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Park YS, Kim HW, Hwang JH, Eom JY, Kim DH, Park J, Tae HJ, Lee S, Yoo JG, Kim JI, Lim JH, Kwun IS, Baek MC, Cho YE, Kim DK. Plum-Derived Exosome-like Nanovesicles Induce Differentiation of Osteoblasts and Reduction of Osteoclast Activation. Nutrients 2023; 15:2107. [PMID: 37432256 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts play crucial roles in bone formation and bone resorption. We found that plum-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (PENVs) suppressed osteoclast activation and modulated osteoblast differentiation. PENVs increased the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and osteoblasts from mouse bone marrow cultures. Notably, PENVs elevated the expression of osteoblastic transcription factors and osteoblast differentiation marker proteins in MC3T3-E1 cells. Higher levels of phosphorylated BMP-2, p38, JNK, and smad1 proteins were detected in PENV-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. Additionally, the number of TRAP-positive cells was significantly decreased in PENV-treated osteoclasts isolated from osteoblasts from mouse bone marrow cultures. Importantly, osteoclastogenesis of marker proteins such as PPAR-gamma, NFATc1, and c-Fos were suppressed by treatment with PENVs (50 μg/mL). Taken together, these results demonstrate that PENVs can be used as therapeutic targets for treating bone-related diseases by improving osteoblast differentiation and inhibiting osteoclast activation for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Seong Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute (CMRI), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyeon Hwang
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Young Eom
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ha Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute (CMRI), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Tae
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Animal Transplantation, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gyu Yoo
- Department of Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-In Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Lim
- Department of Biological Science, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sook Kwun
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Chang Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute (CMRI), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Kyun Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea
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Damani JJ, De Souza MJ, VanEvery HL, Strock NCA, Rogers CJ. The Role of Prunes in Modulating Inflammatory Pathways to Improve Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:1476-1492. [PMID: 34978320 PMCID: PMC9526830 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of osteoporosis among women aged 50 y and older is expected to reach 13.6 million by 2030. Alternative nonpharmaceutical agents for osteoporosis, including nutritional interventions, are becoming increasingly popular. Prunes (dried plums; Prunus domestica L.) have been studied as a potential whole-food dietary intervention to mitigate bone loss in preclinical models of osteoporosis and in osteopenic postmenopausal women. Sixteen preclinical studies using in vivo rodent models of osteopenia or osteoporosis have established that dietary supplementation with prunes confers osteoprotective effects both by preventing and reversing bone loss. Increasing evidence from 10 studies suggests that, in addition to antiresorptive effects, prunes exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Ten preclinical studies have found that prunes and/or their polyphenol extracts decrease malondialdehyde and NO secretion, increase antioxidant enzyme expression, or suppress NF-κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine production. Two clinical trials have investigated the impact of dried plum consumption (50-100 g/d for 6-12 mo) on bone health in postmenopausal women and demonstrated promising effects on bone mineral density and bone biomarkers. However, less is known about the impact of prune consumption on oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in humans and their possible role in modulating bone outcomes. In this review, the current state of knowledge on the relation between inflammation and bone health is outlined. Findings from preclinical and clinical studies that have assessed the effect of prunes on oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators, and bone outcomes are summarized, and evidence supporting a potential role of prunes in modulating inflammatory and immune pathways is highlighted. Key future directions to bridge the knowledge gap in the field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janhavi J Damani
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Integrative and Biomedical Physiology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Mary Jane De Souza
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Hannah L VanEvery
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Nicole C A Strock
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Connie J Rogers
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Smith BJ, Hatter B, Washburn K, Graef-Downard J, Ojo BA, El-Rassi GD, Cichewicz RH, Payton M, Lucas EA. Dried Plum's Polyphenolic Compounds and Carbohydrates Contribute to Its Osteoprotective Effects and Exhibit Prebiotic Activity in Estrogen Deficient C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091685. [PMID: 35565653 PMCID: PMC9102795 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of dried plum’s benefits on bone continues to emerge. This study investigated the contribution of the fruit’s polyphenol (PP) and carbohydrate (CHO) components on a bone model of postmenopausal osteoporosis to explore their prebiotic activity. Osteopenic ovariectomized mice were fed diets supplemented with dried plum, a crude extract of dried plum’s polyphenolic compounds, or the PP or CHO fraction of the crude extract. The effects of treatments on the bone phenotype were assessed at 5 and 10 weeks as well as the prebiotic activity of the different components of dried plum. Both the CHO and PP fractions of the extract contributed to the effects on bone with the CHO suppressing bone formation and resorption, and the PP temporally down-regulating formation. The PP and CHO components also altered the gut microbiota and cecal short chain fatty acids. These findings demonstrate that the CHO as well as the PP components of dried plum have potential prebiotic activity, but they have differential roles in mediating the alterations in bone formation and resorption that protect bone in estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J. Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (B.H.); (K.W.); (B.A.O.); (E.A.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bethany Hatter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (B.H.); (K.W.); (B.A.O.); (E.A.L.)
| | - Karley Washburn
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (B.H.); (K.W.); (B.A.O.); (E.A.L.)
| | - Jennifer Graef-Downard
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA;
| | - Babajide A. Ojo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (B.H.); (K.W.); (B.A.O.); (E.A.L.)
| | | | - Robert H. Cichewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
| | - Mark Payton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO 80134, USA;
| | - Edralin A. Lucas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (B.H.); (K.W.); (B.A.O.); (E.A.L.)
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Słupski W, Jawień P, Nowak B. Botanicals in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051609. [PMID: 34064936 PMCID: PMC8151026 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease characterized by reduced bone mass and the deterioration of bone microarchitecture leading to bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures. Conventional anti-osteoporotic pharmaceutics are effective in the treatment and prophylaxis of osteoporosis, however they are associated with various side effects that push many women into seeking botanicals as an alternative therapy. Traditional folk medicine is a rich source of bioactive compounds waiting for discovery and investigation that might be used in those patients, and therefore botanicals have recently received increasing attention. The aim of this review of literature is to present the comprehensive information about plant-derived compounds that might be used to maintain bone health in perimenopausal and postmenopausal females.
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Veratrilla baillonii Franch exerts anti-diabetic activity and improves liver injury through IRS/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Liu X, Liu M, Turner R, Iwaniec U, Kim H, Halloran B. Dried plum mitigates spinal cord injury-induced bone loss in mice. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1113. [PMID: 33392451 PMCID: PMC7770201 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is accompanied by rapid loss of bone and increased risk of low impact fractures. Current pharmacological treatment approaches have proven to be relatively ineffective in preventing or treating bone loss after SCI. Dietary supplementation with dried plum (DP) has been shown to have dramatic effects on bone in various other disease models. In this study, we tested the efficacy of DP in preventing bone loss after SCI and restoring bone that has already been lost in response to SCI. Male C57BL/6J mice (3-month-old) underwent SCI and were fed a diet containing 25% DP by weight or a control diet for up to 4 weeks to assess whether DP can prevent bone loss. To determine whether DP could restore bone already lost due to SCI, mice were put on a control diet for 2 weeks (to allow bone loss) and then shifted to a DP supplemented diet for an additional 2 weeks. The skeletal responses to SCI and dietary supplementation with DP were assessed using microCT analysis, bone histomorphometry and strength testing. Dietary supplementation with DP completely prevented the loss of bone and bone strength induced by SCI in acutely injured mice. DP also could restore a fraction of the bone lost and attenuate the loss of bone strength after SCI. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with DP or factors derived from DP may prove to be an effective treatment for the loss of bone in patients with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Liu
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDepartment of Veterans AffairsSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of California at San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mengyao Liu
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDepartment of Veterans AffairsSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of California at San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Russell Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, College of Public Health and Human ScienceOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Urszula Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, College of Public Health and Human ScienceOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Hubert Kim
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDepartment of Veterans AffairsSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of California at San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bernard Halloran
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDepartment of Veterans AffairsSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California at San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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Grau-Bové C, Sierra-Cruz M, Miguéns-Gómez A, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Beltrán-Debón R, Blay M, Terra X, Pinent M, Ardévol A. A Ten-Day Grape Seed Procyanidin Treatment Prevents Certain Ageing Processes in Female Rats over the Long Term. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123647. [PMID: 33260866 PMCID: PMC7759988 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive homeostasis declines with age and this leads to, among other things, the appearance of chronic age-related pathologies such as cancer, neurodegeneration, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Grape seed-derived procyanidins (GSPE) have been shown to be effective against several of these pathologies, mainly in young animal models. Here we test their effectiveness in aged animals: 21-month-old female rats were treated with 500 mg GSPE/kg of body weight for ten days. Afterwards they were kept on a chow diet for eleven weeks. Food intake, body weight, metabolic plasma parameters and tumor incidence were measured. The GSPE administered to aged rats had an effect on food intake during the treatment and after eleven weeks continued to have an effect on visceral adiposity. It prevented pancreas dysfunction induced by ageing and maintained a higher glucagon/insulin ratio together with a lower decrease in ketonemia. It was very effective in preventing age-related tumor development. All in all, this study supports the positive effect of GSPE on preventing some age-related pathologies.
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Keirns BH, Lucas EA, Smith BJ. Phytochemicals affect T helper 17 and T regulatory cells and gut integrity: implications on the gut-bone axis. Nutr Res 2020; 83:30-48. [PMID: 33010588 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of osteoporosis is multifactorial, but a growing body of evidence supports an important role of the gut-bone axis, especially in bone loss associated with menopause, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontal disease. Aberrant T cell responses favoring an increase in the ratio of T helper 17 cells to T regulatory cells play a critical role in the underlying etiology of this bone loss. Many of the dietary phytochemicals known to have osteoprotective activity such as flavonoids, organosulfur compounds, phenolic acids, as well as the oligosaccharides also improve gut barrier function and affect T cell differentiation and activation within gut-associated lymphoid tissues and at distal sites. Here, we examine the potential of these phytochemicals to act as prebiotics and immunomodulating agents, in part targeting the gut to mediate their effects on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant H Keirns
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078.
| | - Edralin A Lucas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078.
| | - Brenda J Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078.
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9
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Steczina S, Tahimic CGT, Pendleton M, M'Saad O, Lowe M, Alwood JS, Halloran BP, Globus RK, Schreurs AS. Dietary countermeasure mitigates simulated spaceflight-induced osteopenia in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6484. [PMID: 32300161 PMCID: PMC7162976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight is a unique environment that includes at least two factors which can negatively impact skeletal health: microgravity and ionizing radiation. We have previously shown that a diet supplemented with dried plum powder (DP) prevented radiation-induced bone loss in mice. In this study, we investigated the capacity of the DP diet to prevent bone loss in mice following exposure to simulated spaceflight, combining microgravity (by hindlimb unloading) and radiation exposure. The DP diet was effective at preventing most decrements in bone micro-architectural and mechanical properties due to hindlimb unloading alone and simulated spaceflight. Furthermore, we show that the DP diet can protect osteoprogenitors from impairments resulting from simulated microgravity. Based on our findings, a dietary supplementation with DP could be an effective countermeasure against the skeletal deficits observed in astronauts during spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonette Steczina
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, 98154, USA.,Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Candice G T Tahimic
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA.,KBR, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Megan Pendleton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ons M'Saad
- Space Life Sciences Training Program, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Moniece Lowe
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, 98154, USA.,Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Joshua S Alwood
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Bernard P Halloran
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ruth K Globus
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Ann-Sofie Schreurs
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA. .,Universities Space Research Association, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
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Polyphenol-Enriched Plum Extract Enhances Myotubule Formation and Anabolism while Attenuating Colon Cancer-induced Cellular Damage in C2C12 Cells. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051077. [PMID: 31096595 PMCID: PMC6566394 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventing muscle wasting in certain chronic diseases including cancer is an ongoing challenge. Studies have shown that polyphenols derived from fruits and vegetables shows promise in reducing muscle loss in cellular and animal models of muscle wasting. We hypothesized that polyphenols derived from plums (Prunus domestica) could have anabolic and anti-catabolic benefits on skeletal muscle. The effects of a polyphenol-enriched plum extract (PE60) were evaluated in vitro on C2C12 and Colon-26 cancer cells. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and we found that treatment of myocytes with plum extract increased the cell size by ~3-fold (p < 0.05) and stimulated myoblast differentiation by ~2-fold (p < 0.05). Plum extract induced total protein synthesis by ~50% (p < 0.05), reduced serum deprivation-induced total protein degradation by ~30% (p < 0.05), and increased expression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) by ~2-fold (p < 0.05). Plum extract also reduced tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced nuclear factor κB (NFκB) activation by 80% (p < 0.05) in A549/NF-κB-luc cells. In addition, plum extract inhibited the growth of Colon-26 cancer cells, and attenuated cytotoxicity in C2C12 myoblasts induced by soluble factors released from Colon-26 cells. In conclusion, our data suggests that plum extract may have pluripotent health benefits on muscle, due to its demonstrated ability to promote myogenesis, stimulate muscle protein synthesis, and inhibit protein degradation. It also appears to protect muscle cell from tumor-induced cytotoxicity.
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11
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Graef JL, Rendina-Ruedy E, Crockett EK, Ouyang P, King JB, Cichewicz RH, Lucas EA, Smith BJ. Select polyphenolic fractions from dried plum enhance osteoblast activity through BMP-2 signaling. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 55:59-67. [PMID: 29413490 PMCID: PMC5876065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dried plum supplementation has been shown to enhance bone formation while suppressing bone resorption. Evidence from previous studies has demonstrated that these responses can be attributed in part to the fruit's polyphenolic compounds. The purpose of this study was to identify the most bioactive polyphenolic fractions of dried plum with a focus on their osteogenic activity and to investigate their mechanisms of action under normal and inflammatory conditions. Utilizing chromatographic techniques, six fractions of polyphenolic compounds were prepared from a crude extract of dried plum. Initial screening assays revealed that two fractions (DP-FrA and DP-FrB) had the greatest osteogenic potential. Subsequent experiments using primary bone-marrow-derived osteoblast cultures demonstrated these two fractions enhanced extracellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an indicator of osteoblast activity, and mineralized nodule formation under normal conditions. Both fractions enhanced bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, as indicated by increased Bmp2 and Runx2 gene expression and protein levels of phosphorylated Smad1/5. DP-FrB was most effective at up-regulating Tak1 and Smad1, as well as protein levels of phospho-p38. Under inflammatory conditions, TNF-α suppressed ALP and tended to decrease nodule formation (P=.0674). This response coincided with suppressed gene expression of Bmp2 and the up-regulation of Smad6, an inhibitor of BMP signaling. DP-FrA and DP-FrB partially normalized these responses. Our results show that certain fractions of polyphenolic compounds in dried plum up-regulate osteoblast activity by enhancing BMP signaling, and when this pathway is inhibited by TNF-α, the osteogenic response is attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Graef
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | | | - Erica K Crockett
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Jarrod B King
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK
| | - Robert H Cichewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK
| | - Edralin A Lucas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Brenda J Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK.
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