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Kopnina H, Zhang SR, Anthony S, Hassan A, Maroun W. The inclusion of biodiversity into Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) framework: A strategic integration of ecocentric extinction accounting. J Environ Manage 2024; 351:119808. [PMID: 38103427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) metrics have primarily focused on promoting sustainable finance, positive screening, and sustainability reporting. However, recent research highlights the urgency for greater accountability and action to counter species extinction. This article explores the potential of ESG frameworks in guiding corporate and managerial decision-making to address biodiversity loss. As the current ESG indicators exhibit an anthropocentric bias, limiting their effectiveness for protecting biodiversity, this article aims to strategically integrate pragmatic extinction accounting with an ecocentric (deep ecology) perspective. This perspective addresses the root causes of biodiversity loss and offers support to species that are perceived as economically, socially, or culturally unimportant. We present our findings as a call to all stakeholders-business and policy decision-makers, conservationists, and environmental organizations-to formulate robust, inclusive, and ecologically sensitive strategies incorporating deep ecological perspectives. The findings of this study include recommendations for the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). This study provides an important contribution to stakeholder theory that supports non-human stakeholders. Besides, this paper showcases how the improved ESG framework could empower companies to confront extinction risks in a more proactive and accelerated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sam Anthony
- Ninety One (Formerly Investec Asset Management), London, UK.
| | - Abeer Hassan
- School of Business and Creative Industries, University of the West of Scotland, UK.
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Crist E, Kopnina H, Cafaro P, Gray J, Ripple WJ, Safina C, Davis J, DellaSala DA, Noss RF, Washington H, Rolston H, Taylor B, Orlikowska EH, Heister A, Lynn WS, Piccolo JJ. Protecting Half the Planet and Transforming Human Systems Are Complementary Goals. Front Conserv Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.761292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolding crises of mass extinction and climate change call for urgent action in response. To limit biodiversity losses and avert the worst effects of climate disruption, we must greatly expand nature protection while simultaneously downsizing and transforming human systems. The conservation initiative Nature Needs Half (or Half Earth), calling for the conservation of half the Earth's land and seas, is commensurate with the enormous challenges we face. Critics have objected to this initiative as harboring hardship for people near protected areas and for failing to confront the growth economy as the main engine of global ecological destruction. In response to the first criticism, we affirm that conservation policies must be designed and implemented in collaboration with Indigenous and local communities. In response to the second criticism, we argue that protecting half the Earth needs to be complemented by downscaling and reforming economic life, humanely and gradually reducing the global population, and changing food production and consumption. By protecting nature generously, and simultaneously contracting and transforming the human enterprise, we can create the conditions for achieving justice and well-being for both people and other species. If we fail to do so, we instead accept a chaotic and impoverished world that will be dangerous for us all.
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Taylor B, Chapron G, Kopnina H, Orlikowska E, Gray J, Piccolo JJ. The need for ecocentrism in biodiversity conservation. Conserv Biol 2020; 34:1089-1096. [PMID: 32424955 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 5 decades, scientists have been documenting negative anthropogenic environmental change, expressing increasing alarm, and urging dramatic socioecological transformation in response. A host of international meetings have been held, but the erosion of biological diversity continues to accelerate. Why, then, has no effective political action been taken? We contend that part of the answer may lie in the anthropocentric ethical premises and moral rhetoric typically deployed in the cause of conservation. We further argue that it is essential to advance moral arguments for biodiversity conservation that are not just based on perceived human interests but on ecocentric values, namely, convictions that species and ecosystems have value and interests that should be respected regardless of whether they serve human needs and aspirations. A broader array of moral rationales for biodiversity conservation, we conclude, would be more likely to lead to effective plans, adopted and enforced by governments, designed to conserve biological diversity. A good place to start in this regard would be to explicitly incorporate ecocentric values into the recommendations that will be made at the conclusion of the 15th meeting of the parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, scheduled to be held in October 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bron Taylor
- University of Florida, 107 Anderson Hall, PO Box 117410, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7410, U.S.A
| | - Guillaume Chapron
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, 730 91, Sweden
| | - Helen Kopnina
- International Business, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, Johanna Westerdijkplein 75, EN, Den Haag, 2521, the Netherlands
| | - Ewa Orlikowska
- School for Forest Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 43, Skinnskatteberg, 739 21, Sweden
| | - Joe Gray
- Global Ecocentric Network for Implementing Ecodemocracy, Fleetville, St Albans, AL1, U.K
| | - John J Piccolo
- Institution for Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Universitetsgatan 3, Karlstad, 65188, Sweden
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Wallach AD, Batavia C, Bekoff M, Alexander S, Baker L, Ben‐Ami D, Boronyak L, Cardilin APA, Carmel Y, Celermajer D, Coghlan S, Dahdal Y, Gomez JJ, Kaplan G, Keynan O, Khalilieh A, Kopnina H, Lynn WS, Narayanan Y, Riley S, Santiago‐Ávila FJ, Yanco E, Zemanova MA, Ramp D. Recognizing animal personhood in compassionate conservation. Conserv Biol 2020; 34:1097-1106. [PMID: 32144823 PMCID: PMC7540678 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Compassionate conservation is based on the ethical position that actions taken to protect biodiversity should be guided by compassion for all sentient beings. Critics argue that there are 3 core reasons harming animals is acceptable in conservation programs: the primary purpose of conservation is biodiversity protection; conservation is already compassionate to animals; and conservation should prioritize compassion to humans. We used argument analysis to clarify the values and logics underlying the debate around compassionate conservation. We found that objections to compassionate conservation are expressions of human exceptionalism, the view that humans are of a categorically separate and higher moral status than all other species. In contrast, compassionate conservationists believe that conservation should expand its moral community by recognizing all sentient beings as persons. Personhood, in an ethical sense, implies the individual is owed respect and should not be treated merely as a means to other ends. On scientific and ethical grounds, there are good reasons to extend personhood to sentient animals, particularly in conservation. The moral exclusion or subordination of members of other species legitimates the ongoing manipulation and exploitation of the living worlds, the very reason conservation was needed in the first place. Embracing compassion can help dismantle human exceptionalism, recognize nonhuman personhood, and navigate a more expansive moral space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian D. Wallach
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
| | - Chelsea Batavia
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR97331U.S.A.
| | - Marc Bekoff
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCO80309U.S.A.
| | | | - Liv Baker
- Animal Behavior and Conservation ProgramHunter College CUNYNew YorkNYU.S.A.
| | - Dror Ben‐Ami
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
- Compassionate Conservation Middle East, Steinhardt Museum of Natural HistoryTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Louise Boronyak
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
- Institute for Sustainable FuturesUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
| | - Adam P. A. Cardilin
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Built EnvironmentDeakin UniversityWaurn PondsVIC3216Australia
| | - Yohay Carmel
- Division of Environmental, Water and Agricultural EngineeringTechnion Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
| | - Danielle Celermajer
- Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Faculty of Arts and Social SciencesThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Simon Coghlan
- School of Computing and Information Systems, Melbourne School of EngineeringThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | | | - Jonatan J. Gomez
- Departamento de Ciencias BásicasUniversidad Nacional de LujánRutas 5 y 7Luján6700Argentina
| | - Gisela Kaplan
- School of Science & TechnologyUniversity of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia
| | - Oded Keynan
- Compassionate Conservation Middle East, Steinhardt Museum of Natural HistoryTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Dead Sea & Arava Science CentreCentral Arava BranchHatzevaIsrael
| | | | - Helen Kopnina
- The Hague University of Applied Sciences, International BusinessJohanna Westerdijkplein 75EN Den Haag2521the Netherlands
| | - William S. Lynn
- George Perkins Marsh InstituteClark UniversityWorcesterMA01710U.S.A.
| | - Yamini Narayanan
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and EducationDeakin UniversityMelbourneVIC3125Australia
| | - Sophie Riley
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
- Faculty of LawUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
| | - Francisco J. Santiago‐Ávila
- Carnivore Coexistence Lab, Nelson Institute for Environmental StudiesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706U.S.A.
| | - Esty Yanco
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
| | - Miriam A. Zemanova
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
| | - Daniel Ramp
- Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSW2007Australia
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Kopnina H. Should Justice for People Come Before Justice for the Environment? Examining Students’ Reflections on Environmental Ethics. Conservation 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13905-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Kopnina H. Of elephants and men. Animal Sentience 2020. [DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Kopnina H, Washington H. Ethical Approaches to Conservation. Conservation 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13905-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Kopnina H. Just preservation and the Half-Earth View. Animal Sentience 2019. [DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Kopnina H. Anthropocentrism: Practical remedies needed. Animal Sentience 2019. [DOI: 10.51291/2377-7478.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Piccolo JJ, Washington H, Kopnina H, Taylor B. Why conservation scientists should re-embrace their ecocentric roots. Conserv Biol 2018; 32:959-961. [PMID: 29243328 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John J Piccolo
- Institute for Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Universitetsgatan 1, Karlstad, 65188, Sweden
| | - Haydn Washington
- PANGEA Centre, Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Level 5, Biological Sciences Building (D26), The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | - Helen Kopnina
- The Hague University of Applied Sciences, International Business Management Studies, Johanna Westerdijkplein 75, 2521 EN Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Bron Taylor
- University of Florida, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, 107 Anderson Hall, P.O. Box 117410, Gainesville, FL 32611-7410, U.S.A
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Abstract
Anthropologists have mediated between discriminated communities and outsiders, helping to influence public opinion through advocacy work. But can anthropological advocacy be applied to the case of violence against nonhumans? Ethical inquiries in anthropology also engage with the manifold ways through which human and nonhuman lives are entangled and emplaced within wider ecological relationships, converging in the so-called multispecies ethnography, but failing to account for exploitation. Reflecting on this omission, this article discusses the applicability of engaged anthropology to the range of issues from the use of nonhumans in medical experimentation and food production industry, to habitat destruction, and in broader contexts involving violence against nonhumans. Concluding that the existing forms of anthropological engagement are inadequate in dealing with the massive scale of nonhuman abuse, this article will suggest directions for a radical anthropology that engages with deep ecology, animal rights, animal welfare, and ecological justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Kopnina
- Cultural Anthropology and Development Sociology Department, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Kopnina
- Cultural Anthropology and Development Sociology, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, UK
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Abram S, Acciaioli G, Baviskar A, Kopnina H, Nonini D, Strang V. Special Module: Plenary Debate from the IUAES World Congress 2013: Evolving Humanity, Emerging Worlds, 5–10 August 2013. Anthropological Forum 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00664677.2015.1102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kopnina H. Environmental justice and biospheric egalitarianism: reflecting on a normative-philosophical view of human-nature relationship. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/2194-6434-1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kopnina H. Alternative treatment for asthma: case study of success of traditional chinese medicine treatment of children from urban areas with different levels of environmental pollution. ISRN Allergy 2012; 2012:547534. [PMID: 23724242 PMCID: PMC3658565 DOI: 10.5402/2012/547534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment in Dutch children with asthma in areas with differing air pollution. The study results indicate that TCM treatment of children living in more polluted urban area is less successful then that of children living in cleaner air area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Kopnina
- The Hague University of Applied Science, 2521 EN The Hague, The Netherlands
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Kopnina H. ‘People are not plants, but both need to grow’: qualitative analysis of the new ecological paradigm scale for children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10669-012-9401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Haafkens JA, Kopnina H, Meerman MGM, van Dijk FJH. Facilitating job retention for chronically ill employees: perspectives of line managers and human resource managers. BMC Health Serv Res 2011; 11:104. [PMID: 21586139 PMCID: PMC3118107 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-11-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic diseases are a leading contributor to work disability and job loss in Europe. Recent EU policies aim to improve job retention among chronically ill employees. Disability and occupational health researchers argue that this requires a coordinated and pro-active approach at the workplace by occupational health professionals, line managers (LMs) and human resource managers (HRM). Little is known about the perspectives of LMs an HRM on what is needed to facilitate job retention among chronically ill employees. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore and compare the perspectives of Dutch LMs and HRM on this issue. METHODS Concept mapping methodology was used to elicit and map statements (ideas) from 10 LMs and 17 HRM about what is needed to ensure continued employment for chronically ill employees. Study participants were recruited through a higher education and an occupational health services organization. RESULTS Participants generated 35 statements. Each group (LMs and HRM) sorted these statements into six thematic clusters. LMs and HRM identified four similar clusters: LMs and HRM must be knowledgeable about the impact of chronic disease on the employee; employees must accept responsibility for work retention; work adaptations must be implemented; and clear company policy. Thematic clusters identified only by LMs were: good manager/employee cooperation and knowledge transfer within the company. Unique clusters identified by HRM were: company culture and organizational support. CONCLUSIONS There were both similarities and differences between the views of LMs and HRM on what may facilitate job retention for chronically ill employees. LMs perceived manager/employee cooperation as the most important mechanism for enabling continued employment for these employees. HRM perceived organizational policy and culture as the most important mechanism. The findings provide information about topics that occupational health researchers and planners should address in developing job retention programs for chronically ill workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke A Haafkens
- Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are few studies pertaining to asthma patients' views on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The driving question behind the study is why some asthma patients choose noncompliance to conventional western medicine and resort to other modalities, often deemed as being 'alternative,' 'complementary,' or 'integrated.' Does the patients' emancipation movement lead to greater awareness of the benefits of alternative medicine? Does the patients' identity as asthma sufferers play a role in their decision? METHOD Case studies based on semistructured interviews were conducted between June 2009 and January 2010 with 19 asthma patients in The Netherlands who have chosen complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Patients were contacted through online forum of Dutch asthma patients' organization Astma Fonds. DISCUSSION We have discovered that on the whole patients in the present study were well informed about risks and benefits of both prescribed and alternative medicines. We have argued that noncompliance to medical regime by some asthma patients can be explained by the rationality of their choice based on evidence of clinical trials of commonly assigned asthma medication as well as partial and anecdotal evidence of the benefits of CAM therapies. It is the patients themselves who, by invoking the same evidence-based dominant paradigm choose to address the conflict between protagonists of 'conventional,' western medicine and other modalities. CONCLUSION The author argues that asthma patients' noncompliance with (Western) medical regime and choice for alternative medical treatment of asthma is a matter of rational choice informed by evidence-based awareness. This evidence-based rationality particularly refers here to the patients' awareness of the rather controversial results of clinical trials of commonly used asthma medicines, particularly those containing elements of budesonide (Pulmicort), an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid, and formoterol (Oxis, Foradil), a rapid-acting and long-lasting beta(2)-agonist (bronchodilator).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Kopnina
- Institute of Advanced Labour Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
This article is based on semistructured interviews and focus groups conducted with 27 asthma patients in The Netherlands who chose complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for treatment of their condition. All subjects were contacted through an online forum for asthma patients hosted by the Dutch Asthma Foundation. Nineteen subjects (12 women and seven men) between the ages of 29 and 65 years participated in the interviews, held between June 2009 and January 2010. All of the participating subjects had experience with conventional medications, including anti-inflammatory corticosteroids and bronchodilators. For the focus group meeting, held in February 2010, the sample included seven subjects (four women and three men) between the ages of 31 and 46 years, none of whom had ever used conventional medication and all of whom were using CAM. All subjects in the sample had been diagnosed with asthma by their physician or lung specialist. The study examined the causes of patient noncompliance with the prescribed medical regime. It is argued that evidence-based rationality on the part of subjects is an overlooked dimension of their experience of asthma. This study demonstrates the role that the patients' social network, including medical practitioners, friends, and family, and other asthmatics, plays in the process of decision-making and choices about treating asthma. It also demonstrates the role of patients' information-searching strategies. The author concludes that patient noncompliance with commonly prescribed medication and selection of alternative medical treatment is less a matter of denial of their diagnosis or the severity of their illness, but more a matter of choice informed by evidence-based rationality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Kopnina
- Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labor Studies, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION While Human Resource Managers (HRM) and line managers could play a significant role in the prevention of job-related problems and in promotion of early job-continuation, it is not clear wether the chronically ill workers are recognized as a group. Unlike some other groups, distinguished by gender, age or ethnicity, those with chronic illness are less distinct and may not be included in diversity management programs. The aim of this research is to address theory and evidence in literature about the topic, as well as to inquire whether chronic illness of the employees is 'visible' in practice. METHODS For desk research, we used a systematic search strategy involving medical, statistical, management, and social science databases (Web of Science, MedLine, Pub Med, Psych Info, etc.). Research results are based on case studies conducted with the managers and HRM of government and commercial organizations between March 2007 and October 2008 and between October 2008 and April 2009. These case studies were based on open interviews and focus group sessions (for human resource departments) which were consequently analyzed using thematical analysis. For group sessions, we used concept mapping to collect information from two groups of HRM professionals and managers. Secondary analysis included thematic and content analysis of 'best practice' organizations carried out by the Dutch organization Gatekeeper. CONCLUSIONS We have discovered that the chronically ill employees are largely invisible to HRM practitioners, line managers who do not always have the right instruments for implementation of the European or national frameworks. Most practitioners are unaware of the impact of chronic illness in their organizations and in employees work life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Kopnina
- Amsterdam Institute of Advanced Labour Studies, University of Amsterdam, Plantage Muidengracht 12, 1018 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joke A. Haafkens
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of General Practice, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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