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Sima J, Ma H, Liu F, Lou C, Zou F, Wang Y, Luo Y, Zhang M, Wu X. Electrophysiological indexes of ingroup bias in a group Stroop task: Evidence from an event-related potential study. Behav Brain Res 2024; 464:114931. [PMID: 38432302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Although cognitive system assigns higher attentional resources to ingroup information than outgroup information, but it is unclear whether the ingroup bias can be measured by the processes that are related to allocation of attentional resources to ingroup information. Thus, a group Stroop task was developed to study the issues combining with event-related potential (ERP) technique in this study. Specifically, 34 subjects (17 female, mean age = 20.76 ± 1.26) were firstly divided into blue or red group (17 subjects for each group); then they were asked to categorize four words of Stroop task into "our team" or "other team" based on the ink color (blue/red) of the words whose meaning were also red/blue. The behavioral results showed that outgroup ink color processing was interfered by ingroup word meaning, but the ingroup ink color processing was less/not interfered by outgroup word meaning. The ERP results showed that the amplitude of frontal N100 was enhanced when more attentional resources were automatically captured by ingroup information in early stage than outgroup information; P2/N2 amplitude was reduced or enhanced when outgroup information processing was interfered by ingroup information; enhanced P3b amplitude reflected that attention could be more easily allocated to ingroup information than outgroup information based on target. This study implied a novel direction to study the neural basis of ingroup bias by investigating the roles of ingroup bias in assigning attentional resources to group information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashan Sima
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Center for Cognition, Emotion and Body (CCEB), Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Huanke Ma
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Center for Cognition, Emotion and Body (CCEB), Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Fan Liu
- School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Chenjun Lou
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Center for Cognition, Emotion and Body (CCEB), Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Feng Zou
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Center for Cognition, Emotion and Body (CCEB), Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Center for Cognition, Emotion and Body (CCEB), Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yanyan Luo
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Center for Cognition, Emotion and Body (CCEB), Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Xin Wu
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Center for Cognition, Emotion and Body (CCEB), Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
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2
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Momen A, Hugenberg K, Wiese E. Social perception of robots is shaped by beliefs about their minds. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5459. [PMID: 38443378 PMCID: PMC10914716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Roboticists often imbue robots with human-like physical features to increase the likelihood that they are afforded benefits known to be associated with anthropomorphism. Similarly, deepfakes often employ computer-generated human faces to attempt to create convincing simulacra of actual humans. In the present work, we investigate whether perceivers' higher-order beliefs about faces (i.e., whether they represent actual people or android robots) modulate the extent to which perceivers deploy face-typical processing for social stimuli. Past work has shown that perceivers' recognition performance is more impacted by the inversion of faces than objects, thus highlighting that faces are processed holistically (i.e., as Gestalt), whereas objects engage feature-based processing. Here, we use an inversion task to examine whether face-typical processing is attenuated when actual human faces are labeled as non-human (i.e., android robot). This allows us to employ a task shown to be differentially sensitive to social (i.e., faces) and non-social (i.e., objects) stimuli while also randomly assigning face stimuli to seem real or fake. The results show smaller inversion effects when face stimuli were believed to represent android robots compared to when they were believed to represent humans. This suggests that robots strongly resembling humans may still fail to be perceived as "social" due pre-existing beliefs about their mechanistic nature. Theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Momen
- United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | | | - Eva Wiese
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
- Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Deist M, Fourie MM. (Not) part of the team: Racial empathy bias in a South African minimal group study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283902. [PMID: 37023090 PMCID: PMC10079011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimal Group Paradigm (MGP) research suggests that recategorization with an arbitrarily defined group may be sufficient to override empathy biases among salient social categories like race. However, most studies utilizing MGPs do not consider sufficiently the socio-historical contexts of social groups. Here we investigated whether the recategorization of White participants into arbitrarily defined mixed-race teams using a non-competitive MGP would ameliorate racial empathy biases towards ingroup team members in the South African context. Sixty participants rated their empathic and counter-empathic (Schadenfreude, Glückschmerz) responses to ingroup and outgroup team members in physically painful, emotionally distressing, and positive situations. As anticipated, results indicated significant ingroup team biases in empathic and counter-empathic responses. However, mixed-race minimal teams were unable to override ingroup racial empathy biases, which persisted across events. Interestingly, a manipulation highlighting purported political ideological differences between White and Black African team members did not exacerbate racial empathy bias, suggesting that such perceptions were already salient. Across conditions, an internal motivation to respond without prejudice was most strongly associated with empathy for Black African target individuals, regardless of their team status. Together, these results suggest that racial identity continues to provide a salient motivational guide in addition to more arbitrary group memberships, even at an explicit level, for empathic responding in contexts characterized by historical power asymmetry. These data further problematize the continued official use of race-based categories in such contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Deist
- Centre for the Study of the Afterlife of Violence and the Reparative Quest, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Melike M Fourie
- Centre for the Study of the Afterlife of Violence and the Reparative Quest, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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4
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Rösler IK, Amodio DM. Neural Basis of Prejudice and Prejudice Reduction. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:1200-1208. [PMID: 36402739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Social prejudices, based on race, ethnicity, gender, or other identities, pervade how we perceive, think about, and act toward others. Research on the neural basis of prejudice seeks to illuminate its effects by investigating the neurocognitive processes through which prejudice is formed, represented in the mind, expressed in behavior, and potentially reduced. In this article, we review current knowledge about the social neuroscience of prejudice regarding its influence on rapid social perception, representation in memory, emotional expression and relation to empathy, and regulation, and we discuss implications of this work for prejudice reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga K Rösler
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York.
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5
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Kawakami K, Vingilis-Jaremko L, Friesen JP, Meyers C, Fang X. Impact of similarity on recognition of faces of Black and White targets. Br J Psychol 2022; 113:1079-1099. [PMID: 35957498 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One reason for the persistence of racial inequality may be anticipated dissimilarity with racial outgroups. In the present research, we explored the impact of perceived similarity with White and Black targets on facial identity recognition accuracy. In two studies, participants first completed an ostensible personality survey. Next, in a Learning Phase, Black and White faces were presented on one of three background colours. Participants were led to believe that these colours indicated similarities between them and the target person in the image. Specifically, they were informed that the background colours were associated with the extent to which responses by the target person on the personality survey and their own responses overlapped. In actual fact, faces were randomly assigned to colour. In both studies, non-Black participants (Experiment 1) and White participants (Experiment 2) showed better recognition of White than Black faces. More importantly in the present context, a positive linear effect of similarity was found in both studies, with better recognition of increasingly similar Black and White targets. The independent effects for race of target and similarity, with no interaction, indicated that participants responded to Black and White faces according to category membership as well as on an interpersonal level related to similarity with specific targets. Together these findings suggest that while perceived similarity may enhance identity recognition accuracy for Black and White faces, it may not reduce differences in facial memory for these racial categories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xia Fang
- Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
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6
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Hackel LM, Kogon D, Amodio DM, Wood W. Group value learned through interactions with members: A reinforcement learning account. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Brusa A, Pesič A, Proverbio AM. Learning positive social information reduces racial bias as indexed by N400 response. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260540. [PMID: 34818377 PMCID: PMC8612538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study used EEG/ERPs to detect the activation of implicit stereotypical representations associated to other-race (OR) people and the modulation of such activation through the previous presentation of positive vs. neutral social information. Electrophysiological signals were recorded in 40 Italian Caucasian participants, unaware of the overall study's purpose. They were presented with 285 sentences that could either violate, non-violate (e.g., "the Roma girl was involved in a robbery) or be neutral with regard to stereotypical concepts concerning other-race people (e.g. Asians, Africans, Arabic). ERPs were time-locked to the terminal words. Prior to the sentence reading task, participants were exposed to a 10 minutes colourful video documentary. While the experimental group was presented a video containing images picturing other-race characters involved in "prestigious" activities that violated stereotypical negative assumptions (e.g. a black neurosurgeon leading a surgery team), the control group viewed a neutral documentary about flora and fauna. EEG signals were then recorded during the sentence reading task to explore whether the previous exposure to the experimental video could modulate the detection of incongruence in the sentences violating stereotypes, as marked by the N400 response. A fictitious task was adopted, consisted in detecting rare animal names. Indeed, only the control group showed a greater N400 response (350-550 ms) to words incongruent with ethnic stereotypes compared to congruent and neutral ones, thus suggesting the presence of a racial bias. No N400 response was found for the experimental group, suggesting a lack of negative expectation for OR individuals. The swLORETA inverse solution, performed on the prejudice-related N400 showed that the Inferior Temporal and the Superior and Middle Frontal Gyri were the strongest N400 intra-cortical sources. Regardless of the experimental manipulation, Congruent terminal words evoked a greater P300 response (500-600 ms) compared to incongruent and neutral ones and a late frontal positivity (650-800 ms) was found to be larger to sentences involving OR than own-race characters (either congruent or incongruent with the prejudice) thus possibly indicating bias-free perceptual in-group/out-group categorization processes. The data showed how it is possible to modulate a pre-existing racial prejudice (as reflected by N400 effect) through exposure to positive media-driven information about OR people. Further follow-up studies should determine the duration in time, and across contexts, of this modulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Brusa
- Department of Psychology, Neuro-Mi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonia Pesič
- Department of Psychology, Neuro-Mi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Mado Proverbio
- Department of Psychology, Neuro-Mi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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8
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Kawakami K, Friesen JP, Williams A, Vingilis-Jaremko L, Sidhu DM, Rodriguez-Bailón R, Cañadas E, Hugenberg K. Impact of perceived interpersonal similarity on attention to the eyes of same-race and other-race faces. COGNITIVE RESEARCH-PRINCIPLES AND IMPLICATIONS 2021; 6:68. [PMID: 34727302 PMCID: PMC8563912 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-021-00336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One reason for the persistence of racial discrimination may be anticipated dissimilarity with racial outgroup members that prevent meaningful interactions. In the present research, we investigated whether perceived similarity would impact the processing of same-race and other-race faces.
Specifically, in two experiments, we varied the extent to which White participants were ostensibly similar to targets via bogus feedback on a personality test. With an eye tracker, we measured the effect of this manipulation on attention to the eyes, a critical region for person perception and face memory. In Experiment 1, we monitored the impact of perceived interpersonal similarity on White participants’ attention to the eyes of same-race White targets. In Experiment 2, we replicated this procedure, but White participants were presented with either same-race White targets or other-race Black targets in a between-subjects design. The pattern of results in both experiments indicated a positive linear effect of similarity—greater perceived similarity between participants and targets predicted more attention to the eyes of White and Black faces. The implications of these findings related to top-down effects of perceived similarity for our understanding of basic processes in face perception, as well as intergroup relations, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Larissa Vingilis-Jaremko
- York University, Toronto, Canada.,Canadian Association for Girls in Science, Mississauga, Canada
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9
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Fatfouta R, Trope Y. Keeping One’s Distance: Mask Wearing is Implicitly Associated With Psychological Distance. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211044061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mask wearing plays a vital role in the fight against the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Despite its ubiquity in everyday social life, it is still unknown how masked faces are mentally represented. Drawing on construal-level theory, we test the hypothesis that masked faces and unmasked faces are implicitly associated with psychological distance and proximity in memory, respectively. Four preregistered, high-powered experiments ( N = 354 adults) using the Implicit Association Test lend convergent support to this hypothesis across all four dimensions of psychological distance: social distance, spatial distance, temporal distance, and hypothetical distance. A mini meta-analysis validates the reliability of the findings (Hedge’s g = 0.46). The present work contributes to the growing literature on construal-level effects on implicit social cognition and enriches the current discussion on mask wearing in the pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Fatfouta
- HMKW Hochschule für Medien, Kommunikation und Wirtschaft, University of Applied Sciences in Berlin, Germany
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10
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Zhu M, Qian H, Zhang P, Gao X. Perceiving faces through reconnection-colored glasses after social exclusion: Evidence from N100. Scand J Psychol 2021; 63:64-71. [PMID: 34514611 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Social exclusion motivates individuals to selectively reconnect with others, in which face categorization plays an important role. However, it remains unknown how reconnection possibility interacts with perception at the very early stage of face categorization. To address this issue, after social exclusion or social inclusion priming, participants were instructed to select one person from two gender-matched strangers as a future "coworker" (with high reconnection possibility; the left one is a future "stranger," with low reconnection possibility) for another ostensible task, and then complete an orientation judgment task of self-face, coworker face and stranger face, with event-related brain potential (ERP) recordings. Results showed that excluded participants produced larger N100 to future coworker face than to stranger face, but no such difference was found among included participants. Compared with included participants, excluded participants produced significantly larger N100 to future coworker face. Moreover, N100 elicited by future coworker face was significantly negatively correlated with rating scores of exclusion only for social excluded participants. These findings indicate that social reconnection desire may contribute to the biased face perception which facilitates face categorization of socially excluded people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Department of Social Work and Management, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoyue Qian
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Gao
- Academic Affairs Office, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Grose-Fifer J, Vidals D. Mental health stigma and emotional face processing: An ERP study. Soc Neurosci 2021; 16:573-583. [PMID: 34445931 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2021.1973556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study takes the first step toward developing an event-related potential (ERP) measure of bias toward people with mental illnesses. We recorded participants' EEGs while they viewed happy and angry faces; they were told half of the people in the photos were mentally healthy while the other half had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, which was indicated by the color of the frame around each face. Afterward, participants rated how dangerous each face looked to them. Participants rated faces with the schizophrenia designation as more dangerous than those designated as mentally healthy. There were significant interactions between facial expression and mental health label for both the early N170 and later P3 amplitudes. Angry expressions elicited larger N170s than happy ones, but only for faces with the schizophrenia label. Thus, angry faces with the schizophrenia designation appeared to be particularly salient and automatically grabbed our participants' attention, at least initially. In contrast, happy faces with the schizophrenia label elicited larger P3s than those with the mentally healthy designation. This finding suggests that later attentional processes were recruited more when someone with a diagnosis of schizophrenia looked happy, perhaps indicating that participants found this surprising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Grose-Fifer
- Department of Psychology , John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, Ny, USA
| | - Denice Vidals
- Department of Psychology , John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Shen J, Han S, Shen X, White KRG, Guo Z, Xu Q, Zhang L, Yang Y. Group membership moderates the process of making trust judgments based on facial cues. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 162:595-606. [PMID: 34399657 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.1939249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Trust is a foundation of interpersonal communication. Faces have a significant impact on trust judgments, and separate research demonstrates that group membership also influences trust judgments. However, it remains unclear whether and how group membership moderates the effect of face trustworthiness on trust judgments and investment decisions. In the present research, two experiments were conducted to explore the moderating effect of group membership (i.e., in-group vs. out-group) on perceptions of facial trustworthiness and trust judgments. Results showed that participants invested significantly more money on trials with trustworthy faces than trials with untrustworthy faces. Additionally, there was a significant interaction between group membership and facial trustworthiness; the investment difference between trustworthy faces and untrustworthy faces was greater for trials with in-group member faces than out-group member faces. These findings indicate that top-down and bottom-up cues jointly influence behavioral decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shangfeng Han
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.,Center for Emotion and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinyi Shen
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.,School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine R G White
- Department of Psychological Science, Kennesaw State University, Atlanta, Georgia State, USA
| | - Zhibin Guo
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yaping Yang
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
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13
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Intergroup preference, not dehumanization, explains social biases in emotion attribution. Cognition 2021; 216:104865. [PMID: 34358774 PMCID: PMC8444081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Psychological models can only help improve intergroup relations if they accurately characterise the mechanisms underlying social biases. The claim that outgroups suffer dehumanization is near ubiquitous in the social sciences. We challenge the most prominent psychological model of dehumanization - infrahumanization theory - which holds outgroup members are subtly dehumanized by being denied human emotions. We examine the theory across seven intergroup contexts in thirteen pre-registered and highly powered experiments (N = 1690). We find outgroup members are not denied uniquely human emotions relative to ingroup members. Rather, they are ascribed prosocial emotions to a lesser extent but antisocial emotions to a greater extent. Apparent evidence for infrahumanization is better explained by ingroup preference, outgroup derogation and stereotyping. Infrahumanization theory may obscure more than it reveals about intergroup bias. Infrahumanization theory predicts outgroups are often denied uniquely human emotions. However, to date, antisocial uniquely human emotions have not been investigated. We test attributions of prosocial and antisocial emotions to social groups. Attributions of antisocial human emotions were stronger for outgroups than ingroups. We find no support for the predictions of infrahumanization theory.
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14
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Ruzzante D, Vaes J. The timeline of mentalization: Distinguishing a two-phase process from mind detection to mind attribution. Neuropsychologia 2021; 160:107983. [PMID: 34339717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mentalization is the ability to perceive other people's mental states. This research aimed to deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanisms while also exploring the timeline of the mentalization process. Two studies were conducted in which participants' electrophysiological activity was measured while elaborating Black and White (Study 1), or Italian (ingroup) and Romanian (outgroup), human and doll-like faces (Study 2). Moreover, in Study 2 the presented faces differed in their Facial Width-to-Height Ratio. Subsequently, an Implicit Mind Attribution Test (IMAT) measured the strength of the association of the same ingroup and outgroup human stimuli with mind and body-related words. Two different phases in the time course of the mentalization process emerged. An early ERP component (N170) indicated a first difference between doll-like, mindless and human, mindful targets, while a later ERP component (P300) represented the second stage of mentalization. In this stage, outgroup doll-like faces were elaborated more similarly to the outgroup human faces compared to the same stimuli of the ingroup. Moreover, only a positive correlation between the P300 and the IMAT emerged indicating that the differences in this later ERP component were related with an implicit behavioral measure of mind attribution. These results stipulate the timeline of the mentalization process that is defined by an initial moment of mind detection, in which mindful and mindless stimuli are differentiated for the first time, and a second phase of mind attribution, where the interplay of perceptual and contextual information determine the extraction of a mind from a face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ruzzante
- University of Trento, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Corso Angelo Bettini 81, 38068, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.
| | - Jeroen Vaes
- University of Trento, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Corso Angelo Bettini 81, 38068, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.
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15
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Schmid PC, Amodio DM. Effects of high and low power on the visual encoding of faces. Soc Neurosci 2021; 16:293-306. [PMID: 33740878 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2021.1906745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The experience of power is typically associated with social disengagement, yet power has also been shown to facilitate configural visual encoding - a process that supports the initial perception of a human face. To investigate this apparent contradiction, we directly tested whether power influences the visual encoding of faces. Two experiments, using neural and psychophysical assessments, revealed that low power impeded both first-order configural processing (the encoding of a stimulus as a face, assessed by the N170 event-related potential) and second-order configural processing (the encoding of feature distances within configuration, assessed using the face inversion paradigm), relative to high-power and control conditions. Power did not significantly affect facial feature encoding. Results reveal an early and automatic effect of low power on face perception, characterized primarily by diminished face processing. These findings suggest a novel interplay between visual and cognitive processes in power's influence on social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C Schmid
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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16
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Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 21:639-655. [PMID: 33761110 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of motor resonance processes in daily life is indispensable. The automatic imitation task is an experimental model of those daily-life motor resonance processes. Recent research suggests that both self-other distinction and cognitive control processes may be involved in interference control during automatic imitation. Yet, we lack a clear understanding of the chronological sequence of interacting processes. To this end, this study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the time course underlying interference control during automatic imitation. We moreover aimed to extend previous results by investigating its modulation by social context. Cognitive conflict/action monitoring was assessed with the N2, in an exploratory manner the N450, and the CRN components. The Pre-Motor Positivity (PMP), associated with movement initiation, was suggested as a possible correlate of the successful resolution of self-other distinction. The cognitive control/action monitoring ERP components were influenced by the social context manipulation and partly by congruency, while PMP amplitudes were only sensitive to congruency. In addition, the exploratorily investigated N450 component predicted response times on incongruent relative to congruent trials in the different social contexts. This suggested that cognitive control/action monitoring processes, reflected in the N450, are guiding behavioral outcomes. Overall, interference control may primarily be guided by processes of cognitive control/action monitoring, whilst being modulated by social context demands.
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17
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Giménez-Fernández T, Fernández-Folgueiras U, Fondevila S, Méndez-Bértolo C, García-Rubio MJ, Hernández-Lorca M, Kessel D, Carretié L. Enhanced N170 to outgroup faces: Perceptual novelty or prejudice? Soc Neurosci 2021; 16:252-264. [PMID: 33567227 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2021.1889658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Habituation to ethnic ingroup members has been reported to be greater than to ethnic outgroup members. This pattern could be due to the lack of perceptive experience (familiarity) with outgroup facial morphs or, alternatively, to the prejudice held toward that outgroup. We explored this disjunctive in 71 participants, all Spanish, who were experimentally habituated to faces from their Ingroup and to faces from two unfamiliar outgroups, one for which there is low probability of prejudice in this population (Non-prejudiced Outgroup), and one for which the probability of prejudice is higher (Prejudiced Outgroup). We indexed habituation through event-related potentials, concretely as the differential amplitude of the face-sensitive N170 component from Initial to Final trials of each group. Afterward, participants completed several prejudice measures. N170 showed significant habituation to all faces, though it did not differ among groups. However, a regression analysis revealed that individual habituation to the Outgroup faces was inversely related to implicit prejudice scores. Importantly, N170 amplitudes were maximal for the Prejudiced Outgroup in both Initial and Final trials. We conclude that these effects are explained by the prejudice held toward a specific outgroup rather than perceptive experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabela Fondevila
- Departamento De Psicobiología Y Metodología En Ciencias Del Comportamiento, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, Spain.,Center UCM-ISCIII for Human Evolution and Behavior, Madrid, Spain
| | - Constantino Méndez-Bértolo
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), Spain
| | - María José García-Rubio
- Grupo de investigación Psicología y Calidad de Vida (PsiCal), Universidad Internacional de Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Luis Carretié
- Facultad De Psicología, Universidad Autónoma De Madrid, Spain
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18
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Brusa A, Bordone G, Proverbio AM. Measuring implicit mental representations related to ethnic stereotypes with ERPs: An exploratory study. Neuropsychologia 2021; 155:107808. [PMID: 33636156 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation used ERPs to detect the activation of implicit stereotypical representations associated to different ethnic groups, by means of an implicit paradigm. 285 sentences were presented to 20 Italian Caucasian participants while EEG signals were recorded from 128 scalp sites. Sentences could either violate (Incongruent condition), non-violate (Congruent condition) or be neutral (Neutral condition) with regard to stereotypical concepts concerning non-Caucasian ethnic groups (e.g. Asians, Africans, Arabs). No awareness or judgment about stereotypes was required. Participants were engaged in a fictitious task, ignoring the overall study's purpose. The results showed that Incongruent terminal words elicited a greater anterior N400 response (300-500 ms) compared to Congruent and Neutral words, reflecting a difficulty in integrating the information incongruent with pre-existing stereotypical knowledge. The participant's individual amplitude values of the N400-Difference Wave (Incongruent - Congruent), showed a direct correlation with the individual racism scores obtained at the Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale, administered at the end of the experimental session. Intra-cortical sources explaining the N400 involved areas of the social cognition network such as the medial frontal cortex (BA10) and the inferior temporal gyrus (BA20) which are known to support processing of information about other people and impression formation. Moreover, Congruent terminal words evoked a greater P300 response (500-600 ms) compared to the other conditions, possibly reflecting the merging of incoming inputs with anticipated semantic information. A late post-N400 frontal positivity (650-800 ms) was found to be larger to sentences concerning other-race characters (ether congruent or incongruent) compared to sentences involving own-race characters (neutral). The study corroborated the effectiveness of neurophysiological measures to assess implicit complex semantic representations and circumventing social desirability-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Brusa
- Neuro-Mi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Bordone
- Neuro-Mi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alice Mado Proverbio
- Neuro-Mi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy.
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19
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Pathogens and Intergroup Relations. How Evolutionary Approaches Can Inform Social Neuroscience. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-020-00269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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20
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Tewari S, Makwana M, Srinivasan N. Group congruent labelling leads to subjective expansion of time. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:201063. [PMID: 33391796 PMCID: PMC7735360 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Given top-down effects on perception, we examined the effect of group identity on time perception. We investigated whether the duration of an ambiguous sound clip is processed differently as a function of group congruent or incongruent source attribution. Group congruent (in-group) and incongruent (out-group) context was created by attributing the source of an identical ambiguous sound clip to Hindu or Muslim festivals. Participants from both the religious groups (Hindus and Muslims) prospectively listened to a 20 s long ambiguous sound clip and reproduced its duration (experiment 1a). Both groups reproduced significantly longer durations when the sound clip was associated with the group congruent compared to the group incongruent festival contexts. The two groups did not differ significantly in reproduced duration when the sound attributed to a non-religious common (busy city street) context (experiment 1b). With multiple durations (1, 5, 10 and 20 s), longer durations were reproduced for group congruent labelling at objectively longer durations (experiment 2). According to the internal clock model of time perception, the significant slope effect indicated that the group congruent context influences temporal experience through changes in pacemaker frequency. We argue that the duration appearing relevant to one's own group is processed differently possibly owing to differences in attentional deployment, which influences the pacemaker frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Tewari
- Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Management, J207 Academic Block, Rau-Pithampur Road, Indore 453556, India
| | - Mukesh Makwana
- Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
- Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Narayanan Srinivasan
- Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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21
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Kesner L, Fajnerová I, Adámek P, Buchtík M, Grygarová D, Hlinka J, Kozelka P, Nekovářová T, Španiel F, Tintěra J, Alexová A, Greguš D, Horáček J. Fusiform Activity Distinguishes Between Subjects With Low and High Xenophobic Attitudes Toward Refugees. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:98. [PMID: 33061893 PMCID: PMC7518069 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzes how people's attitudes to the European refugee crisis (ERC) correspond to selected psychological state and trait measures and impact the neural processing of media images of refugees. From a large pool of respondents, who filled in an online xenophobia questionnaire, we selected two groups (total N = 38) with the same socio-demographic background, but with opposite attitudes toward refugees. We found that a negative attitude toward refugees (high xenophobia - HX) was associated with a significantly higher conscientiousness score and with a higher trait aggression and hostility, but there was no group effect connected with empathy, fear, and anxiety measures. At the neural level we found that brain activity during the presentation of ERC stimuli is affected by xenophobic attitudes—with more xenophobic subjects exhibiting a higher BOLD response in the left fusiform gyrus. However, while the fMRI results demonstrate increased attention and vigilance toward ERC-related stimuli in the HX group, they do not show differentiated patterns of brain activity associated with perception of dehumanized outgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Kesner
- Applied Neurosciences and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Department of Art History, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Iveta Fajnerová
- Applied Neurosciences and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Petr Adámek
- Applied Neurosciences and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Buchtík
- Institute of Sociology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Dominika Grygarová
- Applied Neurosciences and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Department of Art History, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Hlinka
- Applied Neurosciences and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Kozelka
- Applied Neurosciences and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Tereza Nekovářová
- Applied Neurosciences and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Filip Španiel
- Applied Neurosciences and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Tintěra
- Applied Neurosciences and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Aneta Alexová
- Applied Neurosciences and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - David Greguš
- Applied Neurosciences and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Applied Neurosciences and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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22
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Mück M, Ohmann K, Dummel S, Mattes A, Thesing U, Stahl J. Face Perception and Narcissism: Variations of Event-Related Potential Components (P1 & N170) with Admiration and Rivalry. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:1041-1055. [PMID: 32803683 PMCID: PMC7497513 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that highly narcissistic individuals perceive themselves as grandiose and devaluate and sometimes overvalue others. These results are mainly based on behavioural data, but we still know little about the neural correlates underlying, such as perceptional processes. To this end, we investigated event-related potential components (ERP) of visual face processing (P1 and N170) and their variations with narcissism. Participants (N = 59) completed the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire and were shown pictures of their own face, a celebrity's face, and a stranger's face. Variations of P1 and N170 with Admiration and Rivalry were analysed using multilevel models. Results revealed moderating effects of both narcissism dimensions on the ERP components of interest. Participants with either high Admiration or low Rivalry scores showed a lower P1 amplitude when viewing their own face compared with when viewing a celebrity's face. Moreover, the Self-Stranger difference in the N170 component (higher N170 amplitude in the Self condition) was larger for higher Rivalry scores. The findings showed, for the first time, variations of both narcissism dimensions with ERPs of early face processing. We related these effects to processes of attentional selection, an expectancy-driven perception, and the mobilisation of defensive systems. The results demonstrated that by linking self-report instruments to P1 and N170, and possibly to other ERP components, we might better understand self- and other-perception in narcissism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Mück
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstr 1, 50969, Köln, Germany.
| | - Katharina Ohmann
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstr 1, 50969, Köln, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dummel
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstr 1, 50969, Köln, Germany
| | - André Mattes
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstr 1, 50969, Köln, Germany
| | - Ulrike Thesing
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstr 1, 50969, Köln, Germany
| | - Jutta Stahl
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstr 1, 50969, Köln, Germany
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23
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Parianen Lesemann FH, Spencer H, Montoya ER, Kraaijenvanger EJ, He Y, Branje S, Boks MP, Bos PA. Methylation of oxytocin related genes and early life trauma together shape the N170 response to human faces. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 39:19-28. [PMID: 32993882 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Childhood trauma fundamentally shapes social cognition and basic processing of social cues, which frequently cascade into adverse behavioral outcomes. Recent studies indicate that epigenetic changes in oxytocin functioning might contribute to these long-term effects, although a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms is still lacking. The electroencephalographic N170 response to faces might capture a neural response at the core of these interactive effects of oxytocin gene methylation and childhood adversity, given that this response is considered to reflect fundamental face processing, to be susceptible to oxytocin administration and also to be a biomarker of various psychiatric disorders. We assessed the N170 response to neutral faces in relation to participant's (81, women) recalled childhood trauma, methylation of their oxytocin structural (OXTg) and oxytocin receptor (OXTRg) genes, and endogenous levels of cortisol and testosterone. Additionally, we investigated the interactive effect of OXTg methylation and CTQ across three face sets of varying maturity. Methylation of OXTg relates to a weakened N170 response towards adults, children and infants. Moreover, methylation of both OXTRg and OXTg shaped the directionality of adversity effects, predicting a weakened N170 response in those with high methylation and hyper-vigilance with participants with low methylation. Our results are the first to relate OXT(R)g methylation to the N170 response. They shed light on biological processes linking childhood adversity and epigenetic marks to altered behavior and potentially psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca H Parianen Lesemann
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hannah Spencer
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 15780, 1001 NG Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Estrella R Montoya
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eline J Kraaijenvanger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yujie He
- Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Branje
- Department of Youth and Family, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco P Boks
- Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter A Bos
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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24
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Abstract
The social neuroscience approach to prejudice investigates the psychology of intergroup bias by integrating models and methods of neuroscience with the social psychology of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. Here, we review major contemporary lines of inquiry, including current accounts of group-based categorization; formation and updating of prejudice and stereotypes; effects of prejudice on perception, emotion, and decision making; and the self-regulation of prejudice. In each section, we discuss key social neuroscience findings, consider interpretational challenges and connections with the behavioral literature, and highlight how they advance psychological theories of prejudice. We conclude by discussing the next-generation questions that will continue to guide the social neuroscience approach toward addressing major societal issues of prejudice and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; .,Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mina Cikara
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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25
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Bagnis A, Celeghin A, Diano M, Mendez CA, Spadaro G, Mosso CO, Avenanti A, Tamietto M. Functional neuroanatomy of racial categorization from visual perception: A meta-analytic study. Neuroimage 2020; 217:116939. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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26
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Steines M, Krautheim JT, Neziroğlu G, Kircher T, Straube B. Conflicting group memberships modulate neural activation in an emotional production-perception network. Cortex 2020; 126:153-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Simon JC, Gutsell JN. Effects of Minimal Grouping On Implicit Prejudice, Infrahumanization, and Neural Processing Despite Orthogonal Social Categorizations. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2020; 23:323-343. [PMID: 33981179 DOI: 10.1177/1368430219837348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Racial prejudice is a pervasive and pernicious form of intergroup bias. However, a mounting number of studies show that re-categorization-even into minimal groups-can overcome the typical consequences of racial and other group classifications. We tested the effects of minimal grouping on implicit prejudice and infrahumanization using a paradigm in which race was orthogonal to group membership. This allowed us to examine whether knowledge of group membership overrides obvious category differences. We found that participants infrahumanized and showed implicit bias toward the minimal out-group, despite the crosscutting presence of race, and in fact did not show any of the usual implicit racial bias. In addition, Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) showed an early race effect followed by distinct reactions on the basis of group as processing continued. This is evidence that arbitrary social classifications can engender in-group preference even in the presence of orthogonal, visually salient categorizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Simon
- Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02140
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28
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Skewes J, Amodio DM, Seibt J. Social robotics and the modulation of social perception and bias. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180037. [PMID: 30853001 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of social robotics offers an unprecedented opportunity to probe the process of impression formation and the effects of identity-based stereotypes (e.g. about gender or race) on social judgements and interactions. We present the concept of fair proxy communication-a form of robot-mediated communication that proceeds in the absence of potentially biasing identity cues-and describe how this application of social robotics may be used to illuminate implicit bias in social cognition and inform novel interventions to reduce bias. We discuss key questions and challenges for the use of robots in research on the social cognition of bias and offer some practical recommendations. We conclude by discussing boundary conditions of this new form of interaction and by raising some ethical concerns about the inclusion of social robots in psychological research and interventions. This article is part of the theme issue 'From social brains to social robots: applying neurocognitive insights to human-robot interaction'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Skewes
- 1 Department for Linguistics, Cognitive Science and Semiotics, and Interacting Minds Center, Aarhus University , Denmark
| | - David M Amodio
- 3 Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University , New York, NY , USA.,4 Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Seibt
- 2 Research Unit for Robophilosophy, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University , Denmark
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29
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Rollins L, Olsen A, Evans M. Social categorization modulates own-age bias in face recognition and ERP correlates of face processing. Neuropsychologia 2020; 141:107417. [PMID: 32135182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to further understanding of how social categorization influences face recognition. According to the categorization-individuation model, face recognition can either be biased toward categorization or individuation. We hypothesized that the face recognition bias associated with a social category (e.g., the own-age bias) would be larger when faces were initially categorized according to that category. To examine this hypothesis, young adults (N = 63) completed a face recognition task after either making age or sex judgments while encoding child and adult faces. Young adults showed the own-age and own-sex biases in face recognition. Consistent with our hypothesis, the magnitude of the own-age bias in face recognition was larger when individuals made age, rather than sex, judgments at encoding. To probe the mechanisms underlying this effect, we examined ERP responses to child and adult faces across the social categorization conditions. Neither the P1 nor the N170 ERP components were modulated by the social categorization task or the social category membership of the face. However, the P2, which is associated with second-order configural processing, was larger to adult faces than child faces only in the age categorization condition. The N250, which is associated with individuation, was larger (i.e., more negative) to adult than child faces and during age categorization than sex categorization. These results are interpreted within the context of the categorization-individuation model and current research on biases in face recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Rollins
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA, USA.
| | - Aubrey Olsen
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - Megan Evans
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA, USA
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30
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Ethnic differences in visual attention to sexual stimuli among Asian and White heterosexual women and men. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Moreno FA, Chhatwal J. Diversity and Inclusion in Psychiatry: The Pursuit of Health Equity. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2020; 18:2-7. [PMID: 32047391 PMCID: PMC7011224 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20190029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The increasing diversity of America requires a workforce that is able to serve the mental health needs of individuals from multiple backgrounds, with a culturally proficient, inclusive, and affirming approach. To accomplish this, clinicians must be mindful of the multiple challenges presented by social determinants of mental health and access to care; the role of culture in wellness protection, mental illness expression, symptom attribution, and help seeking; the impact of provider factors, such as availability and cultural and linguistic congruence and proficiency; and the interaction of clinician and patient, who are with increasing frequency members of differing identity groups. The authors highlight the central role of clinical providers, academic institutions, and service organizations to advance health equity through training and commitment to increase high-quality services that are available, accessible, affordable, and acceptable, improving the care of all individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Moreno
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson
| | - Jasleen Chhatwal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson
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32
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Yan Z, Schmidt SNL, Saur S, Kirsch P, Mier D. The effect of ethnicity and team membership on face processing: a cultural neuroscience perspective. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 14:1017-1025. [PMID: 31680173 PMCID: PMC6917021 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In-ethnicity bias, as one of the in-group biases, is widespread in different cultures, interfering with cross-ethnicity communication. Recent studies have revealed that an in-ethnicity bias can be reduced by an in-team bias caused by the membership in a mixed-ethnicity team. However, the neural correlates of different in-group biases are still not clear, especially regarding possible cultural differences. A total of 44 participants (20 Chinese and 24 Germans) were recruited and completed a social categorization fMRI-task, categorizing faces according to their ethnicity and a learned team membership. Our behavioral results revealed both in-ethnicity and in-team bias in German participants, but not in Chinese participants. Our imaging results, however, showed both biases across all participants, as reflected in increased dorsal medial frontal cortex (MFC) activation for in-ethnicity, as well as in-team categorizations, while activation in ventral MFC was higher for in-ethnicity faces in Chinese participants than in the German participants. Our results highlight the importance of the dorsal MFC for in-group categorization across cultures and suggest that cultures might modulate in-group biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Yan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie N L Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Saur
- Faculty of Applied Psychology, SRH University of Applied Sciences Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniela Mier
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Howansky K, Albuja A, Cole S. Seeing Gender: Perceptual Representations of Transgender Individuals. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550619875143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In four studies, we explored perceptual representations of the gender-typicality of transgender individuals. In Studies 1a and 1b, participants ( N = 237) created an avatar based on an image of an individual who disclosed being transgender or did not. Avatars generated in the transgender condition were less gender-typical—that is, transmen were less masculine and transwomen were less feminine—than those created in the control condition. In Study 2 ( N = 368), using a unique visual matching task, participants represented a target labeled transgender as less gender-typical than the same target labeled cisgender. In Study 3 ( N = 228), perceptual representations of transwomen as less gender-typical led to lower acceptability of feminine behavior and less endorsement that the target should be categorized as female. We discuss how biased perceptual representations may contribute to the stigmatization and marginalization of transgender individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Howansky
- Department of Psychology, St Mary's College of Maryland, St Mary's City, MD, USA
| | - Analia Albuja
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University–New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Shana Cole
- Department of Psychology, St Mary's College of Maryland, St Mary's City, MD, USA
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University–New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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34
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Sudden shifts in social identity swiftly shape implicit evaluation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Krautheim JT, Dannlowski U, Steines M, Neziroğlu G, Acosta H, Sommer J, Straube B, Kircher T. Intergroup empathy: Enhanced neural resonance for ingroup facial emotion in a shared neural production-perception network. Neuroimage 2019; 194:182-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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36
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Marini M, Banaji MR, Pascual-Leone A. Studying Implicit Social Cognition with Noninvasive Brain Stimulation. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:1050-1066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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37
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Breton A, Ligneul R, Jerbi K, George N, Baudouin JY, Van der Henst JB. How occupational status influences the processing of faces: An EEG study. Neuropsychologia 2018; 122:125-135. [PMID: 30244000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the influence of social hierarchy on the neural electrophysiological responses to faces. In contrast with earlier EEG studies that typically manipulate social rank through competitive situations, we implemented hierarchy through occupational status and thus contrasted faces associated with high- vs. low-status (e.g. lawyer vs. waiter). Since social hierarchies are largely intertwined with gender, both female and male faces were used as stimuli, and both female and male participants were tested. The procedure consisted in presenting a status label before the face it was associated with. The analyses focused mainly on two components that have been shown to be modulated by competitive hierarchies and other social contexts, namely the N170 and the Late Positive Potential (LPP). The results indicated that gender, but not status, modulated the N170 amplitude. Moreover, high-status faces elicited larger LPP amplitude than low-status faces but this difference was driven by female participants. This gender effect is discussed in line with research showing that women and men are sensitive to different kinds of hierarchy. Methodological differences are considered to account for the discrepancy between studies that find an effect of hierarchy on the N170 and those that do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Breton
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod (UMR 5304), CNRS-Université Lyon 1, France.
| | - Romain Ligneul
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Program, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod (UMR 5229), CNRS-Université Lyon 1, France.
| | - Karim Jerbi
- CoCo Lab, Psychology Department, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; MEG Unit, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie George
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Social and Affective Neuroscience (SAN) Laboratory and Centre MEG-EEG, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Baudouin
- Laboratoire Développement, Individu, Processus, Handicap, Éducation (DIPHE), Département Psychologie du Développement, de l'Éducation et des Vulnérabilités (PsyDÉV), Institut de psychologie, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Bron, France
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38
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Dunham Y. Mere Membership. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:780-793. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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39
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Perception of an ambiguous figure is affected by own-age social biases. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12661. [PMID: 30139950 PMCID: PMC6107502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the perception of faces depends on low-level neuronal processes, it is also affected by high-level social processes. Faces from a social in-group, such as people of a similar age, receive more in-depth processing and are processed holistically. To explore whether own-age biases affect subconscious face perception, we presented participants with the young/old lady ambiguous figure. Mechanical Turk was used to sample participants of varying ages from the USA. Results demonstrated that younger and older participants estimated the age of the image as younger and older, respectively. This own-age effect ties in with socio-cultural practices, which are less inclusive towards the elderly. Participants were not aware the study was related to ageing and the stimulus was shown briefly. The results therefore demonstrate that high-level social group processes have a subconscious effect on the early stages of face processing. A neural feedback model is used to explain this interaction.
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40
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Spencer H, Heitland I, Montoya ER, Branje SJT, Bos PA. Ethnic effects when facing children: An ERP study. Biol Psychol 2018; 138:56-62. [PMID: 30130613 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abundant research has highlighted a disadvantage experienced by children of ethnic minority groups in, for example, educational and health care settings. In order to understand implicit attitudes that contribute to ethnic disparities, underlying neural correlates have been widely studied. However, this has been limited to the context of adults. Using a sample of nulliparous Caucasian females (N = 46), the current study is the first to examine how early attentional and facial perceptual processing stages, assessed with event-related brain potentials (ERPs), differentiate for stimuli of young ingroup (of the same ethnicity) or outgroup (of a different ethnicity) children. Additionally, we assessed how a differentiation in ERPs may relate to subsequent adult responsiveness to children by measuring both cuteness ratings and motivation to view child faces. Similar to previous findings for adult facial stimuli, we found significant differences in attentional (N200) and facial perceptual (N170) processing when adults were faced with children of different ethnicities. Furthermore, increased differentiation in attentional processing (N200) for ingroup and outgroup children was associated with reduced cuteness ratings of outgroup children. Importantly however, participants showed no overall preference for ingroup child faces, as motivation to view child faces was even greater towards outgroup child faces. In addition, increased self-reported motivation for parental care was related to enhanced cuteness appraisals of outgroup child faces. Taken together, these findings reveal how early social categorization processes may lead to biased behavior when interacting with children of ethnic minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Spencer
- Utrecht University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Heitland
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Estrella R Montoya
- Utrecht University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan J T Branje
- Utrecht University, Research Centre Adolescent Development, Department Youth & Family, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A Bos
- Utrecht University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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41
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Richins MT, Barreto M, Karl A, Lawrence N. Empathic responses are reduced to competitive but not non-competitive outgroups. Soc Neurosci 2018; 14:345-358. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2018.1463927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Barreto
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Centre for Social Research and Intervention, Lisbon University Institute (CIS/ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anke Karl
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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42
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Kawakami K, Friesen J, Vingilis-Jaremko L. Visual attention to members of own and other groups: Preferences, determinants, and consequences. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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43
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Katsumi Y, Dolcos S. Neural Correlates of Racial Ingroup Bias in Observing Computer-Animated Social Encounters. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 11:632. [PMID: 29354042 PMCID: PMC5758503 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite evidence for the role of group membership in the neural correlates of social cognition, the mechanisms associated with processing non-verbal behaviors displayed by racially ingroup vs. outgroup members remain unclear. Here, 20 Caucasian participants underwent fMRI recording while observing social encounters with ingroup and outgroup characters displaying dynamic and static non-verbal behaviors. Dynamic behaviors included approach and avoidance behaviors, preceded or not by a handshake; both dynamic and static behaviors were followed by participants’ ratings. Behaviorally, participants showed bias toward their ingroup members, demonstrated by faster/slower reaction times for evaluating ingroup static/approach behaviors, respectively. At the neural level, despite overall similar responses in the action observation network to ingroup and outgroup encounters, the medial prefrontal cortex showed dissociable activation, possibly reflecting spontaneous processing of ingroup static behaviors and positive evaluations of ingroup approach behaviors. The anterior cingulate and superior frontal cortices also showed sensitivity to race, reflected in coordinated and reduced activation for observing ingroup static behaviors. Finally, the posterior superior temporal sulcus showed uniquely increased activity to observing ingroup handshakes. These findings shed light on the mechanisms of racial ingroup bias in observing social encounters, and have implications for understanding factors related to successful interactions with individuals from diverse backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Katsumi
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sanda Dolcos
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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44
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Wilson JP, Young SG, Rule NO, Hugenberg K. Configural processing and social judgments: Face inversion particularly disrupts inferences of human-relevant traits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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45
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Volpert-Esmond HI, Merkle EC, Levsen MP, Ito TA, Bartholow BD. Using trial-level data and multilevel modeling to investigate within-task change in event-related potentials. Psychophysiology 2017; 55:e13044. [PMID: 29226966 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
EEG data, and specifically the ERP, provide psychologists with the power to examine quickly occurring cognitive processes at the native temporal resolution at which they occur. Despite the advantages conferred by ERPs to examine processes at different points in time, ERP researchers commonly ignore the trial-to-trial temporal dimension by collapsing across trials of similar types (i.e., the signal averaging approach) because of constraints imposed by repeated measures ANOVA. Here, we present the advantages of using multilevel modeling (MLM) to examine trial-level data to investigate change in neurocognitive processes across the course of an experiment. Two examples are presented to illustrate the usefulness of this technique. The first demonstrates decreasing differentiation in N170 amplitude to faces of different races across the course of a race categorization task. The second demonstrates attenuation of the ERN as participants commit more errors within a task designed to measure implicit racial bias. Although the examples presented here are within the realm of social psychology, the use of MLM to analyze trial-level EEG data has the potential to contribute to a number of different theoretical domains within psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgar C Merkle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Meredith P Levsen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Tiffany A Ito
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Bruce D Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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46
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Lira M, Egito JH, Dall'Agnol PA, Amodio DM, Gonçalves ÓF, Boggio PS. The influence of skin colour on the experience of ownership in the rubber hand illusion. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15745. [PMID: 29147006 PMCID: PMC5691152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Racial prejudice is associated with a fundamental distinction between “us” and “them”—a distinction linked to the perceived overlap between representations of the self and others. Implicit prejudice has been shown to reduce the intensity of White individuals’ hand ownership sensation as induced by the Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) with dark rubber hands. However, evidence for this link to implicit prejudice comes from self-report questionnaire data regarding the RHI. As an alternative, we assessed the onset time of the RHI. We hypothesized that onset time of the RHI would be higher for the black compared to the white RH, acting as the mediator between implicit prejudice and magnitude of the RH illusion and proprioceptive drift. As expected, participants took longer to incorporate the black RH and presented lower RH illusion magnitude and a smaller proprioceptive drift for the black RH. Mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect effect of implicit racial bias on proprioceptive drift and magnitude of illusion through onset time to illusion only for the black RH. These findings further illuminate the connection between implicit prejudice and embodied perception, suggesting new perspectives on how implicit biases operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Lira
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01241-001, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia H Egito
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01241-001, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia A Dall'Agnol
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01241-001, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL & Department of Psychology, New York University, NY, USA
| | - Óscar F Gonçalves
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01241-001, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Spaulding Center of Neuromodulation, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paulo S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01241-001, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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47
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Gamond L, Vilarem E, Safra L, Conty L, Grèzes J. Minimal group membership biases early neural processing of emotional expressions. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2584-2595. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Gamond
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC); Département des Études Cognitives; Ecole Normale Supérieure; INSERM; PSL Research University; Paris 75005 France
- UFR de Psychologie; Université Paris 8; Saint-Denis France
| | - Emma Vilarem
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC); Département des Études Cognitives; Ecole Normale Supérieure; INSERM; PSL Research University; Paris 75005 France
| | - Lou Safra
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC); Département des Études Cognitives; Ecole Normale Supérieure; INSERM; PSL Research University; Paris 75005 France
| | - Laurence Conty
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC); Département des Études Cognitives; Ecole Normale Supérieure; INSERM; PSL Research University; Paris 75005 France
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Neuropsychologie (LPN, EA 2027); Université Paris 8; Saint-Denis France
| | - Julie Grèzes
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC); Département des Études Cognitives; Ecole Normale Supérieure; INSERM; PSL Research University; Paris 75005 France
- Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche (CENIR); Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (CRICM); Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6 UMRS 975; Inserm U975; CNRS UMR 7225; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière (ICM); Paris France
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48
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Hehman E, Flake JK, Freeman JB. The Faces of Group Members Share Physical Resemblance. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2017; 44:3-15. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167217722556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hehman
- Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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49
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Blocker HS, McIntosh DN. Not All Outgroups Are Equal: Group Type May Influence Group Effect on Matching Behavior. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-017-0258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Volpert-Esmond HI, Merkle EC, Bartholow BD. The iterative nature of person construal: Evidence from event-related potentials. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:1097-1107. [PMID: 28402486 PMCID: PMC5490674 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a dynamic-interactive model of person construal (DI model) has been proposed, whereby the social categories a person represents are determined on the basis of an iterative integration of bottom-up and top-down influences. The current study sought to test this model by leveraging the high temporal resolution of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) as 65 participants viewed male faces that varied by race (White vs Black), fixating either between the eyes or on the forehead. Within face presentations, the effect of fixation, meant to vary bottom-up visual input, initially was large but decreased across early latency neural responses identified by a principal components analysis (PCA). In contrast, the effect of race, reflecting a combination of top-down and bottom-up factors, initially was small but increased across early latency principal components. These patterns support the DI model prediction that bottom-up and top-down processes are iteratively integrated to arrive at a stable construal within 230 ms. Additionally, exploratory multilevel modeling of single trial ERP responses representing a component linked to outgroup categorization (the P2) suggests change in effects of the manipulations over the course of the experiment. Implications of the findings for the DI model are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgar C. Merkle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Bruce D. Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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