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Villanueva BHA, Huang HY, Tyan YC, Lin PJ, Li CW, Minh H, Tayo LL, Chuang KP. Immune mRNA Expression and Fecal Microbiome Composition Change Induced by Djulis ( Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) Supplementation in Aged Mice: A Pilot Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1545. [PMID: 39336586 PMCID: PMC11434560 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60091545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aging process has always been associated with a higher susceptibility to chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Several studies have demonstrated the gut microbiome's influence on the lungs through cross-talk or the gut-lungs axis maintaining nutrient-rich microenvironments. Taiwan djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) provides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics that could modulate the gut microbiome. This could induce the gut-lung axis through microbial cross-talk, thus favoring the modulation of lung inflammation. Materials and Methods: Here, we investigate the immune mRNA expression in the spleen, fecal microbiome composition, and hyperplasia of the bronchial epithelium in aged 2-year-old BALB/c mice after 60 days of supplementation of djulis. Results: The pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β, T; cells CD4 and CD8; and TLRs TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 were reduced in their mRNA expression levels, while the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 were highly expressed in the C. formosanum-treated group. Interestingly, the fecal microbiome composition analysis indicated higher diversity in the C. formosanum-treated group and the presence of butyrate-producing bacteria that are beneficial in the gut microbiome. The histopathology showed reduced hyperplasia of the bronchial epithelium based on the degree of lesions. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that Taiwan djulis can modulate the gut microbiome, leading to microbial cross-talk; reducing the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, T cells, and TLRs; and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines in the spleen, as cytokines migrate in the lungs, preventing lung inflammation damage in aged mice or the gut-lung axis. Thus, Taiwan djulis could be considered a beneficial dietary component for the older adult population. The major limitation includes a lack of protein validation of cytokines and TLRs and quantification of the T cell population in the spleen as a marker of the gut-lung axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Harvey Avanceña Villanueva
- International Degree Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Ying Huang
- International Degree Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- Demin Veterinary Hospital, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
- Department of Pet Care and Grooming, Ta Jen University, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Lin
- Livestock Disease Control Center of Chiayi County, Chiayi 612, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | | | - Hoang Minh
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Lemmuel L Tayo
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Manila City 1002, Philippines
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mapúa University, Makati City 1200, Philippines
| | - Kuo-Pin Chuang
- International Degree Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Companion Animal Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
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Huang YC, Tung CL, Ho ST, Li WS, Li S, Tung YT, Wu JH. Nutraceutical Potential of Djulis ( Chenopodium formosanum) Hull: Phytochemicals, Antioxidant Activity, and Liver Protection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:721. [PMID: 38929160 PMCID: PMC11201270 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum), a traditional Taiwanese crop enriched with phenolic compounds and betalain pigments, is associated with various health benefits, including antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. This study analysed the phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity of extracts from both the hull and kernel of Djulis. The hull extract, which contained higher levels of flavonoids and exhibited superior antioxidant activity compared to the kernel extract, was selected for further in vivo studies. These experiments showed that oral administration of the Djulis hull crude extract significantly mitigated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver injury (ALI) in mice by increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reducing plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and enhancing liver levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4). Additionally, the extract demonstrated potential in inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, a critical signalling pathway in inflammation and apoptosis, offering insights into its protective mechanisms. These findings underscore Djulis hull's potential as a functional food ingredient for ALI prevention and propose a valuable application for agricultural by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Tung
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan;
| | - Shang-Tse Ho
- Department of Wood Based Materials and Design, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Sung Li
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Taichung 413, Taiwan;
| | - Shiming Li
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
| | - Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Advanced Plant and Food Crop Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Wu
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant and Food Crop Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Wang SP, Yeh YT, Sridhar K, Tsai PJ. Effect of stress on germination of djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) sprouts: a natural alternative to enhance the betacyanin and phenolic compounds. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:4561-4569. [PMID: 35137423 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germination is regarded as a natural method for improving the bioavailability of seed nutrients against stress, which enhances the accumulation of bioactive compounds. The present study aimed to determine the effect of stress (H2 O2 , catechin, gallic acid, tyrosine, and NaCl) during germination of djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) sprouts on betacyanin, phytochemicals, and antioxidant capacities. RESULTS The betacyanin and antioxidant activities of the djulis sprouts increased significantly compared to seeds. The lowest betacyanin was found in NaCl-stressed sprouts. The djulis sprouts reported the presence of celosianins I and II (50.72%), which was absent in seeds. Hydroxycinnamic acids accounted for > 60% of the total phenolic compounds in sprouts, whereas rutin predominated in the seeds. CONCLUSION Germination under stress may represent an effective natural method for improving the bioactive potential of sprouts, an alternative to use seeds, in the development of bioactive compounds-enriched healthy foods that are good for public health. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ssu-Ping Wang
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tyng Yeh
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Kandi Sridhar
- UMR1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf, INRAE, L'Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, Rennes, France
| | - Pi-Jen Tsai
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
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Lyu JL, Liu YJ, Wen KC, Chiu CY, Lin YH, Chiang HM. Protective Effect of Djulis ( Chenopodium formosanum) Extract against UV- and AGEs-Induced Skin Aging via Alleviating Oxidative Stress and Collagen Degradation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072332. [PMID: 35408731 PMCID: PMC9000422 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin aging is a complex process involving photoaging and glycation stress, which share some fundamental pathways and have common mediators. They can cause skin damage and collagen degradation by inducing oxidative stress and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Chenopodium formosanum (CF), also known as Djulis, is a traditional cereal in Taiwan. This study investigated the protection mechanisms of CF extract against ultraviolet (UV) radiation and advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced stress. The results indicated that CF extract had strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects. It could reduce UV-induced intracellular ROS generation and initiate the antioxidant defense system by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway in human skin fibroblasts. CF extract modulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and transformed growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways to alleviate oxidative stress-induced skin aging. Moreover, the results revealed that CF extract not only promoted collagen synthesis but also improved aging-induced collagen degradation. CF extract attenuated AGEs-induced ROS production and the upregulation of receptor for AGEs (RAGE). The overall results suggest that CF extract provides an effective anti-aging strategy by preventing skin damage from oxidative stress and collagen loss with potent antioxidant, anti-photoaging, and antiglycation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Lyu
- Ph.D. Program for Biotechnology Industry, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (J.-L.L.); (Y.-J.L.)
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Institute of New Drug Development, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jung Liu
- Ph.D. Program for Biotechnology Industry, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (J.-L.L.); (Y.-J.L.)
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ching Wen
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Chen-Yuan Chiu
- Center of Consultation, Center for Drug Evaluation, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Hsiang Lin
- Research and Design Center, TCI Co., Ltd., Taipei 114, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiu-Mei Chiang
- Ph.D. Program for Biotechnology Industry, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (J.-L.L.); (Y.-J.L.)
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366-5302
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Chu CC, Chen SY, Chyau CC, Wang SC, Chu HL, Duh PD. Djulis ( Chenopodium formosanum) and Its Bioactive Compounds Protect Human Lung Epithelial A549 Cells from Oxidative Injury Induced by Particulate Matter via Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2021; 27:253. [PMID: 35011484 PMCID: PMC8746626 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective effects of water extracts of djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) (WECF) and their bioactive compounds on particulate matter (PM)-induced oxidative injury in A549 cells via the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling were investigated. WECF at 50-300 µg/mL protected A549 cells from PM-induced cytotoxicity. The cytoprotection of WECF was associated with decreases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation, and increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) contents. WECF increased Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in A549 cells exposed to PM. SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) and U0126 (an ERK inhibitor) attenuated the WECF-induced Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. According to the HPLC-MS/MS analysis, rutin (2219.7 µg/g) and quercetin derivatives (2648.2 µg/g) were the most abundant bioactive compounds present in WECF. Rutin and quercetin ameliorated PM-induced oxidative stress in the cells. Collectively, the bioactive compounds present in WECF can protect A549 cells from PM-induced oxidative injury by upregulating Nrf2 and HO-1 via activation of the ERK and JUN signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chen Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710402, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Ying Chen
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan;
| | - Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu County, Taichung 43302, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Chen Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen Road, Section 1, Pao-An, Jen-Te District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan; (S.-C.W.); (H.-L.C.)
| | - Heuy-Ling Chu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen Road, Section 1, Pao-An, Jen-Te District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan; (S.-C.W.); (H.-L.C.)
| | - Pin-Der Duh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen Road, Section 1, Pao-An, Jen-Te District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan; (S.-C.W.); (H.-L.C.)
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Red Quinoa Bran Extract Prevented Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Increasing Antioxidative System and Repressing Fatty Acid Synthesis Factors in Mice Fed Alcohol Liquid Diet. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226973. [PMID: 34834064 PMCID: PMC8624810 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is metabolized in liver. Chronic alcohol abuse results in alcohol-induced fatty liver and liver injury. Red quinoa (Chenopodium formosanum) was a traditional staple food for Taiwanese aborigines. Red quinoa bran (RQB) included strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory polyphenolic compounds, but it was usually regarded as the agricultural waste. Therefore, this study is to investigate the effect of water and ethanol extraction products of RQB on the prevention of liquid alcoholic diet-induced acute liver injury in mice. The mice were given whole grain powder of red quinoa (RQ-P), RQB ethanol extract (RQB-E), RQB water extract (RQB-W), and rutin orally for 6 weeks, respectively. The results indicated that RQB-E, RQB-W, and rutin decreased alcoholic diet-induced activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and the levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and hepatic triglyceride. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of liver tissues showed that RQB-E and RQB-W reduced lipid droplet accumulation and liver injury. However, ethanol extraction process can gain high rutin and antioxidative agents contents from red quinoa, that showed strong effects in preventing alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver injury via increasing superoxide dismutase/catalase antioxidative system and repressing the expressions of fatty acid synthesis enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
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Tsai TY, Lin RJ, Liu C, Tseng YP, Chan LP, Liang CH. Djulis supplementation against oxidative stress and ultraviolet radiation-induced cell damage: The influence of antioxidant status and aging of skin in healthy subjects. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:2945-2953. [PMID: 34636463 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) is a cereal food and its antioxidant and pigment constituents may protect skin from photoaging, but conclusive experiments have not been carried out. OBJECTIVE This investigation evaluates the effects of djulis extract as a functional supplement. PATIENTS/METHODS In this study, the effects of djulis functional drinks on the free radical scavenging activities, promotion of collagen synthesis and protection against oxidative stress and the effects of ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated of pUC119 DNA were explored. Thirty healthy subjects (aged 35-55 years old) were randomly allocated to djulis or placebo drinks groups (50 ml of a djulis/placebo drink daily for 8 weeks for each subject) in a double-blind crossover study. RESULTS The regular consumption of the djulis functional drinks significantly increased levels of the serum biochemical superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (+9.5% and +124.8%) after 8 weeks, relative to baseline controls. The improvements in skin moisture, brightness, elasticity, crow's feet, texture, wrinkles, pores, and collagen content after 8 weeks in the djulis group were +13.3%, +3.8%, +13.2%, -21.8%, -12.1%, -11.0%, -1.4%, and +33.7%, respectively, relative to the baseline without treatment. CONCLUSIONS These work findings suggest the daily consumption of djulis drinks can protect the skin against oxidative stress-induced damage, delay skin aging and improve skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yi Tsai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Jyh Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Health and Beauty, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Dental Technology, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Tseng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Leong-Perng Chan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Liang
- Department of Cosmetic Science and Institute of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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Li PH, Chan YJ, Hou YW, Lu WC, Chen WH, Tseng JY, Mulio AT. Functionality of Djulis ( Chenopodium formosanum) By-Products and In Vivo Anti-Diabetes Effect in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020160. [PMID: 33671283 PMCID: PMC7922074 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary According to a report from International Diabetes Federation, in 2020 approximately 463 million adults (20–79 years) were living with diabetes, the principles of medical nutrition therapy are to decrease the risk of diabetes by encouraging healthy food choices and physical activity. Djulis is a unique traditional pseudo-cereal crop native to Taiwan. The hull of djulis, which is usually considered to be agricultural waste, is disposed of in landfills and causes some environmental problems. In recent years, many studies have investigated the functional properties of djulis hull. The focus has been on the byproducts of djulis, a waste utilization approach, to further develop enriched functional foods. Djulis hull contained dietary fibre 75.21 ± 0.17% dry weight, and insoluble dietary fibre (IDF) reached 71.54 ± 0.27% dry weight. The IDF postponed the adsorption of glucose and reduced the activity of α-amylase. We found that it is a good source of valuable ingredients that contain a high amount of dietary fibre. Furthermore, for patients with T2DM, consuming djulis hull 30 and 60 min before a meal significantly reduced blood glucose content as compared with patients at the same postprandial times who did not consume it. Abstract Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) is a species of cereal grain native to Taiwan. It is rich in dietary fibre and antioxidants and therefore reputed to relieve constipation, suppress inflammation, and lower blood glucose. The aim of this study was to investigate the composition and physicochemical properties of dietary fibre from djulis hull. Meanwhile, determination of the in vivo antidiabetic effect on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after consuming the djulis hull powder. Djulis hull contained dietary fibre 75.21 ± 0.17% dry weight, and insoluble dietary fibre (IDF) reached 71.54 ± 0.27% dry weight. The IDF postponed the adsorption of glucose and reduced the activity of α-amylase. Postprandial blood glucose levels in patients with T2DM showed three different tendencies. First, the area under the glucose curve was significantly lower after ingesting 10 or 5 g djulis hull powder, which then postponed the adsorption of glucose, but the area under the glucose curve was similar with the two doses. After consuming 10 g djulis hull before 75 g glucose 30 and 60 min after the meal, patients with T2DM had blood glucose values that were significantly lower at the same postprandial times than those of patients who did not consume djulis hull. In short, patients who consumed djulis hull prior to glucose administration had decreased blood glucose level compared with those who did not. Djulis hull may have benefits for patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsien Li
- Department of Medicinal Botanical and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, No. 168, University Rd, Dacun, Changhua 51591, Taiwan; (W.-H.C.); (J.-Y.T.); (A.T.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.-H.L.); (W.-C.L.); Tel.: +886-4-851-1888#6233 (P.-H.L.); +886-5-277-2932#860 (W.-C.L.)
| | - Yung-Jia Chan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, No. 168, University Rd, Dacun, Chang-Hua 51591, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Wen Hou
- Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, No. 199, Hou-lh Road, Keelung 202008, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Chien Lu
- Department of Food and Beverage Management, Chung-Jen Junior College of Nursing, Health Sciences and Management, No. 217, Hung-Mao-Pi, Chia-Yi City 60077, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (P.-H.L.); (W.-C.L.); Tel.: +886-4-851-1888#6233 (P.-H.L.); +886-5-277-2932#860 (W.-C.L.)
| | - Wen-Hui Chen
- Department of Medicinal Botanical and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, No. 168, University Rd, Dacun, Changhua 51591, Taiwan; (W.-H.C.); (J.-Y.T.); (A.T.M.)
- Nutrition Division, Changhua Lukang Christian Hospital, No. 480, Zhongzheng Rd, Lukang, Changhua 50544, Taiwan
| | - Jie-Yun Tseng
- Department of Medicinal Botanical and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, No. 168, University Rd, Dacun, Changhua 51591, Taiwan; (W.-H.C.); (J.-Y.T.); (A.T.M.)
| | - Amanda Tresiliana Mulio
- Department of Medicinal Botanical and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, No. 168, University Rd, Dacun, Changhua 51591, Taiwan; (W.-H.C.); (J.-Y.T.); (A.T.M.)
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Chu CC, Chen SY, Chyau CC, Wu YC, Chu HL, Duh PD. Anticancer activity and mediation of apoptosis in hepatoma carcinoma cells induced by djulis and its bioactive compounds. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Li G, Zhou J, Sun M, Cen J, Xu J. Role of luteolin extracted from Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz leaves in protecting HepG2 cells from TBHP-induced oxidative stress and its cytotoxicity, genotoxicity. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Antiproliferative Effect and Mediation of Apoptosis in Human Hepatoma HepG2 Cells Induced by Djulis Husk and Its Bioactive Compounds. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101514. [PMID: 33096832 PMCID: PMC7590215 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiproliferative effect and mediation of apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells induced by djulis husk and its bioactive compounds was investigated. The ethanolic extracts of djulis husk (EEDH) at 50, 250, and 500 µg/mL induced remarkable cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells. By flow cytometry analysis, EEDH slowed down the cell cycle at the Sub-G0 phase after 24 h of incubation. Moreover, all EEDH treatment induced an apoptotic response in HepG2 cells. EEDH-induced apoptosis was associated with the attenuation of mitochondrial transmembrane potentials (ΔΨm), an increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, activation of caspase-3, and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) cleavage, as well as an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. According to the HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS/MS analysis, quercetin and kaempferol derivatives and another sixteen compounds were present in EEDH. Quercetin and kaempferol at 25–150 μM showed antiproliferative action and induced apoptosis on HepG2 cells, which may in part account for the anticancer activity of EEDH. Overall, EEDH may be a potent chemopreventive agent due to apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
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Chen SY, Chu CC, Chyau CC, Yang JW, Duh PD. Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) and its bioactive compounds affect vasodilation, angiotensin converting enzyme activity, and hypertension. FOOD BIOSCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Huang CY, Chu YL, Sridhar K, Tsai PJ. Analysis and determination of phytosterols and triterpenes in different inbred lines of Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) hull: A potential source of novel bioactive ingredients. Food Chem 2019; 297:124948. [PMID: 31253280 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Djulis (Chenopodiun formosaneum Koidz.,), pseudo-cereal crop emerged as a potential source of functional ingredients, was used to identify phytosterols and triterpenes from seven inbred lines of Djulis hull using GC-MS. Key bioactive compounds were identified including 6 phytosterols (34.73-59.48 mg/100 g), 6 triterpenes (30.56-57.47 mg/100 g), and 5 other unsaponifiable compounds (15.89-22.50 mg/100 g). Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted and explored the variation among Djulis hull samples with two clusters based on the surface color that reflected the content of phytosterols and triterpenes. These results confirmed that the color might be used as an indicator for estimation of phytosterol and triterpene contents in Djulis hull. Overall, this is the first study that identified novel unsaponifiable compounds in Djulis hull, which might contribute to the development of phytosterols and/or triterpenes enriched functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yuan Huang
- Department of Food Science, Agricultural College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 912 01, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lin Chu
- International Master's Degree Program in Food Science, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 912 01, Taiwan
| | - Kandi Sridhar
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 912 01, Taiwan.
| | - Pi-Jen Tsai
- Department of Food Science, Agricultural College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 912 01, Taiwan.
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Huang HW, Cheng MC, Chen BY, Wang CY. Effects of high pressure extraction on the extraction yield, phenolic compounds, antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity of Djulis hull. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2019; 56:4016-4024. [PMID: 31477973 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The hulls of Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) are a type of agricultural waste. Using 70% ethanol as the extraction solvent, this study compared the extraction yields of high-pressure-assisted extraction (HPE) and conventional oscillation extraction (CE) for Djulis hulls (DH). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tyrosinase activities were also compared. Our findings indicated that 600 MPa/5 min of HPE resulted in higher total phenolic (567-642 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (47.2-57.2 mg QU/g) concentrations; gallic acid (44.5-53.2 μg/g) and rutin (26.8-34.2 μg/g) were the main phenolic and flavonoid compounds. When the extraction pressure was greater than 450 MPa, HPE extracts showed stronger antioxidant capacity and anti-tyrosinase activity than CE extracts. In a LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell model of inflammation, HPE extracts had significant inhibitory effects on the cumulative concentrations of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. These results indicate that HPE had a better extraction yield, and required a shorter time for the extraction of functional ingredients from DH. Hence, DH could be a potential source for natural antioxidants for the food and biotechnology industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Wen Huang
- 1Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ching Cheng
- 2Department of Health Food, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Yuanlin, 510 Taiwan
| | - Bang-Yuan Chen
- 3Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, 24205 Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Wang
- 4Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, No. 64, Wunhua Rd, Huwei, Yunlin 632 Taiwan
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Optimized extraction for active compounds in Glossogyne tenuifolia using response surface methodology. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-018-9979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Chuang KJ, Chen ZJ, Cheng CL, Hong GB. Investigation of the Antioxidant Capacity, Insecticidal Ability and Oxidation Stability of Chenopodium formosanum Seed Extract. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2726. [PMID: 30213072 PMCID: PMC6163204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To maximize the extraction of antioxidants from Chenopodium formosanum seeds, the process factors, such as the ethanol concentration (0⁻100%), extraction time (30⁻180 min) and temperature (30⁻70 °C), for the extraction of the bioactive contents as well as the antioxidant capacity are evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental results fit well with quadratic models. The extract was identified by GC/MS, and it was found that some active compounds had antioxidant, repellency and insecticidal activities. Various concentrations of the extract were prepared for the evaluation of the insecticidal activity against Tribolium castaneum, and the toxicity test results indicated that the extract was toxic to Tribolium castaneum, with an LC50 value of 354.61 ppm. The oxidative stability of the olive oil determined according to the radical scavenging activity and p-anisidine test demonstrates that the extract obtained from the Chenopodium formosanum seeds can retard lipid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jen Chuang
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Zong-Jiang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Lun Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Gui-Bing Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
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Hypoglycemic activity of Chenopodium formosanum Koidz. components using a glucose uptake assay with 3T3-L1 adipocytes. FOOD BIOSCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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The Inhibitory Effects of Djulis ( Chenopodium formosanum) and Its Bioactive Compounds on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071780. [PMID: 30029534 PMCID: PMC6102591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide new insights into the role of the ethanolic extracts of Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum, EECF) and its bioactive compounds in preventing adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The results demonstrated EECF significantly inhibited oil red O-stained material (OROSM), triglyceride levels and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The expression of the critical molecules involved in lipid synthesis such as PPARγ, C/EBPα and SREBP-1c was attenuated in EECF-treated cells. According to HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS/MS analysis, rutin, kaempferol, betanin and another nine compounds were present in EECF. The suppression of lipid accumulation by rutin, kaempferol and betanin occurred by decreasing the gene expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα and SREBP-1c. Taken together, these findings suggest the presence of bioactive compounds in EECF may partly account for the anti-adipogenesis of EECF and EECF is therefore a potentially lipid lowering functional food.
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Ma CM, Cheng CL, Lee SC, Hong GB. Antioxidant capacity, insecticidal ability and heat-oxidation stability of Tagetes lemmonii leaf extract. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 151:68-75. [PMID: 29310011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of process factors such as ethanol concentration, extraction time and temperature on the extraction yield and the bioactive contents of Tagetes lemmonii leaf extracts using response surface methodology (RSM). ANOVA results showed that the response variables were affected by the ethanol concentration to a very significant degree and by extraction temperature to a lesser degree. GC/MS characterization showed that the extract is rich in bioactive compounds and those present exhibited important biological activities such as antioxidant, insect repellence and insecticidal activities. The results from the toxicity assay demonstrate that the extract obtained from the leaves of Tagetes lemmonii was an effective insect toxin against Tribolium castaneum. The radical scavenging activity and p-anisidine test results of olive oil spiked with different concentrations of leaf extract showed that the phenolic compounds can retard lipid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Ma
- Department of Cosmetic Application and Management, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yi-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lun Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Chieh Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gui-Bing Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Anti-inflammatory properties of extracts from Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. leaf. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181094. [PMID: 28700722 PMCID: PMC5507308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. (CN) is a species in the family Calycanthaceae. Its leaf is widely used to make traditional herbal tea in southern China and has a wide range of therapeutic effects. The profile of the ethanol extracts from CN leaves was identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Forty seven compounds were determined including organic acids, phenolic acids and derivatives, flavonoids, coumarins, fatty acids and other compounds. The effect of the CN extracts on the inflammatory damage in zebrafish and in RAW 264.7 cells was investigated. The extracts demonstrated a strong ability to inhibit the recruitment of neutrophils in LPS-stimulated zebrafish, but macrophage migration was not significantly affected. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) were also determined by q-PCR. The extracts strongly reduced mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6 but not IL-1β in zebrafish model, while significantly inhibited the production of the factors in the RAW 264.7 cells. Therefore, our results suggest that the ethanol extracts of CN leaves may serve as a source of nutraceutical compounds with anti-inflammatory properties.
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Djulis ( Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) Water Extract and Its Bioactive Components Ameliorate Dermal Damage in UVB-Irradiated Skin Models. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7368797. [PMID: 27847821 PMCID: PMC5101365 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7368797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dermal photoaging is a condition of skin suffering inappropriate ultraviolet (UV) exposure and exerts inflammation, tissue alterations, redness, swelling, and uncomfortable feelings. Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) is a cereal food and its antioxidant and pigment constituents may provide skin protection from photoaging, but it still lacks proved experiments. In this study, protective effects of djulis extract (CFE) on UVB-irradiated skin were explored. The results showed that HaCaT cells with 150 μg/mL CFE treatment had higher survival and less production of interleukin- (IL-) 6, matrix metalloprotease- (MMP-) 1, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in UVB-irradiated conditions. Subsequently, in animal studies, mice supplemented with CFE (100 mg/kg BW) were under UVB irradiation and had thinner epidermis and lower IL-6 levels in skin layer. These data demonstrate that bioactive compounds possessing the potency of antiphotoaging exist in CFE. Following that, we found rutin and chlorogenic acid (10-100 μM) could significantly increase cell viability and decrease the production of IL-6 in UVB models. Additionally, djulis pigment-betanin has no effect of increasing cell viability in this study. Our findings suggest CFE can protect skin against UV-induced damage and this protection is mainly from contributions of rutin and chlorogenic acid.
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Chu CC, Chen SY, Chyau CC, Fu ZH, Liu CC, Duh PD. Protective effect of Djulis ( Chenopodium formosanum ) and its bioactive compounds against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury, in vivo. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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