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Vojtkovská V, Voslářová E, Večerek V. Causes of shelter cats mortality in the Czech Republic. Vet Anim Sci 2024; 25:100379. [PMID: 39157703 PMCID: PMC11327390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Awareness of the causes of mortality in shelter cats can contribute to its effective reduction. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of mortality in cat shelters in the Czech Republic, taking into account the age of the animals and their length of stay in the shelter facilities until natural death or euthanasia. A cooperation with two private no-kill shelters in the Czech Republic was established. The subject of the study were records of 3047 cats admitted to the selected shelters in the period from 2013 to 2023. A total of 357 (11.7 %) out of 3047 cats died or had to be euthanized in two monitored shelters. No significant difference (p > 0.05) in the cat mortality was found between the two shelters (11.5 % and 12 %). The median length of stay of cats in the shelter until death or euthanasia was 23 days. The highest mortality was recorded in the youngest cats (≤ 6 months). The most common causes of death or euthanasia of cats in both shelters were feline infectious peritonitis (21.6 %), panleukopenia (18.5 %) and upper and lower respiratory tract infections (17.5 %). Adult and older cats were significantly (p < 0.05) more prone to death due to renal failure and cancer than young animals and kittens. The results of the study contribute to the knowledge on the health of cat population in shelters in the Czech Republic and can serve as a basis for further work that will target mortality reduction strategies in at-risk categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vojtkovská
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Voslářová
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Večerek
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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Liu Y, Zhu Z, Du J, Zhu X, Pan C, Yin C, Sun W. Development of multiplex real-time PCR for simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2, CCoV, and FIPV. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1337690. [PMID: 39051010 PMCID: PMC11266814 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1337690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), canine coronavirus (CCoV), and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), have the potential for interspecies transmission. These viruses can be present in complex environments where humans, dogs, and cats coexist, posing a significant threat to both human and animal safety. Methods and results In this study, we developed a novel multiplex TaqMan-probe-based real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of SARS-CoV-2, CCoV, and FIPV. Specific primers and TaqMan fluorescent probes were designed based on the N region of SARS-CoV-2 and FIPV, as well as the S region of CCoV, which demonstrated a remarkable sensitivity and specificity toward the targeted viruses, as few as 21.83, 17.25 and 9.25 copies/μL for SARS-CoV-2, CCoV and FIPV, respectively. The standard curve constructed by the optimized method in our present study showed a high amplification efficiency within or near the optimal range of 91% to 116% and R(2) values were at least 0.95 for the abovementioned coronaviruses. A total of 91 samples, including six plasmid mixed mock samples, four virus fluid mixing simulated samples, and 81 clinical samples, were analyzed using this method. Results demonstrated strong agreement with conventional approaches. Discussion By enabling the simultaneous detection of three viruses, this method enhances testing efficiency while decreasing costs. Importantly, it provides a valuable tool for the prevalence and geographical distribution of suspected and co-infected animals, ultimately contributing to the advancement of both animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Animal Laboratory, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Animal Laboratory, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jige Du
- Animal Laboratory, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhu
- Animal Laboratory, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chenfan Pan
- Animal Laboratory, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chunsheng Yin
- Animal Laboratory, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Guarnieri C, Bertola L, Ferrari L, Quintavalla C, Corradi A, Di Lecce R. Myocarditis in an FIP-Diseased Cat with FCoV M1058L Mutation: Clinical and Pathological Changes. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1673. [PMID: 38891720 PMCID: PMC11171033 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
An 8-month-old intact male domestic shorthair cat was referred to the Emergency Service of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) of the Department of Veterinary Science of the University of Parma (Italy) from the Parma municipal multi-cat shelter, during the winter season (January 2023), for lethargy, anorexia, hypothermia, and hypoglycemia. At the VTH, upon cardiologic examination, an increase in heart rate, under normal blood pressure conditions, was detected. Signalment, clinical history, basal metabolic panel (BMP), ultrasound investigations, and cytological findings were all consistent with a diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FIP was confirmed in the effusive abdominal fluid by a molecular genetic test (real-time PCR for feline coronavirus RNA). The molecular genetic investigation also detected an FCoV S gene single-nucleotide mutation: biotype M1058L. At necropsy, an effusive collection was recorded in the abdomen, thoracic cavity, and pericardium sac. White parenchymal nodules, of about 1 mm diameter, were found on the surface and deep in the lungs, liver, kidneys, and heart. Histopathology revealed the typical FIP pyogranulomatous vasculitis and IHC confirmed the presence of the FIP virus (FIPV) antigen. The most relevant histopathological finding was the myocarditis/myocardial necrosis associated with the presence of the S gene-mutated FCoV (M1058L biotype). This is the first case of myocarditis in a cat positive for the FCoV/FIP M1058L biotype. Further studies are necessary to support the mutated FCoV M1058L biotype, as an uncommon, but possible, causative pathogen of myocarditis in FCoV/FIP-positive cats. Studies including several FCoV/FIP M1058L-positive cases could allow us to make a correlation with heart gross pathology, histopathology, and immunolocalization of the FCoV/FIP M1058L biotype in the myocardium. The investigation will potentially allow us to determine the effective tropism of the FCoV/FIP M1058L biotype for myocardiocytes or whether myocardiocyte lesions are evident in the presence of concomitant causes related to the patient, its poor condition, or external environmental distress such as cold season, and whether the aforementioned concomitant events are correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Guarnieri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.G.); (C.Q.); (R.D.L.)
| | - Luca Bertola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione Unimi, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.G.); (C.Q.); (R.D.L.)
| | - Cecilia Quintavalla
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.G.); (C.Q.); (R.D.L.)
| | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.G.); (C.Q.); (R.D.L.)
| | - Rosanna Di Lecce
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (C.G.); (C.Q.); (R.D.L.)
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Yang D, Ju H, Li X, Shen H, Ge F, Yang X, Zhao H, Wu X, Zhu X, Wang X, Wang J, Huang S. Epidemiological Surveillance of Respiratory Diseases in Urban Stray Cats in Shanghai. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1562. [PMID: 38891609 PMCID: PMC11171251 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Urban stray cats are cats without owners that survive in the wild for extended periods of time. They are one of the most common stray animals in cities, and as such, monitoring the pathogens carried by urban stray cats is an important component of urban epidemiological surveillance. In order to understand the prevalence of respiratory diseases in urban stray cats in Shanghai and provide scientific evidence for the development of targeted prevention and control strategies for respiratory diseases in stray cats, we collected 374 ocular, nasal, and oropharyngeal swabs from urban stray cats in Shanghai from January 2022 to December 2022. After RNA extraction, we used real-time PCR to detect six respiratory pathogens, including influenza A virus, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus type 1, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Bordetella bronchiseptica. The results showed that among the 374 samples, 146 tested positive, with a positivity rate of 39.04%. The highest positivity rate was observed for Mycoplasma felis at 18.72% (70/374), followed by Chlamydia felis at 11.76% (44/374), feline calicivirus at 3.74% (14/374), feline herpesvirus 1 at 3.48% (13/374), Bordetella bronchiseptica at 1.34% (5/374), and influenza A virus was not detected. The highest positivity rate for Mycoplasma felis was in Minhang District at 31.94% (23/72), while Chlamydia felis and Bordetella bronchiseptica had the highest positivity rates in Jiading District at 23.53% (8/34) and 5.88% (2/34), respectively. The highest positivity rates for feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus 1 were both observed in Qingpu District, at 14.46% (12/83) and 9.64% (8/83), respectively. A total of 36 samples showed mixed infections with two or more pathogens, with Mycoplasma felis being involved in 32 of these mixed infections, with the highest number of mixed infections being with Chlamydia felis at 25 samples. Respiratory pathogen positivity was detected throughout the year, with peak detection rates in summer and winter. The positivity rates of cat respiratory pathogens in different seasons showed statistical differences (χ2 = 27.73, p < 0.01). There was no statistical difference in the positivity rates of respiratory pathogens between cats of different genders (χ2 = 0.92, p > 0.05). The positivity rates of respiratory pathogens in cats of different age groups showed statistical differences (χ2 = 44.41, p < 0.01). Mycoplasma felis and Chlamydia felis were the main pathogens causing respiratory infections in stray cats, with Mycoplasma felis showing a much higher positivity rate than other respiratory pathogens and often co-infecting with Chlamydia felis and feline calicivirus. The positivity rate of Mycoplasma felis was high in summer, autumn, and winter, with no statistical difference between seasons. These results indicate a serious overall prevalence of respiratory pathogens in urban stray cats in the Shanghai area, showing seasonal trends and mixed infections with other pathogens. These findings suggest the need for comprehensive prevention and control measures to address respiratory pathogen infections in urban stray cats in the Shanghai area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Wang
- Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai 201103, China; (D.Y.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (H.S.); (F.G.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Shixin Huang
- Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai 201103, China; (D.Y.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (H.S.); (F.G.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.W.); (X.Z.); (X.W.)
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Helfer-Hungerbuehler AK, Spiri AM, Meili T, Riond B, Krentz D, Zwicklbauer K, Buchta K, Zuzzi-Krebitz AM, Hartmann K, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Meli ML. Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein Quantification via Spatial Proximity Analyte Reagent Capture Luminescence Assay: Application as Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker in Serum and Effusions of Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Undergoing GS-441524 Therapy. Viruses 2024; 16:791. [PMID: 38793672 PMCID: PMC11125897 DOI: 10.3390/v16050791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Until recently, the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats usually led to euthanasia, but recent research has revealed that antiviral drugs, including the nucleoside analog GS-441524, have the potential to effectively cure FIP. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) has been suggested as a diagnostic marker for FIP. However, AGP quantification methods are not easily accessible. This study aimed to establish a Spatial Proximity Analyte Reagent Capture Luminescence (SPARCLTM) assay on the VetBio-1 analyzer to determine the AGP concentrations in feline serum and effusion samples. Linearity was found in serial dilutions between 1:2000 and 1:32,000; the intra-run and inter-run precision was <5% and <15%, respectively; and AGP was stable in serum stored for at least 8 days at room temperature, at 4 °C and at -20 °C. Cats with confirmed FIP had significantly higher serum AGP concentrations (median: 2954 µg/mL (range: 200-5861 µg/mL)) than those with other inflammatory diseases (median: 1734 µg/mL (305-3449 µg/mL)) and clinically healthy cats (median 235 µg/mL (range: 78-616 µg/mL); pKW < 0.0001). The AGP concentrations were significantly higher in the effusions from cats with FIP than in those from diseased cats without FIP (pMWU < 0.0001). The AGP concentrations in the serum of cats with FIP undergoing GS-441524 treatment showed a significant drop within the first seven days of treatment and reached normal levels after ~14 days. In conclusion, the VetBio-1 SPARCLTM assay offers a precise, fast and cost-effective method to measure the AGP concentrations in serum and effusion samples of feline patients. The monitoring of the AGP concentration throughout FIP treatment provides a valuable marker to evaluate the treatment's effectiveness and identify potential relapses at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Katrin Helfer-Hungerbuehler
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (T.M.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Andrea M. Spiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (T.M.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Theres Meili
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (T.M.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (T.M.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Daniela Krentz
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (D.K.); (K.Z.); (K.B.); (A.-M.Z.-K.); (K.H.)
| | - Katharina Zwicklbauer
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (D.K.); (K.Z.); (K.B.); (A.-M.Z.-K.); (K.H.)
| | - Katharina Buchta
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (D.K.); (K.Z.); (K.B.); (A.-M.Z.-K.); (K.H.)
| | - Anna-Maria Zuzzi-Krebitz
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (D.K.); (K.Z.); (K.B.); (A.-M.Z.-K.); (K.H.)
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (D.K.); (K.Z.); (K.B.); (A.-M.Z.-K.); (K.H.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (T.M.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (T.M.); (B.R.); (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.)
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Katayama M, Uemura Y, Katori D. Effect of Nucleic Acid Analog Administration on Fluctuations in the Albumin-to-Globulin Ratio in Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1322. [PMID: 38731326 PMCID: PMC11083710 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease in cats classified as either effusive ('wet'), non-effusive ('dry'), or a mixture of both forms ('mixed'). The anti-FIP therapeutic effects of Mutian and molnupiravir, two drugs with a nucleic acid analog as an active ingredient, have been confirmed recently. METHODS Of the cats with FIP, we observed a total of 122 and 56 cases that achieved remission after the administration of Mutian and molnupiravir as routine treatments, respectively. Changes in clinical indicators suggested to be correlated with FIP remission (weight, hematocrit, and albumin-to-globulin ratio) before and after the administration of each drug and during follow-up observation were statistically compared for each FIP type. RESULTS In all three FIP types, the administration of either Mutian or molnupiravir resulted in statistically significant increases in these indicators. Furthermore, the effect of Mutian on improving the albumin-to-globulin ratio was not observed at all in wet FIP, as compared with that of molnupiravir, but statistically significant in mixed and dry (p < 0.02 and p < 0.003, respectively). The differences in albumin-to-globulin ratio were all due to those of circulating globulin levels. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that slight inflammatory responses might be elicited continuously by a residual virus that persisted through molnupiravir treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Katayama
- Bloom Animal Hospital, Kajiyama 1-10-32, Tsurumi, Yokohama City 230-0072, Japan;
| | - Yukina Uemura
- Bloom Animal Hospital, Kajiyama 1-10-32, Tsurumi, Yokohama City 230-0072, Japan;
| | - Daichi Katori
- Katori Animal Hospital, Migawa-cho 2563-16, Mito City 310-0913, Japan;
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Hu T, Zhang H, Zhang X, Hong X, Zhang T. Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) in Mainland China between 2008 and 2023: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1220. [PMID: 38672367 PMCID: PMC11047601 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the overall prevalence of FIP infection in cats in mainland China and associated risk factors, studies on the prevalence of FIP conducted from 1 January 2008 to 20 December 2023 were retrieved from five databases-CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect-and comprehensively reviewed. The 21 studies selected, with a total of 181,014 samples, underwent a rigorous meta-analysis after quality assessment. The results revealed a 2% prevalence of FIP (95% CI: 1-2%) through the random-effects model, showing considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 95.2%). The subsequent subgroup analysis revealed that the age and gender of cats are significant risk factors for FIP infection in mainland China. In order to effectively reduce and control the prevalence of FIP on the Chinese mainland, we suggest improving the immunity of cats, with special attention given to health management in kittens and intact cats, and continuously monitoring FIPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Hu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | | | - Xueping Zhang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xingping Hong
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tangjie Zhang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Moyadee W, Sunpongsri S, Choowongkomon K, Roytrakul S, Rattanasrisomporn A, Tansakul N, Rattanasrisomporn J. Feline infectious peritonitis: A comprehensive evaluation of clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11:19-26. [PMID: 38680809 PMCID: PMC11055576 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2024.k742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and estimate the median survival time of FIP cats treated with prednisolone to guide further therapeutic planning. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, data from a total of 116 cats with effusion were fully recorded. Forty-five FIP-diagnosed cats were enrolled for analysis. Results The study findings indicate that FIP was a disease affecting cats aged 1-2 years and was highly prevalent among male cats. Clinical manifestations of FIP affected the digestive (60%), hematological (53.3%), respiratory (33.3%), neurological (6.7%), and ocular (4.4%) systems. Blood profiles revealed mild anemia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, and an albumin to globulin ratio of 0.4. Fluid analysis and cytology of FIP cats demonstrated a transparent yellow fluid with a protein content of 6 gm/dl and a total nucleated cell count of approximately 5,000-10,000 cells. During the observation period, FIP cats treated with prednisolone exhibited a median survival time of 31 days. Conclusion Confirming FIP cases can be challenging; therefore, a tentative diagnosis of FIP must be made with care. This study provided practical diagnostic tools to diagnose FIP based on clinical signs and multiple abnormalities, which allowed for more efficient and rapid detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassamon Moyadee
- Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supita Sunpongsri
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology for Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Amonpun Rattanasrisomporn
- Interdisciplinary of Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthasit Tansakul
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
- Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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9
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhang M, Deng X, Song J, Zhu J, Yu L, Li G, Liu G. An adenovirus-vectored vaccine based on the N protein of feline coronavirus elicit robust protective immune responses. Antiviral Res 2024; 223:105825. [PMID: 38311297 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is an unsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Alphacoronavirus genus. It can cause fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats of any ages. Currently, there are no effective prevention and control measures to against FCoV. In this study, we developed a recombinant adenovirus vaccine, AD5-N, based on the nucleocapsid(N) protein of FCoV. The immunogenicity of AD5-N was evaluated through intramuscular immunization in 6-week-old Balb/c mice and 9-12 months old cats. Compared to the control group, AD5-N specifically induced a significant increase in IgG and SIgA levels in the vaccinated mice. Furthermore, AD5-N not only effectively promoted strong cellular immune responses in cats but also induced high levels of specific SIgA, effectively helping cats resist FCoV infection. Our findings suggest that adenovirus vector vaccines based on the N gene have the potential to become candidate vaccines for the prevention and control of FCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yun Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Junna Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Deng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Junhan Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Guoxin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
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Schmied K, Ehmann R, Kristen-Burmann C, Ebert N, Barut GT, Almeida L, Kelly JN, Thomann L, Stalder H, Lang R, Tekes G, Thiel V. An RNA replicon system to investigate promising inhibitors of feline coronavirus. J Virol 2024; 98:e0121623. [PMID: 38236006 PMCID: PMC10878086 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01216-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal feline disease, caused by a feline coronavirus (FCoV), namely feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). We produced a baby hamster kidney 21 (BHK) cell line expressing a serotype I FCoV replicon RNA with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene (BHK-F-Rep) and used it as an in vitro screening system to test different antiviral compounds. Two inhibitors of the FCoV main protease (Mpro), namely GC376 and Nirmatrelvir, as well as the nucleoside analog Remdesivir proved to be effective in inhibiting the replicon system. Different combinations of these compounds also proved to be potent inhibitors, having an additive effect when combined. Remdesivir, GC376, and Nirmatrelvir all have a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) more than 200 times higher than their half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), making them important candidates for future in vivo studies as well as clinically implemented drug candidates. In addition, results were acquired with a virus infection system, where Felis catus whole fetus 4 (Fcwf-4) cells were infected with a previously described recombinant GFP-expressing FIPV (based on the laboratory-adapted serotype I FIPV strain Black) and treated with the most promising compounds. Results acquired with the replicon system were comparable to the results acquired with the virus infection system, demonstrating that we successfully implemented the FCoV replicon system for antiviral screening. We expect that this system will greatly facilitate future screens for anti-FIPV compounds and provide a non-infectious system to study and evaluate drug-resistant mutations that may emerge in the FIPV genome.IMPORTANCEFIPV is of great significance in the cat population around the world, causing 0.3%-1.4% of feline deaths in veterinary practices (2). As there are neither effective preventive measures nor approved treatment options available, there is an urgent need to identify antiviral drugs against FIPV. Our FCoV replicon system provides a valuable tool for drug discovery in vitro. Due to the lack of cell culture systems for serotype I FCoVs (the serotype most prevalent in the feline population) (2), a different system is needed to study these viruses. A viral replicon system is a valuable tool for studying FCoVs. Overall, our results demonstrate the utility of the serotype I feline coronavirus replicon system for antiviral screening as well as to study this virus in general. We propose several compounds representing promising candidates for future clinical trials and ultimately with the potential to save cats suffering from FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Schmied
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rosina Ehmann
- Institute of Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Nadine Ebert
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Güliz Tuba Barut
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lea Almeida
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jenna N. Kelly
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa Thomann
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Stalder
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reto Lang
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gergely Tekes
- Institute of Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
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11
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Zhu J, Deng S, Mou D, Zhang G, Fu Y, Huang W, Zhang Y, Lyu Y. Analysis of spike and accessory 3c genes mutations of less virulent and FIP-associated feline coronaviruses in Beijing, China. Virology 2024; 589:109919. [PMID: 37939649 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in S and 3c genes of feline coronavirus (FCoV) have been associated with the development of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). In the present study, FCoV S and 3c genes mutations were analyzed in healthy and FIP cats. M1058L mutation was found in 13.64% (3/22) feces from FIP cats, but not in feces from healthy cats (0/39). The intact 3c gene was found in feces from both healthy cats (19/19) and FIP cats (12/12). All parenteral samples from FIP cats carried one or more of the M1058L mutation, S1060A mutation and mutated 3c gene. FCoV reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of parenteral samples (including ascites, pleural effusions and tissue) is recommended as the gold standard for clinical diagnosis of FIP rather than detection of the M1058L mutation, but when cats have severe gastrointestinal symptoms and lesions, detection of the M1058L mutation in feces may be helpful in diagnosing FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuqi Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Danxia Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gege Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingying Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Huang
- China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yueping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanli Lyu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; China Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Beijing, 100193, China.
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12
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Dobie AP, Bayrakal A, Or ME, Bilge AH. Dynamics of Feline Coronavirus and FIP: A Compartmental Modeling Approach. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:2721907. [PMID: 38023430 PMCID: PMC10673673 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2721907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation of infectious agents invading human and nonhuman populations represents a rich research domain within the framework of mathematical biology, captivating the interest of scientists across various disciplines. In this work, we examine the endemic equilibrium of feline coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis by using a modified susceptible-infected-susceptible epidemiological model. We incorporate the concept of mutations from FCoV to FIP to enrich our analysis. We establish that the model, when subjected to reasonable parameter ranges, supports an endemic equilibrium wherein the FCoV group dominates. To demonstrate the stability of the equilibria under typical parameters and initial conditions, we employ the model SCF presented by Dobie in 2022 (Dobie, 2022). We ascertain that the equilibrium values reside within the interior domains of stability. Additionally, we displayed perturbed solutions to enhance our understanding. Remarkably, our findings align qualitatively with existing literature, which reports the prevalence of seropositivity to FCoV among stray cats (Tekelioglu et al. 2015, Oğuzoğlu et al. 2010, Pratelli 2008, Arshad et al. 2004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Peker Dobie
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Alper Bayrakal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Erman Or
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ayse Humeyra Bilge
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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13
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Kabir A, Habib T, Chouhan CS, Hassan J, Rahman AKMA, Nazir KHMNH. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of Feline panleukopenia virus from suspected domestic cats in selected Bangladesh regions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282559. [PMID: 37862355 PMCID: PMC10588828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia (FPL) is a highly contagious cat disease and is endemic in Bangladesh. The study aims to describe the epidemiology and molecular characterization of the Feline panleukopenia virus from the suspected domestic cats in selected Bangladesh regions. Randomly, 161 rectal swabs were collected from the pet hospitals between July 2021 and December 2022. A structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews with cat owners in order to collect data on potential risk factors for FPL, such as age, sex, sharing litter boxes and every day utensils in multicat households, vaccination history, hospital visits for other diseases, and season. The rectal swabs were tested by PCR targeting the VP2 capsid protein gene, and six PCR-positive samples were further sequenced for molecular characterizations. The risk factors for FPLV were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The overall prevalence of FPL among suspects was 22.9%. The mortality and case fatality were 10.6%, and 45.9%, respectively. However, mortality in kittens was significantly higher (16.4%) than younger cats. The odds of FPL were 8.83 times (95% CI: 3.14-24.85) higher among unvaccinated cats than vaccinated cats. The winter season had almost six times (95% CI: 1.38-24.40) higher odds of FPL than rainy season. In a multicat house, the odds of FPL was about five times (95% CI: 1.93-13.45) higher for cats that shared a litter box and food utensils compared to those that did not engage in such sharing. Visiting hospitals for other reasons nearly triples the odds of FPL (OR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.04-7.54) compared to cats that do not visit hospitals. Analysis of partial sequence of the VP2 gene revealed genetic variations among the isolates from different regions. Among these isolates, four were identical to FPLV isolates from South Korea and China, while one showed complete homology with FPLV isolates from Thailand. In contrast, the remaining one was 100% identical to Carnivore protoparvovirus-1 isolated from a feline sample in Italy. Our isolates were classified into three distinct clades alongside Feline panleukopenia virus and Carnivore protoparvovirus-1. One in every three suspected cats was infected with Feline panleukopenia. Regular vaccination of the cats, especially those that share common litter box and food utensils and visit hospitals for other purposes, will help reduce the prevalence of FPL in Bangladesh. Besides, it is worth emphasizing the existence of genetic diversity among the circulating Feline panleukopenia viruses in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajran Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Tasmia Habib
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - Jayedul Hassan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - K. H. M. Nazmul Hussain Nazir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- Mymensingh Pet Clinic and Research Center, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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14
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Sase O. Molnupiravir treatment of 18 cats with feline infectious peritonitis: A case series. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1876-1880. [PMID: 37551843 PMCID: PMC10472991 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a viral disease in cats, caused by certain strains of coronavirus and has a high case fatality rate. OBJECTIVE This case series reports the outcomes of treatment of cats with FIP using molnupiravir. ANIMALS Eighteen cats diagnosed with FIP at the You-Me Animal Clinic, Sakura-shi, Japan between January and August 2022, and whose owners gave informed consent to this experimental treatment. METHODS For this prospective observational study, molnupiravir tablets were compounded in-house at the You-Me Animal Clinic. Owners administered 10-20 mg/kg PO twice daily. Standard treatment duration was 84 days. RESULTS Among 18 cats, 13 cats had effusive FIP and 5 had noneffusive FIP. Three cats had neurological or ocular signs of FIP before treatment. Four cats, all with effusive FIP, died or were euthanized within 7 days of starting treatment. The remaining 14 cats completed treatment and remained in remission at the time of writing (139-206 days after starting treatment). Elevated serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity was found in 3 cats, all at Days 7-9, and all recovered without management. Two cats with jaundice were hospitalized, 1 during treatment (Day 37) and 1 with severe anemia at the start of treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This case series suggests that molnupiravir might be an effective and safe treatment for domestic cats with FIP at a dose of 10-20 mg/kg twice daily.
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15
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Tasker S, Addie DD, Egberink H, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hosie MJ, Truyen U, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Lloret A, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Thiry E, Möstl K, Hartmann K. Feline Infectious Peritonitis: European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases Guidelines. Viruses 2023; 15:1847. [PMID: 37766254 PMCID: PMC10535984 DOI: 10.3390/v15091847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a ubiquitous RNA virus of cats, which is transmitted faeco-orally. In these guidelines, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) presents a comprehensive review of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FCoV is primarily an enteric virus and most infections do not cause clinical signs, or result in only enteritis, but a small proportion of FCoV-infected cats develop FIP. The pathology in FIP comprises a perivascular phlebitis that can affect any organ. Cats under two years old are most frequently affected by FIP. Most cats present with fever, anorexia, and weight loss; many have effusions, and some have ocular and/or neurological signs. Making a diagnosis is complex and ABCD FIP Diagnostic Approach Tools are available to aid veterinarians. Sampling an effusion, when present, for cytology, biochemistry, and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection is very useful diagnostically. In the absence of an effusion, fine-needle aspirates from affected organs for cytology and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection are helpful. Definitive diagnosis usually requires histopathology with FCoV antigen detection. Antiviral treatments now enable recovery in many cases from this previously fatal disease; nucleoside analogues (e.g., oral GS-441524) are very effective, although they are not available in all countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
- Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Diane D. Addie
- Independent Researcher, 64000 Pyrénées Aquitaine, France;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
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16
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Zwicklbauer K, Krentz D, Bergmann M, Felten S, Dorsch R, Fischer A, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Meli ML, Spiri AM, Alberer M, Kolberg L, Matiasek K, Zablotski Y, von Both U, Hartmann K. Long-term follow-up of cats in complete remission after treatment of feline infectious peritonitis with oral GS-441524. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231183250. [PMID: 37548535 PMCID: PMC10811998 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231183250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a common disease in cats caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV), is usually fatal once clinical signs appear. Successful treatment of FIP with oral GS-441524 for 84 days was demonstrated recently by this research group. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome in these cats. METHODS A total of 18 successfully treated cats were followed for up to 1 year after treatment initiation (9 months after completion of the antiviral treatment). Follow-up examinations were performed at 12-week intervals, including physical examination, haematology, serum biochemistry, abdominal and thoracic ultrasound, FCoV ribonucleic acid (RNA) loads in blood and faeces by reverse transciptase-quantitative PCR and anti-FCoV antibody titres by indirect immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS Follow-up data were available from 18 cats in week 24, from 15 cats in week 36 and from 14 cats in week 48 (after the start of treatment), respectively. Laboratory parameters remained stable after the end of the treatment, with undetectable blood viral loads (in all but one cat on one occasion). Recurrence of faecal FCoV shedding was detected in five cats. In four cats, an intermediate short-term rise in anti-FCoV antibody titres was detected. In total, 12 cats showed abdominal lymphadenomegaly during the follow-up period; four of them continuously during the treatment and follow-up period. Two cats developed mild neurological signs, compatible with feline hyperaesthesia syndrome, in weeks 36 and 48, respectively; however, FCoV RNA remained undetectable in blood and faeces, and no increase in anti-FCoV antibody titres was observed in these two cats, and the signs resolved. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Treatment with GS-441524 proved to be effective against FIP in both the short term as well as the long term, with no confirmed relapse during the 1-year follow-up period. Whether delayed neurological signs could be a long-term adverse effect of the treatment or associated with a 'long FIP syndrome' needs to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Zwicklbauer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Krentz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Felten
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roswitha Dorsch
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea M Spiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Alberer
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Kolberg
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich von Both
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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17
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Duijvestijn MBHM, Schuurman NNMP, Vernooij JCM, van Leeuwen MAJM, Bosch BJ, van den Brand JMA, Wagenaar JA, van Kuppeveld FJM, Egberink HF, Verhagen JH. Serological Survey of Retrovirus and Coronavirus Infections, including SARS-CoV-2, in Rural Stray Cats in The Netherlands, 2020-2022. Viruses 2023; 15:1531. [PMID: 37515217 PMCID: PMC10385588 DOI: 10.3390/v15071531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Stray cats can host (zoonotic) viral pathogens and act as a source of infection for domestic cats or humans. In this cross-sectional (sero)prevalence study, sera from 580 stray cats living in 56 different cat groups in rural areas in The Netherlands were collected from October 2020 to July 2022. These were used to investigate the prevalence of the cat-specific feline leukemia virus (FeLV, n = 580), the seroprevalence of the cat-specific feline viruses feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV, n = 580) and feline coronavirus (FCoV, n = 407), and the zoonotic virus severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2, n = 407) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). ELISA-positive results were confirmed using Western blot (FIV) or pseudovirus neutralization test (SARS-CoV-2). The FIV seroprevalence was 5.0% (95% CI (Confidence Interval) 3.4-7.1) and ranged from 0-19.0% among groups. FIV-specific antibodies were more often detected in male cats, cats ≥ 3 years and cats with reported health problems. No FeLV-positive cats were found (95% CI 0.0-0.6). The FCoV seroprevalence was 33.7% (95% CI 29.1-38.5) and ranged from 4.7-85.7% among groups. FCoV-specific antibodies were more often detected in cats ≥ 3 years, cats with reported health problems and cats living in industrial areas or countryside residences compared to cats living at holiday parks or campsites. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against the subunit 1 (S1) and receptor binding domain (RBD) protein were detected in 2.7% (95% CI 1.4-4.8) of stray cats, but sera were negative in the pseudovirus neutralization test and therefore were considered SARS-CoV-2 suspected. Our findings suggest that rural stray cats in The Netherlands can be a source of FIV and FCoV, indicating a potential risk for transmission to other cats, while the risk for FeLV is low. However, suspected SARS-CoV-2 infections in these cats were uncommon. We found no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 cat-to-cat spread in the studied stray cat groups and consider the likelihood of spillover to humans as low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam B H M Duijvestijn
- Clinical Infectiology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy N M P Schuurman
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes C M Vernooij
- Division of Farm Animal Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M A van den Brand
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Clinical Infectiology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Herman F Egberink
- Clinical Infectiology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Josanne H Verhagen
- Clinical Infectiology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Parisi F, Fonti N, Millanta F, Freer G, Pistello M, Poli A. Exploring the link between viruses and cancer in companion animals: a comprehensive and comparative analysis. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:40. [PMID: 37386451 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, it is estimated that 15% of human neoplasms globally are caused by infectious agents, with new evidence emerging continuously. Multiple agents have been implicated in various forms of neoplasia, with viruses as the most frequent. In recent years, investigation on viral mechanisms underlying tumoral transformation in cancer development and progression are in the spotlight, both in human and veterinary oncology. Oncogenic viruses in veterinary medicine are of primary importance not only as original pathogens of pets, but also in the view of pets as models of human malignancies. Hence, this work will provide an overview of the main oncogenic viruses of companion animals, with brief notes of comparative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Niccolò Fonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Millanta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Freer
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento, 36, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento, 36, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Farsijani F, Safi S, Shirazi Beheshtiha SH. Comparison of the Performance of Bioresonance, Electrophoresis and RT-PCR in the Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2023; 78:1077-1085. [PMID: 38028839 PMCID: PMC10657951 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2023.360790.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) continues to be one of the most researched infectious diseases of cats. The diagnosis of FIP is challenging, and diverse techniques have been developed for its accurate diagnosis. However, they have some limitations. The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of specific modulation frequency (SMF), compared to other routine diagnostic methods for detecting feline coronavirus. Blood samples were collected from 30 diseased cats suspected of having FIP based on clinical signs. Electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and SMF tests were performed for each sample. The sensitivity and specificity of each test, as well as the agreement between the tests and the gold standard (the combination of PCR, electrophoresis, and bioresonance results), were calculated using the Kappa coefficient method. The sensitivity and specificity of electrophoresis, PCR, and SMF for the diagnosis of FIP were 70.6%, 70.6%, 100%, and 100%, 72.7%, 81.8%, respectively. According to the findings of the present study, SMF is effective and safe in FIP diagnosis, which is a challenge in veterinary medicine diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Farsijani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Safi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S H Shirazi Beheshtiha
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
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20
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Choi JC, Jung SW, Choi IY, Kang YL, Lee DH, Lee SW, Park SY, Song CS, Choi IS, Lee JB, Oh C. Rottlerin-Liposome Inhibits the Endocytosis of Feline Coronavirus Infection. Vet Sci 2023; 10:380. [PMID: 37368766 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rottlerin (R) is a natural extract from Mallotus philippensis with antiviral properties. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV) that is characterized by systemic granulomatous inflammation and high mortality. We investigated the antiviral effect of liposome-loaded R, i.e., rottlerin-liposome (RL), against FCoV. We demonstrated that RL inhibited FCoV replication in a dose-dependent manner, not only in the early endocytosis stage but also in the late stage of replication. RL resolved the low solubility issue of rottlerin and improved its inhibition efficacy at the cellular level. Based on these findings, we suggest that RL is worth further investigation as a potential treatment for FCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chul Choi
- Qvet Co., Ltd., 606, Alumini Association Building of Konkuk University, 5 Achasan-ro 36-gil, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05066, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Won Jung
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Yeong Choi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Lim Kang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- KU Research Center for Zoonosis, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- KU Research Center for Zoonosis, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- KU Research Center for Zoonosis, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- KU Research Center for Zoonosis, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- KU Research Center for Zoonosis, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- KU Research Center for Zoonosis, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Changin Oh
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA
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21
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Zeng Z, Yue W, Kined C, Wang P, Liu R, Liu J, Chen X. Bacillus licheniformis reverses the environmental ceftriaxone sodium-induced gut microbial dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 257:114890. [PMID: 37084659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics used as a common clinical treatment have saved many lives. Widespread use of antibiotic therapy has been known to disrupt the balance of pathogenic bacteria, host-associated microorganisms and environment. However, our understanding of Bacillus licheniformis for health benefits and ability to restore the ceftriaxone sodium-induced gut microbial dysbiosis is severely limited. We used Caco-2 cell, H&E (hematoxylin-eosin staining), RT-PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing techniques to investigate the influence of Bacillus licheniformis on gut microbial dysbiosis and inflammation following ceftriaxone sodium treatment. The results showed that treatment of ceftriaxone sodium in 7 days suppressed the expression of Nf-κB pathway mRNA levels, which caused cytoplasmic vacuolization in intestinal tissues, afterward, the administration of Bacillus licheniformis could effectively restore intestinal morphology and inflammation levels. Moreover, the ceftriaxone sodium treatment entirely affected the intestinal microbial ecology, leading to a decrease in microbial abundance. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Epsilonbacteraeota were the most predominant phyla in each of the four groups. Specifically, the MA group (ceftriaxone sodium treatment) resulted in a significant decrease in the relative abundance of 2 bacterial phyla and 20 bacterial genera compared to the administration of Bacillus licheniformis after ceftriaxone sodium treatment. The supplementation of Bacillus licheniformis could increase the growth of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus and encourage the construction of a more mature and stable microbiome. Furthermore, Bacillus licheniformis could restore the intestinal microbiome disorders and inflammation levels following ceftriaxone sodium treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Zeng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine/Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Wen Yue
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine/Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, PR China
| | - Cermon Kined
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - PengPeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ran Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine/Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, PR China
| | - Xinzhu Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine/Fujian Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, PR China.
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22
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Moyadee W, Chiteafea N, Tuanthap S, Choowongkomon K, Roytrakul S, Rungsuriyawiboon O, Boonkaewwan C, Tansakul N, Rattanasrisomporn A, Rattanasrisomporn J. The first study on clinicopathological changes in cats with feline infectious peritonitis with and without retrovirus coinfection. Vet World 2023; 16:820-827. [PMID: 37235153 PMCID: PMC10206975 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.820-827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is an infectious, immune-mediated, and fatal disease in cats caused by a mutant feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are two common retroviruses that play a role in reducing feline immune function with opportunistic retrovirus infection being a predisposing factor for the development of FIP. This study aimed to evaluate the clinicopathological parameters of FIP in cats with and without retrovirus coinfection. Materials and Methods In total, 62 cats presenting with pleural and/or peritoneal effusion at the Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, were selected for the study. Effusion samples were collected and a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was performed on all samples using the 3' untranslated region primer. All FCoV-positive cats were tested for retrovirus infection using a commercial kit (Witness FeLV-FIV [Zoetis]; United States). Clinical signs, hematological, and biochemical parameters of these cats were investigated and grouped. Results Of the 62 cats with pleural and/or peritoneal effusion, FCoV was detected in 32, of which 21 were highly suspicious for FIP. The cats suspected of FIP were divided into three subgroups following viral detection. A total of 14 had only FCoV infection (Group A), four had FCoV and FeLV infection (Group B), and three had FCoV, FeLV, and FIV infection (Group C). Of the rest, 11 had definitive diagnoses, which included three being FCoV and FeLV-positive (Group D), and eight were retrovirus-negative (Group E). Mild anemia and lymphopenia were found in cats infected with these three viruses. An albumin-to-globulin ratio lower than 0.5 was found in FIP cats with only FCoV infection. Conclusion Typically, cats with clinical effusion and FIP, with and without retrovirus coinfection, had similar hematological findings. Clinical signs, blood parameters, fluid analysis with cytological assessment, and RT-PCR assays could identify better criteria to diagnose FIP with and without retrovirus coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassamon Moyadee
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natdaroon Chiteafea
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supansa Tuanthap
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chonburi, Thailand
| | | | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology for Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Oumaporn Rungsuriyawiboon
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Boonkaewwan
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Natthasit Tansakul
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amonpun Rattanasrisomporn
- Interdisciplinary of Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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23
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Zehr JD, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Millet JK, Olarte-Castillo XA, Lucaci AG, Shank SD, Ceres KM, Choi A, Whittaker GR, Goodman LB, Stanhope MJ. Natural selection differences detected in key protein domains between non-pathogenic and pathogenic feline coronavirus phenotypes. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead019. [PMID: 37038392 PMCID: PMC10082545 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) commonly cause mild enteric infections in felines worldwide (termed feline enteric coronavirus [FECV]), with around 12 per cent developing into deadly feline infectious peritonitis (FIP; feline infectious peritonitis virus [FIPV]). Genomic differences between FECV and FIPV have been reported, yet the putative genotypic basis of the highly pathogenic phenotype remains unclear. Here, we used state-of-the-art molecular evolutionary genetic statistical techniques to identify and compare differences in natural selection pressure between FECV and FIPV sequences, as well as to identify FIPV- and FECV-specific signals of positive selection. We analyzed full-length FCoV protein coding genes thought to contain mutations associated with FIPV (Spike, ORF3abc, and ORF7ab). We identified two sites exhibiting differences in natural selection pressure between FECV and FIPV: one within the S1/S2 furin cleavage site (FCS) and the other within the fusion domain of Spike. We also found fifteen sites subject to positive selection associated with FIPV within Spike, eleven of which have not previously been suggested as possibly relevant to FIP development. These sites fall within Spike protein subdomains that participate in host cell receptor interaction, immune evasion, tropism shifts, host cellular entry, and viral escape. There were fourteen sites (twelve novel sites) within Spike under positive selection associated with the FECV phenotype, almost exclusively within the S1/S2 FCS and adjacent to C domain, along with a signal of relaxed selection in FIPV relative to FECV, suggesting that furin cleavage functionality may not be needed for FIPV. Positive selection inferred in ORF7b was associated with the FECV phenotype and included twenty-four positively selected sites, while ORF7b had signals of relaxed selection in FIPV. We found evidence of positive selection in ORF3c in FCoV-wide analyses, but no specific association with the FIPV or FECV phenotype. We hypothesize that some combination of mutations in FECV may contribute to FIP development, and that it is unlikely to be one singular 'switch' mutational event. This work expands our understanding of the complexities of FIP development and provides insights into how evolutionary forces may alter pathogenesis in coronavirus genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Zehr
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Sergei L Kosakovsky Pond
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jean K Millet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas 78352, France
| | - Ximena A Olarte-Castillo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alexander G Lucaci
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Stephen D Shank
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Kristina M Ceres
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Annette Choi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Laura B Goodman
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael J Stanhope
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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24
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Kokkinaki KCG, Saridomichelakis MN, Mylonakis ME, Leontides L, Xenoulis PG. Seroprevalence of and risk factors for feline coronavirus infection in cats from Greece. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 94:101962. [PMID: 36812794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a highly contagious and ubiquitous virus of domestic cats and wild felids. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal, systemic disease caused by FCoV infection when spontaneous mutations of the viral genome take place. The aims of this study were primarily to determine the prevalence of seropositivity for FCoV in different populations of cats in Greece and assess risk factors for seropositivity. A total of 453 cats were prospectively enrolled in the study. A commercially available IFAT kit was used for the detection of FCoV IgG antibodies in serum. Overall, 55 (12.1 %) of the 453 cats were seropositive for FCoV. Based on multivariable analysis, factors associated with FCoV-seropositivity included cats adopted as strays and contact with other cats. This is the first extensive study on the epidemiology of FCoV in cats from Greece and one of the largest worldwide. Feline coronavirus infection is relatively common in Greece. Therefore, it is necessary to establish optimal strategies for the prevention of FCoV infection, considering the high-risk groups of cats identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassiopi Christina G Kokkinaki
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece.
| | - Manolis N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Mathios E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., GR-54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Leonidas Leontides
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132 Karditsa, Greece; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
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25
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Gao YY, Wang Q, Liang XY, Zhang S, Bao D, Zhao H, Li SB, Wang K, Hu GX, Gao FS. An updated review of feline coronavirus: mind the two biotypes. Virus Res 2023; 326:199059. [PMID: 36731629 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) includes two biotypes: feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Although both biotypes can infect cats, their pathogenicities differ. The FIPV biotype is more virulent than the FECV biotype and can cause peritonitis or even death in cats, while most FECV biotypes do not cause lesions. Even pathogenic strains of the FECV biotype can cause only mild enteritis because of their very low virulence. This article reviews recent progress in FCoV research with regard to FCoV etiological characteristics; epidemiology; clinical symptoms and pathological changes; pathogenesis; and current diagnosis, prevention and treatment methods. It is hoped that this review will provide a reference for further research on FCoV and other coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yu Gao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Liang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Di Bao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Shao-Bai Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Gui-Xue Hu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Feng-Shan Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Xuefu Street 10, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China; The Dalian Gene and Protein Engineering for Drug Screening Key Laboratory, Dalian 116622, China.
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26
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Prognostic Prediction for Therapeutic Effects of Mutian on 324 Client-Owned Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Based on Clinical Laboratory Indicators and Physical Signs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020136. [PMID: 36851440 PMCID: PMC9964428 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease classified as either effusive, non-effusive ('dry'), or a mixture ('mixed') of the forms of FIP, with mixed showing signs of both effusive and dry. To determine whether the therapeutic effect of Mutian on dry and mixed FIP can be predicted using clinical indicators before starting treatment, we entered 161 cats with mixed FIP and 163 cats with dry FIP into this study. Physical assessments, the reverse transcriptase-PCR detection of viral genes, and clinical laboratory tests (hematocrit, albumin/globulin ratio, serum amyloid A, α1-acid glycoprotein, and total bilirubin) were performed before Mutian was administered. These indicators were compared between the FIP groups that survived after receiving Mutian for 84 days and those that died before the completion of treatment. Significant differences in body temperature, appetite, and activity scores were confirmed between the surviving and non-surviving groups. The therapeutic effect was insufficient when total bilirubin levels increased in cats with the mixed form. In both of the FIP types, therapeutic effects were difficult to obtain when neurological clinical signs were observed. The therapeutic effects of Mutian on the cats with dry and mixed FIP can be predicted based on pre-treatment body temperature, appetite scores, and activity scores, as well as the presence of neurological signs.
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27
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Zehr JD, Pond SLK, Millet JK, Olarte-Castillo XA, Lucaci AG, Shank SD, Ceres KM, Choi A, Whittaker GR, Goodman LB, Stanhope MJ. Natural selection differences detected in key protein domains between non-pathogenic and pathogenic Feline Coronavirus phenotypes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.11.523607. [PMID: 36712007 PMCID: PMC9882035 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.11.523607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Feline Coronaviruses (FCoVs) commonly cause mild enteric infections in felines worldwide (termed Feline Enteric Coronavirus [FECV]), with around 12% developing into deadly Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP; Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus [FIPV]). Genomic differences between FECV and FIPV have been reported, yet the putative genotypic basis of the highly pathogenic phenotype remains unclear. Here, we used state-of-the-art molecular evolutionary genetic statistical techniques to identify and compare differences in natural selection pressure between FECV and FIPV sequences, as well as to identify FIPV and FECV specific signals of positive selection. We analyzed full length FCoV protein coding genes thought to contain mutations associated with FIPV (Spike, ORF3abc, and ORF7ab). We identified two sites exhibiting differences in natural selection pressure between FECV and FIPV: one within the S1/S2 furin cleavage site, and the other within the fusion domain of Spike. We also found 15 sites subject to positive selection associated with FIPV within Spike, 11 of which have not previously been suggested as possibly relevant to FIP development. These sites fall within Spike protein subdomains that participate in host cell receptor interaction, immune evasion, tropism shifts, host cellular entry, and viral escape. There were 14 sites (12 novel) within Spike under positive selection associated with the FECV phenotype, almost exclusively within the S1/S2 furin cleavage site and adjacent C domain, along with a signal of relaxed selection in FIPV relative to FECV, suggesting that furin cleavage functionality may not be needed for FIPV. Positive selection inferred in ORF7b was associated with the FECV phenotype, and included 24 positively selected sites, while ORF7b had signals of relaxed selection in FIPV. We found evidence of positive selection in ORF3c in FCoV wide analyses, but no specific association with the FIPV or FECV phenotype. We hypothesize that some combination of mutations in FECV may contribute to FIP development, and that is unlikely to be one singular "switch" mutational event. This work expands our understanding of the complexities of FIP development and provides insights into how evolutionary forces may alter pathogenesis in coronavirus genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D. Zehr
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Sergei L. Kosakovsky Pond
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jean K. Millet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, 78352 Jouyen-Josas, France
| | - Ximena A. Olarte-Castillo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alexander G. Lucaci
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Stephen D. Shank
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Kristina M. Ceres
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Annette Choi
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Laura B. Goodman
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Michael J. Stanhope
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Epidemiological Investigation of Feline Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Encourages a Geographically Specific FCV Vaccine. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10010046. [PMID: 36669047 PMCID: PMC9864582 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 1158 cats with feline upper respiratory tract infection were incorporated from twenty animal hospitals in Wuhan, China, from April 2019 to April 2022 to investigate the epidemiology of feline calicivirus (FCV), herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), Mycoplasma felis (M. felis) and Chlamydia felis (C. felis) for the development of a geographically-specific FCV vaccine with reference to prevalence and risk factors for infection. The 871 samples (75.2%) of kittens were younger than 12 months, of which 693 were males, and 456 were females. Among the samples, 443 were British shorthair cats, accounting for 38.3%, and 252 were Chinese rural cats, accounting for 21.8%. PCR/RT-PCR detection of the above four viruses (FCV, FHV-1, M. felis, and C. felis) in the upper respiratory tract of cats showed that the total positive samples were 744 (64.3%), including 465 positive samples of feline calicivirus, accounting for 40.2% of the total 1158 samples. There were 311 positive samples of M. felis, accounting for 26.9% of the total samples, ranked second in clinical practice. The 180 positive samples of feline herpesvirus accounted for 15.5%, and 85 positive samples of Chlamydia felis accounted for 7.3%. Among them, the number of positive samples of single pathogenic infections was 493, accounting for 66.3% of the total 744 positive samples. Double, triple, and quadruple infections accounted for 28.2%, 5.0%, and 0.5%, respectively, with the highest proportion of single infections. The molecular biological characteristics of the 17 isolated FCVd strains in Wuhan were further analyzed. It was found that the F9 vaccine strain and the antigenic epitopes in the 5'HVR of the E region were collated with the F9 vaccine strain. Moreover, phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the strains related to the F9 and 255 vaccines were distantly related, leading to the failure of the vaccine. In addition, the strains associated with the F9 and 255 vaccines were distant, which might lead to vaccine failure in anticipation of the development of a more phylogenetically close FCV vaccine in China and may require the development of a vaccine for a locally related FCV strain.
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Ratti G, Lelli D, Moreno A, Stranieri A, Trogu T, Giordano A, Grassi A, Luzzago C, Decaro N, Paltrinieri S, Lauzi S. Comparison of diagnostic performances of different serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection in cats and dogs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3530-3539. [PMID: 36183165 PMCID: PMC9538080 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Serosurveillance among animals, including pets, plays an important role in the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, because severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in animal populations could result in the establishment of new virus reservoirs. Serological assays that offer the required sensitivity and specificity are essential. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of three different commercially available immunoassays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in pets, namely two ELISA tests for the detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid [ID Screen SARS CoV-2 double antigen multispecies (Double antigen) and ID Screen® SARS-CoV-2-N IgG indirect ELISA (Indirect)] and one test for the detection of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding-domain [surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT)]. The obtained results were compared with those of conventional virus neutralization test (VNT), which was regarded as reference method. A total of 191 serum samples were analysed. Thirteen (6.8%) samples showed VNT-positive results. The overall sensitivity was higher for sVNT (100%) compared to nucleocapsid-based ELISA assays (23% for Double antigen and 60% for Indirect). The specificity was 100% for Indirect ELISA and sVNT, when a higher cut-off (>30%) was used compared to the one previously defined by the manufacturer (>20%), whereas the other test showed lower value (99%). The sVNT test showed the highest accuracy and agreement with VNT, with a perfect agreement when the higher cut-off was applied. The agreement between each nucleocapsid-based ELISA test and VNT was 96% for Indirect and 94% for Double antigen. Our findings showed that some commercially available serological tests may lead to a high rate of false-negative results, highlighting the importance of assays validation for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Ratti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversity of MilanLodiItaly
| | - Davide Lelli
- Department of VirologyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | - Ana Moreno
- Department of VirologyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | - Angelica Stranieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversity of MilanLodiItaly
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Department of VirologyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversity of MilanLodiItaly
| | - Andrea Grassi
- I‐VET srl, Laboratorio di Analisi VeterinarieFleroBresciaItaly
| | - Camilla Luzzago
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversity of MilanLodiItaly
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroValenzanoBariItaly
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversity of MilanLodiItaly
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversity of MilanLodiItaly
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Černá P, Lobová D, Bubeníková J, Vrábelová J, Molínková D, Hořín P. Shedding persistency and intensity patterns of feline coronavirus (FCoV) in feces of cats living in breeding catteries in the Czech Republic. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:524-529. [PMID: 36179545 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection with feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a major problem in multiple-cat households, where many cats are kept together in a small space such as catteries and shelters. Sixty cats from 19 breeding catteries included in the study were evaluated for their shedding persistency and intensity patterns using qPCR identification of FCoV in feces. Cats were identified based on shedding persistency as non-shedders (NS) if all four samples negative, intermittent shedders (IS) when at least one positive and one negative sampling followed by another positive sampling, persistent shedders (PS) if all four samples positive and shedders with unclear status (US) if the shedding patterns could not be determined based on only 4 samples. There were 11 NS (18%), 15 IS (25%) and 15 PS (25%) and in 19/60 cats (32%), the shedding patterns could not be determined based only on four samplings. The intensity of shedding was evaluated based on the total number of FCoV particles shed during the 12 months of the study. There were 11 non-shedders (18%), 2 very low intensity shedders (3%), 9 low intensity shedders (15%), 25 medium intensity shedders (42%) and 13 high intensity shedders (22%). Intermittent shedders were shedding significantly lower FCoV particles compared to the persistent shedders (p = 0.0082). Permanent shedders represent the most important source of FCoV infection in multi-cat households and identifying permanent shedders in is the key to minimize the viral load in the environment to control FCoV in a shelters and breeding catteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Černá
- The University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Dana Lobová
- The University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Bubeníková
- The University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vrábelová
- The University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Hořín
- The University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU RG Animal Immunogenomics, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Bohm M. Successful treatment of a South African cat with effusive feline infectious peritonitis with remdesivir. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2022; 93:112-115. [DOI: 10.36303/jsava.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Bohm
- King Edward Veterinary Referral Hospital,
South Africa
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32
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Rolph KE, Cavanaugh RP. Infectious Causes of Neoplasia in the Domestic Cat. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090467. [PMID: 36136683 PMCID: PMC9506438 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Increasingly, cancers are being linked to infections with viruses, bacteria, and parasites in human medicine. This review summarises the current literature regarding neoplasia occurring in association with infectious diseases in domestic cats. To date, most studies have focused on the role of viruses, especially feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in association with lymphoma, or the role of papillomavirus in cutaneous and oral neoplasms in cats. Recently, there has been a focus on a potential role of mouse mammary tumour virus in feline mammary carcinoma and lymphoma and studies assessing the potential role of gammaherpes virus and hepadnaviruses in feline neoplasia. Additionally, there has been some focus on potential bacterial and parasitic associations with neoplasia; including reports assessing potential associations between Helicobacter species and gastrointestinal neoplasms, and case reports of neoplasia in association with Platynosomum fastosum and Opisthorchis viverrini. Abstract In recent years, growing attention has been paid to the influence/role of infectious diseases in tumour development and progression. Investigations have demonstrated that some infectious organisms can have a direct role in the development of neoplasia, whereas others can predispose to neoplasia by alterations in the immune response, or by creating a pro-inflammatory environment. Feline leukaemia virus was one of the first infectious agents recognised as an oncogenic organism, and along with feline immunodeficiency virus has received the most attention. Since the discovery of this retrovirus, several other organisms have been associated with neoplastic processes in cats, these include gammaherpes virus, mouse mammary tumour virus, papillomaviruses, hepadnavirus, Helicobacter species, and the parasitic infections Platynosomum fastosum and Opisthorchis viverrini. This review summarises the findings to date.
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Detection of Feline Coronavirus Variants in Cats without Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081671. [PMID: 36016293 PMCID: PMC9412601 DOI: 10.3390/v14081671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study aimed to detect feline coronavirus (FCoV) and characterize spike (S) gene mutation profiles in cats suffering from diseases other than feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) using commercial real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and reevaluating results by sequencing. (2) Methods: In 87 cats in which FIP was excluded by histopathology and immunohistochemistry, FCoV 7b gene and S gene mutation RT-qPCR was performed prospectively on incisional biopsies and fine-needle aspirates of different organs, body fluids, and feces. Samples positive for S gene mutations or mixed FCoV underwent sequencing. (3) Results: In 21/87 cats, FCoV RNA was detectable. S gene mutations were detected by commercial RT-qPCR (and a diagnostic algorithm that was used at the time of sample submission) in at least one sample in 14/21 cats (66.7%), with only mutated FCoV in 2/21, only mixed in 1/21, and different results in 11/21 cats; in the remaining 7/21 cats, RNA load was too low to differentiate. However, sequencing of 8 tissue samples and 8 fecal samples of 9 cats did not confirm mutated FCoV in any of the FCoV RNA-positive cats without FIP. (4) Conclusions: Sequencing results did not confirm results of the commercial S gene mutation RT-qPCR.
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Ratti G, Stranieri A, Giordano A, Oltolina M, Bonacina E, Magnone W, Morici M, Ravasio G, Paltrinieri S, Lauzi S. Molecular Detection of Feline Coronavirus in Captive Non-Domestic Felids from Zoological Facilities. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141864. [PMID: 35883409 PMCID: PMC9312121 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-domestic felids are well-known threatened species, and are susceptible to several diseases that also affect domestic cats. Among viral infections, fatal outbreaks of feline infectious peritonitis, caused by a feline coronavirus, have been reported in captive settings. Considering the devastating effects that this pathogen could have in non-domestic felids, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of feline coronavirus in captive non-domestic felids from Northern Italy, since in the literature, this information is not currently available. The overall prevalence of feline coronavirus in captive non-domestic felids from Northern Italy was 7.9%. Results of the present study highlight the need of control programs for feline coronavirus infection to prevent pathogen introduction into a naïve group of animals, which may lead to devastating effects on animal welfare and conservation programs. Abstract Cases of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease with a high mortality rate caused by the feline coronavirus (FCoV), have been reported in non-domestic felids, highlighting the need for surveys of FCoV in these endangered species. With the aim of adding information on FCoV prevalence in captive non-domestic felids, samples (feces or rectal swabs and, when available, oral swabs, blood, and abdominal effusion) collected between 2019 and 2021 from 38 non-domestic felids from three different zoological facilities of Northern Italy were tested for evidence of FCoV infection via RT-qPCR. Three animals were found to be FCoV positive, showing an overall 7.9% FCoV prevalence ranging from 0% to 60%, according to the zoological facility. FCoV infection was detected in tiger cubs of the same litter, and all of them showed FCoV-positive oral swabs, with low viral loads, whereas in one animal, FCoV presence was also detected in rectal swabs at low FCoV copy numbers. Future studies should be carried out, including samplings from a higher number of captive non-domestic felids, in order to gain a deeper knowledge of FCoV epidemiology within these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Ratti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Angelica Stranieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-2-50-33-40-40
| | - Maurizio Oltolina
- Parco Faunistico Le Cornelle, Via Cornelle 16, 24030 Valbrembo, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Bonacina
- Ambulatorio Veterinario San Rocco, Viale della Vittoria 23/A, 23815 Introbio Valsassina, Italy;
| | - William Magnone
- Parco Natura Viva Garda Zoological Park S.r.l, Località Quercia, 37012 Bussolengo, Italy;
| | - Manuel Morici
- Pombia Park S.r.l., Via Larino 3, 28050 Pombia, Italy;
| | - Giuliano Ravasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.R.); (A.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.); (S.L.)
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Meli ML, Spiri AM, Zwicklbauer K, Krentz D, Felten S, Bergmann M, Dorsch R, Matiasek K, Alberer M, Kolberg L, von Both U, Hartmann K, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Fecal Feline Coronavirus RNA Shedding and Spike Gene Mutations in Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Treated with GS-441524. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051069. [PMID: 35632813 PMCID: PMC9147249 DOI: 10.3390/v14051069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As previously demonstrated by our research group, the oral multicomponent drug Xraphconn® containing GS-441524 was effective at curing otherwise fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in 18 feline coronavirus (FCoV)-infected cats. The aims of the current study were to investigate, using samples from the same animals as in the previous study, (1) the effect of treatment on fecal viral RNA shedding; (2) the presence of spike gene mutations in different body compartments of these cats; and (3) viral RNA shedding, presence of spike gene mutations, and anti-FCoV antibody titers in samples of 12 companion cats cohabitating with the treated cats. Eleven of the eighteen treated FIP cats (61%) were shedding FCoV RNA in feces within the first three days after treatment initiation, but all of them tested negative by day 6. In one of these cats, fecal shedding reoccurred on day 83. Two cats initially negative in feces were transiently positive 1–4 weeks into the study. The remaining five cats never shed FCoV. Viral RNA loads in feces decreased with time comparable with those in blood and effusion. Specific spike gene mutations linked to systemic FCoV spread were consistently found in blood and effusion from treated FIP cats, but not in feces from treated or companion cats. A new mutation that led to a not yet described amino acid change was identified, indicating that further mutations may be involved in the development of FIP. Eight of the twelve companion cats shed FCoV in feces. All but one of the twelve companion cats had anti-FCoV antibodies. Oral treatment with GS-441524 effectively decreased viral RNA loads in feces, blood, and effusion in cats with FIP. Nonetheless, re-shedding can most likely occur if cats are re-exposed to FCoV by their companion cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (R.H.-L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea M. Spiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Katharina Zwicklbauer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Daniela Krentz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Sandra Felten
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Roswitha Dorsch
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Martin Alberer
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany; (M.A.); (L.K.); (U.v.B.)
| | - Laura Kolberg
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany; (M.A.); (L.K.); (U.v.B.)
| | - Ulrich von Both
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU-Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany; (M.A.); (L.K.); (U.v.B.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany; (K.Z.); (D.K.); (S.F.); (M.B.); (R.D.); (K.H.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.S.); (R.H.-L.)
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Goławski M, Lewandowski P, Jabłońska I, Delijewski M. The Reassessed Potential of SARS-CoV-2 Attenuation for COVID-19 Vaccine Development—A Systematic Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050991. [PMID: 35632736 PMCID: PMC9146402 DOI: 10.3390/v14050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines received relatively little attention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite this, several methods of obtaining attenuated coronaviruses are known. In this systematic review, the strategies of coronavirus attenuation, which may potentially be applied to SARS-CoV-2, were identified. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase databases were searched to identify relevant articles describing attenuating mutations tested in vivo. In case of coronaviruses other than SARS-CoV-2, sequence alignment was used to exclude attenuating mutations that cannot be applied to SARS-CoV-2. Potential immunogenicity, safety and efficacy of the attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine were discussed based on animal studies data. A total of 27 attenuation strategies, used to create 101 different coronaviruses, have been described in 56 eligible articles. The disruption of the furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was identified as the most promising strategy. The replacement of core sequences of transcriptional regulatory signals, which prevents recombination with wild-type viruses, also appears particularly advantageous. Other important attenuating mutations encompassed mostly the prevention of evasion of innate immunity. Sufficiently attenuated coronaviruses typically caused no meaningful disease in susceptible animals and protected them from challenges with virulent virus. This indicates that attenuated COVID-19 vaccines may be considered as a potential strategy to fight the threat posed by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Goławski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland; (P.L.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Piotr Lewandowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland; (P.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Iwona Jabłońska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Marcin Delijewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-808 Katowice, Poland; (P.L.); (M.D.)
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Dobie AP. Susceptible-infectious-susceptible (SIS) model with virus mutation in a variable population size. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2022.101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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de Oliveira-Filho EF, de Carvalho OV, Carneiro IO, Fernandes FD, Vaz SN, Pedroso C, Gonzalez-Auza L, Urbieta VC, Kühne A, Mayoral R, Jo WK, Moreira-Soto A, Reusken CBEM, Drosten C, Brites C, Osterrieder K, Netto EM, Ristow LE, Maia RDC, Vogel FSF, de Almeida NR, Franke CR, Drexler JF. Frequent Infection of Cats With SARS-CoV-2 Irrespective of Pre-Existing Enzootic Coronavirus Immunity, Brazil 2020. Front Immunol 2022; 13:857322. [PMID: 35450070 PMCID: PMC9016337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.857322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivores such as cats and minks are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. Brazil is a global COVID-19 hot spot and several cases of human-to-cat transmission have been documented. We investigated the spread of SARS-CoV-2 by testing 547 domestic cats sampled between July-November 2020 from seven states in southern, southeastern, and northeastern Brazil. Moreover, we investigated whether immune responses elicited by enzootic coronaviruses affect SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats. We found infection with significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers against the Gamma variant of concern, endemic in Brazil during 2020, than against an early SARS-CoV-2 B.1 isolate (p<0.0001), validating the use of Gamma for further testing. The overall SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Brazilian cats during late 2020 validated by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT90) was 7.3% (95% CI, 5.3-9.8). There was no significant difference in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in cats between Brazilian states, suggesting homogeneous infection levels ranging from 4.6% (95% CI, 2.2-8.4) to 11.4% (95% CI, 6.7-17.4; p=0.4438). Seroprevalence of the prototypic cat coronavirus Feline coronavirus (FCoV) in a PRNT90 was high at 33.3% (95% CI, 24.9-42.5) and seroprevalence of Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) was low at 1.7% (95% CI, 0.2-5.9) in a PRNT90. Neutralizing antibody titers were significantly lower for FCoV than for SARS-CoV-2 (p=0.0001), consistent with relatively more recent infection of cats with SARS-CoV-2. Neither the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers (p=0.6390), nor SARS-CoV-2 infection status were affected by FCoV serostatus (p=0.8863). Our data suggest that pre-existing immunity against enzootic coronaviruses neither prevents, nor enhances SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats. High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence already during the first year of the pandemic substantiates frequent infection of domestic cats and raises concerns on potential SARS-CoV-2 mutations escaping human immunity upon spillback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmilson F de Oliveira-Filho
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ianei O Carneiro
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Sara Nunes Vaz
- Disease Research Laboratory, University Hospital Professor Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Célia Pedroso
- Disease Research Laboratory, University Hospital Professor Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lilian Gonzalez-Auza
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Carvalho Urbieta
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Kühne
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rafaela Mayoral
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Wendy K Jo
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrés Moreira-Soto
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chantal B E M Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlos Brites
- Disease Research Laboratory, University Hospital Professor Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Martins Netto
- Disease Research Laboratory, University Hospital Professor Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Rita de Cassia Maia
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Nadia Rossi de Almeida
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Franke
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
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Ouyang H, Liu J, Yin Y, Cao S, Yan R, Ren Y, Zhou D, Li Q, Li J, Liao X, Ji W, Du B, Si Y, Hu C. Epidemiology and Comparative Analyses of the S Gene on Feline Coronavirus in Central China. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040460. [PMID: 35456135 PMCID: PMC9031646 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infections present as one of two forms: a mild or symptom-less enteric infection (FEC) and a fatal systemic disease termed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The lack of epidemiology of FCoV in central China and the reason why different symptoms are caused by viruses of the same serotype have motivated this investigation. Clinical data of 81 suspected FIP cases, 116 diarrhea cases and 174 healthy cases were collected from veterinary hospitals using body cavity effusion or fecal samples. Risk factors, sequence comparison and phylogenetic studies were performed. The results indicated that FIPV was distinguished from FECV in the average hydrophobicity of amino acids among the cleavage sites of furin, as well as the mutation sites 23,531 and 23,537. FIPV included a higher minimal R-X-X-R recognition motif of furin (41.94%) than did FECV (9.1%). The serotype of FCoV was insignificantly correlated with FIP, and the clade 1 and clade 2 strains that appeared were unique to central China. Thus, it is hypothesized that this, along with the latent variables of an antigenic epitope at positions 1058 and 1060, as well as mutations at the S1/S2 sites, are important factors affecting FCoV transmission and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehao Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.O.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (B.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Jiahao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Yiya Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.O.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (B.D.)
| | - Rui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Yi Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Dengyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.O.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (B.D.)
| | - Qiuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.O.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (B.D.)
| | - Junyi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Xueyu Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Wanfeng Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Bingjie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.O.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (B.D.)
| | - Youhui Si
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.O.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (B.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Changmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.O.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (B.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (Y.Y.); (R.Y.); (Y.R.); (J.L.); (X.L.); (W.J.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (C.H.)
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Addie DD, Silveira C, Aston C, Brauckmann P, Covell-Ritchie J, Felstead C, Fosbery M, Gibbins C, Macaulay K, McMurrough J, Pattison E, Robertson E. Alpha-1 Acid Glycoprotein Reduction Differentiated Recovery from Remission in a Small Cohort of Cats Treated for Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040744. [PMID: 35458474 PMCID: PMC9027977 DOI: 10.3390/v14040744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a systemic immune-mediated inflammatory perivasculitis that occurs in a minority of cats infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV). Various therapies have been employed to treat this condition, which was previously usually fatal, though no parameters for differentiating FIP recovery from remission have been defined to enable clinicians to decide when it is safe to discontinue treatment. This retrospective observational study shows that a consistent reduction of the acute phase protein alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) to within normal limits (WNL, i.e., 500 μg/mL or below), as opposed to duration of survival, distinguishes recovery from remission. Forty-two cats were diagnosed with FIP: 75% (12/16) of effusive and 54% (14/26) of non-effusive FIP cases recovered. Presenting with the effusive or non-effusive form did not affect whether or not a cat fully recovered (p = 0.2). AGP consistently reduced to WNL in 26 recovered cats but remained elevated in 16 cats in remission, dipping to normal once in two of the latter. Anaemia was present in 77% (23/30) of the cats and resolved more quickly than AGP in six recovered cats. The presence of anaemia did not affect the cat’s chances of recovery (p = 0.1). Lymphopenia was observed in 43% (16/37) of the cats and reversed in nine recovered cats but did not reverse in seven lymphopenic cats in the remission group. Fewer recovered cats (9/24: 37%) than remission cats (7/13: 54%) were lymphopenic, but the difference was not statistically different (p = 0.5). Hyperglobulinaemia was slower than AGP to return to WNL in the recovered cats. FCoV antibody titre was high in all 42 cats at the outset. It decreased significantly in 7 recovered cats but too slowly to be a useful parameter to determine discontinuation of antiviral treatments. Conclusion: a sustained return to normal levels of AGP was the most rapid and consistent indicator for differentiating recovery from remission following treatment for FIP. This study provides a useful model for differentiating recovery from chronic coronavirus disease using acute phase protein monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane D. Addie
- Independent Researcher, 64470 Etchebar, France
- Correspondence:
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Adler JM, Weber C, Wernike K, Michelitsch A, Friedrich K, Trimpert J, Beer M, Kohn B, Osterrieder K, Müller E. Prevalence of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies in cats in Germany and other European countries in the early phase of the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:439-450. [PMID: 35238485 PMCID: PMC9115359 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
During the first months of the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), cases of human‐to‐cat transmission were reported. Seroconversion was shown in cats infected under experimental and natural conditions. This large‐scale survey of 1,005 serum samples was conducted to investigate anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody prevalence in domestic cats during the first 7 months of the pandemic in Germany and other European countries. In addition, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of two multispecies SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results were confirmed by using an indirect immunofluorescence test (iIFT) and a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). Sera that were highly positive for feline coronavirus (FCoV) antibodies (n = 103) were included to correct for cross‐reactivity of the tests used. Our results showed an overall SARS‐CoV‐2 seropositivity of 1.9% (n = 19) in a receptor‐binding domain (RBD)‐based ELISA, additional 0.8% (n = 8) were giving inconclusive results. In contrast, a nucleocapsid‐based ELISA revealed 0.5% (n = 5) positive and 0.2% (n = 2) inconclusive results. While the iIFT and sVNT confirmed 100% of positive and 50%–57.1% of the doubtful results as determined in the RBD ELISA, the nucleocapsid‐based assay showed a high discrepancy and only one of the five positive results could be confirmed. The results indicate significant deficits of the nucleocapsid‐based ELISA with respect to sensitivity and specificity. Due to a significantly higher rate (5.8%) of positive results in the group of highly FCoV antibody‐positive samples, cross‐reactivity of the FCoV‐ELISA with SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies cannot be excluded. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of direct contact of domestic cats (n = 23) to SARS‐CoV‐2 positive owners. Considering one inconclusive result, which got confirmed by iIFT, this exposure did not lead to a significantly higher prevalence (4.4%; p = .358) among tested subjects. Overall, we conclude that cats are a negligible entity with respect to virus transmission in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Maria Adler
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Laboklin GmbH & Co.KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anna Michelitsch
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Klinik für kleine Haustiere, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Camero M, Lanave G, Catella C, Lucente MS, Sposato A, Mari V, Tempesta M, Martella V, Buonavoglia A. ERDRP-0519 inhibits feline coronavirus in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:55. [PMID: 35078478 PMCID: PMC8787031 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronaviruses (CoVs) are major human and animal pathogens and antiviral drugs are pursued as a complementary strategy, chiefly if vaccines are not available. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal systemic disease of felids caused by FIP virus (FIPV), a virulent pathotype of feline enteric coronavirus (FeCoV). Some antiviral drugs active on FIPV have been identified, but they are not available in veterinary medicine. ERDRP-0519 (ERDRP) is a non-nucleoside inhibitor, targeting viral RNA polymerase, effective against morbilliviruses in vitro and in vivo. Results The antiviral efficacy of ERDRP against a type II FIPV was evaluated in vitro in Crandell Reese Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells. ERDRP significantly inhibited replication of FIPV in a dose-dependent manner. Viral infectivity was decreased by up to 3.00 logarithms in cell cultures whilst viral load, estimated by quantification of nucleic acids, was reduced by nearly 3.11 logaritms. Conclusions These findings confirm that ERDRP is highly effective against a CoV. Experiments will be necessary to assess whether ERDRP is suitable for treatment of FIPV in vivo. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03153-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Sposato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Viviana Mari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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CENGİZ HB, GÖKÇE Hİ. Kedilerde feline coronavirus (FCoV) enfeksiyonunun kalsiyum metabolizması üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılması. MEHMET AKIF ERSOY ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.24880/maeuvfd.970374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Capozza P, Pratelli A, Camero M, Lanave G, Greco G, Pellegrini F, Tempesta M. Feline Coronavirus and Alpha-Herpesvirus Infections: Innate Immune Response and Immune Escape Mechanisms. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3548. [PMID: 34944324 PMCID: PMC8698202 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over time, feline viruses have acquired elaborateopportunistic properties, making their infections particularly difficult to prevent and treat. Feline coronavirus (FCoV) and feline herpesvirus-1 (FeHV-1), due to the involvement of host genetic factors and immune mechanisms in the development of the disease and more severe forms, are important examples of immune evasion of the host's innate immune response by feline viruses.It is widely accepted that the innate immune system, which providesan initial universal form of the mammalian host protection from infectious diseases without pre-exposure, plays an essential role in determining the outcome of viral infection.The main components of this immune systembranchare represented by the internal sensors of the host cells that are able to perceive the presence of viral component, including nucleic acids, to start and trigger the production of first type interferon and to activate the cytotoxicity by Natural Killercells, often exploited by viruses for immune evasion.In this brief review, we providea general overview of the principal tools of innate immunity, focusing on the immunologic escape implemented byFCoVand FeHV-1 duringinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (P.C.); (A.P.); (M.C.); (G.L.); (G.G.); (F.P.)
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Therapeutic Effects of Mutian ® Xraphconn on 141 Client-Owned Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Predicted by Total Bilirubin Levels. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120328. [PMID: 34941855 PMCID: PMC8705141 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease caused by feline coronavirus or its variant, referred to as the FIP virus. Recently, favorable treatment outcomes of the anti-viral drug Mutian® Xraphconn (Mutian X) were noted in cats with FIP. Thus, the therapeutic efficacy of Mutian X in cats with FIP must be explored, although the predictors of therapeutic success remain unknown. In the present study, we administered Mutian X to 141 pet cats with effusive FIP following initial veterinarian examinations. Of these, 116 cats survived but the remaining 25 died during treatment. Pre-treatment signalment, viral gene expression, and representative laboratory parameters for routine FIP diagnosis (i.e., hematocrit, albumin-to-globulin ratio, total bilirubin, serum amyloid-A, and α1-acid glycoprotein) were statistically compared between the survivor and non-survivor groups. The majority of these parameters, including hematocrit, albumin-to-globulin ratio, serum amyloid-A, α1-acid glycoprotein, and viral gene expression, were comparable between the two groups. Interestingly, however, total bilirubin levels in the survivor group were significantly lower than those in the non-survivor group (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, in almost all surviving cats with effusive FIP (96.6%, 28/29), the pre-treatment total bilirubin levels were below 0.5 mg/dL; however, the survival rate decreased drastically (14.3%, 1/7) when the pre-treatment total bilirubin levels exceeded 4.0 mg/dL. Thus, circulating total bilirubin levels may act as a prognostic risk factor for severe FIP and may serve as the predictor of the therapeutic efficacy of Mutian X against this fatal disease.
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Reeves SJ, Kirejczyk SGM, Howerth EW. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:1278-1281. [PMID: 34727051 DOI: 10.2460/javma.19.03.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Reeves
- From the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Shannon G M Kirejczyk
- From the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- From the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Zhou Q, Li Y, Huang J, Fu N, Song X, Sha X, Zhang B. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of feline coronavirus in southwest China from 2017 to 2020. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34524074 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is the causative agent of feline infectious peritonitis and diarrhoea in kittens worldwide. In this study, a total of 173 feline diarrhoeal faecal and ascetic samples were collected from 15 catteries and six veterinary hospitals in southwest China from 2017 to 2020. FCoV was detected in 80.35 % (139/173) of the samples using the RT-nPCR method; these included infections with 122 type I FCoV and 57 type II FCoV. Interestingly, 51 cases had co-infection with types I and II, the first such report in mainland China. To further analyse the genetic diversity of FCoV, we amplified 23 full-length spike (S) genes, including 18 type I and five type II FCoV. The type I FCoV and type II FCoV strains shared 85.5-98.7% and 97.4-98.9% nucleotide (nt) sequence identities between one another, respectively. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of 23 FCoV strains showed a high degree of variation (73.6-80.3 %). There was six type I FCoV strains with two amino acid insertions (159HL160) in the NTD. In addition, 18 strains of type I FCoV belonged to the Ie cluster, and five strains of type II FCoV were in the IIb cluster based on phylogenetic analysis. Notably, it was first time that two type I FCoV strains had recombination in the NTD, and the recombination regions was located 140-857 nt of the S gene. This study constitutes a systematic investigation of the current infection status and molecular characteristics of FCoV in southwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhou
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Nengsheng Fu
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xin Song
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xue Sha
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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Delaplace M, Huet H, Gambino A, Le Poder S. Feline Coronavirus Antivirals: A Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:1150. [PMID: 34578182 PMCID: PMC8469112 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronaviruses (FCoV) are common viral pathogens of cats. They usually induce asymptomatic infections but some FCoV strains, named Feline Infectious Peritonitis Viruses (FIPV) lead to a systematic fatal disease, the feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). While no treatments are approved as of yet, numerous studies have been explored with the hope to develop therapeutic compounds. In recent years, two novel molecules (GS-441524 and GC376) have raised hopes given the encouraging results, but some concerns about the use of these molecules persist, such as the fear of the emergence of viral escape mutants or the difficult tissue distribution of these antivirals in certain affected organs. This review will summarize current findings and leads in the development of antiviral therapy against FCoV both in vitro and in vivo, with the description of their mechanisms of action when known. It highlights the molecules, which could have a broader effect on different coronaviruses. In the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the development of antivirals is an urgent need and FIP could be a valuable model to help this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sophie Le Poder
- 1UMR 1161 Virologie, INRAE-ENVA-ANSES, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, 94704 Paris, France; (M.D.); (H.H.); (A.G.)
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The Population Diversity of Candidate Genes for Resistance/Susceptibility to Coronavirus Infection in Domestic Cats: An Inter-Breed Comparison. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060778. [PMID: 34205589 PMCID: PMC8234589 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a complex pathogen causing feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Host genetics represents a factor contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease. Differential susceptibility of various breeds to FIP was reported with controversial results. The objective of this study was to compare the genetic diversity of different breeds on a panel of candidate genes potentially affecting FCoV infection. One hundred thirteen cats of six breeds were genotyped on a panel of sixteen candidate genes. SNP allelic/haplotype frequencies were calculated; pairwise FST and molecular variance analyses were performed. Principal coordinate (PCoA) and STRUCTURE analyses were used to infer population structure. Interbreed differences in allele frequencies were observed. PCoA analysis performed for all genes of the panel indicated no population substructure. In contrast to the full marker set, PCoA of SNP markers associated with FCoV shedding (NCR1 and SLX4IP) showed three clusters containing only alleles associated with susceptibility to FCoV shedding, homozygotes and heterozygotes for the susceptibility alleles, and all three genotypes, respectively. Each cluster contained cats of multiple breeds. Three clusters of haplotypes were identified by PCoA, two clusters by STRUCTURE. Haplotypes of a single gene (SNX5) differed significantly between the PCoA clusters.
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50
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Genome-wide comparison of coronaviruses derived from veterinary animals: A canine and feline perspective. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 76:101654. [PMID: 33957463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Feline- and canine-derived coronaviruses (FCoVs and CCoVs) are widespread among dog and cat populations. This study was to understand the route of disease origin and viral transmission in veterinary animals and in human through comparative pan-genomic analysis of coronavirus sequences, especially retrieved from genomes of FCoV and CCoV. Average nucleotide identity based on complete genomes might clustered CoV strains according to their infected host, with an exception of type II of CCoV (accession number KC175339) that was clustered closely to virulent FCoVs. In contrast, the hierarchical clustering based on gene repertories retrieved from pan-genome analysis might divided the examined coronaviruses into host-independent clusters, and formed obviously the cluster of Alphacoronaviruses into sub-clusters of feline-canine, only feline, feline-canine-human coronavirus. Also, functional analysis of genomic subsets might help to divide FCoV and CCoV pan-genomes into (i) clusters of core genes encoding spike, membrane, nucleocapsid proteins, and ORF1ab polyprotein; (ii) clusters of core-like genes encoding nonstructural proteins; (iii) clusters of accessory genes encoding the ORF1A; and (iv) two singleton genes encoding nonstructural protein and polyprotein 1ab. Seven clusters of gene repertories were categorized as common to the FCoV and/or CCoV genomes including pantropic and high virulent strains, illustrating that distinct core-like genes/accessory genes concerning to their pathogenicity should be exploited in further biotype analysis of new isolate. In conclusion, the phylogenomic analyses have allowed the identification of trends in the viral genomic data, especially in developing a specific control measures against coronavirus disease, such as the selection of good markers for differentiating new species from common and/or pantropic isolates.
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