1
|
Gönül B, Sahin-Acar B, Killen M. Perceived contact with friends from lower socioeconomic status reduces exclusion based on social class. Dev Sci 2024; 27:e13440. [PMID: 37632368 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated children's and adolescents' reasoning about intergroup exclusion based on social class from educational opportunities in Türkiye. The role of children's and adolescents' perceived contact with friends from different socioeconomic backgrounds on their evaluations of exclusion and personal solutions to the exclusion was also examined. Participants (N = 270) included 142 children (8-10 years old, Mage = 9.80; SD = 0.82; 53.5% girls) and 128 adolescents (14-16 years old, Mage = 15.46; SD = 0.91, 61.7% girls) from lower (N = 144) and higher (N = 126) socioeconomic backgrounds. Results showed that while most participants viewed social class-based exclusion as wrong, adolescents were more likely to view it as wrong than were children. Adolescents from lower SES approached social class-based exclusion as less acceptable than did adolescents from higher SES who referred to expectations about conformity to authority and the status quo. Moderation analyses showed that for adolescents from higher SES, higher perceived contact with friends from lower SES was associated with decreased acceptability of exclusion and increased motivation to provide equity. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Overall, adolescents living in a country with economic instability evaluated social class-based exclusion from educational opportunities among peers as unfair and wrong. Adolescents from lower SES viewed social class-based exclusion as less acceptable than did adolescents from higher SES. Adolescents from higher SES expected that excluders' intentions were motivated by conforming to authority and supporting the status quo more frequently than did children. For adolescents from higher SES, perceived contact with friends from lower SES was associated with decreased acceptability of exclusion and increased motivation to provide equity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Buse Gönül
- Department of Psychology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Türkiye
- Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Basak Sahin-Acar
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Melanie Killen
- Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paruzel-Czachura M, Maier M, Warmuz R, Wilks M, Caviola L. Children Value Animals More Than Adults Do: A Conceptual Replication and Extension. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672231219391. [PMID: 38193435 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231219391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Recent psychological research finds that U.S. American children have a weaker tendency than U.S. American adults to value humans more than animals. We aimed to conceptually replicate and extend this finding in a preregistered study (N = 412). We investigated whether 6- to 9-year-old Polish children (Study 1a) are less likely to prioritize humans over animals than Polish adults are (Studies 1b and 1c). We presented participants with moral dilemmas where they had to prioritize either humans or animals (dogs or chimpanzees) in situations that involved harming (i.e., a trolley problem) or benefiting (i.e., giving a snack). We found that Polish children prioritized humans over animals less than Polish adults did. This was the case both in dilemmas that involved preventing harm and in dilemmas that involved providing snacks. Both children and adults prioritized humans over chimpanzees more than humans over dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roksana Warmuz
- Kindergarten No. 11 in Dąbrowa Górnicza and HEALIO Pracownia Psychoterapii Justyna Rać, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jaeger B, Wilks M. The Relative Importance of Target and Judge Characteristics in Shaping the Moral Circle. Cogn Sci 2023; 47:e13362. [PMID: 37807673 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
People's treatment of others (humans, nonhuman animals, or other entities) often depends on whether they think the entity is worthy of moral concern. Recent work has begun to investigate which entities are included in a person's moral circle, examining how certain target characteristics (e.g., species category, perceived intelligence) and judge characteristics (e.g., empathy, political orientation) shape moral inclusion. However, the relative importance of target and judge characteristics in predicting moral inclusion remains unclear. When predicting whether a person will deem an entity worthy of moral consideration, how important is it to know who is making the judgment (i.e., characteristics of the judge), who is being judged (i.e., characteristics of the target), and potential interactions between the two factors? Here, we address this foundational question by conducting a variance component analysis of the moral circle. In two studies with participants from the Netherlands, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia (N = 836), we test how much variance in judgments of moral concern is explained by between-target differences, between-judge differences, and by the interaction between the two factors. We consistently find that all three components explain substantial amounts of variance in judgments of moral concern. Our findings provide two important insights. First, an increased focus on interactions between target and judge characteristics is needed, as these interactions explain as much variance as target and judge characteristics separately. Second, any theoretical account that aims to provide an accurate description of moral inclusion needs to consider target characteristics, judge characteristics, and their interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matti Wilks
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Leach S, Kitchin AP, Sutton RM. Word embeddings reveal growing moral concern for people, animals and the environment. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62:1925-1938. [PMID: 37403899 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The Enlightenment idea of historical moral progress asserts that civil societies become more moral over time. This is often understood as an expanding moral circle and is argued to be tightly linked with language use, with some suggesting that shifts in how we express concern for others can be considered an important indicator of moral progress. Our research explores these notions by examining historical trends in natural language use during the 19th and 20th centuries. We found that the associations between words denoting moral concern and words referring to people, animals, and the environment grew stronger over time. The findings support widely-held views about the nature of moral progress by showing that language has changed in a way that reflects greater concern for others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Leach
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Elbæk CT, Mitkidis P, Aarøe L, Otterbring T. Subjective socioeconomic status and income inequality are associated with self-reported morality across 67 countries. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5453. [PMID: 37673884 PMCID: PMC10482940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals can experience a lack of economic resources compared to others, which we refer to as subjective experiences of economic scarcity. While such experiences have been shown to shift cognitive focus, attention, and decision-making, their association with human morality remains debated. We conduct a comprehensive investigation of the relationship between subjective experiences of economic scarcity, as indexed by low subjective socioeconomic status at the individual level, and income inequality at the national level, and various self-reported measures linked to morality. In a pre-registered study, we analyze data from a large, cross-national survey (N = 50,396 across 67 countries) allowing us to address limitations related to cross-cultural generalizability and measurement validity in prior research. Our findings demonstrate that low subjective socioeconomic status at the individual level, and income inequality at the national level, are associated with higher levels of moral identity, higher morality-as-cooperation, a larger moral circle, and increased prosocial intentions. These results appear robust to several advanced control analyses. Finally, exploratory analyses indicate that observed income inequality at the national level is not a statistically significant moderator of the associations between subjective socioeconomic status and the included measures of morality. These findings have theoretical and practical implications for understanding human morality under experiences of resource scarcity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian T Elbæk
- Department of Management, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark.
| | - Panagiotis Mitkidis
- Department of Management, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, 27701, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lene Aarøe
- Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tobias Otterbring
- Department of Management, University of Agder, 4630, Kristiansand, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Götz FJ, Mitschke V, Eder AB. Conflict experience and resolution underlying obedience to authority. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11161. [PMID: 37429867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Definitions of obedience require the experience of conflict in response to an authority's demands. Nevertheless, we know little about this conflict and its resolution. Two experiments tested the suitability of the 'object-destruction paradigm' for the study of conflict in obedience. An experimenter instructed participants to shred bugs (among other objects) in a manipulated coffee grinder. In contrast to the demand condition, participants in the control condition were reminded of their free choice. Both received several prods if they defied the experimenter. Results show that participants were more willing to kill bugs in the demand condition. Self-reported negative affect was increased after instructions to destroy bugs relative to other objects (Experiments 1 and 2). In Experiment 2, compliant participants additionally showed an increase in tonic skin conductance and, crucially, self-reported more agency and responsibility after alleged bug-destruction. These findings elucidate the conflict experience and resolution underlying obedience. Implications for prominent explanations (agentic shift, engaged followership) are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Götz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Mitschke
- Georg Elias Müller Institute of Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas B Eder
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song JY, Klebl C, Bastian B. Awe promotes moral expansiveness via the small-self. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1097627. [PMID: 36949922 PMCID: PMC10025529 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1097627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The experience of awe has been shown to challenge how people think about themselves and the world around them, linking them to something greater than themselves. We investigated whether this emotional experience of awe may also challenge the boundaries of our moral consideration, leading to a generalized expansion in our moral worlds. Across five studies (N = 990), we examined whether awe might promote moral expansiveness; that is, increased moral concern across a broad range of entities (e.g., out-groups, animals, plants, environments). Cross-sectional Studies 1a and 1b, found dispositional awe was related to greater moral expansiveness. Experimental Studies 2 and 3, using video-induced awe, found consistent indirect effects on moral expansiveness, via self-reported awe and the small-self sense of vastness. Experimental Study 4, using Virtual Reality induced awe, found those in the awe condition (vs. control) reported greater moral expansiveness, and this was fully mediated by the small-self sense of vastness. Our findings show awe expands our sense of connectedness to the broader world, and through this, increases the breath of our moral concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Song
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Ji Young Song, ;
| | - Christoph Klebl
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brock Bastian
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pauketat JV, Anthis JR. Predicting the moral consideration of artificial intelligences. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
9
|
Khalid AS, Dickert S. Empathy at the Gates: Reassessing Its Role in Moral Decision Making. Front Psychol 2022; 13:800752. [PMID: 35153955 PMCID: PMC8828573 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.800752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Afreen S Khalid
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Stephan Dickert
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria.,Department of Marketing, School of Business and Management, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Takamatsu R. Striving to protect friends and family or holding everyone accountable: Moral expansiveness explains the difference between conservatives and liberals. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
11
|
Sánchez Díez S, Zlobina A. How much could your heart embrace? What about your behavior? The Socio‐moral Radar as a behavioral expression of moral regard. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jts5.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sánchez Díez
- Departamento de Antropología Social y Psicología Social Universidad Complutense de Madrid Pozuelo de Alarcón Madrid Spain
| | - Anna Zlobina
- Departamento de Antropología Social y Psicología Social Universidad Complutense de Madrid Pozuelo de Alarcón Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mosley AJ, Heiphetz L. Integrating Social and Moral Psychology to Reduce Inequality. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2021.1971445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel J. Mosley
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Larisa Heiphetz
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Peterson CM, Gaugler JE. To speed or not to speed: Thematic analysis of American driving narratives. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2021; 78:129-137. [PMID: 34399908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Speeding is a major cause of unintentional roadway death in the United States. Existing data show that U.S. drivers tend to speed less as they age, but reasons for this change remain largely unknown. Limited research has examined why U.S. drivers decide to speed or why U.S. drivers decide not to speed, and none to date has determined why speeding behaviors change over the life course. Research into these issues can provide insight that may be harnessed for more effective anti-speeding interventions that catalyze decisions not to speed. METHODS The current study asked a national sample of U.S. drivers (N = 309) about their driving behaviors and how they have changed over time using an open-ended prompt in an online survey. The authors qualitatively coded responses using a narrative analysis lens to identify common themes. RESULTS Results show U.S. drivers often make deliberate choices to speed and some do not consider speeding to be dangerous after achieving perceived mastery of driving skills. Participants tended to report speeding less over time, citing increased concern for family and other roadway users, which may help explain national speeding data trends. Several other themes emerged identifying individual cognitive factors, environmental contexts, and key persons impacting speeding decisions. Practical Applications: Findings show that the most effective means of encouraging U.S. drivers to decide not to speed may be multi-pronged intervention approaches highlighting how speeding reduces roadway driver control, connecting speeding with safety, and encompassing road design and law enforcement strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Peterson
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, USA.
| | - Joseph E Gaugler
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Banks J. From Warranty Voids to Uprising Advocacy: Human Action and the Perceived Moral Patiency of Social Robots. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:670503. [PMID: 34124176 PMCID: PMC8194253 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.670503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Moral status can be understood along two dimensions: moral agency [capacities to be and do good (or bad)] and moral patiency (extents to which entities are objects of moral concern), where the latter especially has implications for how humans accept or reject machine agents into human social spheres. As there is currently limited understanding of how people innately understand and imagine the moral patiency of social robots, this study inductively explores key themes in how robots may be subject to humans’ (im)moral action across 12 valenced foundations in the moral matrix: care/harm, fairness/unfairness, loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, purity/degradation, liberty/oppression. Findings indicate that people can imagine clear dynamics by which anthropomorphic, zoomorphic, and mechanomorphic robots may benefit and suffer at the hands of humans (e.g., affirmations of personhood, compromising bodily integrity, veneration as gods, corruption by physical or information interventions). Patterns across the matrix are interpreted to suggest that moral patiency may be a function of whether people diminish or uphold the ontological boundary between humans and machines, though even moral upholdings bare notes of utilitarianism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Banks
- College of Media & Communication, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rottman J, Crimston CR, Syropoulos S. Tree-Huggers Versus Human-Lovers: Anthropomorphism and Dehumanization Predict Valuing Nature Over Outgroups. Cogn Sci 2021; 45:e12967. [PMID: 33873235 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous examinations of the scope of moral concern have focused on aggregate attributions of moral worth. However, because trade-offs exist in valuing different kinds of entities, tabulating total amounts of moral expansiveness may conceal significant individual differences in the relative proportions of moral valuation ascribed to various entities. We hypothesized that some individuals ("tree-huggers") would ascribe greater moral worth to animals and ecosystems than to humans from marginalized or stigmatized groups, while others ("human-lovers") would ascribe greater moral worth to outgroup members than to the natural world. Additionally, because moral valuation is often treated as being zero-sum, we hypothesized that there would be no difference in aggregate levels of moral concern between tree-huggers and human-lovers. Finally, because attributions of mental capacities substantially contribute to moral valuation, we predicted that tree-huggers and human-lovers would show different patterns of mind attribution for animals versus humans. Three studies (N = 985) yielded evidence in support of our hypotheses. First, over one-third of participants valued nature over outgroups. Second, extending moral value to animals and nature was not indicative of more expansive moral concern overall; instead, tree-huggers and human-lovers were identical in their aggregate ascriptions of moral worth. Third, tree-huggers had relatively amplified tendencies to attribute mental capacities to animals and relatively reduced tendencies to attribute mental capacities to outgroup members-thus having elevated rates of both anthropomorphism and dehumanization. These findings necessitate a reconceptualization of both the extension of moral worth and the attribution of minds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stylianos Syropoulos
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wallach AD, Batavia C, Bekoff M, Alexander S, Baker L, Ben‐Ami D, Boronyak L, Cardilin APA, Carmel Y, Celermajer D, Coghlan S, Dahdal Y, Gomez JJ, Kaplan G, Keynan O, Khalilieh A, Kopnina H, Lynn WS, Narayanan Y, Riley S, Santiago‐Ávila FJ, Yanco E, Zemanova MA, Ramp D. Recognizing animal personhood in compassionate conservation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:1097-1106. [PMID: 32144823 PMCID: PMC7540678 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Compassionate conservation is based on the ethical position that actions taken to protect biodiversity should be guided by compassion for all sentient beings. Critics argue that there are 3 core reasons harming animals is acceptable in conservation programs: the primary purpose of conservation is biodiversity protection; conservation is already compassionate to animals; and conservation should prioritize compassion to humans. We used argument analysis to clarify the values and logics underlying the debate around compassionate conservation. We found that objections to compassionate conservation are expressions of human exceptionalism, the view that humans are of a categorically separate and higher moral status than all other species. In contrast, compassionate conservationists believe that conservation should expand its moral community by recognizing all sentient beings as persons. Personhood, in an ethical sense, implies the individual is owed respect and should not be treated merely as a means to other ends. On scientific and ethical grounds, there are good reasons to extend personhood to sentient animals, particularly in conservation. The moral exclusion or subordination of members of other species legitimates the ongoing manipulation and exploitation of the living worlds, the very reason conservation was needed in the first place. Embracing compassion can help dismantle human exceptionalism, recognize nonhuman personhood, and navigate a more expansive moral space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arian D. Wallach
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
| | - Chelsea Batavia
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331U.S.A.
| | - Marc Bekoff
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCO80309U.S.A.
| | | | - Liv Baker
- Animal Behavior and Conservation ProgramHunter College CUNYNew YorkNYU.S.A.
| | - Dror Ben‐Ami
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
- Compassionate Conservation Middle East, Steinhardt Museum of Natural HistoryTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Louise Boronyak
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
- Institute for Sustainable FuturesUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
| | - Adam P. A. Cardilin
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Built EnvironmentDeakin UniversityWaurn PondsVIC3216Australia
| | - Yohay Carmel
- Division of Environmental, Water and Agricultural EngineeringTechnion Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
| | - Danielle Celermajer
- Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Faculty of Arts and Social SciencesThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Simon Coghlan
- School of Computing and Information Systems, Melbourne School of EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | | | - Jonatan J. Gomez
- Departamento de Ciencias BásicasUniversidad Nacional de LujánRutas 5 y 7Luján6700Argentina
| | - Gisela Kaplan
- School of Science & TechnologyUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia
| | - Oded Keynan
- Compassionate Conservation Middle East, Steinhardt Museum of Natural HistoryTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Dead Sea & Arava Science CentreCentral Arava BranchHatzevaIsrael
| | | | - Helen Kopnina
- The Hague University of Applied Sciences, International BusinessJohanna Westerdijkplein 75EN Den Haag2521the Netherlands
| | - William S. Lynn
- George Perkins Marsh InstituteClark UniversityWorcesterMA01710U.S.A.
| | - Yamini Narayanan
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and EducationDeakin UniversityMelbourneVIC3125Australia
| | - Sophie Riley
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
- Faculty of LawUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
| | - Francisco J. Santiago‐Ávila
- Carnivore Coexistence Lab, Nelson Institute for Environmental StudiesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706U.S.A.
| | - Esty Yanco
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
| | - Miriam A. Zemanova
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
| | - Daniel Ramp
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wallach AD, Lundgren E, Batavia C, Nelson MP, Yanco E, Linklater WL, Carroll SP, Celermajer D, Brandis KJ, Steer J, Ramp D. When all life counts in conservation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:997-1007. [PMID: 31782203 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Conservation science involves the collection and analysis of data. These scientific practices emerge from values that shape who and what is counted. Currently, conservation data are filtered through a value system that considers native life the only appropriate subject of conservation concern. We examined how trends in species richness, distribution, and threats change when all wildlife count by adding so-called non-native and feral populations to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List and local species richness assessments. We focused on vertebrate populations with founding members taken into and out of Australia by humans (i.e., migrants). We identified 87 immigrant and 47 emigrant vertebrate species. Formal conservation accounts underestimated global ranges by an average of 30% for immigrants and 7% for emigrants; immigrations surpassed extinctions in Australia by 52 species; migrants were disproportionately threatened (33% of immigrants and 29% of emigrants were threatened or decreasing in their native ranges); and incorporating migrant populations into risk assessments reduced global threat statuses for 15 of 18 species. Australian policies defined most immigrants as pests (76%), and conservation was the most commonly stated motivation for targeting these species in killing programs (37% of immigrants). Inclusive biodiversity data open space for dialogue on the ethical and empirical assumptions underlying conservation science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arian D Wallach
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 2007, NSW, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Erick Lundgren
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 2007, NSW, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Chelsea Batavia
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 97331, OR, Corvallis, U.S.A
| | - Michael Paul Nelson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 97331, OR, Corvallis, U.S.A
| | - Esty Yanco
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 2007, NSW, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Wayne L Linklater
- Department of Environmental Studies, Amador Hall, 555D, California State University - Sacramento, 95819, CA, Sacramento, 6000 J Street, U.S.A
- Centre for Biodiversity & Restoration Ecology, Victoria University of Wellington, 6021, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, 6019, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Scott P Carroll
- Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of California Davis, 95616, CA, Davis, U.S.A
| | - Danielle Celermajer
- Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, The University of Sydney, 2006, NSW, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Kate J Brandis
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Environmental and Earth Science, University of New South Wales, 2052, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jamie Steer
- Biodiversity Department, Greater Wellington Regional Council, 6142, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Ramp
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 2007, NSW, Ultimo, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Williams LA, Brosnan SF, Clay Z. Anthropomorphism in comparative affective science: Advocating a mindful approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 115:299-307. [PMID: 32497569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human-like capacities and traits to non-human entities. Anthropomorphism is ubiquitous in everyday life and in scientific domains, operating both implicitly and explicitly as a function of the human lens through which we view the world. A rich history of work in psychology, animal behavior, cognitive science, and philosophy has highlighted the negative and, to a lesser degree, the positive implications of anthropomorphism. In this article, we aim to provide a nuanced perspective of how anthropomorphism impacts the work of comparative affective science. Specifically, we discuss three domains of empirical inquiry in which lessons can be drawn about the benefits and pitfalls of anthropomorphism: responses to death, inequity aversion, and prosocial behavior. On balance, we advocate a mindful approach to anthropomorphizing in comparative affective science, and comparative science more generally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Williams
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia.
| | - Sarah F Brosnan
- Department of Psychology, Language Research Center, Department of Philosophy, and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, PO Box 5010, Atlanta, GA 30302-5010 United States
| | - Zanna Clay
- Psychology Department, Durham University, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chalik L, Rhodes M. Groups as moral boundaries: A developmental perspective. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 58:63-93. [PMID: 32169199 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter we present the perspective that social groups serve as moral boundaries. Social groups establish the bounds within which people hold moral obligations toward one another. The belief that people are morally obligated toward fellow social group members, but not toward members of other groups, is an early-emerging feature of human cognition, arising out of domain-general processes in conceptual development. We review evidence that supports this account from the adult and child moral cognition literature, and we describe the developmental processes by which people come to view social groups as shaping moral obligation. We conclude with suggestions about how this account can inform the study of social cognitive development more broadly, as well as how it can be used to promote positive moral socialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chalik
- Department of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marjorie Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Auger B, Amiot CE. The impact of imagined contact in the realm of human-animal relations: Investigating a superordinate generalization effect involving both valued and devalued animals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
21
|
Laible D, Conover O, Eberly Lewis M, Karahuta E, Van Norden C, Stout W, Carlo G, Cruz A. The quality of mother‐adolescent disclosure: Links with predictors and adolescents’ sociomoral outcomes. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Laible
- Department of Psychology Lehigh University Bethlehem Pennsylvania
| | - Olivia Conover
- Department of Psychology University of Hawaii Honolulu Hawaii
| | - Mary Eberly Lewis
- Department of Psychology Oakland University Rochester Hills Michigan
| | - Erin Karahuta
- Department of Psychology Lehigh University Bethlehem Pennsylvania
| | - Clare Van Norden
- Department of Psychology Lehigh University Bethlehem Pennsylvania
| | - Wyntre Stout
- Department of Psychology Lehigh University Bethlehem Pennsylvania
| | - Gustavo Carlo
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies University of Missouri Columbia District of Columbia
| | - Alysia Cruz
- Department of Psychology Lehigh University Bethlehem Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Animal Images Database: Validation of 120 Images for Human-Animal Studies. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080475. [PMID: 31344828 PMCID: PMC6727086 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary With the general goal of increasing knowledge about how individuals perceive and evaluate different animals, we provide normative data on an extensive set of open-source animal images, spanning a total of 12 biological categories (e.g., mammals, insects, reptiles, arachnids), on 11 evaluative dimensions (e.g., valence, cuteness, capacity to think, acceptability to kill for human consumption). We found that animal evaluations were affected by individual characteristics of the perceiver, particularly gender, diet and companion animal ownership. Moral attitudes towards animals were predominantly predicted by ratings of cuteness, edibility, capacity to feel and familiarity. We hope this free resource may help advance research into the many different ways we relate to animals. Abstract There has been increasing interest in the study of human-animal relations. This contrasts with the lack of normative resources and materials for research purposes. We present subjective norms for a set of 120 open-source colour images of animals spanning a total of 12 biological categories (e.g., mammals, insects, reptiles, arachnids). Participants (N = 509, 55.2% female, MAge = 28.05, SD = 9.84) were asked to evaluate a randomly selected sub-set of 12 animals on valence, arousal, familiarity, cuteness, dangerousness, edibility, similarity to humans, capacity to think, capacity to feel, acceptability to kill for human consumption and feelings of care and protection. Animal evaluations were affected by individual characteristics of the perceiver, particularly gender, diet and companion animal ownership. Moral attitudes towards animals were predominantly predicted by ratings of cuteness, edibility, capacity to feel and familiarity. The Animal Images Database (Animal.ID) is the largest open-source database of rated images of animals; the stimuli set and item-level data are freely available online.
Collapse
|
23
|
Moral expansiveness short form: Validity and reliability of the MESx. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205373. [PMID: 30335768 PMCID: PMC6193647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Moral expansiveness refers to the range of entities (human and non-human) deemed worthy of moral concern and treatment. Previous research has established that the Moral Expansiveness Scale (MES) is a powerful predictor of altruistic moral decision-making and captures a unique dimension of moral cognition. However, the length of the full MES may be restrictive for some researchers. Here we establish the reliability and validity of a reduced moral expansiveness scale, the MESx. Consistent with the full version, the MESx is strongly associated with (but not reducible to) theoretically related constructs, such as endorsement of universalism values, identification with all humanity, and connectedness to nature. The MESx also predicted measures of altruistic moral decision-making to the same degree as the full MES. Further, the MESx passed tests of discriminant validity, was unrelated to political conservatism (unlike the full MES), only mildly associated with the tendency to provide socially desirable responses, and produced moderate reliability over time. We conclude that the MESx is a psychometrically valid alternative for researchers requiring a short measure of moral expansiveness.
Collapse
|
24
|
Süssenbach P. When They Come in Crowds: Charity Appeals and Moral Fatigue. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2018.1459300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Süssenbach
- Fachhochschule des Mittelstands (FHM) Bielefeld, University of Applied Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Leite AC, Dhont K, Hodson G. Longitudinal effects of human supremacy beliefs and vegetarianism threat on moral exclusion (vs. inclusion) of animals. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Leite
- Centre for the Study of Group Processes; School of Psychology; University of Kent; Canterbury UK
| | - Kristof Dhont
- Centre for the Study of Group Processes; School of Psychology; University of Kent; Canterbury UK
| | - Gordon Hodson
- Department of Psychology; Brock University; St. Catharines Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Neldner K, Crimston C, Wilks M, Redshaw J, Nielsen M. The developmental origins of moral concern: An examination of moral boundary decision making throughout childhood. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197819. [PMID: 29813134 PMCID: PMC5973598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prominent theorists have made the argument that modern humans express moral concern for a greater number of entities than at any other time in our past. Moreover, adults show stable patterns in the degrees of concern they afford certain entities over others, yet it remains unknown when and how these patterns of moral decision-making manifest in development. Children aged 4 to 10 years (N = 151) placed 24 pictures of human, animal, and environmental entities on a stratified circle representing three levels of moral concern. Although younger and older children expressed similar overall levels of moral concern, older children demonstrated a more graded understanding of concern by including more entities within the outer reaches of their moral circles (i.e., they were less likely to view moral inclusion as a simple in vs. out binary decision). With age children extended greater concern to humans than other forms of life, and more concern to vulnerable groups, such as the sick and disabled. Notably, children's level of concern for human entities predicted their prosocial behavior. The current research provides novel insights into the development of our moral reasoning and its structure within childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karri Neldner
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charlie Crimston
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Matti Wilks
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan Redshaw
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Nielsen
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Psychology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Heiss S, Hormes JM. Ethical concerns regarding animal use mediate the relationship between variety of pets owned in childhood and vegetarianism in adulthood. Appetite 2018; 123:43-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Crimston CR, Hornsey MJ, Bain PG, Bastian B. Toward a Psychology of Moral Expansiveness. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721417730888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Theorists have long noted that people’s moral circles have expanded over the course of history, with modern people extending moral concern to entities—both human and nonhuman—that our ancestors would never have considered including within their moral boundaries. In recent decades, researchers have sought a comprehensive understanding of the psychology of moral expansiveness. We first review the history of conceptual and methodological approaches in understanding our moral boundaries, with a particular focus on the recently developed Moral Expansiveness Scale. We then explore individual differences in moral expansiveness, attributes of entities that predict their inclusion in moral circles, and cognitive and motivational factors that help explain what we include within our moral boundaries and why they may shrink or expand. Throughout, we highlight the consequences of these psychological effects for real-world ethical decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brock Bastian
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Amiot CE, Bastian B. Solidarity with Animals: Assessing a Relevant Dimension of Social Identification with Animals. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168184. [PMID: 28045909 PMCID: PMC5207407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions with animals are pervasive in human life, a fact that is reflected in the burgeoning field of human-animal relations research. The goal of the current research was to examine the psychology of our social connection with other animals, by specifically developing a measure of solidarity with animals. In 8 studies using correlational, experimental, and longitudinal designs, solidarity with animals predicted more positive attitudes and behaviors toward animals, over and above existing scales of identification, and even when this implied a loss of resources and privileges for humans relative to animals. Solidarity with animals also displayed predicted relationships with relevant variables (anthropomorphism, empathy). Pet owners and vegetarians displayed higher levels of solidarity with animals. Correlational and experimental evidence confirmed that human-animal similarity heightens solidarity with animals. Our findings provide a useful measure that can facilitate important insights into the nature of our relationships with animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Amiot
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Brock Bastian
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Coworkers’ Relationship Quality and Interpersonal Emotions in Team-Member Dyads in China: the Moderating Role of Cooperative Team Goals. MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/mor.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThis study investigates the origins of discrete interpersonal emotions in team-member dyads using two independent samples from an education institute and a telecommunication services company in China. Results across both studies showed that the quality of team members’ dyadic relationships positively relates to interpersonal admiration, sympathy, and envy, and negatively relates to interpersonal contempt. Furthermore, teams’ cooperative goals moderate these dyad-level linkages. The association of relationship quality with interpersonal emotions is particularly pronounced in teams with less cooperative goals but buffered in teams with more cooperative goals. Finally, on the individual level of analysis, envy and contempt are inversely associated with team members’ work performance, objectively measured. These findings provide new insights about key antecedents and crucial moderators in the development of interpersonal emotions in Chinese work teams and reiterate the relevance of these emotions for tangible performance outcomes.
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Barth M, Jugert P, Wutzler M, Fritsche I. Absolute moral standards and global identity as independent predictors of collective action against global injustice. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Barth
- Department of Psychology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Philipp Jugert
- Department of Psychology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Markus Wutzler
- Department of Psychology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Immo Fritsche
- Department of Psychology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Knez I. Is Climate Change a Moral Issue? Effects of Egoism and Altruism on Pro-Environmental Behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/cus.2016.42012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
34
|
Piazza J, Ruby MB, Loughnan S, Luong M, Kulik J, Watkins HM, Seigerman M. Rationalizing meat consumption. The 4Ns. Appetite 2015; 91:114-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
35
|
Simpson A, Laham SM. Different relational models underlie prototypical left and right positions on social issues. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ain Simpson
- Department of Psychology; Ohio University; USA
| | - Simon M. Laham
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences; University of Melbourne; Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sawaoka T, Newheiser AK, Dovidio JF. Group-Based Biases in Moral Judgment: The Role of Shifting Moral Standards. SOCIAL COGNITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2014.32.4.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
37
|
McDonald RI, Newell BR, Denson TF. Would you rule out going green? The effect of inclusion versus exclusion mindset on pro-environmental willingness. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel I. McDonald
- Department of Psychology; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS USA
- School of Psychology; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Ben R. Newell
- School of Psychology; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Thomas F. Denson
- School of Psychology; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Piazza J, Landy JF, Goodwin GP. Cruel nature: Harmfulness as an important, overlooked dimension in judgments of moral standing. Cognition 2014; 131:108-24. [PMID: 24462925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Entities that possess moral standing can be wronged and deserve our moral consideration. Past perspectives on the folk psychology of moral standing have focused exclusively on the role of "patiency" (the capacity to experience pain or pleasure) and "agency" (usually defined and operationalized in terms of intelligence or cognitive ability). We contend that harmfulness (i.e., having a harmful vs. benevolent disposition) is an equally if not more important determinant of moral standing. We provide support for this hypothesis across four studies using non-human animals as targets. We show that the effect of harmfulness on attributions of moral standing is independent from patiency and intelligence (Studies 1-2), that this effect pertains specifically to an animal's harmful disposition rather than its capacity to act upon this disposition (Study 3), and that it primarily reflects a parochial concern for human welfare in particular (Study 4). Our findings highlight an important, overlooked dimension in the psychology of moral standing that has implications for real-world decisions that affect non-human animals. Our findings also help clarify the conditions under which people perceive patiency and agency as related versus truly independent dimensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared Piazza
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Justin F Landy
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
van Prooijen JW. Individualistic and social motives for justice judgments. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1299:60-7. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Willem van Prooijen
- VU University Amsterdam and the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Moore C, Gino F. Ethically adrift: How others pull our moral compass from true North, and how we can fix it. RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riob.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
41
|
Abstract
Two studies demonstrate that the ease with which moral circle exemplars come to mind influences the size of the moral circle and moral behavior. Participants who generated three exemplars had significantly larger circles than those asked to generate 15. Further, those who generated three exemplars were more likely to take a newsletter providing information on how to help circle members. These studies demonstrate the impact of metacognitive experiences on moral judgment and behavior, and highlight the importance of including metacognitive variables in any comprehensive account of moral judgment.
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Bratanova B, Loughnan S, Gatersleben B. The moral circle as a common motivational cause of cross-situational pro-environmentalism. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
44
|
Brown R, de Visser R, Dittmar H, Drury J, Farsides T, Jessop D, Sparks P. Social psychology and policymaking: Past neglect, future promise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-540x.2012.00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
45
|
Bastian B, Costello K, Loughnan S, Hodson G. When Closing the Human–Animal Divide Expands Moral Concern. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550611425106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans and animals share many similarities. Across three studies, the authors demonstrate that the framing of these similarities has significant consequences for people’s moral concern for others. Comparing animals to humans expands moral concern and reduces speciesism; however, comparing humans to animals does not appear to produce these same effects. The authors find these differences when focusing on natural tendencies to frame human–animal similarities (Study 1) and following experimental induction of framings (Studies 2 and 3). In Study 3, the authors extend their focus from other animals to marginalized human outgroups, demonstrating that human–animal similarity framing also has consequences for the extension of moral concern to other humans. The authors explain these findings by reference to previous work examining the effects of framing on judgments of similarity and self-other comparisons and discuss them in relation to the promotion of animal welfare and the expansion of moral concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brock Bastian
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Steve Loughnan
- Centre for Research on Social Climate, School of Psychology, University of Kent, Kent, UK
| | - Gordon Hodson
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bastian B, Loughnan S, Haslam N, Radke HRM. Don’t Mind Meat? The Denial of Mind to Animals Used for Human Consumption. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2011; 38:247-56. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167211424291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many people like eating meat, but most are reluctant to harm things that have minds. The current three studies show that this dissonance motivates people to deny minds to animals. Study 1 demonstrates that animals considered appropriate for human consumption are ascribed diminished mental capacities. Study 2 shows that meat eaters are motivated to deny minds to food animals when they are reminded of the link between meat and animal suffering. Finally, Study 3 provides direct support for our dissonance hypothesis, showing that expectations regarding the immediate consumption of meat increase mind denial. Moreover, this mind denial in turn reduces negative affect associated with dissonance. The findings highlight the role of dissonance reduction in facilitating the practice of meat eating and protecting cultural commitments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nick Haslam
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Loughnan S, Haslam N, Bastian B. The role of meat consumption in the denial of moral status and mind to meat animals. Appetite 2010; 55:156-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|