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Rao QR, Rao JB, Zhao M. The specialized sesquiterpenoids produced by the genus Elephantopus L.: Chemistry, biological activities and structure-activity relationship exploration. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 221:114041. [PMID: 38442848 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The genus Elephantopus L. is a valuable resource rich in sesquiterpenoids with structural diversity and various bioactivities, showing great potential for applications in medicinal field and biological industry. Up to now, over 129 sesquiterpenoids have been isolated and identified from this plant genus, including 114 germacrane-type, 7 guaianolide-type, 5 eudesmane-type, 1 elemanolide-type, and 2 bis-sesquiterpenoids. These sesquiterpenoids were reported to show a diverse range of pharmacological properties, including cytotoxic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiprotozoal. Consequently, some of them were identified as active scaffolds in the design and development of drugs. Considering that there is currently no overview available that covers the sesquiterpenoids and their biological activities in the Elephantopus genus, this article aims to comprehensively review the chemical structures, biosynthetic pathways, pharmacological properties, and structure-activity relationship of sesquiterpenoids found in the Elephantopus genus, which will establish a theoretical framework that can guide further research and exploration of sesquiterpenoids from Elephantopus plants as promising therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ru Rao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Maternal & Child Nutrition Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bo Rao
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Phan Van T, Huyen Ton Nu Bao T, Leya M, Zhou Z, Jeong H, Lim CW, Kim B. Amlexanox attenuates LPS-induced neuroinflammatory responses in microglial cells via inhibition of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2744. [PMID: 38302598 PMCID: PMC10834963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Amlexanox is an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic agent used clinically for the treatment of aphthous ulcers, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. Recent studies have demonstrated that amlexanox, a selective inhibitor of IkB kinase epsilon (IKKε) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), suppresses a range of diseases or inflammatory conditions, such as obesity-related metabolic dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. However, the effects of amlexanox on neuroinflammatory responses to amlexanox have not yet been comprehensively studied. In this study, we investigated the novel therapeutic effect of amlexanox on LPS-induced neuroinflammation in vivo, and intraperitoneal injection of amlexanox markedly reduced LPS-induced IKKε levels, proinflammatory cytokines, and microglial activation, as evidenced by ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) immunostaining. Furthermore, amlexanox significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in LPS-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), murine BV2, and human HMC3 microglial cells. This data provided considerable evidence that amlexanox can be used as a preventive and curative therapy for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. In terms of mechanism aspects, our results demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory action of amlexanox in BV2 microglial cells was through the downregulation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways. In addition, the combination of amlexanox and SPI (a STAT3 selective inhibitor) showed high efficiency in inhibiting the production of neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory mediators. Overall, our data provide rational insights into the mechanisms of amlexanox as a potential therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thach Phan Van
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, NTT Hi-tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tien Huyen Ton Nu Bao
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Mwense Leya
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Zixiong Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hyuneui Jeong
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Woong Lim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79, Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Anti-inflammatory potential of turmeric, amla, and black pepper mixture against sepsis-induced acute lung injury in rats. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:252-261. [PMID: 36349282 PMCID: PMC9633023 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI), is a severe inflammatory lung disease. We tested the prophylactic effect of a functional food mix comprising three anti-inflammatory plant products: turmeric, amla, and black pepper (TAB) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in rats. Two-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control (C), LPS (5 mg/kg), and LPS with TAB (TAB). After 6 h of LPS injection, the rats were sacrificed by cervical decapitation to collect the lung tissue. Results showed that TAB partially ameliorated LPS-induced increase in circulating inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL6) and significantly prevented lung histopathological changes. TAB also suppressed LPS-activated ER stress markers (GRP78, pIRE1, and CHOP) and apoptotic markers (caspase-3 and - 12) in the lung. The anti-inflammatory effects of the TAB support its potential use as an adjuvant to mitigate ALI. Importantly, TAB's ingredients have been used for centuries as part of the diet with limited or no toxic effects.
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Wang S, Chen Y. Deoxyelephantopin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced septic lung injury through inhibiting NF-ĸB/STAT3 axis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2022; 50:39-46. [PMID: 36086962 DOI: 10.15586/aei.v50i5.626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis induces multiple organ dysfunction syndromes, such as acute kidney, liver, or lung injury. Septic lung injury is associated with excessive apoptosis and inflammatory responses in hepatocytes. Deoxyelephantopin is a sesquiterpene lactone found in Elephantopus scaber L, and has immunomodulatory, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal properties. The role of deoxyelephantopin in sepsis-associated lung injury was investigated. First, human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAEC) were treated with lipopolysaccharide to induce cytotoxicity. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide reduced cell viability of BEAS-2B and HPAEC, and promoted cell apoptosis through down-regulation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and up-regulation of cleaved PARP and B-cell lymphoma-associated X protein (Bax). Second, lipopolysaccharide-treated BEAS-2B and HPAEC were incubated with increasing concentrations of deoxyelephantopin, that is, 1, 5, or 10 μM. Deoxyelephantopin enhanced cell viability and reduced cell apoptosis of lipopolysaccharide-treated BEAS-2B and HPAEC. Third, deoxyelephantopin attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced decrease of superoxide dismutase and glutathione, and increase of malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase in BEAS-2B and HPAEC. Moreover, deoxyelephantopin also weakened lipopolysaccharide-induced increase of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. Finally, deoxyelephantopin decreased protein expression of p-p65 and p-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in lipopolysaccharide-treated BEAS-2B and HPAEC. In conclusion, deoxyelephantopin exhibited anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects against lipopolysaccharide-treated BEAS-2B and HPAEC through inactivation of nuclear factor kappa B/STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Yuefeng Chen
- Emergency Room, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
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Leenutaphong P, Tancharoen S, Nararatwanchai T, Phruksaniyom C, Sarikaphuti A, Palungwachira P, Chaichalotornkul S. Induction of Human Oral Squamous Carcinoma Apoptosis by Derris scandens Benth and Elephantopus scaber Linn Extracts. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221107970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
D scandens ( Derris scandens Benth.) and E scaber ( Elephantopus scaber Linn.) contain flavonoids and phenolic acids, which have antitumor activity in various cancer cell lines. Oral cancer is among the most common cancers in Southeast Asia, and the survival rate remains low. Thus, this study screened 2 ethanolic plant extracts for cytotoxicity on the oral human squamous carcinoma cell line (HSC-2), and compared the mechanisms of action. Extracts of D scandens and E scaber showed cytotoxicity against HSC-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Observation of nuclear morphology by Hoechst 33342 staining revealed chromatin condensation. Apoptosis was confirmed by Annexin V-FITC staining and cell sorting (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) analysis. We demonstrated that cancer apoptosis was accompanied by changes in the expression of procaspase 3 and that D scandens-mediated apoptosis in HSC-2 cells was potentiated by protein kinase B (Akt) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), while E scaber apoptosis was mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, involving stress-activated protein kinases/jun amino-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) and p38-MAPK. Further investigation into targets for apoptosis induction by these plant extracts may have potential in oral cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salunya Tancharoen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Ariya Sarikaphuti
- School of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Pakhawadee Palungwachira
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
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Phytoestrogen Agathisflavone Ameliorates Neuroinflammation-Induced by LPS and IL-1β and Protects Neurons in Cocultures of Glia/Neurons. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040562. [PMID: 32272581 PMCID: PMC7225953 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are common aspects of most neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system. In this context, microglia and astrocytes are central to mediating the balance between neuroprotective and neurodestructive mechanisms. Flavonoids have potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Here, we have examined the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential of the flavonoid agathisflavone (FAB), which is derived from the Brazilian plant Poincianella pyramidalis, in in vitro models of neuroinflammation. Cocultures of neurons/glial cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 µg/mL) or interleukin (IL)-1β (10 ng/mL) for 24 h and treated with FAB (0.1 and 1 µM, 24 h). FAB displayed a significant neuroprotective effect, as measured by nitric oxide (NO) production, Fluoro-Jade B (FJ-B) staining, and immunocytochemistry (ICC) for the neuronal marker β-tubulin and the cell death marker caspase-3, preserving neuronal soma and increasing neurite outgrowth. FAB significantly decreased the LPS-induced microglial proliferation, identified by ICC for Iba-1/bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and CD68 (microglia M1 profile marker). In contrast, FAB had no apparent effect on astrocytes, as determined by ICC for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Furthermore, FAB protected against the cytodestructive and proinflammatory effects of IL-1β, a key cytokine that is released by activated microglia and astrocytes, and ICC showed that combined treatment of FAB with α and β estrogen receptor antagonists did not affect NF-κB expression. In addition, qPCR analysis demonstrated that FAB decreased the expression of proinflammatory molecules TNF-α, IL-1β, and connexins CCL5 and CCL2, as well as increased the expression of the regulatory molecule IL-10. Together, these findings indicate that FAB has a significant neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect in vitro, which may be considered as an adjuvant for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Deoxyelephantopin ameliorates lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced memory impairments in rats: Evidence for its anti-neuroinflammatory properties. Life Sci 2018; 206:45-60. [PMID: 29792878 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Neuroinflammation is a critical pathogenic mechanism of most neurodegenerative disorders especially, Alzheimer's disease (AD). Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are known to induce neuroinflammation which is evident from significant upsurge of pro-inflammatory mediators in in vitro BV-2 microglial cells and in vivo animal models. In present study, we investigated anti-neuroinflammatory properties of deoxyelephantopin (DET) isolated from Elephantopus scaber in LPS-induced neuroinflammatory rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, DET (0.625. 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered in rats for 21 days and those animals were challenged with single injection of LPS (250 μg/kg, i.p.) for 7 days. Cognitive and behavioral assessment was carried out for 7 days followed by molecular assessment on brain hippocampus. Statistical significance was analyzed with one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett's test to compare the treatment groups with the control group. KEY FINDINGS DET ameliorated LPS-induced neuroinflammation by suppressing major pro-inflammatory mediators such as iNOS and COX-2. Furthermore, DET enhanced the anti-inflammatory cytokines and concomitantly suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine production. DET treatment also reversed LPS-induced behavioral and memory deficits and attenuated LPS-induced elevation of the expression of AD markers. DET improved synaptic-functionality via enhancing the activity of pre- and post-synaptic markers, like PSD-95 and SYP. DET also prevented LPS-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration via inhibition of PARP-1, caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, our studies suggest DET can prevent neuroinflammation-associated memory impairment and neurodegeneration and it could be developed as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of neuroinflammation-mediated and neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD.
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Nobiletin-Ameliorated Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Acute Lung Injury by Suppression of NF-κB Pathway In Vivo and Vitro. Inflammation 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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