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Schiff DM, Li WZM, Work EC, Goullaud L, Vazquez J, Paulet T, Dorfman S, Selk S, Hoeppner BB, Wilens T, Bernstein JA, Diop H. Multiple marginalized identities: A qualitative exploration of intersectional perinatal experiences of birthing people of color with substance use disorder in Massachusetts. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2024; 163:209346. [PMID: 38789329 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2024.209346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Racial and ethnic inequities persist in receipt of prenatal care, mental health services, and addiction treatment for pregnant and postpartum individuals with substance use disorder (SUD). Further qualitative work is needed to understand the intersectionality of racial and ethnic discrimination, stigma related to substance use, and gender bias on perinatal SUD care from the perspectives of affected individuals. METHODS Peer interviewers conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with recently pregnant people of color with SUD in Massachusetts to explore the impact of internalized, interpersonal, and structural racism on prenatal, birthing, and postpartum experiences. The study used a thematic analysis to generate the codebook and double coded transcripts, with an overall kappa coefficient of 0.89. Preliminary themes were triangulated with five participants to inform final theme development. RESULTS The study includes 23 participants of diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds: 39% mixed race/ethnicity (including 9% with Native American ancestry), 30% Hispanic or Latinx, 26% Black/African American, 4% Asian. While participants frequently names racial and ethnic discrimination, both interpersonal and structural, as barriers to care, some participants attributed poor experiences to other marginalized identities and experiences, such as having a SUD. Three unique themes emerged from the participants' experiences: 1) Participants of color faced increased scrutiny and mistrust from clinicians and treatment programs; 2) Greater self-advocacy was required from individuals of color to counteract stereotypes and stigma; 3) Experiences related to SUD history and pregnancy status intersected with racism and gender bias to create distinct forms of discrimination. CONCLUSION Pregnant and postpartum people of color affected by perinatal SUD faced pervasive mistrust and unequal standards of care from mostly white healthcare staff and treatment spaces, which negatively impacted their treatment access, addiction medication receipt, postpartum pain management, and ability to retain custody of their children. Key clinical interventions and policy changes identified by participants for antiracist action include personalizing anesthetic plans for adequate peripartum pain control, minimizing reproductive injustices in contraceptive counseling, and addressing misuse of toxicology testing to mitigate inequitable Child Protective Services (CPS) involvement and custody loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davida M Schiff
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, MassGeneral for Children, 125 Nashua St. Suite 860, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America; Division of Newborn Medicine, MassGeneral for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, United States of America.
| | - William Z M Li
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Erin C Work
- University of California, Schools of Public Health and Social Welfare, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Latisha Goullaud
- Institute for Health and Recovery, Watertown, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Tabhata Paulet
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Sarah Dorfman
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, MassGeneral for Children, 125 Nashua St. Suite 860, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Sabrina Selk
- National Network of Public Health Initiatives, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Bettina B Hoeppner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Timothy Wilens
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, 02114, United States of America
| | - Judith A Bernstein
- Division of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Hafsatou Diop
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02108, United States of America
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Ruedinger E, Evans YN, Pham DQ, Hooper L. Just-in-Time Strategies to Reduce the Effect of Interviewer Bias During Trainee Recruitment. Acad Pediatr 2024; 24:709-713. [PMID: 38280713 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Bias impacts all aspects of medical trainee applications, from grades to narrative reviews. Interviews provide an avenue to become acquainted with applicants beyond their written application, but even the most egalitarian interviewers are subject to implicit biases, including those who hold marginalized identities themselves. Simply building awareness around implicit bias is inadequate to reduce the effect. Here, 5 evidence-informed strategies are presented that can be implemented by faculty on-the-spot to mitigate the impact of implicit bias during the short interview interaction: individuation, mindfulness, perspective taking, stereotype replacement, and counter-stereotypic imaging. These strategies can be used by individual interviewers as one component of a comprehensive plan including institutional changes to promote more equitable recruitment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ruedinger
- Department of Pediatrics (E Ruedinger), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis.
| | - Yolanda N Evans
- Department of Pediatrics (YN Evans), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash.
| | - Do-Quyen Pham
- Division of School Health and Maternal and Child Health (D-Q Pham), Fairfax County Health Department, Fairfax, Va.
| | - Laura Hooper
- Division of Adolescent Medicine (L Hooper), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind.
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Lee A, Hastie M. Recognising and managing bias and prejudice in healthcare. BJA Educ 2024; 24:245-253. [PMID: 38899317 PMCID: PMC11184476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjae.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Lee
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M. Hastie
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Hershberger PJ, Bricker DA, Castle A, Crawford TN, Flowers SR, Goff AL, Conway K. Compassionate Curiosity: Mitigating the Effects of Bias Through Motivational Interviewing. Health Equity 2024; 8:351-354. [PMID: 39011081 PMCID: PMC11249126 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2024.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence that the implicit biases of health care professionals affect the treatment of patients, and that minority and other marginalized patients are disproportionately harmed. Assumptions made about patient knowledge or lack thereof function as judgments that are prone to bias, which then affect the education and advice imposed upon patients. We review how the motivational interviewing (MI) approach to patient engagement includes components of evidence-based bias-mitigating strategies, such as understanding circumstances from the patient's point of view, and therefore we propose that the MI approach can reduce the impact of bias in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Hershberger
- Department of Family Medicine, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Dean A Bricker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Angie Castle
- Department of Family Medicine, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy N Crawford
- Department of Family Medicine, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Stacy R Flowers
- Department of Family Medicine, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexandria L Goff
- Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Katharine Conway
- Department of Family Medicine, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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Goedderz A, Hahn A. Awareness and Calibration: The Role of Descriptive Norms and Social Desirability in Accurate IAT Score Predictions of Food Items vs. Social Groups. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672241254447. [PMID: 38829013 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241254447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Extending research that people are able to predict the patterns of their social group biases on Implicit Association Tests (IATs), we let participants predict and complete IATs toward five different food item pairs and compared the results with the social-groups domain. Participants predicted the patterns of their IAT scores with similar accuracy in both domains, suggesting similar internal awareness (evidenced by comparable within-subjects correlations), even though food evaluations followed less descriptively-normative patterns. At the same time, participants were better-calibrated in communicating their evaluations in the domain of food than social groups (evidenced by higher between-subjects correlations). This discrepancy may partly stem from participants' tendency to refrain from using harsh labels when predicting social group biases, despite their demonstrated awareness of them: IAT scores predicted as "moderate" or "strong" for food preferences tended to be labeled "mild" for social groups. Discussion centers on the importance of distinguishing between awareness and calibration.
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Smylie J, Rotondi MA, Filipenko S, Cox WTL, Smylie D, Ward C, Klopfer K, Lofters AK, O'Neill B, Graham M, Weber L, Damji AN, Devine PG, Collins J, Hardy BJ. Randomized controlled trial demonstrates novel tools to assess patient outcomes of Indigenous cultural safety training. BMC Med 2024; 22:3. [PMID: 38191406 PMCID: PMC10775432 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care routinely fails Indigenous peoples and anti-Indigenous racism is common in clinical encounters. Clinical training programs aimed to enhance Indigenous cultural safety (ICS) rely on learner reported impact assessment even though clinician self-assessment is poorly correlated with observational or patient outcome reporting. We aimed to compare the clinical impacts of intensive and brief ICS training to control, and to assess the feasibility of ICS training evaluation tools, including unannounced Indigenous standardized patient (UISP) visits. METHOD Using a prospective parallel group three-arm randomized controlled trial design and masked standardized patients, we compared the clinical impacts of the intensive interactive, professionally facilitated, 8- to10-h Sanyas ICS training; a brief 1-h anti-bias training adapted to address anti-Indigenous bias; and control continuing medical education time-attention matched to the intensive training. Participants included 58 non-Indigenous staff physicians, resident physicians and nurse practitioners from family practice clinics, and one emergency department across four teaching hospitals in Toronto, Canada. Main outcome measures were the quality of care provided during UISP visits including adjusted odds that clinician would be recommended by the UISP to a friend or family member; mean item scores on patient experience of care measure; and clinical practice guideline adherence for NSAID renewal and pain assessment. RESULTS Clinicians in the intensive or brief ICS groups had higher adjusted odds of being highly recommended to friends and family by standardized patients (OR 6.88, 95% CI 1.17 to 40.45 and OR 7.78, 95% CI 1.05 to 58.03, respectively). Adjusted mean item patient experience scores were 46% (95% CI 12% to 80%) and 40% (95% CI 2% to 78%) higher for clinicians enrolled in the intensive and brief training programs, respectively, compared to control. Small sample size precluded detection of training impacts on clinical practice guideline adherence; 100% of UISP visits were undetected by participating clinicians. CONCLUSIONS Patient-oriented evaluation design and tools including UISPs were demonstrated as feasible and effective. Results show potential impact of cultural safety training on patient recommendation of clinician and improved patient experience. A larger trial to further ascertain impact on clinical practice is needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.org NCT05890144. Retrospectively registered on June 5, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Smylie
- Well Living House, Unity Health Toronto - St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
| | - Michael A Rotondi
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 364 Bethune College, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sam Filipenko
- Well Living House, Unity Health Toronto - St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | | | - Diane Smylie
- Ontario Federation of Indigenous Friendship Centres, 219 Front Street East, Toronto, ON, M5A 1E8, Canada
| | - Cheryl Ward
- Anti-Indigenous Racism Consultant, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Kristina Klopfer
- Well Living House, Unity Health Toronto - St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Aisha K Lofters
- Womens College Hospital, Women's College Hospital, 77 Grenville St, Toronto, TO, M5B 2S1, Canada
| | - Braden O'Neill
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Melissa Graham
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Linda Weber
- St. Josephs Heath Centre Family Medicine/Urban Family Health Team, 30 The Queensway, Toronto, ON, M6R 1B5, Canada
| | - Ali N Damji
- Credit Valley Family Health Team, 2300 Eglinton Avenue W Suite 105, Mississauga, ON, L5M2V8, Canada
| | - Patricia G Devine
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - UW-Madison, 1202 W Johnson St, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | | | - Billie-Jo Hardy
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St Room 500, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
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Hong Y, Chua KW, Freeman JB. Reducing Facial Stereotype Bias in Consequential Social Judgments: Intervention Success With White Male Faces. Psychol Sci 2024; 35:21-33. [PMID: 38096364 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231215238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Initial impressions of others based on facial appearances are often inaccurate yet can lead to dire outcomes. Across four studies, adult participants underwent a counterstereotype training to reduce their reliance on facial appearance in consequential social judgments of White male faces. In Studies 1 and 2, trustworthiness and sentencing judgments among control participants predicted whether real-world inmates were sentenced to death versus life in prison, but these relationships were diminished among trained participants. In Study 3, a sequential priming paradigm demonstrated that the training was able to abolish the relationship between even automatically and implicitly perceived trustworthiness and the inmates' life-or-death sentences. Study 4 extended these results to realistic decision-making, showing that training reduced the impact of facial trustworthiness on sentencing decisions even in the presence of decision-relevant information. Overall, our findings suggest that a counterstereotype intervention can mitigate the potentially harmful effects of relying on facial appearance in consequential social judgments.
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Garrison SM, Webster EE, Good R. Advancing Diversity in Behavior Genetics: Strategies for Incorporating Undergraduates into Student-Driven Research. Behav Genet 2024; 54:4-23. [PMID: 38252380 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-023-10172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Undergraduate research experiences are crucial for fostering the next generation of behavior genetics researchers. However, incorporating undergraduates into research can be challenging for faculty mentors. In this article, we provide strategies for successfully integrating undergraduates into behavior genetics research based on our experiences mentoring undergraduates in our lab. These strategies include: (1) Practicing reflexivity, specifically an ongoing self-examination and critical self-awareness of personal biases, beliefs, and practices; (2) Implementing an Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, and Access (IDEA) centered approach; (3) empowering students through clear expectations; (4) Providing focused training and mentorship; (5) Aligning research projects with student interests; (6) Assigning meaningful tasks; and (7) Facilitating professional development opportunities. By following these strategies, faculty mentors can cultivate a supportive and inclusive research environment that empowers undergraduates for successful careers in behavior genetics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mason Garrison
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, USA.
| | - Emma E Webster
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, USA
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Rachel Good
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, USA
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9
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Lewis BE, Naik AR. A scoping review to identify and organize literature trends of bias research within medical student and resident education. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:919. [PMID: 38053172 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physician bias refers to the unconscious negative perceptions that physicians have of patients or their conditions. Medical schools and residency programs often incorporate training to reduce biases among their trainees. In order to assess trends and organize available literature, we conducted a scoping review with a goal to categorize different biases that are studied within medical student (MS), resident (Res) and mixed populations (MS and Res). We also characterized these studies based on their research goal as either documenting evidence of bias (EOB), bias intervention (BI) or both. These findings will provide data which can be used to identify gaps and inform future work across these criteria. METHODS Online databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, WebofScience) were searched for articles published between 1980 and 2021. All references were imported into Covidence for independent screening against inclusion criteria. Conflicts were resolved by deliberation. Studies were sorted by goal: 'evidence of bias' and/or 'bias intervention', and by population (MS or Res or mixed) andinto descriptive categories of bias. RESULTS Of the initial 806 unique papers identified, a total of 139 articles fit the inclusion criteria for data extraction. The included studies were sorted into 11 categories of bias and showed that bias against race/ethnicity, specific diseases/conditions, and weight were the most researched topics. Of the studies included, there was a higher ratio of EOB:BI studies at the MS level. While at the Res level, a lower ratio of EOB:BI was found. CONCLUSIONS This study will be of interest to institutions, program directors and medical educators who wish to specifically address a category of bias and identify where there is a dearth of research. This study also underscores the need to introduce bias interventions at the MS level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne E Lewis
- Department of Foundational Sciences, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mt. Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Akshata R Naik
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, 586 Pioneer Dr, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA.
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Hamilton K, Phipps DJ, Loxton NJ, Modecki KL, Hagger MS. Reciprocal relations between past behavior, implicit beliefs, and habits: A cross-lagged panel design. J Health Psychol 2023; 28:1217-1226. [PMID: 37076986 PMCID: PMC10619173 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231164492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study assessed cross-lagged relationships between binge drinking, implicit beliefs, and habit in undergraduate university students (N = 105). Students completed self-report survey and implicit measures in lab visits 3 months apart. A structural equation model revealed cross-lagged relations between habit and behavior, and some evidence for a reciprocal relationship between implicit beliefs and habit. Implicit beliefs were related to alcohol behavior across time, but no cross-lagged relationship was observed. Findings provide preliminary support for recent advances in habit theory, suggesting that implicit beliefs and habit may develop in tandem or even share common knowledge structures and schemas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Hamilton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, United States of America
| | - Daniel J Phipps
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Natalie J Loxton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Modecki
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Martin S Hagger
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, United States of America
- Psychological Sciences University of California, Merced, Merced, United States of America
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Holmboe ES, Osman NY, Murphy CM, Kogan JR. The Urgency of Now: Rethinking and Improving Assessment Practices in Medical Education Programs. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2023; 98:S37-S49. [PMID: 37071705 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000005251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Assessment is essential to professional development. Assessment provides the information needed to give feedback, support coaching and the creation of individualized learning plans, inform progress decisions, determine appropriate supervision levels, and, most importantly, help ensure patients and families receive high-quality, safe care in the training environment. While the introduction of competency-based medical education has catalyzed advances in assessment, much work remains to be done. First, becoming a physician (or other health professional) is primarily a developmental process, and assessment programs must be designed using a developmental and growth mindset. Second, medical education programs must have integrated programs of assessment that address the interconnected domains of implicit, explicit and structural bias. Third, improving programs of assessment will require a systems-thinking approach. In this paper, the authors first address these overarching issues as key principles that must be embraced so that training programs may optimize assessment to ensure all learners achieve desired medical education outcomes. The authors then explore specific needs in assessment and provide suggestions to improve assessment practices. This paper is by no means inclusive of all medical education assessment challenges or possible solutions. However, there is a wealth of current assessment research and practice that medical education programs can use to improve educational outcomes and help reduce the harmful effects of bias. The authors' goal is to help improve and guide innovation in assessment by catalyzing further conversations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Holmboe
- E.S. Holmboe is chief, Research, Milestones Development and Evaluation, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Chicago, Illinois; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0108-6021
| | - Nora Y Osman
- N.Y. Osman is associate professor of medicine, Harvard Medical School, and director of undergraduate medical education, Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3542-1262
| | - Christina M Murphy
- C.M. Murphy is a fourth-year medical student and president, Medical Student Government at Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3966-5264
| | - Jennifer R Kogan
- J.R. Kogan is associate dean, Student Success and Professional Development, and professor of medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8426-9506
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Kurdi B, Charlesworth TES. A 3D framework of implicit attitude change. Trends Cogn Sci 2023:S1364-6613(23)00126-2. [PMID: 37270388 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
According to early theories, implicit (automatic) social attitudes are difficult if not impossible to change. Although this view has recently been challenged by research relying on experimental, developmental, and cultural approaches, relevant work remains siloed across research communities. As such, the time is ripe to systematize and integrate disparate (and seemingly contradictory) findings and to identify gaps in existing knowledge. To this end, we introduce a 3D framework classifying research on implicit attitude change by levels of analysis (individual vs. collective), sources of change (experimental, ontogenetic, and cultural), and timescales (short term vs. long term). This 3D framework highlights where evidence for implicit attitude change is more versus less well established and pinpoints directions for future research, including at the intersection of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedek Kurdi
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Tessa E S Charlesworth
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3G3
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Elder J, Wilson L, Calanchini J. Estimating the Reliability and Stability of Cognitive Processes Contributing to Responses on the Implicit Association Test. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023:1461672231171256. [PMID: 37204215 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231171256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Implicit measures were initially assumed to assess stable individual differences, but other perspectives posit that they reflect context-dependent processes. This pre-registered research investigates whether the processes contributing to responses on the race Implicit Association Test are temporally stable and reliably measured using multinomial processing tree modeling. We applied two models-the Quad model and the Process Dissociation Procedure-to six datasets (N = 2,036), each collected over two occasions, examined the within-measurement reliability and between-measurement stability of model parameters, and meta-analyzed the results. Parameters reflecting accuracy-oriented processes demonstrate adequate stability and reliability, which suggests these processes are relatively stable within individuals. Parameters reflecting evaluative associations demonstrate poor stability but modest reliability, which suggests that associations are either context-dependent or stable but noisily measured. These findings suggest that processes contributing to racial bias on implicit measures differ in temporal stability, which has practical implications for predicting behavior using the Implicit Association Test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liz Wilson
- University of California, Riverside, USA
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Cox WTL. Developing scientifically validated bias and diversity trainings that work: empowering agents of change to reduce bias, create inclusion, and promote equity. MANAGEMENT DECISION 2023; 61:1038-1061. [PMID: 37090785 PMCID: PMC10120861 DOI: 10.1108/md-06-2021-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose – Research consistently shows that non-scientific bias, equity, and diversity trainings do not work, and often make bias and diversity problems worse. Despite these widespread failures, there is considerable reason for hope that effective, meaningful DEI efforts can be developed. One approach in particular, the bias habit-breaking training, has 15 years of experimental evidence demonstrating its widespread effectiveness and efficacy. Design/methodology/approach – This article discusses bias, diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts from the author's perspective as a scientist-practitioner - the author draws primarily on the scientific literature, but also integrates insights from practical experiences working in DEI. The author provides a roadmap for adapting effective, evidence-based approaches from other disciplines (e.g. cognitive-behavioral therapy) into the DEI context and reviews evidence related to the bias habit-breaking training as one prominent demonstration of a scientifically-validated approach that effects lasting, meaningful improvements on DEI issues within both individuals and institutions. Findings – DEI trainings fail due to widespread adoption of the information deficit model, which is well-known as a highly ineffective approach. Empowerment-based approaches, in contrast, are highly promising for making meaningful, lasting changes in the DEI realm. Evidence indicates that the bias habit-breaking training is effective at empowering individuals as agents of change to reduce bias, create inclusion, and promote equity, both within themselves and the social contexts they inhabit. Originality/value – In contrast to the considerable despair and pessimism around DEI efforts, the present analysis provides hope and optimism, and an empirically-validated path forward, to develop and test DEI approaches that empower individuals as agents of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Taylor Laimaka Cox
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Inequity Agents of Change, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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15
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Axt JR, Yang J, Deshpande H. Misplaced Intuitions in Interventions to Reduce Attractiveness-Based Discrimination. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023; 49:527-540. [PMID: 35179056 PMCID: PMC9989229 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221074748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Individuals and organizations are increasing efforts to address discrimination. Nonexperts may lack awareness of, or are resistant to, scientifically informed strategies for reducing discrimination, instead relying on intuition. Five studies investigated the accuracy of nonexperts' intuitions about reducing discrimination concerning physical attractiveness. In Studies 1a to 1c (N = 902), participants predicted the effectiveness of six interventions to reduce attractiveness-based favoritism on a judgment task. Studies 2a and 2b (N = 6,292) investigated the effectiveness of these interventions. Although two interventions reduced discrimination, intuitions were poorly aligned with actual results; fewer than 1% of participants identified the combination of interventions that did, versus did not, impact judgment, and responses were more likely to be below than above chance when predicting each intervention's effectiveness. Although follow-up work should investigate the accuracy of intuition in other forms of discrimination, these results further stress the need for greater development and adoption of evidence-based strategies for combating discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Axt
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Project Implicit, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Afulani PA, Okiring J, Aborigo RA, Nutor JJ, Kuwolamo I, Dorzie JBK, Semko S, Okonofua JA, Mendes WB. Provider implicit and explicit bias in person-centered maternity care: a cross-sectional study with maternity providers in Northern Ghana. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:254. [PMID: 36918860 PMCID: PMC10015736 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Person-centered maternity care (PCMC) has become a priority in the global health discourse on quality of care due to the high prevalence of disrespectful and lack of responsive care during facility-based childbirth. Although PCMC is generally sub-optimal, there are significant disparities. On average, women of low socioeconomic status (SES) tend to receive poorer PCMC than women of higher SES. Yet few studies have explored factors underlying these inequities. In this study, we examined provider implicit and explicit biases that could lead to inequitable PCMC based on SES. METHODS Data are from a cross-sectional survey with 150 providers recruited from 19 health facilities in the Upper East region of Ghana from October 2020 to January 2021. Explicit SES bias was assessed using situationally-specific vignettes (low SES and high SES characteristics) on providers' perceptions of women's expectations, attitudes, and behaviors. Implicit SES bias was assessed using an Implicit Association Test (IAT) that measures associations between women's SES characteristics and providers' perceptions of women as 'difficult' or 'good'. Analysis included descriptive statistics, mixed-model ANOVA, and bivariate and multivariate linear regression. RESULTS The average explicit bias score was 18.1 out of 28 (SD = 3.60) for the low SES woman vignette and 16.9 out of 28 (SD = 3.15) for the high SES woman vignette (p < 0.001), suggesting stronger negative explicit bias towards the lower SES woman. These biases manifested in higher agreement to statements such as the low SES woman in the vignette is not likely to expect providers to introduce themselves and is not likely to understand explanations. The average IAT score was 0.71 (SD = 0.43), indicating a significant bias in associating positive characteristics with high SES women and negative characteristics with low SES women. Providers with higher education had significantly lower explicit bias scores on the low SES vignette than those with less education. Providers in private facilities had higher IAT scores than those in government hospitals. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide evidence of both implicit and explicit SES bias among maternity providers. These biases need to be addressed in interventions to achieve equity in PCMC and to improve PCMC for all women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patience A Afulani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Jaffer Okiring
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Jerry John Nutor
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | - Sierra Semko
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Jason A Okonofua
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Wendy Berry Mendes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
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17
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Ash TL, Maguire SC. A Scoping Review of Diversity Training for Teachers: The Potential for School Psychology. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/2372966x.2023.2175585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tory L. Ash
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Syracuse University
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18
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Lai CK, Lisnek JA. The Impact of Implicit-Bias-Oriented Diversity Training on Police Officers' Beliefs, Motivations, and Actions. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:424-434. [PMID: 36735465 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221150617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
U.S. police departments have attempted to address racial inequities in policing with diversity training. However, little research has evaluated whether these trainings are effective at changing officers' beliefs, motivations, and actions. To examine their efficacy, we tested a day-long implicit-bias-oriented diversity training designed to increase U.S. police officers' knowledge of biases, concerns about bias, and use of evidence-based strategies to mitigate bias (total N = 3,764). The training was immediately effective at increasing knowledge about bias, concerns about bias, and intentions to address bias, relative to baseline. However, the effects were fleeting. Although the training was linked to higher knowledge for at least 1 month, it was ineffective at durably increasing concerns or strategy use. These findings suggest that diversity trainings as they are currently practiced are unlikely to change police behavior. We conclude with theorizing about what organizations and training programs could do for greater impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin K Lai
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
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19
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Sawyer JE, Gampa A. Social Movements as Parsimonious Explanations for Implicit and Explicit Attitude Change. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2023; 27:28-51. [PMID: 35652682 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221095697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, interest in aggregate and population-level implicit and explicit attitudes has opened inquiry into how attitudes relate to sociopolitical phenomenon. This creates an opportunity to examine social movements as dynamic forces with the potential to generate widespread, lasting attitude change. Although collective action remains underexplored as a means of reducing bias, we advance historical and theoretical justifications for doing so. We review recent studies of aggregate attitudes through the lens of social movement theory, proposing movements as a parsimonious explanation for observed patterns. We outline a model for conceptualizing causal pathways between social movements and implicit and explicit attitudes among participants, supporters, bystanders, and opponents. We identify six categories of mechanisms through which movements may transform attitudes: changing society; media representations; intergroup contact and affiliation; empathy, perspective-taking, and reduced intergroup anxiety; social recategorization; and social identification and self-efficacy processes. Generative questions, testable hypotheses, and promising methods for future work are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy E Sawyer
- Kingsborough Community College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, USA
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20
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Pennington CR, Bliss E, Airey A, Bancroft M, Pryce-Miller M. A mixed-methods evaluation of unconscious racial bias training for NHS senior practitioners to improve the experiences of racially minoritised students. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e068819. [PMID: 36669838 PMCID: PMC9872466 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The degree awarding gap indicates that racially minoritised higher education students receive lower degree classifications relative to their white peers. While the reasons for this are complex, research suggests that educator and practitioner attitudes and behaviour towards racially minoritised students are a significant contributing factor. This preregistered study evaluates the effectiveness of unconscious racial bias training (URBT) to enhance National Health Service senior practitioner's recognition of how racial inequalities negatively impact racially minoritised students. DESIGN A mixed-methods study with a pretest and post-test design was conducted in the higher education and healthcare practice environment. METHODS Forty-nine NHS senior practitioners completed a 4-hour URBT workshop with activities focusing on activating stereotypes, exploring differences between unconscious and implicit bias, discussing the development of bias, and reflecting on student experiences of prejudice, harassment and discrimination. They completed pre- and post- quantitative measures that assessed the effectiveness of URBT and changes in racial competency, awareness and perceptions of unconscious racial bias. Qualitative measures explored the usefulness and perceived applications of URBT, and a 1-month follow-up assessed further how it had been applied within practice. RESULTS Participants reported positive evaluations of URBT, higher perceived racial competency, awareness and perceptions of racial bias (ps<0.001, dz>0.35). After 1 month, key themes from qualitative responses suggested that participants had increased self-awareness and were exploring how to set up mentoring and working groups, change recruitment and progression processes, and diversify the taught curriculum. CONCLUSIONS URBT may be one effective strategy to enhance awareness and encourage reflections of racial bias. We discuss how reducing racial inequalities requires a multifaceted approach that affords upfront conversations about systemic racism, implements effective initiatives, policies and procedures, and engages in continuous evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleanore Bliss
- Faculty of Health & Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Alisha Airey
- Faculty of Health & Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Mandy Bancroft
- Faculty of Health & Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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21
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Scott KE, Ash TL, Immel B, Liebeck MA, Devine PG, Shutts K. Engaging White parents to address their White children's racial biases in the Black-White context. Child Dev 2023; 94:74-92. [PMID: 35950605 PMCID: PMC9923716 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies (n = 1065 parents, 625 females, 437 males, 3 nonbinary, 99.06% White; n = 80, 5 to 7-year-old children, 35 girls, 45 boys, 87.50% White; data collection September 2017-January 2021) investigated White U.S. parents' thinking about White children's Black-White racial biases. In Studies 1-3, parents reported that their own and other children would not express racial biases. When predicting children's social preferences for Black and White children (Study 2), parents underestimated their own and other children's racial biases. Reading an article about the nature, prevalence, and consequences of White children's racial biases (Study 3) increased parents' awareness of, concern about, and motivation to address children's biases (relative to a control condition). The findings have implications for engaging White parents to address their children's racial biases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tory L. Ash
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bailey Immel
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | | | | | - Kristin Shutts
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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22
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Vezzali L, Lolliot S, Trifiletti E, Cocco VM, Rae JR, Capozza D, Hewstone M. Effects of intergroup contact on explicit and implicit outgroup attitudes: A longitudinal field study with majority and minority group members. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62:215-240. [PMID: 35822522 PMCID: PMC10084141 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A longitudinal field study tested the long-term effects (three years) of intergroup contact on both explicit and implicit outgroup attitudes. Participants were majority (Italian) and minority (immigrant) high-school students, who were tested at four waves from the beginning of their first year in high-school to the end of the third school year. Results revealed, first, a longitudinal association of quantity (but not quality) of contact with lower intergroup anxiety and more positive explicit attitudes, as well as bidirectional effects over time between explicit attitudes and intergroup anxiety, on the one hand, and quantity and quality of contact, on the other. Second, reduced intergroup anxiety mediated the association between quantity of contact and improved explicit attitudes over time. Third, the product of quantity and quality of contact longitudinally predicted more positive implicit outgroup attitudes over school years. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Vezzali
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Simon Lolliot
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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23
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Madison B, Peden S, Young J, Buchanan C, Collard A, Cunningham TV, Gallagher CM, Gremmels B. Becoming Inclusive: Actionable Steps to Diversify the Field of Clinical Ethics. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ETHICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1086/jce2022334323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Weight Stigmatization in Political Contexts: an Interaction with Gender. TRENDS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43076-022-00238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Francis A, O'Sullivan KM, Patel P, Viecelli AK, Hedley JA, Swaminathan R, Crosthwaite A, Haloob I, Kennard A, Rowlandson M, Boudville N, Webster AC, Wyburn K. Equity and diversity in the nephrology workforce in Australia and New Zealand. Intern Med J 2022; 52:1900-1909. [PMID: 35384220 PMCID: PMC9796933 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite diversity initiatives, inequities persist in medicine with negative implications for the workforce and patients. Little is known about workplace inequity in nephrology. AIM To describe perceptions and experiences of bias by health professionals in the Australian and New Zealand Society of Nephrology (ANZSN), focussing on gender and race. METHODS A web-based survey of ANZSN members recorded degree of perceived inequity on a Likert scale, ranging from 1 (none) to 5 (complete). Groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U-test and logistic regression. Comments were synthesised using qualitative methods to explore themes of inequity and pathways to an inclusive future. RESULTS Of the 620 members of the ANZSN, there were 134 (22%) respondents, of whom 57% were women and 67% were White. The majority (88%) perceived inequities in the workforce. Perceived drivers of inequity were gender (84/113; 75%), carer responsibilities (74/113; 65%) and race (64/113; 56%). Half (74/131) had personally experienced inequity, based on gender in 70% (52/74) and race in 39% (29/75) with perceived discrimination coming from doctors, patients, academics and health administrators. White males were least likely (odds ratio 0.39; 95% confidence interval 0.18-0.90) to experience inequity. Dominant themes from qualitative analysis indicated that the major impacts of inequity were limited opportunities for advancement and lack of formal assistance for those experiencing inequities. Proposed solutions to reduce inequity included normalising the discourse on inequity at an organisational level, with policy changes to ensure diverse representation on committees and in executive leadership positions. CONCLUSIONS Inequity, particularly driven by gender and race, is common for nephrology health professionals in Australia and New Zealand and impacts career progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Francis
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Kim M. O'Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory DiseasesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Pinika Patel
- Collaborative Centre for Organ Donation Evidence, Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - James A. Hedley
- Collaborative Centre for Organ Donation Evidence, Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Amy Crosthwaite
- Department of NephrologyAustin HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Imad Haloob
- Department of NephrologyBathurst Base HospitalBathurstNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Alice Kennard
- Department of NephrologyThe Canberra HospitalCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia,School of MedicineAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Matthew Rowlandson
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationJohn Hunter HospitalNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Neil Boudville
- Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Angela C. Webster
- Collaborative Centre for Organ Donation Evidence, Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia,Westmead Applied Research CentreWestmead HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia,NHMRC Clinical Trials CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kate Wyburn
- Collaborative Centre for Organ Donation Evidence, Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia,Department of Renal MedicineRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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26
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Simon JD, Boyd R, Thurston H, Subica AM. Response to the Reddy, Williams-Isom, & Putnam-Hornstein's brief "Racial sensitivity training: An inadequate solution to systemic racial disparities in child protection systems". CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 131:105769. [PMID: 35759879 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James David Simon
- School of Social Work, California State University, Los Angeles, United States of America.
| | - Reiko Boyd
- Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston
| | | | - Andrew M Subica
- Department of Social Medicine, Population, and Public Health, University of California, Riverside
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27
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Peters U, Krauss A, Braganza O. Generalization Bias in Science. Cogn Sci 2022; 46:e13188. [PMID: 36044007 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many scientists routinely generalize from study samples to larger populations. It is commonly assumed that this cognitive process of scientific induction is a voluntary inference in which researchers assess the generalizability of their data and then draw conclusions accordingly. We challenge this view and argue for a novel account. The account describes scientific induction as involving by default a generalization bias that operates automatically and frequently leads researchers to unintentionally generalize their findings without sufficient evidence. The result is unwarranted, overgeneralized conclusions. We support this account of scientific induction by integrating a range of disparate findings from across the cognitive sciences that have until now not been connected to research on the nature of scientific induction. The view that scientific induction involves by default a generalization bias calls for a revision of the current thinking about scientific induction and highlights an overlooked cause of the replication crisis in the sciences. Commonly proposed interventions to tackle scientific overgeneralizations that may feed into this crisis need to be supplemented with cognitive debiasing strategies against generalization bias to most effectively improve science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Peters
- Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence, University of Cambridge.,Center for Science and Thought, University of Bonn
| | - Alexander Krauss
- CPNSS, London School of Economics.,Spanish National Research Council
| | - Oliver Braganza
- Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn.,Center for Science and Thought, University of Bonn
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28
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Boisvert S. Social risk, health inequity, and patient safety. J Healthc Risk Manag 2022; 42:18-25. [PMID: 35972049 DOI: 10.1002/jhrm.21519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Social factors that affect health are called social determinants. Social determinants may also carry risk, known as social risk. Management and patient safety professionals understand health care and enterprise risk. Social risk may add a new dimension for some. Social risks are probably amenable to the strategies patient safety and risk management professionals already employ, such as enterprise risk management, a culture of safety, and just culture. A large body of evidence suggests that social risks, particularly literacy and discrimination, strongly affect patient safety and well-being. This paper examines the relationship between social determinants of health and social risks and considers how health care organizations might address literacy and discrimination from the perspective of patient safety and risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Boisvert
- Senior Patient Safety Risk Manager Department of Patient Safety and Risk Management, The Doctors Company, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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29
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Stewart TL, Latu IM, Martin T, Walsh SP, Schmidt A, Kawakami K. Implicit bias reduction that lasts: Putting Situational Attribution Training to the test. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracie L. Stewart
- Department of Psychological Sciences Kennesaw State University Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Ioana M. Latu
- School of Psychology Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK
| | - Tim Martin
- Department of Psychological Sciences Kennesaw State University Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Seamus P. Walsh
- Department of Psychology University of Mississippi Oxford Mississippi USA
| | - Allyson Schmidt
- Department of Psychological Sciences Kennesaw State University Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Kerry Kawakami
- Department of Psychology York University Toronto Ontario Canada
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30
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Cyrus-Lai W, Tierney W, du Plessis C, Nguyen M, Schaerer M, Giulia Clemente E, Uhlmann EL. Avoiding Bias in the Search for Implicit Bias. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2022.2106762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - My Nguyen
- Lee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | - Michael Schaerer
- Lee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University, Singapore
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31
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Gawronski B, Ledgerwood A, Eastwick PW. Implicit Bias ≠ Bias on Implicit Measures. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2022.2106750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Windisch S, Wiedlitzka S, Olaghere A, Jenaway E. Online interventions for reducing hate speech and cyberhate: A systematic review. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2022; 18:e1243. [PMID: 36913206 PMCID: PMC9133687 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unique feature of the Internet is that individual negative attitudes toward minoritized and racialized groups and more extreme, hateful ideologies can find their way onto specific platforms and instantly connect people sharing similar prejudices. The enormous frequency of hate speech/cyberhate within online environments creates a sense of normalcy about hatred and the potential for acts of intergroup violence or political radicalization. While there is some evidence of effective interventions to counter hate speech through television, radio, youth conferences, and text messaging campaigns, interventions for online hate speech have only recently emerged. OBJECTIVES This review aimed to assess the effects of online interventions to reduce online hate speech/cyberhate. SEARCH METHODS We systematically searched 2 database aggregators, 36 individual databases, 6 individual journals, and 34 websites, as well as bibliographies of published reviews of related literature, and scrutiny of annotated bibliographies of related literature. INCLUSION CRITERIA We included randomized and rigorous quasi-experimental studies of online hate speech/cyberhate interventions that measured the creation and/or consumption of hateful content online and included a control group. Eligible populations included youth (10-17 years) and adult (18+ years) participants of any racial/ethnic background, religious affiliation, gender identity, sexual orientation, nationality, or citizenship status. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The systematic search covered January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2020, with searches conducted between August 19, 2020 and December 31, 2020, and supplementary searches undertaken between March 17 and 24, 2022. We coded characteristics of the intervention, sample, outcomes, and research methods. We extracted quantitative findings in the form of a standardized mean difference effect size. We computed a meta-analysis on two independent effect sizes. MAIN RESULTS Two studies were included in the meta-analysis, one of which had three treatment arms. For the purposes of the meta-analysis we chose the treatment arm from the Álvarez-Benjumea and Winter (2018) study that most closely aligned with the treatment condition in the Bodine-Baron et al. (2020) study. However, we also present additional single effect sizes for the other treatment arms from the Álvarez-Benjumea and Winter (2018) study. Both studies evaluated the effectiveness of an online intervention for reducing online hate speech/cyberhate. The Bodine-Baron et al. (2020) study had a sample size of 1570 subjects, while the Álvarez-Benjumea and Winter (2018) study had a sample size of 1469 tweets (nested in 180 subjects). The mean effect was small (g = -0.134, 95% confidence interval [-0.321, -0.054]). Each study was assessed for risk of bias on the following domains: randomization process, deviations from intended interventions, missing outcome data, measurement of the outcome, and selection of the reported results. Both studies were rated as "low risk" on the randomization process, deviations from intended interventions, and measurement of the outcome domains. We assessed the Bodine-Baron et al. (2020) study as "some" risk of bias regarding missing outcome data and "high risk" for selective outcome reporting bias. The Álvarez-Benjumea and Winter (2018) study was rated as "some concern" for the selective outcome reporting bias domain. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The evidence is insufficient to determine the effectiveness of online hate speech/cyberhate interventions for reducing the creation and/or consumption of hateful content online. Gaps in the evaluation literature include the lack of experimental (random assignment) and quasi-experimental evaluations of online hate speech/cyberhate interventions, addressing the creation and/or consumption of hate speech as opposed to the accuracy of detection/classification software, and assessing heterogeneity among subjects by including both extremist and non-extremist individuals in future intervention studies. We provide suggestions for how future research on online hate speech/cyberhate interventions can fill these gaps moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Windisch
- Department of Criminal JusticeTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Susann Wiedlitzka
- School of Social SciencesThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Ajima Olaghere
- Department of Criminal JusticeTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Elizabeth Jenaway
- Department of Criminal JusticeTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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McDonnall MC, Antonelli K. Changing Employers’ Implicit Attitudes About the Competence of People Who Are Blind. JOURNAL OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT & BLINDNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0145482x221105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Long-held societal beliefs about the incompetence and dependence of people who are blind are thought to contribute to their low employment rates. This experimental study examined the impact of a meeting between a vocational rehabilitation (VR) professional and a hiring manager on these beliefs, or implicit attitudes, about the competence of people who are blind. Method: Participants were 57 hiring managers working for a financial services company in the southern United States who participated in a one-hour meeting with a VR professional. Two VR professionals, one sighted and one blind, conducted the meetings, utilizing one of two approaches, resulting in a 4 (group) × 3 (time) experimental design. Implicit attitudes were measured with the Implicit Association Test-Blind & Visually Impaired (IAT-BVI) at pre-test, post-test, and a 4-month follow-up and data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: IAT-BVI scores decreased significantly following the meeting, though the size of the change was small. Type of approach and the interaction between approach and the VR professional’s vision status were not significantly associated with IAT-BVI change. Although vision status was not significantly associated with IAT-BVI change, follow-up analyses documented that participants who met with the blind VR professional had a significant decrease in IAT-BVI scores. Discussion: Hiring managers’ implicit attitudes significantly improved following a meeting with a VR professional, providing evidence that a brief interaction can decrease employers’ implicit bias regarding the competence of blind people. In addition, hiring managers who met with the blind VR professional showed significant improvement in their implicit attitudes after the meeting, with a medium-to-large effect. Implications for Practice: VR professionals should communicate with employers as much as possible about the work capabilities of individuals who are blind to help improve their implicit attitudes, and be aware that incorporating exposure to a competent blind person may result in a greater impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele C. McDonnall
- The National Research & Training Center on Blindness & Low Vision, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State. MS, USA
| | - Karla Antonelli
- The National Research & Training Center on Blindness & Low Vision, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State. MS, USA
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Greenwald AG, Dasgupta N, Dovidio JF, Kang J, Moss-Racusin CA, Teachman BA. Implicit-Bias Remedies: Treating Discriminatory Bias as a Public-Health Problem. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2022; 23:7-40. [PMID: 35587951 PMCID: PMC9121529 DOI: 10.1177/15291006211070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated findings from studies in which implicit-bias measures
correlate with discriminatory judgment and behavior have led many
social scientists to conclude that implicit biases play a causal role
in racial and other discrimination. In turn, that belief has promoted
and sustained two lines of work to develop remedies: (a) individual
treatment interventions expected to weaken or eradicate implicit
biases and (b) group-administered training programs to overcome biases
generally, including implicit biases. Our review of research on these
two types of sought remedies finds that they lack established methods
that durably diminish implicit biases and have not reproducibly
reduced discriminatory consequences of implicit (or other) biases.
That disappointing conclusion prompted our turn to strategies based on
methods that have been successful in the domain of public health.
Preventive measures are designed to disable the
path from implicit biases to discriminatory outcomes.
Disparity-finding methods aim to discover
disparities that sometimes have obvious fixes, or that at least
suggest where responsibility should reside for developing a fix.
Disparity-finding methods have the advantage of being useful in
remediation not only for implicit biases but also systemic biases. For
both of these categories of bias, causes of discriminatory outcomes
are understood as residing in large part outside the conscious
awareness of individual actors. We conclude with recommendations to
guide organizations that wish to deal with biases for which they have
not yet found solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jerry Kang
- School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles
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Little MM, Johnson L, Hager K. A discussion of White fragility to facilitate cultural competence development in a foundations of pharmaceutical care class. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:572-581. [PMID: 35715097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to explore pharmacy students' emotional reaction to the concept of White fragility and garner ideas about improving pharmacy curriculum to initiate constructive patient engagement across racial divides. METHODS An online questionnaire was distributed to 160 first-year pharmacy students after reading the article "White Fragility" for a Foundations of Pharmaceutical Care Course. Class prep questions included (1) How can the college and you improve the capacity and stamina of Whites, so they are prepared to teach and initiate constructive patient engagement across racial divides? and (2) Recognizing that emotions play a critical role in learning, how does the information in the "White Fragility" article make you feel? Responses were analyzed using a constant comparative method by all three authors; discrepancies were resolved by consensus. RESULTS Of the 160 students across two campuses, 157 submitted responses. Four major categories of college culture, curriculum, educational topics, and educational suggestions or enhancements emerged "to improve the capacity and stamina of Whites." With regard to the observed feelings after reading "White Fragility," seven categories of feelings (frequency) emerged, including awareness (49%), discomfort (38.2%), empathy (19.7%), defensiveness (16.6%), frustration (15.9%), empowerment (11.5%), and curiosity (8.3%). CONCLUSIONS This student cohort is at the beginning of their intercultural journey in pharmacy. Many indicated that more emphasis on and discussion about issues like White fragility and racism would benefit their ability to care for people from a wide variety of cultures to optimize patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg M Little
- Assistant Professor, Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, 1110 Kirby Drive, LSci 232, Duluth, MN 55812, United States.
| | - L'Aurelle Johnson
- Assistant Professor and Director of Diversity, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Delivery Code 1332, 7-115C WDH, 308 Harvard St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Keri Hager
- Associate Professor and Co-Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs, Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, United States.
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Katz JH, Mann TC, Shen X, Goncalo JA, Ferguson MJ. Implicit impressions of creative people: Creativity evaluation in a stigmatized domain. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.104116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hershberger PJ, Pei Y, Crawford TN, Neeley SM, Wischgoll T, Patel DB, Vasoya MM, Castle A, Mishra S, Surapaneni L, Pogaku AA, Bositty A, Pavlack T. An Interactive Game with Virtual Reality Immersion to Improve Cultural Sensitivity in Health Care. Health Equity 2022; 6:189-197. [PMID: 35402778 PMCID: PMC8985530 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2021.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Biased perceptions of individuals who are not part of one's in-groups tend to be negative and habitual. Because health care professionals are no less susceptible to biases than are others, the adverse impact of biases on marginalized populations in health care warrants continued attention and amelioration. Method Two characters, a Syrian refugee with limited English proficiency and a black pregnant woman with a history of opioid use disorder, were developed for an online training simulation that includes an interactive life course experience focused on social determinants of health, and a clinical encounter in a community health center utilizing virtual reality immersion. Pre- and post-survey data were obtained from 158 health professionals who completed the simulation. Results Post-simulation data indicated increased feelings of compassion toward the patient and decreased expectations about how difficult future encounters with the patient would be. With respect to attribution, after the simulation participants were less inclined to view the patient as primarily responsible for their situation, suggesting less impact of the fundamental attribution error. Conclusion This training simulation aimed to utilize components of evidence-based prejudice habit breaking interventions, such as learning more about an individual's life experience to help minimize filling in gaps with stereotyped assumptions. Although training simulations cannot fully replicate or replace the advantages that come with real-world experience, they can heighten awareness in the increase of increasing the cultural sensitivity of clinicians in health care professions for improving health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Hershberger
- Department of Family Medicine, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University College of Engineering and Computer Science, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy N. Crawford
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences and Department of Family Medicine, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Sabrina M. Neeley
- School of Education and Health Sciences, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas Wischgoll
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University College of Engineering and Computer Science, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Dixit B. Patel
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University College of Engineering and Computer Science, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Miteshkumar M. Vasoya
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University College of Engineering and Computer Science, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Angie Castle
- Department of Family Medicine, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Sankalp Mishra
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University College of Engineering and Computer Science, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Lahari Surapaneni
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University College of Engineering and Computer Science, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Aman A. Pogaku
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University College of Engineering and Computer Science, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Aishwarya Bositty
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University College of Engineering and Computer Science, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Todd Pavlack
- Manager Distance Learning and Instructional Designer, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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Price ST, Hartt CM, Mills AJ, MacFarlane NF. Indigenous and gendered persons and peoples in business ethics education: Intersections of Indigenous wisdoms and de Beauvoirian existentialism. GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/gwao.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley T. Price
- Department of Management St. Francis Xavier University Antigonish Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Christopher M. Hartt
- Department of Business & Social Sciences Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Albert J. Mills
- Sobey School of Business Saint Mary's University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
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Siden JY, Carver AR, Mmeje OO, Townsel CD. Reducing Implicit Bias in Maternity Care: A Framework for Action. Womens Health Issues 2021; 32:3-8. [PMID: 34774401 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y Siden
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; University of Michigan Ford School of Public Policy, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Alissa R Carver
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Women's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Okeoma O Mmeje
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Women's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Women's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Courtney D Townsel
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Women's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Walton GM, Okonofua JA, Remington Cunningham K, Hurst D, Pinedo A, Weitz E, Ospina JP, Tate H, Eberhardt JL. Lifting the Bar: A Relationship-Orienting Intervention Reduces Recidivism Among Children Reentering School From Juvenile Detention. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:1747-1767. [PMID: 34606384 DOI: 10.1177/09567976211013801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When children return to school from juvenile detention, they face a severe stigma. We developed a procedure to orient educators and students toward each other as positive relationship partners during this period. In Study 1, through a structured exercise, students reentering school powerfully articulated to an educator of their choosing their prosocial hopes for school as well as challenges they faced. In a preliminary field trial (N = 47), presenting this self-introduction to this educator in a one-page letter via a third-party requesting the educator's help reduced recidivism to juvenile detention through the next semester from 69% to 29%. In Study 2 (preregistered), the letter led experienced teachers (N = 349) to express greater commitment to, anticipate more success for, and feel more love and respect for a student beginning their reentry into school, potentially initiating a better trajectory. The results suggest how relationship-orienting procedures may sideline bias and make school more supportive for students facing stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hattie Tate
- Juvenile Justice Center, Oakland Unified School District
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Vitriol JA, Moskowitz GB. Reducing defensive responding to implicit bias feedback: On the role of perceived moral threat and efficacy to change. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nicolas P, Régner I, Lemaire P. Cultural Differences in Susceptibility to Stereotype Threat: France versus India. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:1329-1339. [PMID: 32620013 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Negative aging stereotypes make older adults perform below their true potential in a number of cognitive domains. This phenomenon, known as Age-Based Stereotype Threat, is currently viewed as a powerful factor contributing to an overestimation of cognitive decline in normal aging. However, age-based stereotype threat has been investigated almost exclusively in Western countries. Whether this phenomenon is universal or culture-specific is unknown. METHOD Here, we first ran a pilot study (N = 106) in which we assessed French and Indian participants' attitudes towards aging. Then, we assessed stereotype threat effects on arithmetic problem-solving performance and strategies in French and Indian older adults (N = 104). RESULTS We found that French older adults have more negative implicit attitudes towards aging than Indian older adults. We also found that culture modulates age-based stereotype threat effects. Whereas French older adults experienced stereotype threat on both selection and execution of strategies on all arithmetic problems, Indian older adults experienced this threat only in their strategy selection on harder problems. Most interestingly, cultural differences emerged on arithmetic problems under stereotype threat condition, where otherwise no cultural differences were found in the control condition. DISCUSSION Our findings have important implications for understanding how cultural contexts change aging effects on human cognition and age-related difference in cognitive performance.
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Axt JR, Johnson DJ. Understanding mechanisms behind discrimination using diffusion decision modeling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Machery E. Anomalies in implicit attitudes research. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2021; 13:e1569. [PMID: 34130361 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this review, I provide a pessimistic assessment of the indirect measurement of attitudes by highlighting the persisting anomalies in the science of implicit attitudes, focusing on their validity, reliability, predictive power, and causal efficiency, and I draw some conclusions concerning the validity of the implicit bias construct. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Machery
- Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential exists for unconscious bias to influence decisions throughout the admission process to nursing school and derail holistic admission review processes. Although little is known about unconscious bias in nursing school admissions, unconscious bias has been demonstrated in nurse educators at levels similar to the general population. METHOD This article examines concepts of unconscious bias, factors that may interfere with accurate and fair assessment of applicants to nursing school, and ways to mitigate unconscious bias in the application and admission decision processes. RESULTS Interventions that have shown success in reducing unconscious bias center on increased awareness of the presence of unconscious bias and cognitive strategies that include motivation and effort to counter the unconscious bias. CONCLUSION Creating structures in the admission process that promote fairness and reduce the risk of relying on automatic judgments can minimize the influence of unconscious bias on admission decisions. [J Nurs Educ. 2021;60(6):317-323.].
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Wise reasoning, intergroup positivity, and attitude polarization across contexts. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3313. [PMID: 34083528 PMCID: PMC8175723 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that a wisdom-based reasoning process comprised of epistemic humility, accounting for context, and integrating different perspectives and interests, would be helpful in overcoming intergroup bias and attitude polarization in societal conflicts. Here we test the hypothesis using both the Situated Wise Reasoning Scale and experimental induction. In each study, we recruited participants who self-identified as members of a group implicated in an ongoing intergroup situation. In five correlational studies (Studies 1-5) we examined the relations between measured wise reasoning and intergroup positivity and attitude polarization. In two experiments, we tested the effects of a brief online wise-reasoning thought exercise on intergroup positivity and polarization (Studies 6-7), and charitable behaviors to an outgroup (Study 6). We found that wise reasoning relates to more positivity toward outgroups and less attitude polarization across different groups and conflicts. The results have implications for theory and may also have implications for future research on interventions to improve intergroup relations.
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Arrington LA, Edie AH, Sewell CA, Carter BM. Launching the Reduction of Peripartum Racial/Ethnic Disparities Bundle: A Quality Improvement Project. J Midwifery Womens Health 2021; 66:526-533. [PMID: 33913616 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health care organizations have a responsibility to reduce racial and ethnic perinatal health disparities. In the United States, Black women experience the worst perinatal outcomes. The process for successfully addressing this problem in clinical practice remains unclear. PROCESS A community hospital implemented components of the Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health Reduction of Peripartum Racial/Ethnic Disparities Patient Safety Bundle. The purpose was to collect and share perinatal disparities data, increase staff awareness of perinatal racial and ethnic disparities, and engage staff to address these disparities at the project site. Perinatal care data were reviewed by race and ethnicity and results were shared with staff. Staff were engaged through a series of activities including a Health Equity Party, implicit bias workshop, Snack and Learn sessions, online modules, 2 grand rounds, and the establishment of a Health Equity Committee. OUTCOMES Racial and/or ethnic disparities were identified for perinatal outcomes and experience of care indicators including rates of cesarean birth, newborn mortality, and 30-day readmission. Of the staff 137 (65.9%) participated in project activities. The majority of participants were registered nurses (n = 82). Certified nurse-midwives (n = 10) were the profession with the highest rate of attendance (83.3%). Staff developed 26 new recommendations to address racial and ethnic disparities in care. After project implementation, mean scores of High Provider Attribution, an indicator of readiness to address health disparities, increased from preimplementation scores (P = .01). There was also a significant increase in the number of staff who reported engaging in activities to address the health care needs of racial and ethnic minority patients (P < .001). DISCUSSION This quality improvement project demonstrated that interventions at the health care organization level can be effective in influencing health care providers and staff to address racial and ethnic perinatal disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Anita Arrington
- Department of Midwifery and Women's Health, Frontier Nursing University, Hyden, Kentucky.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Maryland St. Joseph Medical Center, Towson, Maryland
| | | | - Catherine Angela Sewell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Maryland St. Joseph Medical Center, Towson, Maryland.,Division of Urology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Drug Evaluation Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Bleich SN, Zephyrin L, Blendon RJ. Addressing Racial Discrimination in US Health Care Today. JAMA HEALTH FORUM 2021; 2:e210192. [DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara N. Bleich
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Robert J. Blendon
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Microaggression as a concept has received significant attention in the popular media as well as in literature. The concept has yet to be addressed, however, in the context of health care education or academia. In this article, current thoughts on racial microaggressions are reviewed with a focus on implications for nursing faculty and academia. The role of implicit bias and microaggressions on faculty diversity and promotion is discussed, and recommendations for next steps are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumhee Ro
- About the Authors Kumhee Ro, DNP, ARNP, is an assistant professor, Seattle University College of Nursing, Seattle, Washington. Joshua Villarreal, PharmD, MPA, BCPS, is a clinical pharmacist at the University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington. For more information, contact Dr. Ro at
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