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Chen X, Luo D, Jia G, Zhao H, Liu G, Huang Z. L-theanine attenuates porcine intestinal tight junction damage induced by LPS via p38 MAPK/NLRP3 signaling in IPEC-J2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113870. [PMID: 37271275 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
L-theanine is a natural bioactive component in tea leaves and has anti-inflammatory effects. The study aimed to investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of L-theanine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal tight junction damage in IPEC-J2 cells. Results showed that LPS induced tight junction damage by increasing reactive oxygen species production and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and decreasing the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins related genes zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1, also known as Tjp1), Occludin and Claudin-1, while L-theanine reversed such an effect and attenuated the increase of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) mRNA expression. The p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) attenuated the mRNA expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3) inflammasome and interleukin-1β (Il-1β), and increased the mRNA expression of Tjp1, Occludin and Claudin-1, which showed a similar effect with L-theanine. In addition, NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 attenuated the Il-1β expression and LDH release, while increased the expression of tight-junction protein-related genes. In conclusion, L-theanine could protect LPS-induced intestinal tight junction damage by inhibiting the activation of p38 MAPK-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Diaoyun Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Gang Jia
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
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L-Theanine Regulates the Abundance of Amino Acid Transporters in Mice Duodenum and Jejunum via the mTOR Signaling Pathway. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010142. [PMID: 36615799 PMCID: PMC9824403 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is a key organ for the absorption of amino acids. L-theanine (LTA) is a structural analog of glutamine and a characteristic non-protein amino acid found in tea (Camellia sinensis) that regulates lipid and protein metabolism. The present study explored the role of LTA in intestinal amino acid absorption, protein synthesis, and its mechanisms. Overall, our findings suggest that LTA supplementation not only affects serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP), total protein (TP), and urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, but it also upregulates the mRNA and protein expression of amino acid transporters (EAAT3, EAAT1, 4F2hc, y+LAT1, CAT1, ASCT2, and B0AT1), and activates the mTOR signaling pathway. The downstream S6 and S6K1 proteins are regulated, and the expression of amino acid transporters is regulated. These findings suggest that LTA increases intestinal AA absorption, promotes protein metabolism, and increases nitrogen utilization by upregulating AAT expression, activating the mTOR signaling pathway, and phosphorylating the mTOR downstream proteins S6 and S6K1.
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Liaqat H, Parveen A, Kim SY. Neuroprotective Natural Products’ Regulatory Effects on Depression via Gut–Brain Axis Targeting Tryptophan. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163270. [PMID: 36014776 PMCID: PMC9413544 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
L-tryptophan (Trp) contributes to regulating bilateral communication of the gut–brain axis. It undergoes three major metabolic pathways, which lead to formation of kynurenine, serotonin (5-HT), and indole derivatives (under the control of the microbiota). Metabolites from the principal Trp pathway, kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid, exhibit neuroprotective activity, while picolinic acid exhibits antioxidant activity, and 5-HT modulates appetite, sleep cycle, and pain. Abnormality in Trp plays crucial roles in diseases, including depression, colitis, ulcer, and gut microbiota-related dysfunctions. To address these diseases, the use of natural products could be a favorable alternative because they are a rich source of compounds that can modulate the activity of Trp and combat various diseases through modulating different signaling pathways, including the gut microbiota, kynurenine pathway, and serotonin pathway. Alterations in the signaling cascade pathways via different phytochemicals may help us explore the deep relationships of the gut–brain axis to study neuroprotection. This review highlights the roles of natural products and their metabolites targeting Trp in different diseases. Additionally, the role of Trp metabolites in the regulation of neuroprotective and gastroprotective activities is discussed. This study compiles the literature on novel, potent neuroprotective agents and their action mechanisms in the gut–brain axis and proposes prospective future studies to identify more pharmaceuticals based on signaling pathways targeting Trp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humna Liaqat
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230 Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Amna Parveen
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University Medical Campus, No. 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: or (A.P.); (S.Y.K.)
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University Medical Campus, No. 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: or (A.P.); (S.Y.K.)
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Functional mechanism on stem cells by tea (Camellia sinensis) bioactive compounds. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Li MY, Liu HY, Wu DT, Kenaan A, Geng F, Li HB, Gunaratne A, Li H, Gan RY. L-Theanine: A Unique Functional Amino Acid in Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) With Multiple Health Benefits and Food Applications. Front Nutr 2022; 9:853846. [PMID: 35445053 PMCID: PMC9014247 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.853846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a very popular health drink and has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to its various bioactive substances. Among them, L-theanine, a unique free amino acid, is one of the most important substances in tea and endows tea with a special flavor. Moreover, L-theanine is also a bioactive compound with plenty of health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, metabolic regulatory, cardiovascular protective, liver and kidney protective, immune regulatory, and anti-obesity effects. Due to the unique characteristics and beneficial functions, L-theanine has potential applications in the development of functional foods. This review summarized the influencing factors of L-theanine content in teas, the main health benefits and related molecular mechanisms of L-theanine, and its applications in food, understanding of which can provide updated information for the further research of L-theanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ahmad Kenaan
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anil Gunaratne
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka
| | - Hang Li
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Uyanga VA, Oke EO, Amevor FK, Zhao J, Wang X, Jiao H, Onagbesan OM, Lin H. Functional roles of taurine, L-theanine, L-citrulline, and betaine during heat stress in poultry. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:23. [PMID: 35264238 PMCID: PMC8908636 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is an important environmental stress factor affecting poultry production on a global scale. With the rise in ambient temperature and increasing effects of global warming, it becomes pertinent to understand the effects of HS on poultry production and the strategies that can be adopted to mitigate its detrimental impacts on the performance, health, welfare, immunity, and survival of birds. Amino acids (AAs) have been increasingly adopted as nutritional modifiers in animals to ameliorate the adverse effects of HS. They are essential for protein synthesis, growth, maintenance, reproduction, immunity, stress response, and whole-body homeostasis. However, HS tends to adversely affect the availability, transport, absorption, and utilization of these AAs. Studies have investigated the provision of these AAs to poultry during HS conditions, and variable findings have been reported. Taurine, L-theanine, and L-citrulline are non-essential amino acids that are increasingly gaining attention as nutritional supplements in HS animals. Similarly, betaine is an amino acid derivative that possesses favorable biological properties which contributes to its role as a functional additive during HS. Of particular note, taurine is negligible in plants, while betaine, L-theanine, and L-citrulline can be found in selected plants. These nutrients are barely found in feed ingredients, but their supply has been shown to elicit important physiological roles including anti-stress effects, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, gut promoting, and immunomodulatory functions. The present review provides information on the use of these nutritionally and physiologically beneficial nutrients as functional additives to poultry diets during HS conditions. Presently, although several studies have reported on the positive effects of these additives in human and murine studies, however, there is limited information regarding their utilization during heat stress in poultry nutrition. Therefore, this review aims to expound on the functional properties of these nutrients, their potentials for HS alleviation, and to stimulate further researches on their biological roles in poultry nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Anthony Uyanga
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Emmanuel O Oke
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B, Abeokuta, Ogun State, 2240, Nigeria
| | - Felix Kwame Amevor
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Okanlawon M Onagbesan
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B, Abeokuta, Ogun State, 2240, Nigeria
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China.
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Liu A, Lin L, Xu W, Gong Z, Liu Z, Xiao W. L-Theanine regulates glutamine metabolism and immune function by binding to cannabinoid receptor 1. Food Funct 2021; 12:5755-5769. [PMID: 34037653 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00505g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
l-Theanine is a characteristic amino acid in tea with various effects including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Previously, most studies had reported that l-theanine regulates the immune function in vivo by inhibiting the expression of the inflammatory factors, but how l-theanine regulates the inflammatory factors' pathway is not known. In this study, we innovatively found the binding target of l-theanine in vivo-cannabinoid receptor 1, and demonstrated that l-theanine regulated the immune function and glutamine metabolism by competitively binding cannabinoid receptor 1. Mechanistically, l-theanine competitively binds cannabinoid receptor 1, leading to inhibition of cannabinoid receptor 1 activity, and regulates glutamine metabolism and immune function in normal and E44813-stressed rats. In normal rats, l-theanine inhibits ERK1/2 phosphorylation through Gβy by antagonizing cannabinoid receptor 1, thus affecting GS expression. From the point of view of immune signaling, after LTA antagonizes the activity of cannabinoid receptor 1, it relieves the inhibition of cannabinoid receptor 1 on COX-2 expression, downregulates Pdcd4 expression and NFκB, and ultimately enhances the expression of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. In E44813-stressed rats, l-theanine promotes the nuclear translocation of p-ERK1/2 by inhibiting the activity of cannabinoid receptor 1, and finally acts on GS. At the same time, it decreases the expression of the pro-inflammatory factor TNF-α and increases the expression of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in stressed rats through the COX2-Pdcd4-NFκB-IL10 and TNFα pathways. In summary, these results demonstrate that l-theanine regulates glutamine metabolism and immune function by competitively binding to cannabinoid receptor 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Liu
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China. and National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China and Hunan Agricultural University, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China. and National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China and Hunan Agricultural University, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China. and National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China and Hunan Agricultural University, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Zhihua Gong
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China. and National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China and Hunan Agricultural University, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China. and National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China and Hunan Agricultural University, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- Key Lab of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China. and National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China and Hunan Agricultural University, Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
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Malkoç M, Patan H, Yaman SÖ, Türedi S, Kerimoğlu G, Kural BV, Örem A. l-theanine alleviates liver and kidney dysfunction in septic rats induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Life Sci 2020; 249:117502. [PMID: 32142764 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response against infection that triggers systemic inflammatory response syndrome. l-theanine (LT), a glutamate derivative, is a non-protein amino acid derived from tea (Camellia sinensis), and a valuable nutraceutical product used as an additive in the food industry. This study we aimed to investigate whether LT would exert any therapeutic effect on liver and kidney tissues in Sprague Dawley rats with sepsis induced with cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). MAIN METHODS Rats were divided into four groups; sham, CLP, CLP+LT1 (2x250 mg/kg) and CLP+LT2 (2 × 750 mg/kg). Liver and kidney tissues were subjected to histopathological examination. Apoptotic index percentages (AI%) were examined using the TUNEL method. The oxidized glutathione to total glutathione (GSSG/TGSH) ratio (as a marker of oxidative stress, levels of caspase-3 (a marker of apoptosis), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) (as antioxidant enzymes), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the tumor necrosis factor-α to Interleukin-10 ratio (TNF-α/IL-10) (as markers of inflammation) were investigated using commercial kits. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (a marker of oxidative stress) were determined spectrophotometrically. KEY FINDINGS A high dose of LT exhibited more significant effects in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis than a low dose of LT in liver and kidney tissues with CLP-induced sepsis (p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicated that LT significantly and dose-dependently inhibited sepsis induced liver and kidney injury. This effect may be attributed to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities of LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Malkoç
- Vocational School of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Huriye Patan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Serap Özer Yaman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Türedi
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Gökçen Kerimoğlu
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Birgül Vanizor Kural
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Asım Örem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
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