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Ding W, Sun H, Li X, Li Y, Jia H, Luo Y, She D, Geng Z. Environmental applications of lignin-based hydrogels for Cu remediation in water and soil: adsorption mechanisms and passivation effects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118442. [PMID: 38368919 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution, particularly the excessive release of copper (Cu), is an urgent environmental concern. In this study, sodium lignosulfonate/carboxymethyl sa-son seed gum (SL-Cg-g-PAA) designed for remediation of Cu-contaminated water and soil was successfully synthesized through a free radical polymerization method using lignin as a raw material. This hydrogel exhibits remarkable Cu adsorption capability when applied to water, with a maximum adsorption capacity reaching 172.41 mg/g. Important adsorption mechanisms include surface complexation and electrostatic attraction between Cu(Ⅱ) and oxygen-containing functional groups (-OH, -COOH), as well as cation exchange involving -COONa and -SO3Na. Furthermore, SL/Cg-g-PAA effectively mitigated the bioavailability of heavy metals within soil matrices, as evidenced by a notable 14.1% reduction in DTPA extracted state Cu (DTPA-Cu) content in the S4 treatment (0.7% SL/Cg-g-PAA) compared to the control group. Concurrently, the Cu content in both the leaves and roots of pakchoi exhibited substantial decreases of 55.19% and 36.49%, respectively. These effects can be attributed to the precipitation and complexation reactions facilitated by the hydrogel. In summary, this composite hydrogel is highly promising for effective remediation of heavy metal pollution in water and soil, with a particular capability for the immobilization of Cu(Ⅱ) and reduction of its adverse effects on ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xianzhen Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanyang Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hongtao Jia
- College of Resources and Environment, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Yanli Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Diao She
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS&MWR, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zengchao Geng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China.
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2
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Yu P, Zhuang R, Liu H, Wang Z, Zhang C, Wang Q, Sun H, Huang W. Recycling alkali lignin-derived biochar with adsorbed cadmium into cost-effective CdS/C photocatalyst for methylene blue removal. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2024:734242X241231394. [PMID: 38390711 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x241231394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd)-enriched adsorbents wastes possess great environmental risk due to their large-scale accumulation and toxicity in the natural environment. Recycling spent Cd-enriched adsorbents into efficient catalysts for advanced applications could address the environmental issues and attain the carbon neutral goal. Herein, a facile strategy is developed for the first time to reutilize the alkali lignin (AL)-derived biochar (ALB) absorbed with Cd into cadmium sulphide (CdS)/C composite for the efficient methylene blue (MB) removal. The ALB is initially treated with Cd-containing solution, then the recycling ALB samples with adsorbed Cd are converted to the final CdS/C composite using NaS2 as the sulphurizing reagent for vulcanization reaction. The optimal ALB400 demonstrates a high adsorption capacity of 576.0 mg g-1 for Cd removal. Then the converted CdS/C composite shows an efficient MB removal efficiency of 94%. The photodegradation mechanism is mainly attributed to carbon components in the CdS/C composite as electron acceptor promoting the separation of photoelectrons/holes and slowing down the abrasion of CdS particles. The enhanced charge transfer and contact between the carrier and the active site thus improves the removal performance and reusability. This work not only develops a method for removing Cd from wastewater effectively and achieving the waste resource utilization but also further offers a significant guidance to use other kinds of spent heavy metal removal adsorbents for the construction of low-cost and high value-added functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Ronghao Zhuang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Chun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Qiongchao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
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Ullah H, Chen B, Rashid A, Zhao R, Shahab A, Yu G, Wong MH, Khan S. A critical review on selenium removal capacity from water using emerging non-conventional biosorbents. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 339:122644. [PMID: 37827352 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic-driven selenium (Se) contamination of natural waters has emerged as severe health and environmental concern. Lowering Se levels to safe limits of 40 μg-L-1 (recommended by WHO) presents a critical challenge for the scientific community, necessitating reliable and effective methods for Se removal. The primary obectives of this review are to evaluate the efficiency of different biosorbents in removing Se, understand the mechanism of adsorption, and identify the factors influencing the biosorption process. A comprehensive literature review is conducted to analyze various studies that have explored the use of modified biochars, iron oxides, and other non-conventional biosorbents for selenium removal. The assessed biosorbents include biomass, microalgae-based, alginate compounds, peats, chitosan, and biochar/modified biochar-based adsorbents. Quantitative data from the selected studies analyzed Se adsorption capacities of biosorbents, were collected considering pH, temperature, and environmental conditions, while highlighting advantages and limitations. The role of iron impregnation in enhancing the biosorption efficiency is investigated, and the mechanisms of Se adsorption on these biosorbents at different pH levels are discussed. A critical literature assessment reveals a robust understanding of the current state of Se biosorption and the effectiveness of non-conventional biosorbents for Se removal, providing crucial information for further research and practical applications in water treatment processes. By understanding the strengths and limitations of various biosorbents, this review is expected to scale-up targeted research on Se removal, promoting the development of innovative and cost-effective adsorbents, efficient and sustainable approaches for Se removal from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Ullah
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Audil Rashid
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Botany, University of Gujrat, Gujrat-50700, Pakistan
| | - Ruohan Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Asfandyar Shahab
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.
| | - Guo Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education, and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sangar Khan
- Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Rajput VD, Kumari A, Minkina T, Barakhov A, Singh S, Mandzhieva SS, Sushkova S, Ranjan A, Rajput P, Garg MC. A practical evaluation on integrated role of biochar and nanomaterials in soil remediation processes. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:9435-9449. [PMID: 36070110 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01375-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil decontamination and restoration continue to be a key environmental concern around the globe. The degradation of soil resources due to the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has a substantial influence on agricultural production, food security, and human well-being, and as a result, urgent action is required. PTEs pollution is not a threat to the agroecosystems but also a serious concern to human health; thereby, it needs to be addressed timely and effectively. Hence, the development of improved and cost-effective procedures to remove PTEs from polluted soils is imperative. With this context in mind, current review is designed to distinctly envisage the PTEs removal potential by the single and binary applications of biochar (BC) and nanomaterials (NMs).2 Recently, BC, a product of high-temperature biomass pyrolysis with high specific surface area, porosity, and distinctive physical and chemical properties has become one of the most used and economic adsorbent materials. Also, biochar's application has generated interest in a variety of fields and environments as a modern approach against the era of urbanization, industrialization, and climate change. Likewise, several NMs including metals and their oxides, carbon materials, zeolites, and bimetallic-based NMs have been documented as having the potential to remediate PTEs-polluted environments. However, both techniques have their own set of advantages and disadvantages, therefore combining them can be a more effective strategy to address the growing concern over the rapid accumulation and release of PTEs into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344006.
| | - Arpna Kumari
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344006
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344006
| | - Anatoly Barakhov
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344006
| | - Shraddha Singh
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400085, India
| | - Saglara S Mandzhieva
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344006
| | - Svetlana Sushkova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344006
| | - Anuj Ranjan
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344006
| | - Priyadarshani Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344006
| | - Manoj Chandra Garg
- Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida Sector-125, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
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Mohrazi A, Ghasemi-Fasaei R, Mojiri A, Safarzadeh Shirazi S. Optimization of LDO-Pectin Synthesis Conditions for the Removal of Metals from Wastewater: A Comparison of Response Surface Methods and Taguchi Approaches. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3778. [PMID: 37765632 PMCID: PMC10537719 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous growth of industrialization, the presence of heavy metals (HMs) in the environment has become a critical issue, necessitating cost-effective and efficient techniques for their removal. The present study aimed to determine the optimal preparation conditions for synthesizing pectin (PC) as a polymer sorbent, combined with Magnesium (Mg) Aluminum (Al) layered double oxides (LDOs), using a fast and facile co-precipitation method. Both the response surface method (RSM) and the Taguchi method were employed to optimize the influence of key independent variables, including the molar ratio of cations Mg:Al, the ratio of pectin to LDO, and the temperature for removing multiple elements from wastewater. The results indicated that RSM is more accurate and examines more interactions, while Taguchi reduces the number of tests and is more economical than RSM. However, both statistical methods showed good potential for predicting the adsorption capacity (Qe) of HMs. The optimal preparation conditions were identified as a molar ratio of 3:1, a ratio of pectin to LDO of 7% w/w, and a temperature of approximately 600 °C. In conclusion, the application of RSM and Taguchi approaches was found to be feasible and effective in optimizing the preparation conditions of modified LDO, which can be utilized as a potential adsorbent for removing multiple elements from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Mohrazi
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Reza Ghasemi-Fasaei
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Amin Mojiri
- Envirowise Research Associate, Christchurch 8053, New Zealand
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Meng Z, Huang S, Wu J, Lin Z. Competitive adsorption and immobilization of Cd, Ni, and Cu by biochar in unsaturated soils under single-, binary-, and ternary-metal systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131106. [PMID: 36907057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the competitive adsorption and immobilization of cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu) by biochar in unsaturated soils under single-, binary-, and ternary-metal systems. The results showed that the immobilization effects by the soil itself were in the order of Cu > Ni > Cd, and the adsorption capacities of freshly contaminated heavy metals by biochar were in the order of Cd > Ni > Cu in unsaturated soils. The adsorption and immobilization of Cd by biochars in soils was weakened by competition more in the ternary-metal system than that in the binary-metal system; the competition with Cu caused a more significant weakening effect than that with Ni. For Cd and Ni, nonmineral mechanisms preferentially adsorbed and immobilized Cd and Ni compared to mineral mechanisms, but the contributions of the mineral mechanisms to the adsorption gradually increased and became dominant with increasing concentrations (at average percentages of 62.59%-83.30% and 41.38%-74.29%, respectively). However, for Cu, the contributions of the nonmineral mechanisms to Cu adsorption were always dominant (average percentages of 60.92%-74.87%) and gradually increased with increasing concentrations. This study highlighted that the types of heavy metals and coexistence should be focused when remediating heavy metal contamination in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Shuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Jingwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhongbing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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7
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Jin Q, Dong Y, Pan H, Lin H. Remediation performance of As-contaminated water and soil using a novel Fe-Mn bimetallic (oxyhydr)oxide coated on natural magnetite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:64233-64245. [PMID: 37061639 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
It is challenging to separate the materials for treating arsenic contamination of soil and water from systems. The natural magnetite covered with Fe-Mn bimetallic (oxyhydr)oxide (Fe-Mn MSM) was effectively created in this study, and its potential use in removing As from water and soil was investigated. Batch adsorption studies showed that the As(V) adsorption on Fe-Mn MSM could achieve equilibrium after 120 min when the initial As(V) concentration was 39.85 mg/L. The calculated maximum adsorption of Fe-Mn MSM for As(V) was 17.94 mg/g at 20 °C. The mechanism of As(V) adsorption was confirmed to be a combination of ligand exchange and electrostatic attraction by the outcomes of FTIR analysis, SEM, and batch adsorption tests. Fe-Mn MSM can also be a successful amendment for cleaning up As-polluted soil. The 5% Fe-Mn MSM treatment group had the lowest exchangeable fraction of As (EX-As) concentration, 0.039 mg/kg (8.3% of initial EX-As), after 40 days. Magnetic separation could be used to quickly and completely recover the used Fe-Mn MSM from the soil. EX-As was present in higher concentrations on Fe-Mn MSM than that of the original soil. As a result, this work offers a strategy that may be put into practice to cheaply remove As from soil and water while also encouraging the reuse of natural magnetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yingbo Dong
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hanlin Pan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hai Lin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing, 100083, China.
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8
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Liu X, Yin H, Liu H, Cai Y, Qi X, Dang Z. Multicomponent adsorption of heavy metals onto biogenic hydroxyapatite: Surface functional groups and inorganic mineral facilitating stable adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130167. [PMID: 36270188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the coexistence of various heavy metals in the contaminated environment, it is essential to comprehensively study the multicomponent adsorption of heavy metals in order to tackle these combined pollutants. Herein, the adsorption processes of Pb(Ⅱ), Cu(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) by biogenic hydroxyapatite (BHAp) were investigated in single and multicomponent systems. The maximum adsorption capacity for Pb(Ⅱ), Cu(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) by BHAp in single system reached 311.16, 82.05 and 92.54 mg g-1, respectively, while adsorption capacity for Cu(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) in multicomponent system decreased more obviously than that of Pb(Ⅱ). Furthermore, the stability of Cu(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) adsorbed on BHAp was indeed influenced in multicomponent system. By means of the characterization analysis, it was found that ion exchange was more instrumental in the adsorption processes of Cu(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) in single system than in multicomponent system. Significantly, it was observed that the proportion of generally stable Pb(II) adsorbed on BHAp exceeded 95% in both single and multicomponent systems. This result might be due to the in-site growth of stable crystals of PbxCa10-x(PO4)6(OH)2, which was synergistically induced by surface functional groups and inorganic mineral of BHAp, and was unaffected by the coexistence of Cu(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Hang Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuhao Cai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin Qi
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, China
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9
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Krzyszczak A, Dybowski MP, Zarzycki R, Kobyłecki R, Oleszczuk P, Czech B. Long-term physical and chemical aging of biochar affected the amount and bioavailability of PAHs and their derivatives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 440:129795. [PMID: 36007368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biochar applied into the soil is recommended as an effective tool for increasing its properties and crop productivity. However, biochar can contain some potentially toxic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Moreover, during biochar production or environmental application (e.g. as soil fertilizer), more toxic PAHs derivatives containing nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur can be formed. There is a lack of information on how the environmental factors affect the bioavailability of such compounds during the long-term application of BC into the soil. In the presented studies the effects of physical (freeze-thaw cycles) and chemical aging (temperatures 60 °C and 90 °C) on the total and bioavailable content of PAHs and their derivatives were estimated. The results indicate that long-term (6 months) aging affected the physicochemical characteristic of biochars promoting the formation of new C and O-containing species on the BC surface increasing their polarity and hydrophilicity. Physical and chemical aging promoted the formation of compounds with higher molecular weight and a significant (up to 550 %) increase in the bioavailability of PAHs and their derivatives. The results of this study highlight the importance of the bioavailable fraction of PAHs and their derivatives for evaluation of the toxicity of aged biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krzyszczak
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał P Dybowski
- Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Zarzycki
- Department of Advanced Energy Technologies, Częstochowa University of Technology, Dąbrowskiego 73, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Rafał Kobyłecki
- Department of Advanced Energy Technologies, Częstochowa University of Technology, Dąbrowskiego 73, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożena Czech
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
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