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Cui H, Bi X, Zhou X, Zhang W, Ma Y. Family function and adolescent altruistic behavior: the multiple mediating effects of self-affirmation and psychological resilience. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1184985. [PMID: 37546475 PMCID: PMC10400445 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1184985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The current study aimed to explore the relationship between family function and adolescent altruistic behavior, as well as the mediating effects of self-affirmation and psychological resilience in this relationship. Methods A survey was conducted on 972 high school students in Guangdong Province using the Family APGAR, GHQSense of Adequacy, Chinese version of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Altruistic Behavior Scale. Results Results found that the score of psychological resilience of males was significantly higher than that of females, but the score of altruistic behavior was significantly lower than that of females. Family function had a positive predictive effect on altruistic behavior. Psychological resilience played a mediating role between family function and altruistic behavior. Self-affirmation and psychological resilience played chain mediating roles between family function and altruistic behavior. Discussion This study indicated that family care is crucial for the development of adolescent altruistic behavior, and that it can promote the development of altruistic behavior through the enhancement of self-affirmation and psychological resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Cui
- School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- Mental Health Education and Counseling Center, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Bi
- School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhou
- School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Secondary School, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yankun Ma
- School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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Hanel PHP, Roy D, Taylor S, Franjieh M, Heffer C, Tanesini A, Maio GR. Using self-affirmation to increase intellectual humility in debate. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:220958. [PMID: 36756062 PMCID: PMC9890103 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Intellectual humility, which entails openness to other views and a willingness to listen and engage with them, is crucial for facilitating civil dialogue and progress in debate between opposing sides. In the present research, we tested whether intellectual humility can be reliably detected in discourse and experimentally increased by a prior self-affirmation task. Three hundred and three participants took part in 116 audio- and video-recorded group discussions. Blind to condition, linguists coded participants' discourse to create an intellectual humility score. As expected, the self-affirmation task increased the coded intellectual humility, as well as participants' self-rated prosocial affect (e.g. empathy). Unexpectedly, the effect on prosocial affect did not mediate the link between experimental condition and intellectual humility in debate. Self-reported intellectual humility and other personality variables were uncorrelated with expert-coded intellectual humility. Implications of these findings for understanding the social psychological mechanisms underpinning intellectual humility are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. P. Hanel
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester Campus, CO4 3SQ Colchester, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Deborah Roy
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Samuel Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Michael Franjieh
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford, UK
- School of English, Communication and Philosophy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Chris Heffer
- School of English, Communication and Philosophy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alessandra Tanesini
- School of English, Communication and Philosophy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Vaughan-Johnston TI, Fowlie DI, Jacobson JA. Connecting Attitude Position and Function: The Role of Self-Esteem. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2022:1461672221100866. [PMID: 35726712 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Attitude position and function often are discussed as though they are distinct aspects of attitudes, but scholars have become increasingly interested in how they may interface. We extend existing work showing that people view their positive attitudes as more self-defining than their negative attitudes (i.e., the positivity effect). All datasets support that the positivity effect emerged most strongly among high self-esteem individuals and was attenuated, eliminated, or even reversed among low self-esteem individuals. Furthermore, Study 4 uses a broad array of individual difference measures to triangulate that the higher self-enhancement motivation associated with high self-esteem, rather than merely the positive self-worth of high self-esteem people, is responsible for moderating the positivity effect. In sum, the present work establishes boundary conditions for an important phenomenon in the attitudes literature, develops understanding of the far-ranging implications of trait self-esteem, and illuminates the psychological motivations that connect attitude position and function.
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Evans N, Ellett L, Carpenter R, Kingston J. Immediate and short term effects of values-based interventions on paranoia. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2019; 65:101500. [PMID: 31394412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Paranoia is a common, distressing, and persistent experience that can negatively impact on health, wellbeing, and functioning. This study examined the immediate and short term (2-weeks) effects of two values-based interventions, versus a non-values control, on paranoia, as well as the moderating effect of self-esteem. METHODS 171 non-clinical adults were randomised to a value-affirmation and goals task (VAG: clarifying and reflecting on core values and setting value-based goals) (n = 57), a value-affirmation task (VA: clarifying and reflecting on core values without setting value-based goals) (n = 57), or a non-affirmation control task (NAC) (n = 57). Paranoia was assessed at baseline (T1), post-intervention (T2), and two weeks post-intervention (T3). Self-esteem was measured at baseline. RESULTS VAG participants had significantly lower state paranoia scores at T3 than VA (d = .34) and NAC (d = .31) participants. This effect was moderated by trait self-esteem: At follow-up, the differential effect of condition on state paranoia was greatest amongst those with low self-esteem, with the VAG condition being most beneficial for participants with low self-esteem and the VA condition being least beneficial. LIMITATIONS Without a goals only control group it is possible that the benefits of VAG over VA were attributable to setting and achieving goals. Use of a nonclinical sample limits generalisability to clinical groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that focusing on a deeply held value and setting goals in line with that value reduced paranoia. This intervention may be most beneficial for individuals with low self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Evans
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, TW10 0EX, Surrey, UK
| | - Lyn Ellett
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, TW10 0EX, Surrey, UK
| | - Rebecca Carpenter
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, TW10 0EX, Surrey, UK
| | - Jessica Kingston
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, TW10 0EX, Surrey, UK.
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T Buckingham J, Lam TA, Andrade FC, Boring BL, Emery D. Reducing contingent self-worth: A defensive response to self-threats. The Journal of Social Psychology 2018; 159:284-298. [PMID: 29634454 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2018.1461604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous research shows that people with high self-esteem cope with threats to the self by reducing the extent to which their self-worth is contingent on the threatened domain (Buckingham, Weber, & Sypher, 2012). The present studies tested the hypothesis that this is a defensive process. In support of this hypothesis, Study 1 (N = 160), showed that self-affirmation attenuates the tendency for people with high self-esteem to reduce their contingencies of self-worth following self-threat. Furthermore, Study 2 (N = 286), showed that this tendency was more prevalent among people with defensive self-esteem than among those with secure self-esteem. The present studies imply that reducing contingent self-worth after self-threat is a defensive process. We discuss implications for theories of contingent self-worth.
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Siegel JT, Lienemann BA, Rosenberg BD. Resistance, reactance, and misinterpretation: Highlighting the challenge of persuading people with depression to seek help. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Moshtagh M, Mirlashari J, Rafiey H, Azin A, Farnam R. Human identity versus gender identity: The perception of sexual addiction among Iranian women. Health Care Women Int 2017; 38:732-752. [DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2017.1322594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Moshtagh
- Department of Social Welfare Management, School of Education Sciences and Social Welfare, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Mirlashari
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Rafiey
- Department of Social Welfare Management, School of Education Sciences and Social Welfare, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Azin
- Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Haddock G, Foad C, Windsor-Shellard B, Dummel S, Adarves-Yorno I. On the Attitudinal Consequences of Being Mindful. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2017; 43:439-452. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167216688204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of studies examined whether mindfulness is associated with the experience of attitudinal ambivalence. Studies 1A and 1B found that mindful individuals expressed greater comfort holding ambivalent views and reported feeling ambivalent less often. More mindful individuals also responded more positively to feelings of uncertainty (as assessed in Study 1B). Study 2 replicated these effects and demonstrated that mindful individuals had lower objective and subjective ambivalence across a range of attitude objects but did not differ in attitude valence, extremity, positivity/negativity, strength, or the need to evaluate. Study 3 showed that the link between greater ambivalence and negative affect was buffered by mindfulness, such that there was no link between the amount of ambivalence and negative affect among more mindful individuals. The results are discussed with respect to the benefits of mindfulness in relation to ambivalence and affect.
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Borton JLS, Oakes MA, Lengieza M. Fixated on rejection: Attentional blindness following socially rejecting faces in people with defensive self-esteem. SELF AND IDENTITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2016.1218924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A. Oakes
- Department of Psychology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA
| | - Michael Lengieza
- Department of Psychology, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA
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Smallets S, Streamer L, Kondrak CL, Seery MD. Bringing you down versus bringing me up: Discrepant versus congruent high explicit self-esteem differentially predict malicious and benign envy. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Phillips WJ, Hine DW. En Route to Depression: Self-Esteem Discrepancies and Habitual Rumination. J Pers 2014; 84:79-90. [PMID: 25308729 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dual-process models of cognitive vulnerability to depression suggest that some individuals possess discrepant implicit and explicit self-views, such as high explicit and low implicit self-esteem (fragile self-esteem) or low explicit and high implicit self-esteem (damaged self-esteem). This study investigated whether individuals with discrepant self-esteem may employ depressive rumination in an effort to reduce discrepancy-related dissonance, and whether the relationship between self-esteem discrepancy and future depressive symptoms varies as a function of rumination tendencies. Hierarchical regressions examined whether self-esteem discrepancy was associated with rumination in an Australian undergraduate sample at Time 1 (N = 306; M(age) = 29.9), and whether rumination tendencies moderated the relationship between self-esteem discrepancy and depressive symptoms assessed 3 months later (n = 160). Damaged self-esteem was associated with rumination at Time 1. As hypothesized, rumination moderated the relationship between self-esteem discrepancy and depressive symptoms at Time 2, where fragile self-esteem and high rumination tendencies at Time 1 predicted the highest levels of subsequent dysphoria. Results are consistent with dual-process propositions that (a) explicit self-regulation strategies may be triggered when explicit and implicit self-beliefs are incongruent, and (b) rumination may increase the likelihood of depression by expending cognitive resources and/or amplifying negative implicit biases.
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Windsor-Shellard B, Haddock G. On Feeling Torn About One's Sexuality: The Effects of Explicit-Implicit Sexual Orientation Ambivalence. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2014; 40:1215-1228. [PMID: 24972940 PMCID: PMC4230544 DOI: 10.1177/0146167214539018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Three studies offer novel evidence addressing the consequences of explicit–implicit sexual orientation (SO) ambivalence. In Study 1, self-identified straight females completed explicit and implicit measures of SO. The results revealed that participants with greater SO ambivalence took longer responding to explicit questions about their sexual preferences, an effect moderated by the direction of ambivalence. Study 2 replicated this effect using a different paradigm. Study 3 included self-identified straight and gay female and male participants; participants completed explicit and implicit measures of SO, plus measures of self-esteem and affect regarding their SO. Among straight participants, the response time results replicated the findings of Studies 1 and 2. Among gay participants, trends suggested that SO ambivalence influenced time spent deliberating on explicit questions relevant to sexuality, but in a different way. Furthermore, the amount and direction of SO ambivalence was related to self-esteem.
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Düring C, Jessop DC. The moderating impact of self-esteem on self-affirmation effects. Br J Health Psychol 2014; 20:274-89. [PMID: 24674228 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explored whether self-esteem would moderate the effectiveness of a self-affirmation manipulation at increasing openness to personally relevant health-risk information. DESIGN The study employed a prospective experimental design. METHOD Participants (N = 328) completed either a self-affirmation manipulation or a control task, prior to reading information detailing the health-related consequences of taking insufficient exercise. They then completed a series of measures assessing their cognitions towards exercise and their derogation of the information. Exercise behaviour was assessed at 1-week follow-up. RESULTS Self-esteem moderated the impact of self-affirmation on the majority of outcomes. For participants with low self-esteem, the self-affirmation manipulation resulted in more positive attitudes and intentions towards exercise, together with lower levels of derogation of the health-risk information. By contrast, there was no effect of the self-affirmation manipulation on outcomes for participants with high self-esteem. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that self-affirmation manipulations might be of particular benefit for those with low self-esteem in terms of promoting openness towards health-risk information. This is promising from a health promotion perspective, as individuals with low self-esteem often represent those most in need of intervention. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Self-affirmation has been shown to result in more open processing of personally relevant health-risk information. Individuals low in self-esteem tend to process such information more defensively than those high in self-esteem. What does this study add? It explores whether self-esteem moderates the impact of self-affirmation on responses to health-risk information. Findings suggest that individuals with low self-esteem benefit most from the self-affirmation manipulation. This has important applied implications, as individuals with low self-esteem may be most in need of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Düring
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
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Gebauer JE, Maio GR, Pakizeh A. Feeling Torn When Everything Seems Right. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2013; 39:777-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167213481679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of positive and negative attributes of an attitude object typically accounts for less than a quarter of the variance in felt ambivalence toward these objects, rendering this evaluative incongruence insufficient for explaining felt ambivalence. The present research tested whether another type of incongruence, semantic incongruence, also causes felt ambivalence. Semantic incongruence arises from inconsistencies in the descriptive content of attitude objects’ attributes (e.g., attributes that are not mutually supportive), independent of these attributes’ valences. Experiment 1 manipulated evaluative and semantic incongruence using valence norms and semantic norms. Both of these norm-based manipulations independently predicted felt ambivalence, and, in Experiment 2, they even did so over and above self-based incongruence (i.e., participants’ idiosyncratic perceptions of evaluative and semantic incongruence). Experiments 3a and 3b revealed that aversive dissonant feelings play a role in the effects of evaluative incongruence, but not semantic incongruence, on felt ambivalence.
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Laws VL, Rivera LM. The Role of Self-Image Concerns in Discrepancies Between Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2012; 38:1453-66. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167212452613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Four experiments examined the hypothesis that individuals who hold discrepant implicit and explicit self-esteem possess relatively strong self-image concerns. As a result, they may act irrationally when expressing sexual health attitudes. In support of the hypothesis, Experiments 1a and 1b demonstrate that large self-esteem discrepancy participants possess strong implicit self-image ambivalence relative to small self-esteem discrepancy participants. In Experiments 2 and 3, participants who varied in self-esteem discrepancies received either negative or positive (or no) feedback on an intelligence test, and then they were given an opportunity to express implicit and explicit attitudes toward condoms. Large self-esteem discrepancy participants who received a self-threat responded irrationally and expressed relatively strong negative implicit (but not explicit) attitudes toward condoms. However, this detrimental effect was completely reversed following a self-affirmation to large discrepancy participants. The implicit and explicit attitudes toward condoms of small discrepancy participants were unaffected by a self-threat or a self-affirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis M. Rivera
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, USA
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Rydell RJ, Durso GR. Can I borrow a feeling? Spillover of negative arousal from inconsistent information during attitude formation diminishes perceptions of well-being. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Abstract
Can negative first names cause interpersonal neglect? Study 1 ( N = 968) compared extremely negatively named online-daters with extremely positively named online-daters. Study 2 ( N = 4,070) compared less extreme groups—namely, online-daters with somewhat unattractive versus somewhat attractive first names. Study 3 ( N = 6,775) compared online-daters with currently popular versus currently less popular first names, while controlling for name-popularity at birth. Across all studies, negatively named individuals were more neglected by other online-daters, as indicated by fewer first visits to their dating profiles. This form of neglect arguably mirrors a name-based life history of neglect, discrimination, prejudice, or even ostracism. Supporting this argument, neglect mediated the relation between negative names and lower self-esteem, more frequent smoking, and less education. These results are consistent with the name-based interpersonal neglect hypothesis: Negative names evoke negative interpersonal reactions, which in turn influence people’s life outcomes for the worse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen E. Gebauer
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wiebke Neberich
- International Max Planck Research School LIFE and Affinitas GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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