Effects of an oral superoxide dismutase enzyme supplementation on indices of oxidative stress, proviral load, and CD4:CD8 ratios in asymptomatic FIV-infected cats

Bacillus-Derived Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Relieves Ocular-Surface Inflammation and Damage by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Dry Eye

Purpose

We hypothesized that antioxidative enzymes supplementation could be a treatment option for dry eye. We investigated the efficacy of oral administration of Bacillus-derived superoxide dismutase (Bd-SOD) in a murine experimental dry eye (EDE).

Methods

In part I, mice were randomly assigned to normal control, EDE, and mice groups that were treated with oral Bd-SOD after induction of EDE (EDE + Bd-SOD group; four mice in each group). Expression of SOD2, a major antioxidant enzyme with manganese as a cofactor, was assessed by immunofluorescence staining. In part II, mice were divided into seven groups (six mice in each group): normal control, EDE, vehicle-treated, topical 0.05% cyclosporin A (CsA)-treated, and oral Bd-SOD-treated (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg Bd-SOD) groups. Tear volume, tear-film break-up time (TBUT), and corneal fluorescein-staining scores (CFS) were measured at zero, five, and 10 days after treatment. Ten days after treatment, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate for reactive oxygen species (ROS), enzyme-linked immunosorbent for malondialdehyde, and TUNEL assays for corneal apoptosis, flow cytometry inflammatory T cells, and histological assessment were performed.

Results

Compared to the normal control group in part I, the EDE group showed significantly decreased SOD2 expression by immunofluorescence staining. However, the EDE + Bd-SOD group recovered similar to the normal control group. In part II, ROS, malondialdehyde, and corneal apoptosis were decreased in CsA and all Bd-SOD-treated groups. Corneal and conjunctival inflammatory T cells decreased, and conjunctival goblet cell density increased in CsA-treated and Bd-SOD-treated groups. Compared to the CsA-treated group, the 2.5 mg/kg Bd-SOD-treated group showed increased TBUT and decreased inflammatory T cells, and the 5.0 mg/kg Bd-SOD-treated group showed decreased CFS and increased conjunctival goblet cells.

Conclusions

Oral Bd-SOD administration might increase autogenous SOD2 expression in ocular surface tissue in EDE and could be developed as a complementary treatment for DE in the future.

The effect of multiple-dose ivermectin treatment on CD4+/CD8+ and the oxidative stress index in goats with udder viral papillomatosis

This study aims to reveal the therapeutic effect of ivermectin against Capra hircus papillomavirus (ChPV-1) infection and on the CD4⁺/CD8⁺ (cluster of differentiation) and oxidative stress index (OSI). Twenty hair goats naturally infected with ChPV-1 were divided into two groups with equal numbers as the ivermectin group and the control groups. Ivermectin was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg to the goats in the ivermectin group on days 0, 7, and 21. Blood samples were collected from the vena jugularis on days 0, 21, 45, and 90. The cluster of differentiation4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio was significantly higher in the ivermectin group than in the control group on the 90th day. Furthermore, the CD8⁺ concentration was significantly decreased in the ivermectin group on the 90th day compared with the control group. Both total oxidant status (TOS) and OSI were found to be significantly higher in the control group on the 21st and 45th days than in the ivermectin group. On the 90th day, it was determined that the lesions in the ivermectin group improved significantly compared to those in the control group. Additionally, only in the ivermectin group was there a significant difference between the 90th day and the other days in terms of healing. As a result, it can be suggested that ivermectin has positive effects on the immune response and that its oxidative actions are of therapeutic value and do not harm the systemic oxidative status, as in untreated goats.

Comparison enteral superoxide dismutase 1 IU and 5 IU from Cucumis melo L.C extract combined with gliadin as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in LPS-Induced sepsis model rats

Sepsis is a major cause of death in intensive care units whose development is supported by an imbalance of oxidative stress and antioxidant. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a primer endogen antioxidant that prevents reactive oxygen species (ROS). Extensive studies on animals and humans have examined Cucumis melo L.C, a cantaloupe rich in SOD, and its combination with gliadin. The studies aimed to determine the effect of enteral administration of Cucumis melo L.C. gliadin (CME-gliadin) 28 days before inducing sepsis in rats. This experimental study aimed to compare four groups of male Wistar rats, including negative and positive control rats and those supplemented with SOD CME-gliadin 1 IU/day and SOD CME-gliadin 5 IU/day. All rats were given the same standard, except the supplementation for 28 days. Sepsis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS 10 mg/kg. Enteral administration of SOD – gliadin extract of CME-gliadin for 28 days was used as antioxidant prophylaxis against oxidative stress due to sepsis. The results showed that enteral administration of CME-gliadin of 1 IU/day and 5 IU/day significantly increased SOD levels based on examination after 14 and 28 days. Also, it significantly decreased MDA (p < 0.001), TNF-α (p < 0.001), and lactate levels in rats induced by sepsis. However, the increase in lactate levels was above >1.64 mmol/l, indicating a high mortality rate. There was no significant difference in SOD, MDA, TNF-α, and Lactate levels between SOD 1 IU and SOD 5 IU. This descriptive data show that SOD 5 IU has a better result in MDA, TNF-α, and Lactate levels than SOD 1 IU.

Is Low Alveolar Type II Cell SOD3 in the Lungs of Elderly Linked to the Observed Severity of COVID-19?

Human lungs single-cell RNA sequencing data from healthy donors (elderly and young; GEO accession no. GSE122960) were analyzed to isolate and specifically study gene expression in alveolar type II cells. Colocalization of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and TMPRSS2 enables severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV 2) to enter the cells. Expression levels of these genes in the alveolar type II cells of elderly and young patients were comparable and, therefore, do not seem to be responsible for worse outcomes observed in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected elderly. In cells from the elderly, 263 genes were downregulated and 95 upregulated. Superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) was identified as the top-ranked gene that was most downregulated in the elderly. Other redox-active genes that were also downregulated in cells from the elderly included activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and metallothionein 2A (M2TA). ATF4 is an endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor that defends lungs via induction of heme oxygenase 1. The study of downstream factors known to be induced by ATF4, according to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis™, identified 24 candidates. Twenty-one of these were significantly downregulated in the cells from the elderly. These downregulated candidates were subjected to enrichment using the Reactome Database identifying that in the elderly, the ability to respond to heme deficiency and the ATF4-dependent ability to respond to endoplasmic reticulum stress is significantly compromised. SOD3-based therapeutic strategies have provided beneficial results in treating lung disorders including fibrosis. The findings of this study propose the hypotheses that lung-specific delivery of SOD3/ATF4-related antioxidants will work in synergy with promising antiviral drugs such as remdesivir to further improve COVID-19 outcomes in the elderly.

Partial replacement of dietary buffalo meat on the bone with chicken carcass improves serum antioxidant profile of zoo-housed Indian leopards (Panthera pardus fusca)

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of gradual replacement of dietary buffalo meat on the bone (BMB) with chicken carcass (CC) on nutrient utilization, serum cortisol, and total serum antioxidant profile of zoo-housed Indian leopard. Twelve adult leopards were randomly distributed into a replicated Latin square design comprising three treatments, three periods, four animals, and three sequences. Leopards in group T₁ were fed normal zoo diet of BMB. On the basis of dry matter, 10% and 20% of BMB was replaced with CC in groups T₂ and T₃ , respectively. Each experimental period comprised 21 days. During each period, a digestion trial of 4-day collection period was conducted after an adaptation period of 17 days. On Day 21 of each experimental period, blood was collected from all the animals by puncturing the ventral coccygial vein. Intake and apparent digestibility of major nutrients were similar among the groups. Replacement of 20% BMB with addition of CC increased (p < 0.001) the calculated supply of I, niacin, and vitamin A. Carotenoid intake increased (p < 0.01) with increased level of CC in the diet. Serum concentration of cortisol decreased (p < 0.01) whereas serum concentration of total carotenoids increased (p < 0.001) with increased level of CC in the diet. Serum concentration of antioxidant enzymes increased (p < 0.001) with increased level of CC in the diet. It was concluded that replacement of 20% of BMB with CC increased antioxidant profile. This may reduce oxidative stress in zoo-housed Indian leopards without any adverse effect on nutrient utilization.

Superoxide dismutase administration, a potential therapy against oxidative stress related diseases: several routes of supplementation and proposal of an original mechanism of action

Oxidative stress, involved in many diseases, is defined as an impaired balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defences. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) play a key role in diminishing oxidative stress. Thus, the removal of ROS by exogenous SODs could be an effective preventive strategy against various diseases. The poor bioavailability of exogenous SODs has been criticized. However, improvements in SOD formulation may overcome this limitation and boost interest in its therapeutic properties. Here, we provide a review of animal and human studies about SODs supplementation in order to evaluate their therapeutic value. Protective effects have been observed against irradiation, carcinogenesis, apoptosis and neurodegeneration. SODs administration has also been reported to alleviate inflammatory, infectious, respiratory, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and genitourinary and fertility disorders, raising the question of its mechanism of action in these diverse situations. Some authors have shown an increase in endogenous antioxidant enzymes after exogenous SODs administration. The induction of endogenous antioxidant defence and, consequently, a decrease in oxidative stress, could explain all the effects observed. Further investigations need to be carried out to test the hypothesis that SODs supplementation acts by inducing an endogenous antioxidant defence.

Short-term assessment of toxicological aspects, oxidative and inflammatory response to dietary melon superoxide dismutase in rats

The protective effects of SODB, a gastro-resistant encapsulated melon superoxide dismutase, on haematological and biochemical parameters and inflammatory and oxidative status, were evaluated in the blood and liver tissue. The study consisted in a 28-day experiment on rats supplemented with three doses (10, 40 and 160USOD/day) of SODB-M, SODB-D or SODB-S, different depending on the nature of the coating (palm oil, shellac or gum Arabic respectively). No mortality, abnormal clinical signs, behavioural changes or macroscopic findings were observed whatever the groups. Haematological parameters (total red blood cell count, haemoglobin content, haematocrit, red cell indices, white blood cell count and platelets count) were not modified in SODB treated-groups. No marked change was recorded in biochemical parameters (plasma urea, creatinine, lipids, electrolytes, bilirubin, transaminases and gamma-glutamyl transferase). The liver endogenous antioxidant enzymes (copper/zinc and manganese superoxide dismutase) expressions were significantly increased in the rats receiving the highest dose of SODB (160USOD/day) whatever the coating. Moreover, interleukin-6, a marker of inflammation, was significantly decreased in these high dose-treated-groups. The present study indicates that dietary supplementation of SODB on rats has no harmful side effects and could be beneficial especially at high doses.

Biomarkers of antioxidant status, inflammation, and cartilage metabolism are affected by acute intense exercise but not superoxide dismutase supplementation in horses

Objectives were to evaluate effects of (1) repetitive arthrocentesis on biomarkers of inflammation (prostaglandin E(2), PGE(2)) and aggrecan synthesis (chondroitin sulfate-846; CS) in synovial fluid (SF); (2) exercise and superoxide dismutase (SOD) supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, antioxidant status, and aggrecan synthesis, in horses. Preliminary trial. Standardbreds underwent four arthrocentesis procedures within 48 h and exhibited elevated CS and no changes in PGE(2). Exercise trial. this randomized crossover design used twelve Standardbred mares which received either treatment (3000 IU d(-1) oral SOD powder) or placebo (cellulose powder) for 6 wks which culminated with them running a repeated sprint exercise test (RSET). Samples were collected before (PRE), during (PEAK), and following exercise (POST). Exercise resulted in increased (P < 0.05) antioxidant defenses including erythrocyte SOD, total glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, gene transcripts for interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, and interleukin-1β in blood, and decreased plasma nitric oxide. Exercise increased (P < 0.05) SF CS and adjusted-PGE(2), and higher (P < 0.05) CS and PGE(2) were found in hock versus carpus joints. No treatment effects were detected. Results suggest normal adaptive responses likely due to exercise-induced tissue microdamage and oxidative stress. Additional research is needed to identify benefit(s) of SOD supplementation in horses.

A melon pulp concentrate rich in superoxide dismutase reduces stress proteins along the gastrointestinal tract of pigs

OBJECTIVE

A melon (Cucumis melo LC.) pulp concentrate (MPC) rich in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was tested for its ability to decrease stress protein expressions along the gastrointestinal tract in a swine model.

METHODS

Pig sextuplets weaned at 21 d of age were selected from among six litters (n = 36). After a 2-d fasting period, the pigs were fed at similar levels of intake of the control, MPC1, and MPC2 diets, which provided 0, 12.5, and 50 IU of added SOD per kilogram of food, respectively. One triplet of pigs per litter was slaughtered at 7 d and the second triplet at 14 d after weaning. SOD, catalase, and digestive enzymes were determined enzymatically and stress protein expressions by western blotting.

RESULTS

Plasma SOD increased with MPC dose at day 14 (P < 0.05). Mucosal weights in the proximal and mid small intestine were lower at day 14 (P < 0.05), cecum tissue weight was greater (P < 0.05), and sucrase-specific activity in mid and distal small intestine mucosa was lower (P = 0.05) in the MPC2 group than in the control group. MPC supplementation essentially decreased (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) stress proteins in the stomach (all), the mid small intestine (heat-shock protein-27, neuronal nitric oxide synthase) and the colon (heat-shock protein-70, neuronal nitric oxide synthase).

CONCLUSION

A SOD-rich MPC provided at the dose of 50 IU/kg of food for up to 12 d was effective in lowering the level of stress proteins along the gastrointestinal tract of pigs after weaning.

An SOD rich melon extract Extramel prevents aortic lipids and liver steatosis in diet-induced model of atherosclerosis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Oxidative stress has been involved in the early steps of atherosclerosis and previous studies on hypercholesterolemic hamsters have shown that non-enzymatic antioxidant could prevent fatty streak formation. Therefore, we investigated whether a melon juice extract (Extramel((R))) rich in superoxide dismutase (SOD) would prevent the development of early atherosclerosis.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The effects of Extramel((R)) on plasma cholesterol, aortic fatty streak formation, hepatic steatosis, superoxide anion tissue production and NAD(P)H oxidase expression were studied in hamsters fed with an atherogenic diet (HF), receiving by gavage either water or Extramel((R)) at 0.7, 2.8 or 5.6mg/d. After 12 weeks of oral administration, Extramel((R)) lowered plasma cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol and induced blood and liver SOD activities. It also strongly reduced the area of aortic fatty streak by 49-85%, cardiac (45%) and liver (67%) production of superoxide anion and liver p22(phox) subunit of NAD(P)H oxidase expression by 66%, and attenuated the development of hepatic steatosis.

CONCLUSION

These findings support the view that chronic consumption of melon juice extract rich in SOD has potential beneficial effects with respect to the development of atherosclerosis and liver steatosis, emphasizing its use as potential dietary therapy.