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Jiang C, Zhao G, Wang H, Zheng W, Zhang R, Wang L, Zheng Z. Comparative genomics analysis and transposon mutagenesis provides new insights into high menaquinone-7 biosynthetic potential of Bacillus subtilis natto. Gene 2024; 907:148264. [PMID: 38346457 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
This research combined Whole-Genome sequencing, intraspecific comparative genomics and transposon mutagenesis to investigate the menaquinone-7 (MK-7) synthesis potential in Bacillus subtilis natto. First, Whole-Genome sequencing showed that Bacillus subtilis natto BN-P15-11-1 contains one single circular chromosome in size of 3,982,436 bp with a GC content of 43.85 %, harboring 4,053 predicted coding genes. Next, the comparative genomics analysis among strain BN-P15-11-1 with model Bacillus subtilis 168 and four typical Bacillus subtilis natto strains proves that the closer evolutionary relationship Bacillus subtilis natto BN-P15-11-1 and Bacillus subtilis 168 both exhibit strong biosynthetic potential. To further dig for MK-7 biosynthesis latent capacity of BN-P15-11-1, we constructed a mutant library using transposons and a high throughput screening method using microplates. We obtained a YqgQ deficient high MK-7 yield strain F4 with a yield 3.02 times that of the parent strain. Experiments also showed that the high yield mutants had defects in different transcription and translation regulatory factor genes, indicating that regulatory factor defects may affect the biosynthesis and accumulation of MK-7 by altering the overall metabolic level. The findings of this study will provide more novel insights on the precise identification and rational utilization of the Bacillus subtilis subspecies for biosynthesis latent capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxu Jiang
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Genhai Zhao
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Han Wang
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wenqian Zheng
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Zhiming Zheng
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
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Hwang SB, Choi MJ, Lee HJ, Han JJ. Safety evaluation of vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) via toxicological tests. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5440. [PMID: 38443482 PMCID: PMC10914784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56151-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the safety of MK-7 produced by fermentation process using a Bacillus subtilis var. natto strain for human ingestion via acute oral toxicity, repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity, 28-day recovery test, and genotoxicity tests. The acute oral toxicity test results indicated that all subjects survived at the dose of 5000 mg/kg with no toxic effects. For the repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity test, MK-7 was administered to rats at 500, 1500, and 4500 mg/kg for 90 d. No abnormal findings were detected in clinical observations or in clinical pathological and histopathological examinations. The no-observed-adverse-effect level(NOAEL) was determined to be 4500 mg/kg/d, the maximum dose tested. For the evaluation of genotoxicity, reverse mutation, chromosomal aberration, and micronucleus tests were performed. In the reversion mutation test, vitamin K2 did not induce reversion in bacterial strains, and no chromosomal abnormality was observed in the chromosomal abnormality test using Chinese hamster lung cells. In the micronucleus test, micronuclei were not induced using ICR mouse bone marrow cells. All the toxicity test results suggest that vitamin K2 produced by fermentation processes using Bacillus subtilis var. natto induced no toxicological changes under the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Bong Hwang
- Department of Quality, GF Fermentech, Inc., Sejong, 30077, South Korea
| | - Min-Ju Choi
- Department of Quality, GF Fermentech, Inc., Sejong, 30077, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Quality, GF Fermentech, Inc., Sejong, 30077, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Jun Han
- GF Fermentech, Inc., R&D Institute, Daejon, South Korea.
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Lai Y, Masatoshi H, Ma Y, Guo Y, Zhang B. Role of Vitamin K in Intestinal Health. Front Immunol 2022; 12:791565. [PMID: 35069573 PMCID: PMC8769504 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and colorectal cancer (CRC) generally characterized by clinical symptoms, including malabsorption, intestinal dysfunction, injury, and microbiome imbalance, as well as certain secondary intestinal disease complications, continue to be serious public health problems worldwide. The role of vitamin K (VK) on intestinal health has drawn growing interest in recent years. In addition to its role in blood coagulation and bone health, several investigations continue to explore the role of VK as an emerging novel biological compound with the potential function of improving intestinal health. This study aims to present a thorough review on the bacterial sources, intestinal absorption, uptake of VK, and VK deficiency in patients with intestinal diseases, with emphasis on the effect of VK supplementation on immunity, anti-inflammation, intestinal microbes and its metabolites, antioxidation, and coagulation, and promoting epithelial development. Besides, VK-dependent proteins (VKDPs) are another crucial mechanism for VK to exert a gastroprotection role for their functions of anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, and anti-tumorigenesis. In summary, published studies preliminarily show that VK presents a beneficial effect on intestinal health and may be used as a therapeutic drug to prevent/treat intestinal diseases, but the specific mechanism of VK in intestinal health has yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hori Masatoshi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yanbo Ma
- Department of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Wu J, Li W, Zhao SG, Qian SH, Wang Z, Zhou MJ, Hu WS, Wang J, Hu LX, Liu Y, Xue ZL. Site-directed mutagenesis of the quorum-sensing transcriptional regulator SinR affects the biosynthesis of menaquinone in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:113. [PMID: 34098969 PMCID: PMC8183045 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Menaquinone (MK-7) is a highly valuable vitamin K2 produced by Bacillus subtilis. Common static metabolic engineering approaches for promoting the production of MK-7 have been studied previously. However, these approaches caused an accumulation of toxic substances and reduced product yield. Hence, dynamic regulation by the quorum sensing (QS) system is a promising method for achieving a balance between product synthesis and cell growth. Results In this study, the QS transcriptional regulator SinR, which plays a significant role in biofilm formation and MK production simultaneously, was selected, and its site-directed mutants were constructed. Among these mutants, sinR knock out strain (KO-SinR) increased the biofilm biomass by 2.8-fold compared to the wild-type. SinRquad maximized the yield of MK-7 (102.56 ± 2.84 mg/L). To decipher the mechanism of how this mutant regulates MK-7 synthesis and to find additional potential regulators that enhance MK-7 synthesis, RNA-seq was used to analyze expression changes in the QS system, biofilm formation, and MK-7 synthesis pathway. The results showed that the expressions of tapA, tasA and epsE were up-regulated 9.79-, 0.95-, and 4.42-fold, respectively. Therefore, SinRquad formed more wrinkly and smoother biofilms than BS168. The upregulated expressions of glpF, glpk, and glpD in this biofilm morphology facilitated the flow of glycerol through the biofilm. In addition, NADH dehydrogenases especially sdhA, sdhB, sdhC and glpD, increased 1.01-, 3.93-, 1.87-, and 1.11-fold, respectively. The increased expression levels of NADH dehydrogenases indicated that more electrons were produced for the electron transport system. Electrical hyperpolarization stimulated the synthesis of the electron transport chain components, such as cytochrome c and MK, to ensure the efficiency of electron transfer. Wrinkly and smooth biofilms formed a network of interconnected channels with a low resistance to liquid flow, which was beneficial for the uptake of glycerol, and facilitated the metabolic flux of four modules of the MK-7 synthesis pathway. Conclusions In this study, we report for the first time that SinRquad has significant effects on MK-7 synthesis by forming wrinkly and smooth biofilms, upregulating the expression level of most NADH dehydrogenases, and providing higher membrane potential to stimulate the accumulation of the components in the electron transport system. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01603-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Shi-Guang Zhao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Sen-He Qian
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Meng-Jie Zhou
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Wen-Song Hu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Liu-Xiu Hu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China.,Wuhu Zhanghengchun Medicine CO., LTD, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China. .,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu, 241000, China.
| | - Zheng-Lian Xue
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China. .,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu, 241000, China.
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The Role of Vitamin K in Humans: Implication in Aging and Age-Associated Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040566. [PMID: 33917442 PMCID: PMC8067486 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As human life expectancy is rising, the incidence of age-associated diseases will also increase. Scientific evidence has revealed that healthy diets, including good fats, vitamins, minerals, or polyphenolics, could have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with antiaging effects. Recent studies demonstrated that vitamin K is a vital cofactor in activating several proteins, which act against age-related syndromes. Thus, vitamin K can carboxylate osteocalcin (a protein capable of transporting and fixing calcium in bone), activate matrix Gla protein (an inhibitor of vascular calcification and cardiovascular events) and carboxylate Gas6 protein (involved in brain physiology and a cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease inhibitor). By improving insulin sensitivity, vitamin K lowers diabetes risk. It also exerts antiproliferative, proapoptotic, autophagic effects and has been associated with a reduced risk of cancer. Recent research shows that protein S, another vitamin K-dependent protein, can prevent the cytokine storm observed in COVID-19 cases. The reduced activation of protein S due to the pneumonia-induced vitamin K depletion was correlated with higher thrombogenicity and possibly fatal outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Our review aimed to present the latest scientific evidence about vitamin K and its role in preventing age-associated diseases and/or improving the effectiveness of medical treatments in mature adults ˃50 years old.
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Prasuhn J, Kasten M, Vos M, König IR, Schmid SM, Wilms B, Klein C, Brüggemann N. The Use of Vitamin K2 in Patients With Parkinson's Disease and Mitochondrial Dysfunction (PD-K2): A Theranostic Pilot Study in a Placebo-Controlled Parallel Group Design. Front Neurol 2021; 11:592104. [PMID: 33505346 PMCID: PMC7829299 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.592104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite rapid advances in research on Parkinson's disease (PD), in particular in the elucidation of genetic contributions, no disease-modifying therapy has become available to date. Objectives: In the proposed project, we aim to investigate the potential effects of vitamin K2 (long-chain menaquinone 7, MK-7) in genetically determined PD with mitochondrial dysfunction. Methods: A total of 130 study participants (26 biallelic Parkin/PINK1 mutation carriers, 52 sporadic PD patients, and 52 healthy controls) will receive the trial medication (MK-7 or placebo for 1 week). 31P-Magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging of the forebrain and basal ganglia (31P-MRSI, primary endpoint) as well as other advanced neuroimaging methods, clinical assessment, including quantitative movement analysis, and biomarker sampling will be applied pre- and post-intervention. Innovation: The proposed project is highly translational as it builds on compelling mechanistic data from animal studies as well as on a small preliminary data set in humans. Patients are selected based on their mutation-related mitochondrial dysfunction and compared to disease and a healthy control group in a personalized medicine approach. We will further investigate how neuroimaging and blood-derived biomarkers can predict individual treatment response in sporadic PD. Clinical trial registration: This study was registered at the German Clinical Trial Registry (DRKS, DRKS00019932) on the 19th of December 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Prasuhn
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Melissa Vos
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Inke R König
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Schmid
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Britta Wilms
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
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Cell Membrane and Electron Transfer Engineering for Improved Synthesis of Menaquinone-7 in Bacillus subtilis. iScience 2020; 23:100918. [PMID: 32109677 PMCID: PMC7044751 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of biofilm facilitates the synthesis of valuable natural product menaquinone-7 (MK-7) in static culture of Bacillus subtilis, whereas the essential role and mechanism of biofilm in MK-7 synthesis have not been revealed. Herein, comparative transcriptomics show that the formation of biofilm affected MK-7 synthesis by changing the transcription levels of signal receptor (BSU02010), transmembrane transporter (BSU29340, BSU03070), and signal transduction (BSU02630). Moreover, we also found that oxalate decarboxylase OxdC has an important effect on electron generation and MK-7 synthesis, when the transcriptional level of NADH dehydrogenase decreases in static culture. Our results revealed that cell membrane and electron transfer are important factors in promoting MK-7 synthesis. Transcriptome analysis shows the relationship between biofilm and MK-7 synthesis Electron transfer significantly affects the synthesis of MK-7 Oxalate decarboxylase OxdC plays a role in electron generation and MK-7 synthesis
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Cis and trans isomers of the vitamin menaquinone-7: which one is biologically significant? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2765-2776. [PMID: 32009201 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several studies have indicated that an adequate intake of menaquinone-7 (MK-7) offers numerous health benefits. However, the low availability of MK-7 in the diet necessitates the development of dietary supplements or functional food products to complement natural food sources and meet the daily intake requirements. Like most biological molecules, MK-7 can exist as geometric isomers that can occur in the cis, trans, and cis/trans forms; however, only the all-trans form is biologically significant. MK-7 is traditionally produced through bacterial fermentation, but various synthetic preparations have lately become available. The isomer composition in the final product is influenced by numerous factors, including the methods of production and purification, as well as particular environmental and storage conditions. The MK-7 profile obtained from the various production methods has not yet been elucidated, and the ideal method for the synthesis of the all-trans form of the vitamin is also debatable. Consequently, the quantification of the MK-7 profile of various products is necessary to develop an understanding of the factors that influence the proportion of isomers that are obtained in different preparations. Several possible methods exist for the quantification of MK-7 isomers, and of these, liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry techniques appears to be the most promising. Evaluation of the isomer composition is an important consideration, as only the all-trans form sustains biological activity. Furthermore, knowledge of the prominent factors that influence the MK-7 composition may also enable their manipulation to obtain a more favorable MK-7 profile in the final product.
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Fang Z, Wang L, Zhao G, Liu H, Wei H, Wang H, Ni W, Zheng Z, Wang P. A simple and efficient preparative procedure for menaquinone-7 from Bacillus subtilis (natto) using two-stage extraction followed by microporous resins. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Mahdinia E, Demirci A, Berenjian A. Biofilm reactors as a promising method for vitamin K (menaquinone-7) production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5583-5592. [PMID: 31152205 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09913-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is the most potent subtype of vitamin K with extraordinarily high half-life in the circulatory system. Therefore, MK-7 plays a critical role in promoting human wellbeing today. Studies on MK-7 every year show more and more magnificent benefits of it in preventing cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis to battling cancer cells, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Thus, it needs to be supplemented to daily diet for accumulative and long-term benefits. Chemical synthesis of MK-7 produces a significant cis-isomer form of it, which has no biological activity. Fortunately, due to its key role in electron transfer in bacteria, trans-MK-7 is biosynthesized by especially Gram-positive strains mainly Bacillus genus. Concordantly, MK-7 could be produced via solid or liquid state fermentation strategies. In either regime, when static fermentation is applied in the absence of agitation and aeration, operational issues arise such as heat and mass transfer inefficiencies. Thus, scaling up the process becomes a challenge. On the other hand, studies have indicated that biofilm and pellicle formation that occur in static fermentations are key characteristics for extracellular MK-7 secretion. Therefore, this review covers the most recent discoveries of the therapeutic properties of MK-7 and optimization attempts at increasing its biosynthesis in different media compositions and effective growth parameters as well as the cutting-edge use of biofilm reactors where B. subtilis cells have the infrastructures to form mature biofilm formations on plastic composite supports. Biofilm reactors therefore can provide robust extracellular MK-7 secretion while simultaneously enduring high agitation and aeration rates, which then address the scale-up and operational issues associated with static fermentation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mahdinia
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Ali Demirci
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA. .,The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Aydin Berenjian
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
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Marles RJ, Roe AL, Oketch-Rabah HA. US Pharmacopeial Convention safety evaluation of menaquinone-7, a form of vitamin K. Nutr Rev 2018; 75:553-578. [PMID: 28838081 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K plays important biological roles in maintaining normal blood coagulation, bone mineralization, soft tissue physiology, and neurological development. Menaquinone-7 is a form of vitamin K2 that occurs naturally in some animal-derived and fermented foods. It is also available as an ingredient of dietary supplements. Menaquinone-7 has greater bioavailability than other forms of vitamin K, which has led to increasing sales and use of menaquinone-7 supplements. This special article reviews the chemistry, nomenclature, dietary sources, intake levels, and pharmacokinetics of menaquinones, along with the nonclinical toxicity data available and the data on clinical outcomes related to safety (adverse events). In conclusion, the data reviewed indicate that menaquinone-7, when ingested as a dietary supplement, is not associated with any serious risk to health or with other public health concerns. On the basis of this conclusion, US Pharmacopeia monographs have been developed to establish quality standards for menaquinone-7 as a dietary ingredient and as a dietary supplement in various dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Marles
- US Pharmacopeial Convention's Dietary Supplements Admission Evaluations Joint Standard Setting Subcommittee, US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy L Roe
- US Pharmacopeial Convention's Dietary Supplements Admission Evaluations Joint Standard Setting Subcommittee, US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hellen A Oketch-Rabah
- US Pharmacopeial Convention's Dietary Supplements Admission Evaluations Joint Standard Setting Subcommittee, US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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