Anti-inflammatory activity of lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) protein hydrolysates in THP-1-derived macrophages

Gastrointestinal digestion of food proteins: Anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory mechanisms of the derived peptides

Food proteins and their peptides play a significant role in the important biological processes and physiological functions of the body. The peptides show diverse biological benefits ranging from anticancer to antihypertensive, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory, among others. In this review, an overview of food protein digestion in the gastrointestinal tract and the mechanisms involved was presented. As some proteins remain resistant and undigested, the multifarious factors (e.g. protein type and structure, microbial composition, pH levels and redox potential, host factors, etc.) affecting their colonic fermentation, the derived peptides, and amino acids that evade intestinal digestion are thus considered. The section that follows focuses on the mechanisms of the peptides with anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory effects. As further considerations were made, it is concluded that clinical studies targeting a clear understanding of the gastrointestinal stability, bioavailability, and safety of food-based peptides are still warranted.

Models in vivo and in vitro for the study of acute and chronic inflammatory activity: A comprehensive review

Inflammatory conditions are among the principal causes of morbidity worldwide, and their treatment continues to be a challenge, given the restricted availability of effective and safe drugs. Thus, the identification of new compounds with biological activity that can be used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders is an essential field in medical and health research, in order to improve the health and quality of life of patients suffering from these diseases. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of drugs requires the implementation of models that accurately depict the biochemical and/or physiological responses that characterize human inflammation; for this reason, several in vitro and in vivo models have been developed, providing a platform for discovering novel or repurposed compounds. For this reason, in the present review we have selected twelve commonly used models for the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect, and extensively describes the difference between in vivo and in vitro models of inflammation, highlighting their advantages and limitations. On the other hand, the inflammatory mechanisms involved in them, the methods employed for their establishment, and the different parameters assessed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of a given compound are extensively discussed. We expect to provide a comprehensive guide for the improved selection of a suitable model for the preclinical evaluation of plausible anti-inflammatory agents.

How germination time affects protein hydrolysis of lupins during gastroduodenal digestion and generation of resistant bioactive peptides

Germination time is a critical factor that influences the digestibility and bioactivity of proteins in pulses. The objective was to understand the effect of sprouting time on protein hydrolysis (PH) and the release of bioactive peptides during digestion of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) to provide recommendations on the optimum germination time for maximum nutritional and health benefits. Protein hydrolysis was monitored during germination and digestion by gel electrophoresis, size exclusion chromatography, and the analysis of soluble protein (SP), peptides (PEP), free amino acids (FAA) and free amino groups. The anti-inflammatory activity of intestinal digests was investigated in cell culture assays. Peptidomic and in silico analyses of intestinal digesta were conducted to identify digestion-resistant bioactive fragments. Germination time increased SP, PEP, and FAA. During digestion, the PH and release of small peptides was higher in sprouted lupin than control flour. Intestinal digests from sprouted lupin flour for 7 days exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activity. In this sample, 11 potential bioactive peptides were identified. These findings open the exploration of novel food formulations based on sprouted lupins with higher protein digestibility and health-promoting potential.

Bioactive and health-promoting properties of enzymatic hydrolysates of legume proteins: a review

This study comprehensively reviewed the effect of controlled enzymatic hydrolysis on the bioactivity of pulse protein hydrolysates (PPHs). Proteolysis results in the partial structural unfolding of pulse proteins with an increase in buried hydrophobic groups of peptide sequences. The use of PPHs in a dose-dependent manner can enhance free radical scavenging and improve antioxidant activities regarding inhibition of lipid oxidation, ferric reducing power, metal ion chelation, and β-carotene bleaching inhibition. Ultrafiltered peptide fractions with low molecular weights imparted angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory effects during in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion and in vivo conditions. Ultrasonication, high-pressure pretreatments, and glycosylation as post-treatments can improve the antiradical, antioxidant, and ACE inhibitory activities of PPHs. The electrostatic attachment of pulse peptides to microbial cells can inhibit the growth and activity of bacteria and fungi. Bioactive pulse peptides can reduce serum cholesterol and triglycerides, and inhibit the formation of adipocyte lipid storage, allergenic factors, inflammatory markers, and arterial thrombus without cytotoxicity. The combination of germination and enzymatic hydrolysis can significantly increase the protein digestibility and bioavailability of essential amino acids. Moreover, the utilization and enrichment of bakery and meat products with functional PPHs ensure quality, safety, and health aspects of food products.

Bioactive Peptides from Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) Prevent the Early Stages of Atherosclerosis in Western Diet-Fed ApoE-/- Mice

We have previously reported the in vitro hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of Alcalase-generated lupin protein hydrolysate (LPH). Given that lipoprotein deposition, oxidative stress, and inflammation are the main components of atherogenesis, we characterized the LPH composition, in silico identified LPH-peptides with activities related to atherosclerosis, and evaluated the in vivo LPH effects on atherosclerosis risk factors in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. After 15 min of Alcalase hydrolysis, peptides smaller than 8 kDa were obtained, and 259 peptides out of 278 peptides found showed biological activities related to atherosclerosis risk factors. Furthermore, LPH administration for 12 weeks reduced the plasma lipids, as well as the cardiovascular and atherogenic risk indexes. LPH also increased the total antioxidant capacity, decreased endothelial permeability, inflammatory response, and atherogenic markers. Therefore, this study describes for the first time that LPH prevents the early stages of atherosclerosis.

A Lupinus angustifolius protein hydrolysate exerts hypocholesterolemic effects in Western diet-fed ApoE-/- mice through the modulation of LDLR and PCSK9 pathways

Lupin protein hydrolysates (LPHs) are gaining attention in the food and nutraceutical industries due to their several beneficial health effects. Recently, we have shown that LPH treatment reduces liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels in hypercholesterolemic mice. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of LPH treatment on the molecular mechanism underlying liver cholesterol metabolism in ApoE^-/- mice fed the Western diet. After identifying the composition of the peptide within the LPH mixture and determining its ability to reduce HMGCoAR activity in vitro, its effect on the LDLR and PCSK9 pathways was measured in liver tissue from the same mice. Thus, the LPH reduced the protein levels of HMGCoAR and increased the phosphorylated inactive form of HMGCoAR and the pHMGCoAR/HMGCoAR ratio, which led to the deactivation of de novo cholesterol synthesis. Furthermore, the LPH decreased the protein levels of SREBP2, a key upstream transcription factor involved in the expression of HMGCoAR and LDLR. Consequently, LDLR protein levels decreased in the liver of LPH-treated animals. Interestingly, the LPH also increased the protein levels of pAMPK responsible for HMGCoAR phosphorylation. Furthermore, the LPH controlled the PSCK9 signal pathway by decreasing its transcription factor, the HNF1-α protein. Consequently, lower PSCK9 protein levels were found in the liver of LPH-treated mice. This is the first study elucidating the molecular mechanism at the basis of the hypocholesterolemic effects exerted by the LPH in an in vivo model. All these findings point out LPHs as a future lipid-lowering ingredient to develop new functional foods.

Hydrolyzed Proteins and Vegetable Peptides: Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms in Obesity and Potential Therapeutic Targets

Chronic low-grade inflammation is present in overweight and obesity, causing changes in several metabolic pathways. It impairs systemic functioning and positively feeds back the accumulation of more adipose tissue. Studies with hydrolyzed proteins and plant peptides have demonstrated a potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect of these peptides. However, it is challenging and necessary to explore the mechanism of action of such molecules because understanding their effects depends on their structural characterizations. Furthermore, the structure might also give insights into safety, efficacy and efficiency, with a view of a possible health application. Thus, the present narrative review aimed to discuss the mechanisms of action of hydrolyzed proteins and plant peptides as anti-inflammatory agents in obesity. Keywords and related terms were inserted into databases for the search. Based on the studies evaluated, these biomolecules act by different pathways, favoring the reduction of inflammatory cytokines and adipokines and the polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype. Finally, as a future perspective, bioinformatics is suggested as a tool to help understand and better use these molecules considering their applicability in pre-clinical and clinical studies.

Current Progress in the Extraction, Functional Properties, Interaction with Polyphenols, and Application of Legume Protein

Legume protein can replace animal-derived protein because of its high protein content, low price, lack of cholesterol, complete amino acids, and requirements of vegetarianism. Legume protein has not only superior functional properties but also high biological activities. Therefore, it is widely used in the food industry. However, there are few studies on the comprehensive overview of legume protein. In this review, the extraction, functional properties, interaction with polyphenols, application of legume protein, and activities of their peptides were comprehensively reviewed. Legume proteins are mainly composed of globulin and albumin. The methods of protein extraction from legumes mainly include wet separation (alkali solution and acid precipitation, salt extraction, enzyme extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction) and dry separation (electrostatic separation). Besides, various factors (heat, pH, and concentration) could significantly affect the functional properties of legume protein. Some potential modification technologies could further improve the functionality and quality of these proteins. Moreover, the application of legume protein and the effects of polyphenols on structural properties of legume-derived protein were concluded. Furthermore, the bioactivities of peptides from legume proteins were discussed. To improve the bioactivity, bioavailability, and commercial availability of legume-derived protein and peptides, future studies need to further explore new preparation methods and potential new activities of legume-derived proteins and active peptides. This review provides a real-time reference for further research on the application of legume protein in the food industry. In addition, this review provides a new reference for the development of legume-derived protein functional foods and potential therapeutic agents.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Bioavailable Protein Hydrolysates from Lupin-Derived Agri-Waste

Agri-food industries generate several by-products, including protein-rich materials currently treated as waste. Lupine species could be a sustainable alternative source of protein compared to other crops such as soybean or chickpea. Protein hydrolysates contain bioactive peptides that may act positively in disease prevention or treatment. Inflammatory responses and oxidative stress underlie many chronic pathologies and natural treatment approaches have gained attention as an alternative to synthetic pharmaceuticals. Recent studies have shown that lupin protein hydrolysates (LPHs) could be an important source of biopeptides, especially since they demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties. However, due to their possible degradation by digestive and brush-border enzymes, it is not clear whether these peptides can resist intestinal absorption and reach the bloodstream, where they may exert their biological effects. In this work, the in vitro cellular uptake/transport and the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of LPH were investigated in a co-culture system with intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells and THP-1-derived macrophages. The results indicate that the LPH crosses the human intestinal Caco-2 monolayer and exerts anti-inflammatory activity in macrophages located in the basement area by decreasing mRNA levels and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. A remarkable reduction in nitric oxide and ROS in the cell-based system by peptides from LPH was also demonstrated. Our preliminary results point to underexplored protein hydrolysates from food production industries as a novel, natural source of high-value-added biopeptides.

Lupin-Derived Bioactive Peptides: Intestinal Transport, Bioavailability and Health Benefits

There is a renewed interest on the reliance of food-based bioactive compounds as sources of nutritive factors and health-beneficial chemical compounds. Among these food components, several proteins from foods have been shown to promote health and wellness as seen in proteins such as α/γ-conglutins from the seeds of Lupinus species (Lupin), a genus of leguminous plant that are widely used in traditional medicine for treating chronic diseases. Lupin-derived peptides (LDPs) are increasingly being explored and they have been shown to possess multifunctional health improving properties. This paper discusses the intestinal transport, bioavailability and biological activities of LDPs, focusing on molecular mechanisms of action as reported in in vitro, cell culture, animal and human studies. The potentials of several LDPs to demonstrate multitarget mechanism of regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, chemo- and osteoprotective properties, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities position LDPs as good candidates for nutraceutical development for the prevention and management of medical conditions whose etiology are multifactorial.

Safety and Efficacy of a Beverage Containing Lupine Protein Hydrolysates on the Immune, Oxidative and Lipid Status in Healthy Subjects: An Intervention Study (the Lupine-1 Trial)

SCOPE

We have previously demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of in vitro administered Lupinus angustifolius protein hydrolysates (LPHs) on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a beverage containing LPHs (LPHb) on the immune, oxidative and metabolic status of healthy subjects.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In this open-label intervention, 33 participants daily ingest a LPHb containing 1 g LPHs for 28 days. Biochemical parameters are assayed in fasting peripheral blood and urine samples before, during (14 days) and after LPHb ingestion. Participants' health status and the immune and antioxidant responses of PBMCs are also evaluated throughout the trial. The LPHb ingestion is safe and effective in both increasing the anti-/pro-inflammatory response of PBMCs and improving the cellular anti-oxidant capacity. LPHb also reduces the low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) atherogenic index. LPHb effect is particularly beneficial on decreasing not only the LDL-C/HDL-C index but also serum total cholesterol levels in the male cohort that shows the highest baseline levels of well-known cardiovascular risk factors.

CONCLUSION

This is the first study to show the pleiotropic actions of a lupine bioactive peptides-based functional food on key steps of atherosclerosis including inflammation, oxidative stress, and cholesterol metabolism.

Identification and Characterization of Novel Antioxidant Protein Hydrolysates from Kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus L.)

Kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus) is considered one of the few multipurpose pseudocereals for its potential use not only as a source of nutrients and fiber but also for its bioactive compounds. In recent years, antioxidant peptides are commonly used as functional ingredient of food. Herein, a kiwicha protein isolate (KPI), obtained from kiwicha defatted flour (KDF), was hydrolyzed by Bioprotease LA 660, a food-grade endoprotease, under specific conditions. The resulting kiwicha protein hydrolysates (KPHs) were chemically characterized and their digestibility and antioxidant capacity were evaluated by in vitro cell-free experiments owing to their measure of capacity to sequester DPPH free radical and reducing power. KPHs showed higher digestibility and antioxidant capacity than intact proteins into KPI. Therefore, the results shown in this study indicate that KPHs could serve as an adequate source of antioxidant peptides, representing an effective alternative to the generation of functional food.

A lupine (Lupinus angustifolious L.) peptide prevents non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice

Bioactive peptides are related to the prevention and treatment of many diseases. GPETAFLR is an octapeptide that has been isolated from lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and shows anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential activity of GPETAFLR to prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard diet or HFD. Two of the groups fed the HFD diet were treated with GPETAFLR in drinking water at 0.5 mg kg-1 day-1 or 1 mg kg-1 day-1. To determine the ability of GPETAFLR to improve the onset and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, histological studies, hepatic enzyme profiles, inflammatory cytokine and lipid metabolism-related genes and proteins were analysed. Our results suggested that HFD-induced inflammatory metabolic disorders were alleviated by treatment with GPETAFLR. In conclusion, dietary lupine consumption can repair HFD-induced hepatic damage possibly via modifications of liver's lipid signalling pathways.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Hydroxytyrosol and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyglycol Purified from Table Olive Effluents

New liquid effluents based on the use of acetic acid in the table olive industry make it easier to extract bioactive compounds to be used for food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical purposes. The use of water acidified with acetic acid or in brine with or without acetic acid for storing the table olive enhances the extraction of two more active phenolic compounds: hydroxytyrosol (HT) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG). This work has two aims: (1) measure the solubilization of phenolics controlled for two years using more than thirty olive varieties with different ripeness index as a potential source of HT and DHPG, and (2) evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the purified phenolics. The effluents with a higher concentration of phenolics were used for the extraction of HT and DHPG in order to evaluate its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro by the determination of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Human Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-1β (Il-1β). The anti-inflammatory activity of these phenolic extracts was demonstrated by studying the expression of cytokines by qPCR and the levels of these proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Peptides from Extruded Lupin (Lupinus albus L.) Regulate Inflammatory Activity via the p38 MAPK Signal Transduction Pathway in RAW 264.7 Cells

In this study, protein was extracted from extruded lupin and submitted to gastroduodenal digests to obtain lupin peptides, which were characterized using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). After this, IQDKEGIPPDQQR (IQD), the lupine peptide monomer characterized after UPLC-MS/MS, was screened out by macrophage inflammatory cytokine production assay. RNA-sequencing analysis was performed to explore the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory activity associated with this peptide. The results indicated that lupin peptides effectively inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced overproduction of proinflammatory mediators. IQD inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by 51.20, 38.52, 44.70, and 40.43%, respectively. RNA-sequencing results showed that IQD inhibited the inflammatory response by regulating the gene expression of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and inhibiting downstream inflammatory cytokines. These bioactive peptides may be used to develop new ingredients for anti-inflammatory nutritional supplements.

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Atheroprotective Properties of Wheat Gluten Protein Hydrolysates in Primary Human Monocytes

Bioactive protein hydrolysates have been identified in several sources as possible agents in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. A wheat gluten (WG) concentrate was hydrolyzed by Alcalase under specific conditions. The resulting hydrolysates were evaluated by in vitro cell-free experiments leading to the identification of one bioactive WG protein hydrolysate (WGPH), which was used at 50 and 100 μg/mL on primary human monocytes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrite levels and RT-qPCR and ELISA techniques were used to analyze the functional activity of WGPH. Our results showed that WGPH hydrolyzed in 45 min (WGPH45A) down-regulated gene expression of Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and Interferon gamma (IFNγ) and reduced cytokine release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocytes. In addition, WGPH45A down-regulated gene-related to atherosclerotic onset. Our results suggest that WGPH45A has a potent anti-inflammatory and atheroprotective properties, reducing the expression of gene-related inflammation and atherosclerosis that could be instrumental in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis.

Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Properties of Wheat Gluten Protein Hydrolysates in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Peptides from several plant food proteins not only maintain the nutritional values of the original protein and decrease the environmental impact of animal agriculture, but also exert biological activities with significant health-beneficial effects. Wheat is the most important food grain source in the world. However, negative attention on wheat-based products has arose due to the role of gluten in celiac disease. A controlled enzymatic hydrolysis could reduce the antigenicity of wheat gluten protein hydrolysates (WGPHs). Therefore, the aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of the in vitro administration of Alcalase-generated WGPHs on the immunological and antioxidant responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 39 healthy subjects. WGPH treatment reduced cell proliferation and the production of the Type 1 T helper (Th1) and Th17 pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17, respectively. WPGHs also improved the cellular anti-inflammatory microenvironment, increasing Th2/Th1 and Th2/Th17 balances. Additionally, WGPHs improved global antioxidant capacity, increased levels of the reduced form of glutathione and reduced nitric oxide production. These findings, not previously reported, highlight the beneficial capacity of these vegetable protein hydrolysates, which might represent an effective alternative in functional food generation.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Medicinal Plants used for Vitiligo in Traditional Persian Medicine

BACKGROUND

Vitiligo is a hypopigmentation disorder that affects 1% of the world's population. Vitiligo causes white spots on the skin, mucous membranes, or white hair by destroying skin melanocytes. The pathogenesis of vitiligo is unknown but autoimmune, autocytotoxic, and neural mechanisms are suggested. According to the autoimmune theory, in people with vitiligo, immune cells invade and damage melanocytes. T cells are more commonly present in vitiligo patients' skin and remain in the lesion site, which is composed of CD8 and CD4 T cells. Many studies have been conducted on the presence and role of cytokines such as interleukins and interferongamma (IFN-γ) in the vitiligo process.

AIM

This study aimed to introduce herbs effective against vitiligo from the perspective of Persian medicine and to investigate their possible therapeutic mechanisms with the possible effects of herbs on autoimmune mechanisms.

METHODS

For this purpose, keywords were used to extract data from Persian medicine textbooks, and then relevant scientific databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were examined.

RESULTS

It was found that Persian medicine scholars used 50 different medicinal plants to treat and reduce the complications of vitiligo, and recent scientific studies have proven immune-regulating properties and reducing the effect of many of them on cytokines.

CONCLUSION

According to scientific evidence on immunomodulatory effects, new research into the effects of these plants on vitiligo can lead to the discovery of new drugs and approaches for treating this disease.

Ovalbumin Hydrolysates Inhibit Nitric Oxide Production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages

In this study, ovalbumin (OVA) hydrolysates were prepared using various proteolytic enzymes and the anti-inflammatory activities of the hydrolysates were determined. Also, the potential application of OVA as a functional food material was discussed. The effect of OVA hydrolysates on the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production was evaluated via the Griess reaction, and their effects on the expression of inducible NO synthase (inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS) were assessed using the quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. To determine the mechanism by which OVA hydrolysates activate macrophages, pathways associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling were evaluated. When the OVA hydrolysates were added to RAW 264.7 cells without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, they did not affect the production of NO. However, both the OVA-Protex 6L hydrolysate (OHPT) and OVA-trypsin hydrolysate (OHT) inhibited NO production dose-dependently in LPS- stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Especially, OHT showed a strong NO-inhibitory activity (62.35% at 2 mg/mL) and suppressed iNOS production and the mRNA expression for iNOS (p<0.05). Also, OHT treatment decreased the phosphorylation levels of Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in the MAPK signaling pathway. These findings suggested that OVA hydrolysates could be used as an anti-inflammatory agent that prevent the overproduction of NO.

Flaxseed orbitides, linusorbs, inhibit LPS-induced THP-1 macrophage inflammation

Linusorbs (flaxseed orbitides) are a family of naturally-occurring cyclic peptides. Previously, we reported that their anticancer effects were associated with their structures. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activities of 2 different linusorbs ([1–9-NαC]-linusorb B2 and [1–9-NαC]-linusorb B3) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 macrophage activation as well as the underlying mechanism of this inflammatory response. Both molecules suppressed pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NO and COX-2) and were involved in downregulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. The suppressive effects on pro-inflammatory mediators were comparable and the concentration range of action was similar (1–4 μM). However, the concentration of compound that induced downregulation of the NF-κB pathway was different for each compound. While [1–9-NαC]-linusorb B3 could inhibit the activation of the NF-κB pathway at concentrations of 1 and 2 μM, [1–9-NαC]-linusorb B2 induced a comparable inhibitory effect at a concentration of 4 μM.

Linusorbs (flax orbitides) are a family of plant cyclic peptides. We investigate the anti-inflammatory activities of two different linusorbs ([1–9-NaC]-linusorb B2 and [1–9-NaC]-linusorb B3) and the underlying mechanism of this inflammatory response.

GPETAFLR, an octapeptide isolated from Lupinus angustifolius L. protein hydrolysate, promotes the skewing to the M2 phenotype in human primary monocytes

The present study aimed to test the mechanisms by which GPETAFLR, released from the enzymatic hydrolysis of lupine protein, may modulate the inflammatory response and plasticity in human primary monocytes. Human circulating monocytes and mature macrophages were used to analyze the effects of GPETAFLR on plasticity and inflammatory response using biochemical, flow cytometry, quantitative real-time PCR, and ELISA assays. GPETAFLR skewed the monocyte plasticity towards the anti-inflammatory non-classical CD14+CD16++ monocyte subset and reduced the inflammatory competence of LPS-treated human monocytes diminishing IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and increasing IL-10 production and gene expression. Results showed that GPETAFLR decreased the frequency of the LPS-induced activated monocyte population (CD14++CD16-), diminished monocyte activation involved down-regulation of CCR2 mRNA expression and protein expression, and decreased gene expression of the LPS-induced chemoattractant mediator CCL2. Our findings imply a new understanding of the mechanisms by which GPETAFLR favor a continuous and gradual plasticity process in the human monocyte/macrophage system and offer novel benefits derived from the consumption of Lupinus angustifolius L. in the prevention of inflammatory-related diseases.

Inhibitory Effects of Pulse Bioactive Compounds on Cancer Development Pathways

Previous studies suggest that pulses may have the potential to protect against cancer development by inhibiting pathways that result in the development of cancer. These pathways include those that result in inflammation, DNA damage, cell proliferation, and metastasis. Other studies have demonstrated extracts from pulses have the capacity to induce apoptosis specifically in cancer cells. Compounds reported to be responsible for these activities have included phenolic compounds, proteins and short chain fatty acids. The majority of the studies have been undertaken using in vitro cell culture models, however, there are a small number of in vivo studies that support the hypothesis that pulse consumption may inhibit cancer development. This review highlights the potential benefit of a diet rich in pulse bioactive compounds by exploring the anti-cancer properties of its polyphenols, proteins and short chain fatty acids.

Proteomic Analysis Reveals Inflammation Modulation of κ/ι-Carrageenan Hexaoses in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophages

κ/ι-Carrageenan hexaoses (κ/ι-neocarrahexaoses, KCO-4) are a type of carrageenan oligosaccharide that have a broad spectrum of bioactivities due to the presence of sulfate groups. However, the anti-inflammatory capacity of purified carrageenan oligosaccharides and the underlying mechanism has not been completely elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate inflammatory signaling modulation of KCO-4 in LPS-induced macrophages using a quantitative proteomic strategy. KCO-4 inhibited the oversecretion of inflammatory mediators (i.e., NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, iNOS, and COX-2). KCO-4 treatment altered proteome profile, and metabolic processes in mitochondria were significantly disrupted. The IPA network analysis proposed that KCO-4 triggered the NF-κB signaling pathway-dependent anti-inflammation process through the inhibition of CD14/Rel@p50 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. These data improve our understanding of the anti-inflammatory mechanism and contribute to exposure biomarker screening of κ-carrageenan oligosaccharides.

Bioactive Potential of Andean Fruits, Seeds, and Tubers

The Andes is considered the longest continental mountain range in the world. It covers 7000km long and about 200-700km wide and an average height of about 4000m. Very unique plant species are endemic of this area including fruits (e.g., lucuma, cherimoya, sweet pepino, sauco), roots and tubers (potatoes, sweet potatoes, yacón, chicuru, mashua, olluco, etc.), and seeds (quinoa, amaranth, tarwi, etc.). These crops have been used for centuries by the native population and relatively recently have gained the world attention due to the wide range of nutrients and/or phytochemicals they possess. In this chapter, main Andean fruits, seeds, and roots and tubers have been selected and detailed nutritional and functional information is provided. In addition, traditional and current uses are provided and their bioactive potential is reported based on published scientific literature.

Immunomodulating peptides for food allergy prevention and treatment

Among the most promising strategies currently assayed against IgE-mediated allergic diseases stands the possibility of using immunomodulating peptides to induce oral tolerance toward offending food allergens or even to prevent allergic sensitization. This review focuses on the beneficial effects of food derived immunomodulating peptides on food allergy, which can be directly exerted in the intestinal tract or once being absorbed through the intestinal epithelial barrier to interact with immune cells. Food peptides influence intestinal homeostasis by maintaining and reinforcing barrier function or affecting intestinal cell-signalling to nearby immune cells and mucus secretion. In addition, they can stimulate cells of the innate and adaptive immune system while supressing inflammatory responses. Peptides represent an attractive alternative to whole allergens to enhance the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy treatments. The conclusions drawn from curative and preventive experiments in murine models are promising, although there is a need for more pre-clinical studies to further explore the immunomodulating strategy and its mechanisms and for a deeper knowledge of the peptide sequence and structural requirements that determine the immunoregulatory function.

Immunomodulatory activity of protein hydrolysates derived from Virgibacillus halodenitrificans SK1-3-7 proteinase

Modulation of inflammation-related immune response on THP-1 macrophages of protein hydrolysates derived from tilapia mince, casein and pea protein, were investigated. The protein substrates were hydrolyzed by Virgibacillus halodenitrificans SK1-3-7 proteinase. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) of casein was observed to be the highest throughout the course of hydrolysis. When challenging THP-1 macrophages, tilapia mince hydrolysate (TMH) enhanced innate immunity through induction of IL-1β and COX-2 expression. Anti-inflammatory activity was observed in casein hydrolysate (CH) and pea protein hydrolysate (PPH) by attenuating lipopolysaccharide- (LPS) induced pro-inflammatory gene expression in THP-1 macrophages. CH suppressed IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and COX-2, while PPH reduced LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-α responses. In addition, CH and PPH showed stronger suppression of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression compared with non-hydrolyzed casein and pea protein. These results suggest that TMH, CH and PPH prepared from V. halodenitrificans SK1-3-7 proteinase are potential functional food ingredients with immunomodulatory activity.

Bioactivities of alternative protein sources and their potential health benefits

Increasing the utilisation of plant proteins is needed to support the production of protein-rich foods that could replace animal proteins in the human diet so as to reduce the strain that intensive animal husbandry poses to the environment.

Germinated and Ungerminated Seeds Extract from Two Lupinus Species: Biological Compounds Characterization and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations

In recent years, nutraceuticals attracted a great amount of attention in the biomedical research due to their significant contribution as natural agents for prevention of various health issues. Ethanolic extracts from the ungerminated and germinated seeds of Lupinus albus L. and Lupinus angustifolius L. were analyzed for the content in isoflavones (genistein) and cinnamic acid derivatives. Additionally, the extracts were evaluated for antimicrobial, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory properties, using in vitro and in vivo tests. Germination proved to be a method of choice in increasing the amount of genistein and cinnamic acid derivatives in both Lupinus albus L. and Lupinus angustifolius L. seeds. Biological evaluation of all vegetal extracts revealed a weak therapeutic potential for both ungerminated and germinated seeds.

Anti-inflammatory Properties of Bioactive Peptide Derived from Gastropod Influenced by Enzymatic Hydrolysis

The visceral mass of the gastropod, Harpa ventricosa was hydrolysed using trypsin, alcalase and pepsin for 12 h to produce protein hydrolysates. Subsequently, the active hydrolysate was observed in the 3rd hour of tryptic hydrolysate (29.17 ± 0.62 and 34.85 ± 0.55 %) using human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and albumin denaturation (AD) assays. The active hydrolysate was fractionated by membrane filtration unit, where <10-kDa fraction revealed better anti-inflammatory activity with IC₅₀ value 6.27 ± 0.05 and 5.38 ± 0.02 mg/ml for HRBC and AD assays, respectively. Additionally, the active fraction contains essential and non-essential (aspartic acid, arginine, glutamic acid and leucine) amino acids and, sequentially, the active fraction was further purified using consecutive chromatography, in which fraction C-II exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity (HRBC 56.02 ± 0.52 and AD 50.71 ± 1.10 % assays). The non-toxic, low molecular weight (690.2 Da) hexapeptide (Ala-Lys-Gly-Thr-Trp-Lys) suppressed the nitric oxide (NO) and pro-cytokine production in a dose-dependent manner on THP-1 cell lines.

Bioactive peptide from Pyropia yezoensis and its anti-inflammatory activities

Pyropia yezoensis (P. yezoensis) is an important marine algae. Its high protein content serves as a good source of biologically active peptides. Potent inhibitory effects on the production of inflammatory mediators were observed in a bioactive peptide derived from P. yezoensis (peptide from P. yezoensis; PPY1), as demonstrated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. The present study showed that peptide concentrations ranging from 250 to 1,000 ng/ml had no significant cytotoxicity in the cell viability assay when applied to the RAW 264.7 cells for 24 h. PPY1 completely inhibited LPS‑stimulated nitric oxide (NO) release in a dose-dependent manner. Fluorescence intensity, corresponding to intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by 10 ng/ml LPS-stimulated cells, significantly shifted, indicating that the peptide reduced the level of ROS. Furthermore, PPY1 exerted potent inhibitory activity to reduce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) in LPS-stimulated macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. These results also showed that the anti-inflammatory activity of PPY1 was associated with downregulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, protein 38, and c-jun NH2-terminal kinase phosphorylation in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. In conclusion, PPY1 can have a significant role as an anti-inflammatory agent, with a potential for use in marine products.