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Zhang R, Hu G, Wang Y, Li L, Guo Y, Wang Y, Tao L. Development of Phormia regina at seven constant temperatures for minimum postmortem interval estimation. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:1055-1065. [PMID: 37952074 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Phormia regina (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) can colonize carcasses quickly, and its immature stages are reliable entomological evidence for the estimation of the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). There are discrepancies in the developmental data from previous studies on P. regina, and the related PMImin indicators need to be refined. We investigated the accuracy of forensic entomological evidence using development durations, growth accumulated degree hours, and larval body length variations of P. regina at seven constant temperatures ranging from 16 to 34 °C. We also established development models such as the isomorphen diagram, thermal summation model, isomegalen diagram, and body length simulation equation to assist with PMImin estimation. The developmental duration of P. regina from egg to adult at 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34 °C was 840.8 ± 42.8 h, 580.1 ± 10.1 h, 390.4 ± 8.7 h, 316.8 ± 9.4 h, 291.4 ± 21.2 h, 238.4 ± 2.8 h, and 222.5 ± 5.2 h, respectively. The lower threshold temperature TL was 9.97 ± 0.50 °C, while the thermal constant K was 5052.7 ± 229 degree days. The lower developmental thresholds, intrinsic optimum temperature, and upper lethal developmental threshold obtained by the Optim SSI models were 13.15, 21.20, and 36.86 °C, respectively. This study aims to provide developmental models for P. regina aimed at common case-site temperatures in the northern provinces of China, which can be used for accurate PMImin estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Gengwang Hu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Liangliang Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, 215000, China
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2
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Sharif S, Wunder C, Amendt J, Qamar A. Deciphering the impact of microenvironmental factors on cuticular hydrocarbon degradation in Lucilia sericata empty Puparia: Bridging ecological and forensic entomological perspectives using machine learning models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169719. [PMID: 38171456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Blow flies (Calliphoridae) play essential ecological roles in nutrient recycling by consuming decaying organic matter. They serve as valuable bioindicators in ecosystem management and forensic entomology, with their unique feeding behavior leading to the accumulation of environmental pollutants in their cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), making them potential indicators of exposure history. This study focuses on CHC degradation dynamics in empty puparia of Lucilia sericata under different environmental conditions for up to 90 days. The three distinct conditions were considered: outdoor-buried, outdoor-above-ground, and indoor environments. Five predominant CHCs, n-Pentacosane (n-C25), n-Hexacosane (n-C26), n-Heptacosane (n-C27), n-Octacosane (n-C28), and n-Nonacosane (n-C29), were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The findings revealed variations in CHC concentrations over time, influenced by environmental factors, with significant differences at different time points. Correlation heatmap analysis indicated negative correlations between weathering time and certain CHCs, suggesting decreasing concentrations over time. Machine learning techniques Support Vector Machine (SVM), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models explored the potential of CHCs as age indicators. SVM achieved an R-squared value of 0.991, demonstrating high accuracy in age estimation based on CHC concentrations. MLP also exhibited satisfactory performance in outdoor conditions, while SVM and MLP yielded unsatisfactory results indoors due to the lack of significant CHC variations. After comprehensive model selection and performance evaluations, it was found that the XGBoost model excelled in capturing the patterns in all three datasets. This study bridges the gap between baseline and ecological/forensic use of empty puparia, offering valuable insights into the potential of CHCs in environmental monitoring and investigations. Understanding CHCs' stability and degradation enhances blow flies' utility as bioindicators for pollutants and exposure history, benefiting environmental monitoring and forensic entomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaima Sharif
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Biology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Cora Wunder
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Biology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jens Amendt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Biology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Ayesha Qamar
- Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India.
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3
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Sharif S, Wunder C, Khan MK, Qamar A, Amendt J. Cuticular hydrocarbons as weathering biomarkers of empty puparia of the forensically important blowfly Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in soil v/s under room conditions. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 349:111748. [PMID: 37301034 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forensic entomology uses the age of insects, such as blow flies, to determine a minimum post-mortem interval (PMImin). Recent research has focused on using the analysis of specific cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) in adult insects and their empty puparia to estimate their age, as it has been shown that their profile changes are consistent with age. The current work is based on the weathering of five CHCs from empty puparia of Calliphora vicina that were stored in soil (field/outdoor) and non-soil (room/indoor conditions) based pupariation media for a total of six months. The experiment was conducted in a controlled environment chamber at a constant temperature of 25 ± 2 °C under constant darkness. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the cuticular hydrocarbons after they were extracted in n-Hexane. n-Pentacosane, n-Hexacosane, n-Heptacosane, n-Octacosane, and n-Nonacosane were the five CHCs investigated. Results showed that CHCs weathered more quickly in the soil than in the non-soil environment. It was also found that the abundance of Heptacosane increased in the samples during the fifth month when stored in a non-soil medium, while the abundances of all five CHCs were not detected after eight weeks onwards in soil pupation medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaima Sharif
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Biology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Cora Wunder
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mohd Kaleem Khan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Ayesha Qamar
- Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India.
| | - Jens Amendt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Biology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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4
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Bambaradeniya TB, Magni PA, Dadour IR. A Summary of Concepts, Procedures and Techniques Used by Forensic Entomologists and Proxies. INSECTS 2023; 14:536. [PMID: 37367352 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Forensic entomology is a branch of forensic science that incorporates insects as a part of solving crime. Insect-based evidence recovered at a crime scene can be used to estimate the minimum postmortem interval, determine if a carcass/corpse has been relocated, and contribute to the cause and manner of death. The current review summarises the stepwise usage of forensic entomology methods at a crime scene and in the laboratory, including specimen collection and rearing, identification, xenobiotic detection, documentation, and referencing previous research and casework. It also provides three standards for the collection of insects when attending a crime scene. The Gold standard attributes to a forensic entomologist (FE) who is likely to be well-trained attending a scene. The subsequent standards (Silver and Bronze) have been added because the authors believe that this information is currently missing in the literature. The purpose is so that an attending crime scene agent/proxy with some basic knowledge and some simple tools can recover almost all the insect information required by an FE to make the best estimation of the minimum postmortem interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharindu B Bambaradeniya
- School of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Paola A Magni
- School of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Ian R Dadour
- School of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Source Certain, P.O. Box 1570, Wangara, WA 6947, Australia
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Růžička J, Jakubec P, Mahlerová K, Šípková H, Nishikawa M. Integrative taxonomy and species distribution models of the genus Diamesus Hope, 1840 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Silphinae). Sci Rep 2023; 13:3192. [PMID: 36823430 PMCID: PMC9950127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrative taxonomy of Diamesus Hope, 1840 (Coleoptera: Silphinae) is presented. Adults of D. bimaculatus Portevin, 1914 (endemic to Taiwan) and D. osculans (Vigors, 1825) (widely distributed from northern India to Australia) are redescribed, keyed and figured, including characters of the male and female genitalia of both species. Variation in elytral maculation in D. osculans is discussed and illustrated. The absence of diagnostic differences of D. osculans var. reductus Pic, 1917 from D. osculans is discussed, and the former name is confirmed as a junior subjective synonym of D. osculans. Types of all three names available were studied; a lectotype and paralectotypes are designated for the name D. osculans var. bimaculatus Portevin, 1914. Molecular phylogenetic analysis confirms the genus Diamesus is sister group to the genus Necrodes Leach, 1815, and D. osculans and D. bimaculatus are two, well supported clades. Detailed data on the distribution of D. bimaculatus and D. osculans are presented and mapped. Species distribution models for both species were created and interpreted. Diamesus osculans is reported for the first time from India: Uttarakhand, China: Anhui, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi and Zhejiang Provinces, and Australia: Victoria; it is also recently confirmed from Taiwan, being sympatric in distribution there with D. bimaculatus. Available data on the ecology and seasonality of both species of Diamesus are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Růžička
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Jakubec
- grid.15866.3c0000 0001 2238 631XDepartment of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Mahlerová
- grid.15866.3c0000 0001 2238 631XDepartment of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Šípková
- grid.15866.3c0000 0001 2238 631XDepartment of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic
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6
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Gruszka J, Matuszewski S. Initial laboratory validation of temperature development models for Necrodes littoralis L. (Staphylinidae: Silphinae). Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:903-911. [PMID: 36811676 PMCID: PMC10085910 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-02969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Development models of necrophagous insects are applied in forensic entomology for post-mortem interval estimation. Such estimates may be used as scientific evidence in legal investigations. For this reason, it is important that the models are valid and that the expert witness is aware of their limitations. Necrodes littoralis L. (Staphylinidae: Silphinae) is a necrophagous beetle species that frequently colonizes human cadavers. Temperature models of development for the Central European population of these beetles were recently published. In this article, we present results of the laboratory validation study for these models. Errors of beetle age estimation differed significantly between the models. Thermal summation models yielded the most accurate estimates, and the isomegalen diagram least accurate estimates. Errors of the beetle age estimation varied across beetle developmental stages and rearing temperatures. In general, most development models of N. littoralis were satisfactorily accurate in estimating beetle age under laboratory conditions; therefore, the study provides initial evidence to support their validity in forensic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gruszka
- Laboratory of Criminalistics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Św. Marcin 90, 61-809, Poznań, Poland. .,Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland. .,Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Szymon Matuszewski
- Laboratory of Criminalistics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Św. Marcin 90, 61-809, Poznań, Poland.,Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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7
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von Hoermann C, Benbow ME, Rottler-Hoermann AM, Lackner T, Sommer D, Receveur JP, Bässler C, Heurich M, Müller J. Factors influencing carrion communities are only partially consistent with those of deadwood necromass. Oecologia 2023; 201:537-547. [PMID: 36697878 PMCID: PMC9943954 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Research on decomposer communities has traditionally focused on plant litter or deadwood. Even though carrion forms highly nutrient-rich necromass that enhance ecosystem heterogeneity, the factors influencing saprophytic communities remain largely unknown. For deadwood, experiments have shown that different drivers determine beetles (i.e., decay stage, microclimate, and space), fungi (i.e., decay stage and tree species) and bacteria (decay stage only) assemblages. To test the hypothesis that similar factors also structure carrion communities, we sampled 29 carcasses exposed for 30 days that included Cervus elaphus (N = 6), Capreolus capreolus (N = 18), and Vulpes vulpes (N = 5) in a mountain forest throughout decomposition. Beetles were collected with pitfall traps, while microbial communities were characterized using amplicon sequencing. Assemblages were determined with a focus from rare to dominant species using Hill numbers. With increasing focus on dominant species, the relative importance of carcass identity on beetles and space on bacteria increased, while only succession and microclimate remained relevant for fungi. For beetle and bacteria with focus on dominant species, host identity was more important than microclimate, which is in marked contrast to deadwood. We conclude that factors influencing carrion saprophytic assemblages show some consistency, but also differences from those of deadwood assemblages, suggesting that short-lived carrion and long-lasting deadwood both provide a resource pulse with different adaptions in insects and microbes. As with deadwood, a high diversity of carcass species under multiple decay stages and different microclimates support a diverse decomposer community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Hoermann
- grid.452215.50000 0004 7590 7184Department of Conservation and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - M. Eric Benbow
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Entomology, Department of Osteopathic Specialties, AgBioResearch and Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Ann-Marie Rottler-Hoermann
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tomáš Lackner
- grid.452215.50000 0004 7590 7184Department of Conservation and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - David Sommer
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
- grid.15866.3c0000 0001 2238 631XDepartment of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamycka 1176, 16521 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Joseph P. Receveur
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Entomology, Department of Osteopathic Specialties, AgBioResearch and Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Claus Bässler
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Conservation Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- grid.452215.50000 0004 7590 7184Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Marco Heurich
- grid.452215.50000 0004 7590 7184Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring, Bavarian Forest National Park, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
- grid.5963.9Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Wildlife Management, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Forest and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Science, 2480 Koppang, Norway
| | - Jörg Müller
- grid.452215.50000 0004 7590 7184Department of Conservation and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
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Luo Y, Meng F. Identification of Forensically Important Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Staphilinidae) in China Based on COI and COII. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:24-31. [PMID: 36269114 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Unambiguous and speedy necrophagous insect species identification is common task in forensic entomological study. Carrion beetles (Staphilinidae: Silphinae) belong to a small group of Coleoptera with less than 200 species worldwide. Some species are commonly found on dead body during forensic entomological investigation. Despite some species are hard to be categorized morphologically, present DNA-based technologies offer a potential identification strategy. Here, 37 carrion beetle specimens were collected from 15 locations throughout Chinese mainland. The cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and II (COII) genes among all specimens were successfully sequenced, which provided reliable markers for precise identification. Mostly, the interspecific distance could clarify the capability of these genes for identifying included carrion beetle species. Exceptions existed between close species in Nicrophorus genus (Fabricius 1775). The sequenced gene's phylogenetic analysis revealed that all carrion beetle specimens were correctly classified into eight genera, and most have relatively high supporting values (>90%). Our data gives genetic diversity and a reference for global forensically important carrion beetle species identification, as well as a conductive significance for future application of Chinese carrion beetles in forensic entomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Luo
- College of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Fanming Meng
- College of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
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Monzon MA, Weidner LM, Rusch TW, Nehrozoglu S, Hamilton G. High Temperature Limits of Survival and Oviposition of Phormia regina (Meigen) and Lucilia sericata (Meigen). INSECTS 2022; 13:991. [PMID: 36354815 PMCID: PMC9693050 DOI: 10.3390/insects13110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The temperature dependent development rates of blow flies allow blow flies to be used as biological clocks in forensic death investigations. However, the upper thermal limits of adult survival and oviposition, both required for producing larvae, remains largely unknown. Therefore, in this study we examined the impact of a range of temperatures between 37 °C and 44 °C on the likelihood of survival and egg-laying behavior of two species of medicolegal forensic importance, Lucilia sericata (Meigen) and Phormia regina (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). To quantify the upper temperature limits of survival, adult fly colonies were exposed to 37 °C, 41 °C, 42 °C, 43 °C, and 44 °C for 24 h. Similarly for oviposition trials, adults of both species were exposed to 40 °C, 42 °C, and 43 °C with P. regina oviposition also observed at 41 °C. Trials lasted for 24 h with oviposition substrate replenished at the 12 h mark. A yes/no determination on egg deposition was made, eggs were counted, and a yes/no determination was made on egg hatch. Survival did not differ by species (p = 0.096). Overall, survival decreased with increasing temperatures, with ~100% at 37 °C, ~50% at 41 °C, ~37% at 42 °C, ~15% at 43 °C and 0% at 44 °C. Lucilia sericata laid eggs capable of hatch up to 43 °C, while Phormia regina egg-hatch was observed up to 41 °C. These results indicate a greater thermal tolerance of adult survival than for egg deposition and successful egg hatch, which supports previous experiments indicating blow flies stop laying eggs at sub-lethal temperatures. Furthermore, these data indicate that adult blow flies may find remains at or near time of death but may delay egg deposition until temperatures drop below an acceptable threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Monzon
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Lauren M. Weidner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA
| | - Travis W. Rusch
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Selen Nehrozoglu
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)—Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), United Stated Department of Agriculture (USDA), Linden, NJ 07036, USA
| | - George Hamilton
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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10
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Entomological identification of the post-mortem colonization of wolf cadavers in different decomposition stages. Sci Justice 2022; 62:520-529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Gruszka J, Matuszewski S. Temperature models of development for Necrodes littoralis L. (Coleoptera: Silphidae), a carrion beetle of forensic importance in the Palearctic region. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9689. [PMID: 35690667 PMCID: PMC9188545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of insects can provide evidence in death cases, for example, by answering the question about the time of death. Apart from flies, beetles are the second most useful insect group in forensic entomology. To elucidate the time of death based on insect evidence, developmental models of a given species are necessary. In this study, we developed such models for Necrodes littoralis, a necrophagous beetle, which is common in the Palearctic region and has great potential in forensic entomology. We monitored the development at 10 constant temperatures (14–30 °C). Larvae were reared in aggregations. Thermal summation models, isomorphen and isomegalen diagrams and growth curves were derived using the data. Depending on the temperature, development lasted between about 23 and 89 days. Mortality was high at the extremes of the temperature range. The thermal summation constant for the total development was 434.7 ± 28.86 accumulated degree-days above a developmental threshold of 9.04 ± 0.55 °C. This is the first comprehensive dataset on the development of N. littoralis. Implications for its use in forensic casework are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gruszka
- Laboratory of Criminalistics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Św. Marcin 90, 61-809, Poznań, Poland. .,Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland. .,Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Szymon Matuszewski
- Laboratory of Criminalistics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Św. Marcin 90, 61-809, Poznań, Poland.,Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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12
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Wang Y, Wang M, Luo C, Li L, Xu W, Hu G, Wang Y, Amendt J, Wang J. Dynamics of insects, microorganisms and muscle mRNA on pig carcasses and their significances in estimating PMI. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 329:111090. [PMID: 34752998 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The accurate estimate of the postmortem interval (PMI) is of vital significance in the investigation of homicide cases. In this study, three pig carcasses were placed in the field to study the pattern of insect succession, the change of microorganisms and the degradation of muscle tissue RNA during the decomposition process. The results showed that insects could quickly colonize the carcasses and still exist on them until the end of the experiment (41 days). Their development and succession patterns are useful indicators for PMI estimation. The diversity of rectal microorganisms decreased with the decomposition time. In different decomposition periods, significant differences in the rectal and soil microbial composition and relative abundance were found, which could be used to estimate the PMI with an accuracy of 3-4 days. The RNA of muscle tissue was found to have a time-dependent relationship with the PMI. Ppia and Gapdh showed a linear upward trend within 10 h after the death, followed by a gradual downward trend from 10 to 240 h. The expression of β-actin gene showed a gradual downward trend during 0-240 h. This is the first study in China to analyze the changes of insects, muscle RNA and microorganisms on pig carcasses in the same natural environment, which provide basic data for the PMI estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Wang Xu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Jens Amendt
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Frankfurt, Kennedyallee, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Jiangfeng Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China.
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13
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Bonacci T, Mendicino F, Carlomagno F, Bonelli D, Scapoli C, Pezzi M. First report of the presence of Necrodes littoralis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silphidae) on a human corpse in Italy. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:2511-2514. [PMID: 34462923 PMCID: PMC9292165 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The colonization of a human body by Necrodes littoralis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silphidae) is reported for the first time in Italy. This species is both necrophagous and predator of necrophagous fauna. The body colonized by the coleopteran was found indoors, in an advanced decomposition stage, in a suburban area of Cosenza (Calabria, Southern Italy) in November. Insects (adults, puparia and larvae) were collected on and around the body. Puparia and larvae were raised in the laboratory until the adult stage for morphological identification, which was carried out through taxonomical keys. Besides N. littoralis, also the presence of Calliphora vicina Robineau‐Desvoidy, Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Hydrotaea dentipes (Fabricius) (Diptera: Muscidae), and Creophilus maxillosus (L.) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) was detected. Necrodes littoralis is a species of forensic interest because it may colonize human and vertebrate corpses and has been reported elsewhere in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Bonacci
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Federica Mendicino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Francesco Carlomagno
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Domenico Bonelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Scapoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Pezzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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14
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Matuszewski S. Post-Mortem Interval Estimation Based on Insect Evidence: Current Challenges. INSECTS 2021; 12:314. [PMID: 33915957 PMCID: PMC8066566 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During death investigations insects are used mostly to estimate the post-mortem interval (PMI). These estimates are only as good as they are close to the true PMI. Therefore, the major challenge for forensic entomology is to reduce the estimation inaccuracy. Here, I review literature in this field to identify research areas that may contribute to the increase in the accuracy of PMI estimation. I conclude that research on the development and succession of carrion insects, thermogenesis in aggregations of their larvae and error rates of the PMI estimation protocols should be prioritized. Challenges of educational and promotional nature are discussed as well, particularly in relation to the collection of insect evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Matuszewski
- Laboratory of Criminalistics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Święty Marcin 90, 61-809 Poznań, Poland;
- Wielkopolska Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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15
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New Species of Soldier Fly- Sargus bipunctatus (Scopoli, 1763) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), Recorded from a Human Corpse in Europe-A Case Report. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040302. [PMID: 33808078 PMCID: PMC8065738 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In the current study, we present the first record of twin-spot centurion fly larvae, Sargus bipunctatus (Scopoli, 1763), feeding on a human corpse. The morphology of collected imagines and larvae of S. bipunctatus was documented, and a standard COI barcode sequence was obtained. Morphology- and DNA-based methods were used to distinguish the larvae of S. bipunctatus and its relative, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758). The potential of S. bipunctatus for practical applications in forensic entomology is currently difficult to assess. Abstract The only European Stratiomyidae species known for feeding on human corpses was the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758). Analysis of fauna found on a human corpse, discovered in central Poland, revealed the presence of feeding larvae of another species from this family: the twin-spot centurion fly Sargus bipunctatus (Scopoli, 1763). The investigated corpse was in a stage of advanced decomposition. The larvae were mainly observed in the adipocere formed on the back and lower limbs of the corpse, and in the mixture of litter and lumps of adipocere located under the corpse. Adult specimens and larvae were identified based on morphological characters, and final identification was confirmed using DNA barcoding. Implementing a combination of morphological and molecular methods provided a reliable way for distinguishing the larvae of S. bipunctatus and H. illucens. The potential of S. bipunctatus for practical applications in forensic entomology is currently difficult to assess. Wide and reliable use of S. bipunctatus in the practice of forensic entomology requires further studies of the bionomy of this fly.
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16
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang M, Hu G, Fu Y, Zhi R, Wang J. Development of Hydrotaea spinigera (Diptera: Muscidae) at Constant Temperatures and Its Significance for Estimating Postmortem Interval. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:56-63. [PMID: 32860043 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrotaea spinigera Stein is a necrophagous species, widely distributed in Oriental and Australasian regions. Considering that the postfeeding larvae or puparia of this species can still be found in abundance at the advanced decomposition stage or even the skeleton stage of remains, it can serve as a good supplementary indicator for estimating the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). This could also extend the range of PMImin when the primary colonizers are no longer associated with the corpse or have emerged as adults. This study investigated the development duration, accumulated degree hours, and larval body length changes of H. spinigera at seven constant temperatures ranging from 16 to 34°C, and established three development models for estimating PMImin, including isomorphen diagram, isomegalen diagram, and thermal summation model. At 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34°C, the development durations of H. spinigera from egg to adult stage were 1,412.6 ± 62.9, 867.4 ± 14.9, 657.1 ± 22.9, 532.3 ± 10.1, 418.8 ± 21.3, 379.8 ± 16.6, and 340.0 ± 20.3 h, respectively. The lower developmental threshold L0 was estimated as 10.50 ± 0.20°C, and the thermal summation constant K was 7,648.83 ± 146.74 degree hours. Using regression analysis, equations were obtained modeling the change of larval body length with time after hatching at different temperatures. This study provided basic data based on the growth and development of H. spinigera for the estimation of PMImin in forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yingna Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yangfan Fu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiangfeng Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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17
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The optimal post-eclosion interval while estimating the post-mortem interval based on an empty puparium. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2020; 17:192-198. [PMID: 33165806 PMCID: PMC8119268 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-020-00328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The puparium is the hardened exoskeleton of the last larval instar of a fly, inside which a prepupa, a pupa and a pharate adult fly successively develop. Empty puparia are frequently collected at death scenes, especially in cases with a long post mortem interval (PMI). Although we are not able to estimate the interval between the eclosion of an adult fly and the collection of an empty puparium (i.e. the post-eclosion interval (PEI)), empty puparia may still provide valuable evidence about the minimum PMI. However, because of the unknown PEI, it is impossible to determine the time when the fly emerged, and thus when the retrospective calculation of the minimum PMI should start. In this study, the estimation of PMI (or minimum PMI) for empty puparia of Protophormia terraenovae Rob.-Desv. (Calliphoridae) and Stearibia nigriceps Meig. (Piophilidae) was simulated, to gain insight into the changes in estimates, when different PEIs and different temperature conditions were assumed. The simulations showed that the PEI (in a range of 0–90 days) had no effect on the PMI (or minimum PMI) when the puparium was collected in winter or early spring (December–April). In late spring, summer, or autumn (May–November) the PMI (or minimum PMI) increased with the PEI. The increase in PMI was large in the summer months, and surprisingly small in the autumn months, frequently smaller than the PEI used in the estimation. The shortest PMI was always obtained with a PEI of 0, indicating that the true minimum PMI is always estimated using a PEI of 0. When the puparium was collected during spring, simulations indicated that oviposition had occurred in the previous year, while in summer the previous-year oviposition has been indicated by the simulations only when longer PEIs had been assumed. These findings should guide estimation of the PMI (or minimum PMI) based on an empty puparium.
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Stay cool or get hot? An applied primer for using temperature in forensic entomological case work. Sci Justice 2020; 60:415-422. [PMID: 32873381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The reliable reconstruction of the temperature conditions at a crime scene is still a great challenge in forensic-entomological case work. Despite many published standards and guidelines for reconstructing temperature, and studies analysing the influence of various factors on the accuracy on such reconstructions, there are astonishingly many cases in the literature in which the temperature at the place of discovery is not reconstructed at all, i.e. the most common method is using the data of the nearest meteorological weather station without any correlation with on-site data. This study summarizes the state of the art in temperature reconstruction from an entomological point of view and compares the application of generalized additive models (GAMs) and linear regression on the basis of hypothetical death scenarios with various post mortem intervals (PMI) and measurement periods for the correlation between crime scene and weather station. We show that GAMs i.e. analysing the potential delay effect of temperature within a day, are the tools of choice because they give better, i.e. more accurate estimations than linear regression in 95,6% of all analysed cases regardless of the PMI, body discovery site and correlation period. Nevertheless, each case and crime scene is unique and therefore each entomological expertise should discuss the possible strengths and weaknesses of its temperature reconstruction. Even if temperature is not or cannot be reconstructed for various reasons, a comparison of on-site data with those of a meteorological weather station is the minimum forensic experts should do.
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19
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Eye-background contrast as a quantitative marker for pupal age in a forensically important carrion beetle Necrodes littoralis L. (Silphidae). Sci Rep 2020; 10:14494. [PMID: 32879361 PMCID: PMC7468232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect pupae sampled at a death scene may be used to estimate the post-mortem interval. The pupal age is however difficult to estimate, as there are no good quantitative markers for the age of a pupa. We present a novel method for pupal age estimation based on the quantification of contrast in intensity between the eyes of a pupa and the middle grey photography card as a standard background. The intensity is measured on a standardized scale from 0 (perfect black) to 255 (perfect white) using computer graphical software and pictures of the eye and the background taken with a stereomicroscope. Eye-background contrast is calculated by subtracting the average intensity of the eye from the average intensity of the background. The method was developed and validated using pupae of Necrodes littoralis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Silphidae), one of the most abundant beetle species on human cadavers in Central Europe. To develop the model, pupae were reared in 17, 20 and 23 °C, with a total of 120 specimens. The method was validated by three raters, using in total 182 pupae reared in 15, 17, 20, 23 and 25 °C. We found a gradual increase in eye-background contrast with pupal age. Changes followed generalized logistic function, with almost perfect fit of the model. Using our method pupal age was estimated with the average error of 8.1 accumulated degree-days (ADD). The largest error was 27.8 ADD and 95% of age estimates had errors smaller than 20 ADD. While using the method, different raters attained similar accuracy. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that eye-background contrast is a good quantitative marker for the age of N. littoralis pupae. Contrast measurements gave accurate estimates for pupal age. Our method is thus proven to be a candidate for a reliable approach to age insect pupae in forensic entomology.
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20
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Gruszka J, Matuszewski S. Estimation of physiological age at emergence based on traits of the forensically useful adult carrion beetle Necrodes littoralis L. (Silphidae). Forensic Sci Int 2020; 314:110407. [PMID: 32673947 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The main entomological method for post-mortem interval involves estimation of age for immature insects found on a cadaver. Forensic entomologists frequently use the thermal summation value for the total immature development (K), which is a measure of physiological time needed to complete development of a species (age at emergence). K is highly variable within the species. Its true value for an adult insect may be estimated based on insect traits such as size and sex at maturity. Here, we have tested, if size and sex of adult beetles of Necrodes littoralis may be useful for the estimation of the true K. Necrodes littoralis is a Palearctic carrion beetle that frequently colonizes human cadavers in forest and agricultural environments. General and sex-specific thermal summation models for the emergence and models for the relationship between size of adult beetles and their age at emergence were developed for N. littoralis. The models were subsequently tested in the validation study. The general K for N. littoralis was about 469 (+/-25 SE) accumulated degree-days above the developmental threshold of about 8.5 (+/-0.45 SE) °C. Thermal summation parameters of the sex-specific models revealed minor differences compared to the general model. A true K was negatively related to the beetle size. Methods for the estimation of K represented its true value with different accuracy. The highest accuracy was obtained when K was estimated using beetle weight as a predictor variable and the sex-specific models for the relationship between K and size, although sex contributed slightly to this improvement. Using this method the estimated K represented the true K with the error of 6.3%, while the error for K from the general thermal summation model was about 9.7%. In conclusion, the findings demonstrate that physiological age at emergence of N. littoralis may be accurately predicted based on the adult beetle size. Necrodes littoralis is a second beetle species in which the age at maturity was more accurately represented by size-based estimates of K than K from the general thermal summation model. Therefore, we encourage testing the relationship between K and size in all insect species that are used in forensic entomology; particularly blow flies and flesh flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gruszka
- Laboratory of Criminalistics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland; Wielkopolska Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland; Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Szymon Matuszewski
- Laboratory of Criminalistics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland; Wielkopolska Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
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21
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Wang Y, Wang M, Hu G, Xu W, Wang Y, Wang J. Temperature-dependent development of Omosita colon at constant temperature and its implication for PMI min estimation. J Forensic Leg Med 2020; 72:101946. [PMID: 32275229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2020.101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Omosita colon (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) is a species widely distributed in the Holarctic that usually appears during more advanced stages of decay. It is one of the species found on highly decomposed remains. Although O. colon may be a promising indicator of post-mortem interval (PMI) in cases with longer PMI, there is currently no existing research on its growth and development. Therefore, we studied the development of O. colon at seven constant temperatures between 16 and 34 °C and found that O. colon can complete its entire life cycle between 16 and 31 °C, but failed to complete development at 34 °C. At 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, and 31 °C, the developmental duration of O. colon from egg to adult is 95.3 ± 11.4, 62.4 ± 8.5, 45.9 ± 2.8, 34.9 ± 3.4, 30.0 ± 2.6, and 25.2 ± 2.6 d, respectively. Based on the results of development time and accumulated degree days, an isomorphen diagram was plotted and a thermal summation model was established. The mean (±SE) developmental threshold temperature D0 and the thermal summation constant K calculated using the thermal summation model were 10.65 ± 0.16 °C and 514.1 ± 8.7° days, respectively. The results of this study provide fundamental developmental data for the use of O. colon in minimum post-mortem interval (PMImin) estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Wang Xu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiangfeng Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China.
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22
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Gruszka J, Krystkowiak-Kowalska M, Frątczak-Łagiewska K, Mądra-Bielewicz A, Charabidze D, Matuszewski S. Patterns and mechanisms for larval aggregation in carrion beetle Necrodes littoralis (Coleoptera: Silphidae). Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Fuentes-López A, Ruiz C, Galián J, Romera E. Molecular identification of forensically important fly species in Spain using COI barcodes. Sci Justice 2019; 60:293-302. [PMID: 32381246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Species identification with DNA barcodes has been proven to be effective on different organisms and, particularly, has become a routinely used and quite accurate tool in forensic entomology to study necrophagous Diptera species. In this study, we analysed 215 specimens belonging to 42 species of 17 genera, from 9 different Diptera families. Flies were collected in 39 Spanish localities of the Iberian Peninsula sampled across three years in the four seasons. Intraspecific variation ranged from 0 to 2.46% whereas interspecific variation fluctuated from 3.07 to 14.59%, measuring 651 pb of the cytochrome oxidase subunit one (COI) gene. Neighbour-Joining analysis was carried out to investigate the molecular identification capabilities of the barcoding region, recovering almost all species as distinct monophyletic groups. The species groupings were generally consistent with morphological and molecular identifications. This work, which is the first with this intensive and extensive sampling in this area, shows that the COI barcode is an appropriate marker for unambiguous identification of forensically important Diptera in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fuentes-López
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Carlos Ruiz
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - José Galián
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Elena Romera
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Lira LA, Macedo MP, Pujol-Luz JR, Vasconcelos SD. Diel Activity and Effect of Carcass Decomposition on the Attractiveness to the Forensically Important Species Oxelytrum Discicolle (Coleoptera: Silphidae) †. J Forensic Sci 2018; 64:799-804. [PMID: 30419145 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxelytrum discicolle is a carrion beetle commonly found in the Neotropical region, mainly associated with cadavers and carcasses. Information on behavior related to the likelihood of cadaver colonization is scarce. We performed two field experiments in peri-urban forest in Brazil in order to strengthen our knowledge on O. discicolle behavior. In the first experiment, we assessed the preference for piglet carcasses at different stages of decomposition offered simultaneously in two seasons, dry and rainy, while in the second experiment we investigated the diel activity of adults. A total of 493 adults were collected in the experiments. A significantly higher abundance was detected in the rainy season. There was a marked preference for carcasses at advanced stages. Adults exhibited a typical nocturnal behavior, the number trapped at night was 17 times greater than those collected during the day. Oxelytrum discicolle is nocturnal species that prefers carcasses in advanced stage of decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Antonio Lira
- Insects of Forensic Importance Research Group, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Laboratory of Entomology/Coleoptera, University of Brasília - UnB, CEP: 70910-900, Brasília-DF-Brazil
| | | | - José Roberto Pujol-Luz
- Laboratory of Entomology/Coleoptera, University of Brasília - UnB, CEP: 70910-900, Brasília-DF-Brazil
| | - Simão Dias Vasconcelos
- Insects of Forensic Importance Research Group, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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25
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Díaz-Aranda LM, Martín-Vega D, Baz A, Cifrián B. Larval identification key to necrophagous Coleoptera of medico-legal importance in the western Palaearctic. Int J Legal Med 2018; 132:1795-1804. [PMID: 30076465 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-018-1909-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several necrophagous Coleoptera species are frequently collected on cadavers, may occasionally act as intermediate or paratenic hosts of parasites, as vectors of pathogens or as allergens, and can also represent major pests of preserved animal products. However, despite their medical, veterinary and economic importance, there is a lack of reliable species identification tools for the larval stages (usually the only entomological evidence associated with medicolegal investigations), thus severely limiting their potential application as forensic indicators. Here, we provide an identification key to the larvae of the necrophagous Coleoptera species which have been recorded on carrion in the western Palaearctic region, based on easily observable morphological characters. In total, we provide diagnostic characters for the reliable identification of 23 necrophagous Coleoptera species within four different families (Cleridae, Dermestidae, Nitidulidae and Silphidae). In addition to the aforementioned families, we provide diagnostic characters for the identification of the larvae of families Histeridae, Staphylinidae and Trogidae, which can also be collected on cadavers. It is expected that the present key will facilitate the identification of larval material of necrophagous Coleoptera collected either in carrion succession studies or during medicolegal investigations, in order to further advance in the potential use of this insects as forensic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M Díaz-Aranda
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida (Unidad de Zoología y Antropología Física), Universidad de Alcalá-Facultad de Ciencias, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, km 33.6, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Martín-Vega
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida (Unidad de Zoología y Antropología Física), Universidad de Alcalá-Facultad de Ciencias, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, km 33.6, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Arturo Baz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida (Unidad de Zoología y Antropología Física), Universidad de Alcalá-Facultad de Ciencias, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, km 33.6, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Cifrián
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida (Unidad de Zoología y Antropología Física), Universidad de Alcalá-Facultad de Ciencias, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, km 33.6, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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