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Gao X, He D, Liu Y, Cui M, Li Z, Li J, He Y, Wang H, Ye B, Fu S, Liu D. Oral administration of Limonin (LM) exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting neuron autophagy and microglial activation in 6-OHDA-injected rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110739. [PMID: 37536186 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that occurs most frequently in middle-aged and elderly people. It is characterized by an insidious onset and a complex etiology, and no effective treatment has been developed. The primary characteristic of PD is the degenerative death of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The excessive autophagy of neurons and hyperactivation of microglia were shown to be involved in the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons. Limonin (LM), a type of pure natural compound present in grapefruit or citrus fruits (e. g., lemon, orange) has been reported to inhibit apoptosis and inflammation. However, its role and mechanism of action in PD are unclear. In this study, we explored the effect and mechanism of action of LM in PD. In vivo experiments revealed that LM ameliorated 6-OHDA-induced reduced motor activity and PD-related pathological damage in rats. In vitro experiments revealed that LM inhibited the 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells by inhibiting the excessive autophagy of neurons. In addition, LM inhibited microglial inflammation by activating the AKT/Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway and protected neurons against microglial inflammation-mediated neurotoxicity. In conclusion, the findings of this experiment demonstrated that LM exerted neuroprotective effects by inhibiting neuronal autophagy-mediated apoptosis and microglial activation in 6-OHDA-injected rats, thus indicating that LM can serve as a candidate for PD by targeting neuroinflammation and neuronal autophagy to inhibit neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Gao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Dewei He
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yanting Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Mingchi Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Zhe Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Jie Li
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yuan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Hefei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Bojian Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Shoupeng Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Dianfeng Liu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Dark Sweet Cherry ( Prunus avium) Supplementation Reduced Blood Pressure and Pro-Inflammatory Interferon Gamma (IFNγ) in Obese Adults without Affecting Lipid Profile, Glucose Levels and Liver Enzymes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030681. [PMID: 36771387 PMCID: PMC9920461 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dark sweet cherries (DSC) are rich in fiber and polyphenols that decrease risk factors associated with obesity. This single-blind randomized placebo-controlled study investigated DSC effects on inflammation, cardiometabolic, and liver health biomarkers in obese adults. Participants (>18 years, body mass index (BMI) = 30-40 kg/m2) consumed 200 mL of DSC drink (juice supplemented with DSC powder) (n = 19) or a placebo drink (n = 21) twice/day for 30 days. Anthropometric and physiological biomarkers were monitored at baseline (D1), mid-point (D15), and endpoint (D30) visits. Blood inflammatory biomarkers were assessed at D1, D15, and D30, and blood lipids, glucose, and liver enzymes at D1 and D30. DSC consumption lowered systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.05) and decreased diastolic blood pressure (DBP) compared to placebo (p = 0.04). Stratification of participants by BMI revealed a greater (p = 0.008) SBP reduction in BMI > 35 participants. DSC lowered pro-inflammatory interferon-gamma (IFNγ) (p = 0.001), which correlated with SBP changes. The interleukin (IL)-1RA and SBP changes were correlated in the placebo group, as well as triglycerides (TG) with DBP. The increased IL-10 levels in the placebo group suggested a compensatory mechanism to counteract elevated IFNγ levels. No significant between-group differences were detected for blood lipids, glucose, and liver enzymes. In conclusion, DSC helped to decrease blood pressure levels and inflammation in obese adults.
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Sadeghi-Dehsahraei H, Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh H, Mirnejad R, Parastouei K. The effect of bergamot (KoksalGarry) supplementation on lipid profiles: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2022; 36:4409-4424. [PMID: 36251526 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the impact of bergamot (KoksalGarry) and its nutraceutical compounds on lipid profiles. PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and Google Scholar searched for relevant articles. Trials investigating the effect of oral bergamot supplementation on serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in adults were included. The mean differences and standard deviations were pooled using a random-effects model. Fourteen trials were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Bergamot supplementation significantly decreased serum levels of TC (weighted mean difference (WMD): -63.60 mg/dL; 95% CI: -78.03 to -49.18; p < .001), TG (WMD: -74.72 mg/dL; 95% CI: -83.58 to -65.87; p < .001), LDL-C (WMD: -55.43 mg/dL; 95% CI: -67.26 to -43.60; p < .001), and increased HDL-C (WMD: 5.78 mg/dL; 95% CI: 3.27 to 8.28; p < .001), respectively. Our systematic review of the effects of nutraceuticals containing bergamot on lipid markers showed inconsistent results. The results showed that bergamot supplementation might improve lipid profiles. The findings for nutraceutical compounds containing bergamot were inconsistent. However, the clinical efficacy of bergamot on lipid profiles needs to be further established through higher-quality studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reza Mirnejad
- Molecular Biology Research Center, System Biology and Poisoning Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Karim Parastouei
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Miao W, Liu X, Li N, Bian X, Zhao Y, He J, Zhou T, Wu JL. Polarity-extended composition profiling via LC-MS-based metabolomics approaches: a key to functional investigation of Citrus aurantium L. Food Chem 2022; 405:134988. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ilesanmi OB, Inala ER. Hepatoprotective effect of Ipomoea cairica (Convolvulaceae) leaf extract against cadmium chloride induced liver damage. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Laka K, Mapheto K, Mbita Z. Selective in vitro cytotoxicity effect of Drimia calcarata bulb extracts against p53 mutant HT-29 and p53 wild-type Caco-2 colorectal cancer cells through STAT5B regulation. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1265-1279. [PMID: 34195018 PMCID: PMC8233163 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of oncological-related deaths and the third most diagnosed malignancy, worldwide. The emergence of chemoresistance is a fundamental drawback of colorectal cancer therapies and there is an urgent need for novel plant-derived therapeutics. In this regard, other compounds are needed to improve the efficacy of treatment against colorectal cancer. Medicinal plants have been effectively used by traditional doctors for decades to treat various ailments with little to no side effects. Drimia calcarata (D. calcarata) is one of the plants used by Pedi people in South Africa to treat a plethora of ailments. However, the anticancer therapeutic use of D. calcarata is less understood. Thus, this study was aimed at evaluating the potential anticancer activities of D. calcarata extracts against human colorectal cancer cells. The phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity were analysed using LC-MS, DPPH, and FRAP. The inhibitory effects and IC50 values of D. calcarata extracts were determined using the MTT assay. Induction of cellular apoptosis was assessed using fluorescence microscopy, the Muse® Cell Analyser, and gene expression analysis by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Water extract (WE) demonstrated high phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid contents than the methanol extract (ME). LC-MS data demonstrated strong differences between the ME and WE. Moreover, WE showed the best antioxidant activity than ME. The MTT data showed that both ME and WE had no significant activity against human embryonic kidney Hek 293 cell line that served as non-cancer control cells. Caco-2 cells demonstrated high sensitivity to the ME and demonstrated resistance toward the WE, while HT-29 cells exhibited sensitivity to both D. calcarata extracts. The expression of apoptosis regulatory genes assessed by PCR revealed an upregulation of p53 by ME, accompanied by downregulation of Bcl-2 and high expression of Bax after treatment with curcumin. The Bax gene was undetected in HT-29 cells. The methanol extract induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in colorectal Caco-2 and HT-29 cells and WE induced the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in HT-29 cells. ME downregulated STAT1, 3, and 5B in HT-29 cells. The D. calcarata bulb extracts, therefore, contain potential anticancer agents that can be further targeted for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Laka
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - K.B.F. Mapheto
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Z. Mbita
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, Polokwane, South Africa
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Vardhan S, Sahoo SK. Virtual screening by targeting proteolytic sites of furin and TMPRSS2 to propose potential compounds obstructing the entry of SARS-CoV-2 virus into human host cells. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 12:6-15. [PMID: 33868970 PMCID: PMC8040387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim The year 2020 begins with the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that cause the disease COVID-19, and continue till today. As of March 23, 2021, the outbreak has infected 124,313,054 worldwide with a total death of 2,735,707. The use of traditional medicines as an adjuvant therapy with western drugs can lower the fatality rate due to the COVID-19. Therefore, in silico molecular docking study was performed to search potential phytochemicals and drugs that can block the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells by inhibiting the proteolytic cleavage activity of furin and TMPRSS2. Experimental procedure The protein-protein docking of the host proteases furin and TMPRSS2 was carried out with the virus spike (S) protein to examine the conformational details and residues involved in the complex formation. Subsequently, a library of 163 ligands containing phytochemicals and drugs was virtually screened to propose potential hits that can inhibit the proteolytic cleavage activity of furin and TMPRSS2. Results and conclusion The phytochemicals like limonin, gedunin, eribulin, pedunculagin, limonin glycoside and betunilic acid bind at the active site of both furin and TMPRSS2. Limonin and gedunin found mainly in the citrus fruits and neem showed the highest binding energy at the active site of furin and TMPRSS2, respectively. The polyphenols found in green tea can also be useful in suppressing the furin activity. Among the drugs, the drug nafamostat may be more beneficial than the camostat in suppressing the activity of TMPRSS2. Protein-protein docking of the host proteases furin and TMPRSS2 with virus spike protein was performed. A library of 163 phytochemicals and drugs was virtually screened to propose potential hits against SARS-CoV-2. Limonin, gedunin, eribulin, pedunculagin, limonin glycoside and betunilic acid bind at the active site. Drug nafamostat may be more beneficial than the camostat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seshu Vardhan
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India
| | - Suban K Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India
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Chen Y, Liang J, Liang X, Chen J, Wang Y, Cao J, Sun C, Ye J, Chen Q. Limonin induces apoptosis of HL-60 cells by inhibiting NQO1 activity. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1860-1869. [PMID: 33841805 PMCID: PMC8020947 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Limonin is an important bioactive substance in citrus fruits, especially in seeds, which has great potential in cancer prevention and treatment. In order to explore the anticancer activity based on interaction between limonin and NQO1, Human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) were studied in vitro. We found that limonin could inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of HL-60 cells, and the effect was positively correlated with its dosage. Western blot results showed that limonin could activate the endogenous apoptosis pathway mediated by mitochondria via up-regulating pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, cytochrome c, Caspase3, and Caspase9) and down-regulating anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2), thus inhibiting the proliferation of HL-60 cells and promoting apoptosis, which further proved the anticancer activity of limonin from the molecular mechanism. At the same time, limonin down-regulated the expression of NQO1, indicating that limonin may indirectly act on the apoptosis pathway by regulating the expression activity of antioxidant enzymes in vivo, thus exerting its inhibitory effect on tumor cells, which provides an idea for the molecular mechanism that natural products can indirectly exert their anticancer effect by regulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiaojiao Liang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiao Liang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiebiao Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jinping Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chongde Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality ImprovementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiaming Ye
- Zanyu TechnologyQingshan Lake Science and Technology CityHangzhouChina
| | - Qingjun Chen
- Zanyu TechnologyQingshan Lake Science and Technology CityHangzhouChina
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Direito R, Rocha J, Sepodes B, Eduardo-Figueira M. Phenolic Compounds Impact on Rheumatoid Arthritis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Microbiota Modulation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020145. [PMID: 33499333 PMCID: PMC7912052 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) are nowadays the principal cause of death, especially in most industrialized nations. These illnesses have increased exponentially with the consumption of diets very high in fat and sugar, not to mention stress and physical inactivity among other factors. The potential impact of suboptimal diets on NCDs’ morbidity and mortality rates brings to the forefront the necessity for a new way of improving dietary habits. The literature provides extensive scientific work that presents evidence that phenolic compounds from diets have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities that impact human health. Gut microbiota modulation by some phenolic compounds leads to favorable changes in abundance, diversity, and in the immune system. However, polyphenol’s limited bioavailability needs to be overcome, highlighting their application in new delivery systems and providing their health benefits in well-established ways such as health maintenance, treatment or adjuvant to conventional pharmacological treatments. In this context, novel dietary approaches, including new food supplements, have emerged to prevent diseases and preserve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Direito
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.R.); (B.S.); (M.E.-F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-96-3654-899
| | - João Rocha
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.R.); (B.S.); (M.E.-F.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sepodes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.R.); (B.S.); (M.E.-F.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Eduardo-Figueira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.R.); (B.S.); (M.E.-F.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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Shi YS, Zhang Y, Li HT, Wu CH, El-Seedi HR, Ye WK, Wang ZW, Li CB, Zhang XF, Kai GY. Limonoids from Citrus: Chemistry, anti-tumor potential, and other bioactivities. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Vincent RK, Williams DM, Evans M. A look to the future in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Are glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues or sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors the answer? Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:2227-2240. [PMID: 32945071 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing public health concern associated with significant morbidity, mortality and economic cost, particularly in those who progress to cirrhosis. Medical treatment is frequently limited, with no specific licensed treatments currently available for people with NAFLD. Its association with diabetes raises the possibility of shared mechanisms of disease progression and treatment. With the ever-growing interest in the non-glycaemic effects of diabetes medications, studies and clinical trials have investigated hepatic outcomes associated with the use of drug classes used for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues or sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Studies exploring the use of GLP-1 analogues or SGLT2 inhibitors in people with NAFLD have observed improved measures of hepatic inflammation, liver enzymes and radiological features over short periods. However, these studies tend to have variable study populations and inconsistent reported outcomes, limiting comparison between drugs and drug classes. As these drugs appear to improve biomarkers of NAFLD, clinicians should consider their use in patients with NAFLD and T2D. However, further evidence with greater participant numbers and longer trial durations is required to support specific licensing for people with NAFLD. Larger trials would allow reporting of major adverse hepatic events, akin to cardiovascular and renal outcome trials, to be determined. This would provide a more meaningful evaluation of the impact of these drugs in NAFLD. Nevertheless, these drugs represent a future potential therapeutic avenue in this difficult-to-treat population and may beget significant health and economic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Vincent
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, UK
| | - David M Williams
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marc Evans
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, UK
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Karn A, Zhao C, Yang F, Cui J, Gao Z, Wang M, Wang F, Xiao H, Zheng J. In-vivo biotransformation of citrus functional components and their effects on health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:756-776. [PMID: 32255367 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1746234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Citrus, one of the most popular fruits worldwide, contains various functional components, including flavonoids, dietary fibers (DFs), essential oils (EOs), synephrines, limonoids, and carotenoids. The functional components of citrus attract special attention due to their health-promoting effects. Food components undergo complex biotransformation by host itself and the gut microbiota after oral intake, which alters their bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and bioactivity in the host body. To better understand the health effects of citrus fruits, it is important to understand the in-vivo biotransformation of citrus functional components. We reviewed the biotransformation of citrus functional components (flavonoids, DFs, EOs, synephrines, limonoids, and carotenoids) in the body from their intake to excretion. In addition, we described the importance of biotransformation in terms of health effects. This review would facilitate mechanistic understanding of the health-promoting effect of citrus and its functional components, and also provide guidance for the development of health-promoting foods based on citrus and its functional components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Karn
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengying Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feilong Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiefen Cui
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zili Gao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Minqi Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jinkai Zheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Mężyńska M, Brzóska MM. Review of polyphenol-rich products as potential protective and therapeutic factors against cadmium hepatotoxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:117-145. [PMID: 30216481 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the growing attention of the scientific community has been focused on the threat to health created by environmental pollutants, including toxic metals such as cadmium (Cd), and on the need of finding effective ways to prevent and treat the unfavorable health effects of exposure to them. Particularly promising for Cd, and thus arousing the greatest interest, is the possibility of using various ingredients present in plants, including mainly polyphenolic compounds. As the liver is one of the target organs for this toxic metal and disturbances in the proper functioning of this organ have serious consequences for health, the aim of the present review was to discuss the possibility of using polyphenol-rich food products (e.g., chokeberry, black and green tea, blueberry, olive oil, rosemary and ginger) as the strategy in protection from this xenobiotic hepatotoxicity and treatment of this heavy metal-induced liver damage. Owing to the ability of polyphenols to bind ions of Cd and the strong antioxidative potential of these compounds, as well as their abundance in dietary products, it seems to be of high importance to consider the possibility of using polyphenols as potential preventive and therapeutic agents against Cd hepatotoxicity, determined by its strong pro-oxidative properties. Although most of the data on the effectiveness of polyphenols comes from studies in animals, the fact that some of them are derived from experimental models that reflect human exposure to this metal allows us to assume that some polyphenol-rich food products may be promising protective agents against Cd hepatotoxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mężyńska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C Street, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Malgorzata M Brzóska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C Street, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland
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Antioxidant and Antisenescence Effects of Bergamot Juice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:9395804. [PMID: 30116497 PMCID: PMC6079356 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9395804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is one of the main risk factor for the onset of cardiovascular diseases; one of the possible explanations could be linked to the age-associated overproduction of free radicals. This increase of oxidative stress can be overcome with a high intake of food antioxidants. In this context, a number of studies have been addressed to assess the antiaging potential of natural antioxidant compounds. Recently, it has been shown that the juice of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau), a fruit mostly produced in the Ionian coastal areas of Southern Italy (Calabria), is a valuable source of health-promoting constituents with, among other, antioxidant properties. In order to investigate the potential antiaging effects of this Mediterranean natural antioxidant source, bergamot juices of three different cultivars (“fantastico,” “femminello,” and “castagnaro”) were herein characterized by the mean of high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Then, juices were investigated for the evaluation of total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents, cell-free model antioxidant activities, and in vitro antiaging properties on two different cellular models of induced myocardial senescence. The best performing juice was also assessed in vivo. The phytochemical profiles confirmed that juices were rich in flavonoids, both flavone and flavanone glycosides. In addition, two limonoid glycosides were also identified in all cultivars. Each cultivar showed different phenolic and flavonoid contents. In tube results showed the juice robust antioxidant activities that correlate with their phenolic and flavonoid contents. Moreover, for the first time, the ability of juice to counteract the chemical-induced senescence was here demonstrated in both cellular models. Lastly, the in vivo data obtained from mouse hearts evidenced an increase in transcription of genes involved in antiaging and antioxidant responses. The overall results suggest that bergamot juice exerts antioxidant and antisenescence effects, making it useful for nutraceutical purposes.
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Hassan NA, Bassossy HME, Fahmy A, Mahmoud MF. Limonin alleviates macro- and micro-vascular complications of metabolic syndrome in rats: A comparative study with azelnidipine. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 43:92-102. [PMID: 29747759 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a serious component of metabolic syndrome (MetS). HYPOTHESIS This research investigates the potential protective effect of limonin against MetS-associated hypertension in comparison with azelnidipine, a common calcium channel blocker. STUDY DESIGN MetS was induced in rats by 10% fructose in water and 3% salt in diet over a 16-week period. Limonin (50 mg/kg) and azelnidipine (5 mg/kg) were administered daily in the last four weeks METHODS: Non-invasive blood pressure (BP) was recorded in conscious animals. Concentration-response curves for phenylephrine (PE) and acetylcholine (ACh) were analysed in thoracic aorta (macrovessels) and kidney microvessels. Blood glucose level, serum insulin level, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were determined. RESULTS Limonin alleviated elevations in systolic and diastolic BP associated with MetS similar to levels associated with azelnidipine. Limonin prevented the MetS induced exaggerated macro- and micro-vascular contractility to PE and the impaired dilatation to ACh. However, in vitro incubation with limonin partially alleviated the deteriorated vascular reactivity of aorta isolated from MetS animals or AGEs injured aorta. Limonin did not have direct relaxant effect on the isolated vessel. On the other hand, limonin reduced the elevated serum levels of AGEs, TNF-α and MDA. Limonin suppressed the vascular fibrosis through reducing the elevated serum level of TGF-β1 and excessive aortic collagen deposition. Limonin decreased the elevated HOMA-IR in MetS animals. CONCLUSION Limonin offsets the hypertensive and vascular impairment associated with MetS via attenuation of inflammation and fibrosis. Its impact is comparable to that of azelnidipine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura A Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Hany M El Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, 44519, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Fahmy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, 44519, Egypt
| | - Mona F Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, 44519, Egypt
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Gualdani R, Cavalluzzi MM, Lentini G, Habtemariam S. The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Citrus Limonoids. Molecules 2016; 21:E1530. [PMID: 27845763 PMCID: PMC6273274 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus limonoids (CLs) are a group of highly oxygenated terpenoid secondary metabolites found mostly in the seeds, fruits and peel tissues of citrus fruits such as lemons, limes, oranges, pumellos, grapefruits, bergamots, and mandarins. Represented by limonin, the aglycones and glycosides of CLs have shown to display numerous pharmacological activities including anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic and insecticidal among others. In this review, the chemistry and pharmacology of CLs are systematically scrutinised through the use of medicinal chemistry tools and structure-activity relationship approach. Synthetic derivatives and other structurally-related limonoids from other sources are include in the analysis. With the focus on literature in the past decade, the chemical classification of CLs, their physico-chemical properties as drugs, their biosynthesis and enzymatic modifications, possible ways of enhancing their biological activities through structural modifications, their ligand efficiency metrics and systematic graphical radar plot analysis to assess their developability as drugs are among those discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Gualdani
- Department of Chemistry "U. Shiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Florence 50019, Italy.
| | - Maria Maddalena Cavalluzzi
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Studies of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona n. 4, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Lentini
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Studies of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona n. 4, Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Charham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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Bergamot ( Citrus bergamia Risso ) as a source of nutraceuticals: Limonoids and flavonoids. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Zunino SJ, Storms DH, Freytag TL, Adkins YC, Bonnel EL, Woodhouse LR, Breksa AP, Manners GD, Mackey BE, Kelley DS. Dietary supplementation with purified citrus limonin glucoside does not alter ex vivo functions of circulating T lymphocytes or monocytes in overweight/obese human adults. Nutr Res 2016; 36:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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