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Szkopek D, Pierzynowski SG, Pierzynowska K, Zaworski K, Kondej A, Wychowański P, Konieczka P, Seklecka B, Donaldson J, Jank M, Woliński J. A review: Pancreatic enzymes in the treatment of chronic pancreatic insufficiency in companion animals. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2026-2033. [PMID: 38721836 PMCID: PMC11256127 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to analyze the scientific literature on exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs and cats and our own research on porcine model to compare animal- and microbial-derived enzymes in the treatment of animals with this disease. Clinical signs of EPI occur when more than 85% of the pancreatic parenchyma is non-functional. EPI can be a consequence of various diseases. The insufficient activity or deficiency of pancreatic enzymes leads to impaired digestion and absorption, and consequently, to malnutrition. The primary treatment for enzyme insufficiency is pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT). PERT in animals with EPI is a lifetime therapy. Most commercially available products are of animal origin (processed pancreata obtained from a slaughter house) and contain lipases, alpha-amylase, and proteases. Enzymes of microbial and plant origin seem to be a promising alternative to animal-derived enzymes, but to date there are no registered preparations containing all enzymes simultaneously for use in clinical practice to treat EPI. Results from some previous studies have highlighted the "extra-digestive" functions of pancreatic enzymes, as well as the actions of pancreatic-like microbial enzymes. For example, trypsin activates protease-activated receptor and provokes maturation of enterocytes and enterostatin inhibits fat absorption. It has been postulated that intrapancreatic amylase is the main component of the acini-islet-acinar axis-the reflex which down regulates insulin release, while gut and blood amylase exhibit anti-incretin actions "per se." Additionally, high but still physiological blood amylase activity coincide with physiological glucose homeostasis and a lack of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Szkopek
- Laboratory of Large Animal Models, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and NutritionPolish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3JabłonnaPoland
| | - Stefan G. Pierzynowski
- Anara ABTrelleborgSweden
- Department of Medical BiologyWitold Chodźka Institute of Rural MedicineLublinPoland
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Kateryna Pierzynowska
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and NutritionPolish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3JabłonnaPoland
| | - Kamil Zaworski
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and NutritionPolish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3JabłonnaPoland
| | - Agata Kondej
- Laboratory of Large Animal Models, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and NutritionPolish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3JabłonnaPoland
| | - Piotr Wychowański
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Division of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Department of Head and Neck, Institute of Clinical DentistryFondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Universita Cattolica del Sacro CoureRomeItaly
| | - Paweł Konieczka
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and NutritionPolish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3JabłonnaPoland
- Department of Poultry Science and ApicultureUniversity of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 5OlsztynPoland
| | | | - Janine Donaldson
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandParktown, Johannesburg 2193South Africa
| | - Michał Jank
- Department of Pre‐Clinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencePoznan University of Life SciencesPoznańPoland
| | - Jarosław Woliński
- Laboratory of Large Animal Models, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and NutritionPolish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3JabłonnaPoland
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and NutritionPolish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3JabłonnaPoland
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Siani G, Mercaldo B, Alterisio MC, Di Loria A. Vitamin B12 in Cats: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Disease. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091474. [PMID: 37174511 PMCID: PMC10177498 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cobalamin is a water-soluble molecule that has an important role in cellular metabolism, especially in DNA synthesis, methylation, and mitochondrial metabolism. Cobalamin is bound by intrinsic factor (IF) and absorbed in the ileal tract. The IF in cats is synthesized exclusively by pancreatic tissue. About 75% of the total plasma cobalamin in cats is associated with transcobalamin II, while in this species, transcobalamin I is not present. In cats, the half-life of cobalamin is 11-14 days. Diagnostic biomarkers for B12 status in cats include decreased levels of circulating total cobalamin and increased levels of methylmalonic acid. The reference interval for serum cobalamin concentrations in cats is 290-1500 ng/L, and for the serum methylmalonic acid concentration, it is 139-897 nmol/L. Therapy for hypocobalaminemia mainly depends on the underlying disease. In some cases, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of 250 μg/cat is empirically administered. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that oral cobalamin supplementation can also be used successfully in dogs and cats as a less invasive alternative to parental administration. This review describes the current knowledge regarding B12 requirements and highlights improvements in diagnostic methods as well as the role of hypocobalaminemia in its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatrice Mercaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II of Napoli, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Alterisio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II of Napoli, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Loria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II of Napoli, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
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Serial Measurement of Serum Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity, Feline Trypsin-like Immunoreactivity, and Cobalamin Concentrations in Kittens. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090469. [PMID: 36136684 PMCID: PMC9501717 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum concentrations of feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPLI), feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI), and cobalamin are commonly used for the diagnostic investigation of cats with gastrointestinal signs. No information on these parameters in healthy cats less than 1 year of age exists. We aimed to evaluate serum concentrations of fPLI, fTLI, and cobalamin in healthy cats at different time-points during their first 12 months of life. Fourteen healthy 2-month-old kittens were included. Blood was collected at 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 months of age, and serum concentrations of fPLI, fTLI, and cobalamin were measured. While there was a statistically significant difference in serum fPLI concentrations over time, there was no statistically significant difference between individual time-points. There was no significant difference in serum fTLI concentrations over time. Serum cobalamin concentrations were below the reference interval in 3/13 cats at 2 months of age and were significantly lower by 3 months, when 13/14 had hypocobalaminemia. By 12 months, serum cobalamin had significantly increased, yet 4/12 cats still had hypocobalaminemia. Serum fPLI and fTLI concentrations did not show any statistically or clinically significant differences in young kittens. In contrast, serum cobalamin concentrations were commonly below the reference interval in kittens. Serum fPLI and fTLI concentrations are not practically affected by age in kittens as young as 2 months of age and could be used for the investigation of pancreatic diseases.
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Engelbrecht M, Botha WJ, Pazzi P, McClure V, Hooijberg E. Serum cobalamin concentrations in dogs infected with canine parvoviral enteritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1-8. [PMID: 35113794 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.05.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the serum cobalamin concentrations in canine parvovirus (CPV)-infected dogs with those of healthy control dogs. Animals 45 dogs with CPV enteritis and 17 healthy age-matched control dogs. Procedures Infection was confirmed by visualization of CPV-2 through fecal electron microscopy. All dogs received supportive care. Serum samples taken at admission were used to determine cobalamin, C-reactive protein, and albumin concentrations. Results Serum cobalamin concentrations were significantly lower in the CPV-infected group (median [interquartile range], 173 pmol/L [< 111 to 722 pmol/L]) than in healthy control dogs (379 pmol/L [193 to > 738 pmol/L). There was no association between cobalamin concentration and C-reactive protein or albumin concentration. Clinical Relevance While hypocobalaminemia was common in CPV-infected dogs, the clinical relevance of this finding remains to be determined. Studies assessing markers of cellular cobalamin deficiency in dogs with CPV infection appear warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Engelbrecht
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | | | - Paolo Pazzi
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Vanessa McClure
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Emma Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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EXOCRINE PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY-LIKE SYNDROME IN FOUR CAPTIVE TIGERS ( PANTHERA TIGRIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:1079-1083. [PMID: 34687527 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a condition characterized by a decreased synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes, which results in weight loss, poor hair coat, and diarrhea. The diagnostic test of choice for EPI in domestic cats is feline serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI). This paper details four tigers (Panthera tigris) with clinical signs compatible with EPI. On the basis of domestic cat reference ranges, fTLI assays for all four clinically affected tigers were diagnostic for EPI (median 1.0 µg/L; range 0.5-1.2 µg/L). All four tigers had a rapid clinical response to pancreatic enzyme supplementation. Serum from 10 clinically healthy tigers was submitted for the fTLI assay, for comparative purposes. The healthy tigers' fTLI assays were also within range for a diagnosis of EPI in domestic cats (median 3.1 µg/L; range 1.9-4.5 µg/L); however, clinically affected tigers had significantly lower serum fTLI concentrations than healthy tigers (P = 0.0058). Serum cobalamin was below the detection limit in both the affected and healthy tigers (<150 ng/L). Measuring fTLI appears to be a useful tool in the diagnosis of EPI-like syndrome in tigers. As in other species, EPI-like syndrome in tigers may also be associated with cobalamin deficiency.
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Auger M, Fazio C, Steiner JM, Penninck DG, Levine GJ, Griffin JF, Springer CM. Abdominal ultrasound and clinicopathologic findings in 22 cats with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2652-2661. [PMID: 34596279 PMCID: PMC8692186 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Awareness of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in cats has increased since the development of an assay for feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI). Ultrasound findings in cats with EPI have only been reported rarely and described as nonspecific. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To describe the ultrasonographic findings, clinical signs, and concurrent diseases in cats with EPI. ANIMALS Twenty-two client-owned cats with EPI. METHODS Multicenter retrospective descriptive study including cats with serum fTLI concentration ≤8 μg/L and an abdominal ultrasound examination performed within 6 weeks of fTLI measurement. Sonographic measurements of maximal pancreatic thickness and maximal pancreatic duct diameter as well as ratios of pancreatic duct diameter to pancreatic thickness were obtained. Additional sonographic findings, concurrent conditions, and clinical signs were recorded. RESULTS The most common clinical sign was weight loss (15/22 cats). Chronic enteropathy was the most common concurrent disease (13/22 cats). In 39% of cats, the pancreas had minimal or no sonographic alterations. Pancreatic duct dilatation (>2.5 mm), pancreatic duct tortuosity with variable diameter, or both were seen in 6/13 cats. The pancreatic parenchyma was subjectively thin in 6 cats. A significant relationship was found between subjectively thin pancreatic parenchyma and increased pancreatic duct size : pancreatic thickness ratio (P = .004). Diffuse gastrointestinal dilatation with echogenic content was observed in 8/22 cats. CONCLUSION Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency often causes minimal to no sonographic pancreatic changes. Nonetheless, the findings of thin pancreatic parenchyma, pancreatic duct dilatation, or diffuse small intestinal dilatation with echogenic contents in cats with unexplained weight loss or unformed feces should raise clinical suspicion for EPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Auger
- Animages, Longueuil, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Constance Fazio
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Dominique G Penninck
- Foster Hospital for Small Animals, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gwendolyn J Levine
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - John F Griffin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Cary M Springer
- Research Computing Support, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Barko PC, Williams DA. Untargeted analysis of the serum metabolome in cats with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257856. [PMID: 34591942 PMCID: PMC8483406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) causes chronic digestive dysfunction in cats, but its pathogenesis and pathophysiology are poorly understood. Untargeted metabolomics is a promising analytic methodology that can reveal novel metabolic features and biomarkers of clinical disease syndromes. The purpose of this preliminary study was to use untargeted analysis of the serum metabolome to discover novel aspects of the pathobiology of EPI in cats. Serum samples were collected from 5 cats with EPI and 8 healthy controls. The diagnosis of EPI was confirmed by measurement of subnormal serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI). Untargeted quantification of serum metabolite utilized ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. Cats with EPI had significantly increased serum quantities of long-chain fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, mevalonate pathway intermediates, and endocannabinoids compared with healthy controls. Diacylglycerols, phosphatidylethanolamines, amino acid derivatives, and microbial metabolites were significantly decreased in cats with EPI compared to healthy controls. Diacyclglycerols and amino acid metabolites were positively correlated, and sphingolipids and long-chain fatty acids were negatively correlated with serum fTLI, respectively. These results suggest that EPI in cats is associated with increased lipolysis of peripheral adipose stores, dysfunction of the mevalonate pathway, and altered amino acid metabolism. Differences in microbial metabolites indicate that feline EPI is also associated with enteric microbial dysbiosis. Targeted studies of the metabolome of cats with EPI are warranted to further elucidate the mechanisms of these metabolic derangements and their influence on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of EPI in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C. Barko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David A. Williams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Signalment and Clinical Data of Cats with Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency Diagnosed Using Feline Trypsin-like Immunoreactivity in Routine Diagnostics. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8080155. [PMID: 34437477 PMCID: PMC8402856 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8080155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI) is commonly used to diagnose feline exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). This study aimed to describe signalment and clinical data of cats with EPI. Determination of TLI was performed using an in-house ELISA; the reference interval was defined using a Reference Limit Estimator. Groups were formed from 4813 cats (2019-2020), based on their fTLI concentration: 1 (<8 µg/L; decreased; n = 275), 2 (8-88 µg/L; reference interval; n = 4256), and 3 (>88 µg/L; increased; n = 282). Males and Domestic Shorthairs were most common in all groups. Group 3 had the highest (13 years), and group 1 had the lowest (9 years), median age. Clinical information was available for 200 cats (decreased fTLI: n = 87, lower reference interval (8-12 µg/L): n = 113). Treatment response was observed in 83% (decreased fTLI) and 66% (lower reference interval). EPI cats displayed weight loss (69%), diarrhoea (68%), vomiting (41%), anorexia (39%), poor hair coat (35%), lethargy (33%), and/or polyphagia (21%). The lower the serum fTLI concentration, the more often good treatment response was reported (p = 0.022) but there were no statistically significant clinical signs. In conclusion, fTLI is a helpful parameter to diagnose EPI but predicting treatment response based on signalment or clinical signs is not possible.
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Abstract
In recent years, increased awareness of feline pancreatitis by the veterinary profession and improved diagnostic modalities have led to an increased frequency of diagnosis of pancreatitis in this species. Consequently, pancreatic diseases, especially chronic pancreatitis, are considered highly prevalent, even in populations of apparently healthy individuals. This prevalence has led to the suspicion that the condition may be overdiagnosed. This article summarizes the difficulties of diagnosis of acute and chronic pancreatitis, assesses the reasons why this is a challenging disease to recognize, and considers whether these difficulties could result in either overdiagnosis or underdiagnosis.
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Hill SA, Cave NJ, Forsyth S. Effect of age, sex and body weight on the serum concentrations of cobalamin and folate in cats consuming a consistent diet. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:135-141. [PMID: 29172893 PMCID: PMC11129259 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17699680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Multiple feline diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver and biliary tract are known to cause abnormal serum cobalamin and folate concentrations. Measuring the serum concentration of these vitamins can therefore be a helpful diagnostic tool. However, factors other than disease, in particular age, have also been suggested to have an effect on the serum concentration of cobalamin and folate. In previous studies, the dietary intake was not standardised, or even known, despite diet being the prinicpal source of both vitamins. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of age, sex and body weight on the serum concentration of folate and cobalamin in cats fed the same diet. Methods The serum cobalamin and folate concentrations were measured in 65 apparently healthy cats in a nutrition colony that had been fed an identical diet. A linear model was used to test the relationship between the serum concentration of cobalamin and folate with the variables age, sex and body weight. Results There was a large variation in the serum concentration of both folate and cobalamin, despite identical intake. Serum cobalamin was inversely associated with age ( P = 0.002), and males had higher concentrations than females ( P = 0.039). Serum folate was positively associated with age ( P = 0.01). Conclusions and relevance Independent of diet, serum cobalamin concentration decreases with age. Changes in gastrointestinal function, microflora or metabolism may be responsible. Older cats may be more susceptible to cobalamin deficiency secondary to inappetence or gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Hill
- Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas J Cave
- Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sandra Forsyth
- Pathobiology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Toresson L, Steiner JM, Olmedal G, Larsen M, Suchodolski JS, Spillmann T. Oral cobalamin supplementation in cats with hypocobalaminaemia: a retrospective study. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:1302-1306. [PMID: 28128683 PMCID: PMC11104177 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16689406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Objectives The objective of the study was to evaluate whether oral cobalamin supplementation can restore normocobal-aminaemia in cats with hypocobalaminaemia and clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease. Methods This was a retrospective study based on a computerised database search for client-owned cats treated at Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden, during the period December 2013 to August 2016. Inclusion criteria were cats with clinical signs of chronic enteropathy, an initial serum cobalamin concentration ⩽250 pmol/l (reference interval 214-738 pmol/l) and oral treatment with cobalamin tablets. Results Twenty-five cats met the inclusion criteria. The cats were treated with 0.25 mg cyanocobalamin tablets once daily. Serum cobalamin concentration was rechecked 27-94 days after continuous oral cobalamin supplementation. All cats had serum cobalamin concentrations above the reference interval after oral cobalamin supplementation. Median (range) serum cobalamin concentration was 128 pmol/l (111-250 pmol/l) prior to treatment and 2701 pmol/l (738-16,359 pmol/l) after supplementation. This difference was statistically significant ( P <0.0001). Conclusions and relevance Our results suggest that oral cobalamin supplementation is effective in increasing serum cobalamin to supranormal concentrations in cats with hypocobalaminaemia. Thus, oral cobalamin supplementation is a promising alternative to parenteral administration. Prospective comparative studies in cats being treated with parenteral vs oral cobalamin supplementation in a larger number of patients are warranted before oral supplementation can be recommended for routine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Toresson
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
- Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Spillmann
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
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Köster LS, Shell L, Ketzis J, Rajeev S, Illanes O. Diagnosis of pancreatic disease in feline platynosomosis. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:1192-1198. [PMID: 28094661 PMCID: PMC11104183 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16685676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Platynosomum species are cat-specific parasitic trematodes that parasitize the biliary ducts and gall bladder. Due to the common connection to the major duodenal papilla of the pancreas and common bile ducts in addition to the periductal proximity of the pancreas, it is possible that platynosomosis could cause pancreatitis. The objective of this study was to determine whether platynosomosis, a commonly diagnosed parasitic disease in cats on St Kitts, has any association with pancreatic disease. Methods To investigate this possibility, the pancreas of free-roaming cats with naturally acquired platynosomosis were evaluated via ultrasound, serum concentrations of feline pancreatic lipase (fPL), cobalamin, folate and feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI) and histopathology. Twenty free-roaming, young adult, feral cats, positive for feline immunodeficiency virus, and diagnosed with Platynosomum species infection via fecal analysis were recruited. The liver, biliary system and pancreas were evaluated via ultrasonography during a short duration anesthesia. Serum concentrations of fPL, fTLI, folate and cobalamin were measured. Sections of the right limb, left limb and body of the pancreas were evaluated histopathologically using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. Results None of the cats had sufficient criteria to fulfill the ultrasonographic diagnosis of pancreatitis. One cat had an elevated fPL concentration in the range consistent with pancreatitis. Four cats had cobalamin deficiencies and 11 had abnormal folate concentration. The fTLI concentration was equivocal for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in one cat. With a single exception, histopathology changes, when present (n = 12), were mild, non-specific and predominantly characterized by lymphocytic infiltrates and fibrosis. The exception was a cat that presented a chronic interstitial and eosinophilic pancreatitis of slightly increased severity, likely the result of platynosomosis. Conclusions and relevance The results of this study suggest that platynosomosis rarely induces pancreatic damage in cats. With only one exception, chronic pancreatitis diagnosed in cats with fluke-induced cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis was subtle and interpreted as an incidental background lesion unrelated to platynosomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza S Köster
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies
- Current address: School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Linda Shell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies
| | - Jennifer Ketzis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies
| | - Sreekumari Rajeev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies
| | - Oscar Illanes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies
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Stanley EL, Eatroff AE. Hypocobalaminaemia as a cause of bone marrow failure and pancytopenia in a cat. Aust Vet J 2017; 95:156-160. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- EL Stanley
- Internal Medicine Department, The Animal Medical Center; New York USA
| | - AE Eatroff
- Internal Medicine Department, The Animal Medical Center; New York USA
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14
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Jugan MC, August JR. Serum cobalamin concentrations and small intestinal ultrasound changes in 75 cats with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease: a retrospective study. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:48-56. [PMID: 26239940 PMCID: PMC10816748 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15598184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate ultrasonographic changes in the small intestine of cats with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease and low or low-normal serum cobalamin concentrations. Methods Records for client-owned cats presenting to the small animal hospital with signs of gastrointestinal disease and in which serum cobalamin concentrations were measured from 2000-2013 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were cobalamin concentrations <500 ng/l, abdominal ultrasound within 1 month of cobalamin testing and definitive diagnosis. Results Of 751 serum cobalamin measurements, hypocobalaminemia or low-normal cobalamin was identified in 270 cats, abdominal ultrasound was performed in 207 of those cats and a diagnosis was available for 75 of them. Small intestinal ultrasound changes were detected in 49/75 (65%) cats. Abnormalities included thickening, loss of wall layer definition, echogenicity alterations and discrete masses. Serum cobalamin concentrations <500 ng/l were observed with diagnoses of inflammatory disease, neoplasia, infectious disease and normal histopathology. Cobalamin concentration was significantly lower in cats with lymphoma or inflammatory bowel disease compared with other gastrointestinal neoplasia ( P = 0.031). No difference was found between cobalamin concentration and the presence of ultrasound abnormalities, specific ultrasound changes or albumin concentration. Conclusions and relevance One-third of symptomatic cats with hypocobalaminemia or low-normal cobalamin concentrations may have an ultrasonographically normal small intestine. For the majority of cats in this study, histopathologic abnormalities were observed in the small intestine, regardless of ultrasound changes. These findings suggest gastrointestinal disease should not be excluded based on low-normal cobalamin concentrations, even with a concurrent normal ultrasound examination. Additional studies are needed in cats with low-normal serum cobalamin concentrations, as a definitive diagnosis was not pursued consistently in those cats. However, data from this study suggest that careful monitoring, histopathologic evaluation and future cobalamin supplementation may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Jugan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John R August
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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15
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Xenoulis PG, Zoran DL, Fosgate GT, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Feline Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency: A Retrospective Study of 150 Cases. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1790-1797. [PMID: 27641602 PMCID: PMC5115185 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little information is available about the clinical presentation and response to treatment of cats with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Objectives To describe the signalment, clinical signs, concurrent diseases, and response to treatment of cats with EPI. Animals One hundred and fifty cats with EPI. Methods Retrospective case series. Results Questionnaires were sent to 261 veterinarians, and 150 (57%) were returned with data suitable for statistical analysis. The median age of the cats with EPI was 7.7 years. The median body condition score was 3 of 9. Ninety‐two of 119 cats (77%) had hypocobalaminemia, and 56 of 119 cats (47%) had increased and 6 of 119 cats (5%) had decreased serum folate concentrations. Clinical signs included weight loss (91%), unformed feces (62%), poor hair coat (50%), anorexia (45%), increased appetite (42%), lethargy (40%), watery diarrhea (28%), and vomiting (19%). Eighty‐seven cats (58%) had concurrent diseases. Treatment response was reported to be good in 60%, partial in 27%, and poor in 13% of 121 cats. Trypsin‐like immunoreactivity <4 μg/L was associated with a positive response to treatment (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.5–7.0; P = .004). Also, cobalamin supplementation improved the response to treatment (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.4–6.6; P = .006). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in cats often has a different clinical presentation than in dogs. The age range for EPI in cats is wide, and many cats can be ≤5 years of age. Most cats respond well to appropriate treatment for EPI, and cobalamin supplementation appears to be necessary for a good response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Xenoulis
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - D L Zoran
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - G T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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16
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Costa Devoti C, Murtagh K, Batchelor D, Silvestrini P. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency with concurrent pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease and cholangiohepatitis in a cat. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2015-000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Murtagh
- Department of Internal MedicineSmall Animal Teaching HospitalUniversity of LiverpoolCheshireUK
| | - Daniel Batchelor
- Department of Internal MedicineSmall Animal Teaching HospitalUniversity of LiverpoolCheshireUK
| | - Paolo Silvestrini
- Department of Internal MedicineSmall Animal Teaching HospitalUniversity of LiverpoolCheshireUK
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17
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Dobromylskyj MJ, Dobromylskyj P. Selective fatty replacement of the exocrine pancreas in a domestic shorthair cat: histopathological findings with long-term outcome. JFMS Open Rep 2015; 1:2055116915593967. [PMID: 28491371 PMCID: PMC5362021 DOI: 10.1177/2055116915593967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical, histopathological findings and eventual outcome of a cat with marked and selective fatty replacement of the exocrine pancreas are described in this case report. A 9-year-old female neutered domestic shorthair cat presenting with polyphagia, weight loss and intermittent vomiting was diagnosed on histopathology with severe exocrine pancreatic atrophy, with relative sparing of the endocrine pancreas and replacement of the acinar cells by mature adipose tissue. This case report discusses the histological findings in this case and the eventual outcome, as well as the potential underlying causes of this histological change.
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18
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Trehy MR, German AJ, Silvestrini P, Serrano G, Batchelor DJ. Hypercobalaminaemia is associated with hepatic and neoplastic disease in cats: a cross sectional study. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:175. [PMID: 25103858 PMCID: PMC4236818 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background When increased serum cobalamin concentrations are encountered clinically they are usually attributed to parenteral supplementation, dietary factors, or otherwise ignored. However, recently, hypercobalaminaemia has been associated with numerous diseases in humans, most notably neoplastic and hepatic disorders. The aim of this retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study was to determine the significance of increased cobalamin in cats. Results In total, 237 records were retrieved and 174 cats, of various ages and sexes met the inclusion criteria. A total of 42 cats had increased serum cobalamin concentration, and had not received prior supplementation. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that increased serum cobalamin concentration was positively related to pedigree breed (pedigree breeds more likely to have increased cobalamin concentration, odds ratio [OR] 4.24, 95% CI 1.78-10.15, P = 0.001), to having liver disease (OR 9.91, 95% CI 3.54-27.68), and to having a solid neoplasm (OR 8.54, 95% CI 1.10-66.45). Conclusions The results of the current study suggest that increased serum cobalamin concentrations should not be ignored in cats with no history of supplementation, and investigation for underlying hepatic or neoplastic disease is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander J German
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
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19
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O’Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC. Approaches to canine health surveillance. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2014; 1:2. [PMID: 26401319 PMCID: PMC4574389 DOI: 10.1186/2052-6687-1-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective canine health surveillance systems can be used to monitor disease in the general population, prioritise disorders for strategic control and focus clinical research, and to evaluate the success of these measures. The key attributes for optimal data collection systems that support canine disease surveillance are representativeness of the general population, validity of disorder data and sustainability. Limitations in these areas present as selection bias, misclassification bias and discontinuation of the system respectively. Canine health data sources are reviewed to identify their strengths and weaknesses for supporting effective canine health surveillance. Insurance data benefit from large and well-defined denominator populations but are limited by selection bias relating to the clinical events claimed and animals covered. Veterinary referral clinical data offer good reliability for diagnoses but are limited by referral bias for the disorders and animals included. Primary-care practice data have the advantage of excellent representation of the general dog population and recording at the point of care by veterinary professionals but may encounter misclassification problems and technical difficulties related to management and analysis of large datasets. Questionnaire surveys offer speed and low cost but may suffer from low response rates, poor data validation, recall bias and ill-defined denominator population information. Canine health scheme data benefit from well-characterised disorder and animal data but reflect selection bias during the voluntary submissions process. Formal UK passive surveillance systems are limited by chronic under-reporting and selection bias. It is concluded that active collection systems using secondary health data provide the optimal resource for canine health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G O’Neill
- />Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7T UK
| | - David B Church
- />Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA UK
| | - Paul D McGreevy
- />Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, R.M.C. Gunn Building (B19), Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Peter C Thomson
- />Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, R.M.C. Gunn Building (B19), Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Dave C Brodbelt
- />Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7T UK
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20
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Steiner JM. Review of commonly used clinical pathology parameters for general gastrointestinal disease with emphasis on small animals. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:189-94. [PMID: 24129757 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313506793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of markers are available to assess the function and pathology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This review describes some of these markers with special emphasis given to markers used in dogs and cats. Small intestinal disease can be confirmed and localized by the measurement of serum concentrations of folate and cobalamin. Fecal α1-proteinase inhibitor concentration can increase in individuals with excessive GI protein loss. A wide variety of inflammatory markers are available for a variety of species that can be used to assess the inflammatory activity of various types of inflammatory cells in the GI tract, although most of these markers assess neutrophilic inflammation, such as neutrophil elastase, calprotectin, or S100A12. N-methylhistamine can serve as a marker of mast cell infiltration. Markers for lymphocytic or eosinophilic inflammation are currently under investigation. Exocrine pancreatic function can be assessed by measurement of serum concentrations of pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) and trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI). Serum PLI concentration is increased in individuals with pancreatitis and has been shown to be highly specific for exocrine pancreatic function and sensitive for pancreatitis. Serum TLI concentration is severely decreased in individuals with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg M Steiner
- 1Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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21
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Daste T, Dossin O, Reynolds BS, Aumann M. Manual ventilation therapy and aggressive potassium supplementation in the management of respiratory failure secondary to severe hypokalaemia in a cat with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 16:373-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13504408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A domestic shorthair cat was referred for progressive muscle weakness and dyspnoea. The cat had a 2-month history of severe weight loss, small intestinal diarrhoea, polyphagia and polyuria/polydipsia. Biochemical analysis and venous blood gas evaluation revealed severe hypokalaemia [1.7 mmol/l; reference interval (RI): 3.5–5.1 mmol/l] and hypoventilation (partial pressure of carbon dioxide = 68 mmHg; RI: 34–38 mmHg). Aggressive potassium supplementation was initiated. The cat was manually ventilated until serum potassium increased to 3 mmol/l. A diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) was made based on clinical signs and serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (0.1 μg/l; RI: 12–82 μg/l). Medical management of the EPI resulted in clinical recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Daste
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Toulouse, INP, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Dossin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Toulouse, INP, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Clinical Research Unit, University of Toulouse, INP, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Brice S Reynolds
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Toulouse, INP, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Clinical Research Unit, University of Toulouse, INP, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marcel Aumann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Toulouse, INP, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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22
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Worhunsky P, Toulza O, Rishniw M, Berghoff N, Ruaux CG, Steiner JM, Simpson KW. The relationship of serum cobalamin to methylmalonic acid concentrations and clinical variables in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1056-63. [PMID: 23875847 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum cobalamin concentration [CBL] suggests CBL deficiency in cats but serum methylmalonic acid concentration [MMA] more accurately indicates CBL deficiency. OBJECTIVE To examine the ability of [CBL] to predict CBL deficiency defined by increased [MMA], and relationships of [CBL] and [MMA] with select clinical and clinicopathological variables. ANIMALS One hundred sixty-three client-owned cats with [CBL] measurements, 114 cats with simultaneous [MMA] measurements; 88 cats with medical information. METHODS Prospectively collected [CBL] and [MMA] were compared using scatter plots, receiver operating characteristic and correlative analyses with historical [CBL] thresholds and those identified in the study. [CBL] and [MMA] were compared retrospectively to specific clinical and clinicopathological variables. RESULTS [CBL] correlated negatively with [MMA] (τ = -0.334, P < .0001). [MMA] ≥ 1,343 nmol/L identified CBL deficiency. [CBL] = 209 pg/mL optimized sensitivity (0.51), specificity (0.96), PPV (0.89), and NPV (0.74) for detecting [MMA] ≥ 1,343 nmol/L. Prevalence of CBL deficiency was 42% (48/114) when defined by [MMA] ≥ 1,343 nmol/L versus 23% (27/114) by [CBL] ≤ 209 pg/mL. Unexpectedly, 23 and 45% of 48 cats with [MMA] ≥ 1,343 nmol/L had [CBL] > 900 pg/mL and 290 pg/mL (historical thresholds). [CBL] correlated with mean corpuscular volume (τ = -0.199, P = .013) and [MMA] with hematocrit (τ = -0.28, P = .006). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Cobalamin deficiency ([MMA] ≥ 1,343 nmol/L) occurred in 42% of cats and is predicted with high specificity by [CBL] ≤ 209 pg/mL. CBL status correlates with microcytosis and anemia. Discordance between [CBL] and [MMA] cautions against relying on any single marker for determining CBL status.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Worhunsky
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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23
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Batchelor DJ, Devauchelle P, Elliott J, Elwood CM, Freiche V, Gualtieri M, Hall EJ, Den Hertog E, Neiger R, Peeters D, Roura X, Savary-Bataille K, German AJ. Mechanisms, causes, investigation and management of vomiting disorders in cats: a literature review. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:237-65. [PMID: 23403690 PMCID: PMC10816764 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12473466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vomiting is a common presenting complaint in feline practice. This article differs from previous reviews in that it is an evidence-based review of the mechanisms, causes, investigation and management of vomiting in the domestic cat. Published evidence was reviewed, and then used to make recommendations for clinical assessment, diagnosis, antiemetic drug treatment, dietary management and monitoring of cats presenting with vomiting. The strength of the evidence on which recommendations are made (and areas where evidence is lacking for cats) has been highlighted throughout.
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24
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Ruaux CG. Cobalamin in companion animals: diagnostic marker, deficiency states and therapeutic implications. Vet J 2013; 196:145-52. [PMID: 23518469 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of the water-soluble vitamin cobalamin has long been of interest as a marker of gastrointestinal disease in companion animals due to the highly localized presence of cobalamin receptors in the ileum. An increasing body of evidence suggests that cobalamin deficiency is an important co-morbidity in many companion animal patients with gastrointestinal and pancreatic disease. Congenital disorders of cobalamin absorption and cellular metabolism are also increasingly recognized in companion animal breeds. The early recognition of these disorders and timely treatment with parenteral cobalamin can be life-saving. In this article, the normal mechanisms of cobalamin absorption, the use of cobalamin as a marker of intestinal disease and data on the prevalence of hypocobalaminemia in a variety of diseases are described. The prognostic impact of and rational therapy for hypocobalaminemia in domestic animals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Ruaux
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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26
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Watanabe T, Hoshi K, Zhang C, Ishida Y, Sakata I. Hyperammonaemia due to cobalamin malabsorption in a cat with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:942-5. [PMID: 22907395 PMCID: PMC11108016 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12458101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
A 10-year-old domestic shorthair cat showed anorexia, lethargy and ptyalism with hyperammonaemia. Portosystemic shunts were not identified by computed tomography angiography. Biopsy results revealed mild interstinal nephritis and no lesion in the liver. Analysis of urine revealed the presence of a high methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentration. Serum cobalamin (vitamin B(12)) and serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity levels were also markedly low. The cat was diagnosed as having exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). After 5 weeks of parenteral cobalamin supplementation, serum cobalamin concentration had increased and urinary MMA concentration had decreased. This case suggests that hyperammonaemia may be caused by accumulation of MMA due to cobalamin malabsorption secondary to feline EPI.
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27
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Steiner JM. Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in the Cat. Top Companion Anim Med 2012; 27:113-6. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7158306 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dossin O. Laboratory tests for diagnosis of gastrointestinal and pancreatic diseases. Top Companion Anim Med 2011; 26:86-97. [PMID: 21596348 PMCID: PMC7104967 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The panel of laboratory tests available for diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases in dogs and cats is wide, and, recently, several new tests have been developed. This article will focus on advances in laboratory tests that are available for the general practitioner for diagnosis of GI diseases. Laboratory tests for diagnosis of gastric and intestinal infectious diseases include fecal parasite screening tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for parvoviral enteritis, and some specific bacterial tests like fluorescent in situ hybridization for identification of specific bacteria attached to the intestinal epithelial cells. Serum concentrations of folate and cobalamin are markers of intestinal absorption, but are also changed in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Hypocobalaminemia is common in GI and pancreatic disease. Decreased serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity is a very sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs and cats. Serum pancreatic lipase is currently the most sensitive and specific test to identify pancreatic cell damage and acute pancreatitis. However, serum canine pancreas-specific lipase is less sensitive in canine chronic pancreatitis. Increased serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity is also specific for pancreatic damage but is less sensitive. It is very likely that further studies will help to better specify the role of these new tests in the diagnosis of canine and feline pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dossin
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, National Veterinary School, Toulouse, France.
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30
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Berghoff N, Steiner JM. Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and management of chronic canine and feline enteropathies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41:311-28. [PMID: 21486638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic enteropathies are commonly encountered in both cats and dogs. Although definitive diagnosis often requires collection of gastrointestinal biopsies for histopathologic evaluation, less invasive laboratory tests can be highly informative and should be performed prior to biopsy collection. Tests for determination of infectious causes comprise those for helminthic, protozoal, bacterial, or fungal organisms. Intestinal function and disease may be assessed by measuring serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate, and C-reactive protein, and fecal concentrations of α(1)-proteinase inhibitor. Ongoing research has led to development of tests for serum perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies, and fecal inflammatory markers, including S100-proteins and N-methylhistamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Berghoff
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Cook AK, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Robertson JE. The prevalence of hypocobalaminaemia in cats with spontaneous hyperthyroidism. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:101-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.01027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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