particles over Xi'an, China: Implication of aqueous brown carbon formation from biomass burning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163442. [PMID: 37059143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) aerosols can affect not only the climate but also human health, however, the light absorption, chemical compositions, and formation mechanisms of BrC are still uncertain, which leads to uncertainties in the accurate estimation of its climate and health impacts. In this study, highly time - resolved brown carbon (BrC) in fine particles was investigated in Xi'an using offline aerosol mass spectrometer analysis. The light absorption coefficient (babs365) and mass absorption efficiency (MAE365) at 365 nm of water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) generally increased with oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios, indicating that oxidized OA could have more impacts on BrC light absorption. Meanwhile, the light absorption appeared to increase generally with the increases of nitrogen-to-carbon (N/C) ratios and water-soluble organic nitrogen; strong correlations (R of 0.76 for CxHyNp+ and R of 0.78 for CxHyOzNp+) between babs365 and the N - containing organic ion families were observed, suggesting that the N - containing compounds are the effective BrC chromophores. babs365 correlated relatively well with BBOA (r of 0.74) and OOA (R of 0.57), but weakly correlated with CCOA (R of 0.33), indicating that BrC in Xi'an was likely to be associated with biomass burning and secondary sources. A multiple linear regression model was applied to apportion babs365 to contributions of different factors resolved from positive matrix factorization on water-soluble organic aerosols (OA) and obtained MAE365 values of different OA factors. We found that biomass-burning organic aerosol (BBOA) dominated the babs365 (48.3 %), followed by oxidized organic aerosol (OOA, 33.6 %) and coal combustion organic aerosol (CCOA, 18.1 %). We further observed that nitrogen-containing organic matter (i.e., CxHyNp+ and CxHyOzNp+) increased with the increase of OOA/WSOA and the decrease of BBOA/WSOA, especially under high ALWC conditions. Our work offered proper observation evidence that BBOA is oxidized through the aqueous formation to produce BrC in Xi'an, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lei
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yeyu Lu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yiming Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | - Lijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yubao Chen
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Junke Zhang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 202162, China.
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Ho CS, Lv Z, Peng J, Zhang J, Choe TH, Zhang Q, Du Z, Mao H. Optical properties of vehicular brown carbon emissions: Road tunnel and chassis dynamometer tests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 320:121037. [PMID: 36641064 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC), as an important light-absorbing aerosol, significantly impacts regional and global climate. Vehicle emission is a nonnegligible source of BrC, but the optical properties of BrC emitted from vehicles remain poorly understood. This study evaluates the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) of traffic-related light-absorbing aerosols (i.e., AAETr) and the absorption emission factor (EFabs) of vehicular BrC via chassis dynamometer tests and a road tunnel measurement in Tianjin, China. AAETr are estimated as 0.98-1.33 and 1.11 ± 0.001 for tested vehicles and on-road vehicle fleet, respectively. The AAE of vehicular BrC (AAEBrC) is 3.83 ± 0.092 for on-road vehicle fleet. The vehicle technology updates effectively reduce the EFabs of vehicular BrC. Among the four tested China 5 and China 6 gasoline vehicles in the chassis dynamometer tests, BrC EFabs of China 5 gasoline direct injection vehicle is the highest, while China 6 mixing fuel injection vehicle exhibits the lowest EFabs. The BrC EFabs of on-road vehicle fleet at 370 nm wavelength are 0.081 ± 0.0058 m2 kg-1 for mixed fleet, 0.074 ± 0.018 m2 kg-1 for gasoline vehicles (GVs), and 1.66 ± 0.71 m2 kg-1 for diesel vehicles (DVs) in the tunnel measurement. EFabs of GV fleet in the road tunnel is higher than China 5 and China 6 vehicles, as China 1-4 vehicles accounted for 26.8% of the total vehicle fleet in the tunnel. EFabs of vehicular BrC are lower than those from biomass burning and coal combustion emissions. The light absorption of BrC from GVs and DVs accounts for 7.2 ± 2.1% and 1.5 ± 0.77% of total traffic-related absorption at 370 nm, respectively. Our study provides optical features of BrC from vehicle source and could contribute to estimating the impacts of vehicular aerosol emissions on global and regional climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Song Ho
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; High-Tech Research and Development Center, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, 999093, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Zongyan Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jianfei Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Jinsheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tong-Hyok Choe
- Faculty of Global Environmental Science, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, 999093, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Qijun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhuofei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research & State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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