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Stammeleer L, Xifra P, Serrano SI, Rishniw M, Daminet S, Peterson ME. Blood pressure in hyperthyroid cats before and after radioiodine treatment. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1359-1369. [PMID: 38440934 PMCID: PMC11099771 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthyroid cats commonly have systemic hypertension, with a reported prevalence of 7% to 48%. Although hypertension might be expected to resolve once treatment restores euthyroidism, it can persist or only first develop after treatment. OBJECTIVES To determine the proportion of hyperthyroid cats with hypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≥160 mm Hg), persistence or first development of hypertension after successful radioiodine treatment, and correlation of post-treatment hypertension with azotemia or hypothyroidism. ANIMALS Four hundred one hyperthyroid nonazotemic cats were included in the study. METHODS Prospective, cross-sectional and before-and-after studies. All hyperthyroid cats had SBP measured by Doppler; 255 had SBP rechecked 6 months after successful radioiodine (131I) treatment. RESULTS Of untreated hyperthyroid cats, 108/401 (27%) were hypertensive. A higher proportion of hypertensive cats were nervous/excited compared with normotensive cats (47% vs 12%; P < .001). Of the initially hypertensive cats, 87/108 cats were reexamined after 131I treatment; 43/87 (49%) cats normalized SBP, whereas 44/87 (51%) remained hypertensive. Of the initially normotensive cats, 16/168 (9.5%) first developed hypertension after successful 131I treatment. 7/60 (12%) of the 131I-treated hypertensive cats were azotemic and 9/60 (15%) were hypothyroid. A higher proportion of cats remaining hypertensive had nervous/excited demeanor than did normotensive cats (50% vs 17%; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS/CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Hypertension, when present, resolves in many hyperthyroid cats after successful treatment. Hyperthyroid cats uncommonly develop new hypertension after treatment. Persistent or newly detected hypertension was unrelated to azotemia or iatrogenic hypothyroidism. More frequently perceived nervousness/anxiety in radioiodine-treated hypertensive cats suggests that many of these cats might have "situational" hypertension, as hyperthyroid-induced hypertension should resolve after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Stammeleer
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | | | | | | | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Mark E. Peterson
- Cornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
- Animal Endocrine ClinicNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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Knies M, Teske E, Kooistra H. Comparison of Doppler ultrasonic sphygmomanometry, oscillometry and high-definition oscillometry for non-invasive blood pressure measurement in conscious cats. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X241231471. [PMID: 38546192 PMCID: PMC10983607 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x241231471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic arterial hypertension is a common occurrence and can have serious adverse consequences in cats. Therefore, measuring blood pressure is very important. There are many indirect blood pressure measurement devices available. This study compared Doppler, oscillometric (petMAP Graphic II, SunTech Vet20, the Cardell Insight-X0000) and high-definition oscillometry devices for the non-invasive measurement of blood pressure in conscious cats. METHODS In this prospective study, blood pressure was measured in 32 cats using the different devices according to the recommendations of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Consensus Statement. Blood pressures (systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP], mean arterial pressure [MAP]), time to complete measurements, number of attempts needed, coefficient of variation (CV) between the blood pressure measurements of the different devices, ease of completing measurements and apparent stress level of the cat were assessed. RESULTS There was a significant difference between devices in the time taken to obtain blood pressure readings and the number of attempts necessary to obtain six reliable measurements. The CV of the Doppler device was significantly smaller than that of the rest of the devices, but there were no other differences between the devices. The mean SBP, DBP and MAP measured by the petMAP device were significantly higher than the measurements from the other devices. The perceived ease of measurement was not significantly different between the various machines. The perceived level of stress of measurement with the Doppler device was significantly higher compared with the other devices but did not lead to an increased SBP. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Using a Doppler device to measure blood pressure in conscious cats is fast, relatively easy and gives reliable results. A disadvantage is that the Doppler device can only measure SBP, while oscillometric devices also provide DBP and MAP. However, in veterinary medicine, systolic hypertension is considered the most relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Knies
- AniCura Veterinary Referral Centre Haaglanden, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Casas C, Dye C. Comparison of Thames Medical CAT+ Doppler and SunTech Vet 20 oscillometric devices for non-invasive blood pressure measurement in conscious cats. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X231216350. [PMID: 38381465 PMCID: PMC10911307 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231216350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A comparative assessment of systolic blood pressure (BP) measurement agreement and precision in two commonly used non-invasive BP devices was carried out in conscious cats. METHODS Systolic BP measurements were obtained from 50 conscious cats as part of their clinical investigations. All measurements were taken by the same operator and were performed according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) consensus guidelines. The same cuff location and cuff size were used for paired measurements. The order of device use was randomised, and an arousal score was assigned during each procedure. Precision was assessed using standard deviation and coefficient of variance comparisons. Agreement was assessed using graphical and statistical comparisons of derived 'delta mean' and 'mean of means' data. RESULTS A total of 50 cats aged between 3 months and 15 years were enrolled (29 domestic shorthair, seven domestic longhair, three British Shorthair, two Ragdoll, two Sphynx, two Persian, one Siamese, one Burmese, one Russian Blue, one Maine Coon and one Oriental) with a body weight in the range of 1.2-6.2 kg. BP measurements were in the range of 95-179 mmHg. Oscillometric measurements were associated with lower arousal scores. The Doppler device demonstrated superior repeatability precision. Body weight, sex, cuff size, cuff location, arousal score and the order in which the devices were used had no significant effect on precision or agreement. Correlation between the two devices was 0.0837 and agreement was considered clinically acceptable (<10 mmHg) in 32/50 (64%) cats. Of the 18 cats with suboptimal agreement, the oscillometric mean BP was higher in 14 (78%) cats. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Based on this study sample, suboptimal agreement between paired CAT+ Doppler and SunTech Vet20 oscillometric BP measurements in 36% of conscious cats suggests that these devices should not be used interchangeably. Compared with Doppler, oscillometric measurements were consistently higher, particularly at higher blood pressures. Further studies are required to assess which device has superior accuracy in conscious cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Casas
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, Pride Veterinary Centre, IVC Evidensia, Derby, DE24 8HX, UK
| | - Charlotte Dye
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, Pride Veterinary Centre, IVC Evidensia, Derby, DE24 8HX, UK
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Knies M, Kooistra HS, Teske E. Prevalence of persistent hypertension and situational hypertension in a population of elderly cats in The Netherlands. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231172629. [PMID: 37278217 PMCID: PMC10811978 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231172629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic arterial hypertension is increasingly recognised and can have serious adverse consequences in cats. Unfortunately, the act of measuring blood pressure itself may cause an increase in blood pressure, known as situational hypertension. It is currently unknown how often this phenomenon occurs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of persistent hypertension and situational hypertension in an elderly population of cats in a first-opinion clinic and to assess which factors were associated with systolic hypertension. METHODS In this prospective study, systolic blood pressure was measured in 185 cats aged ⩾10 years using the Doppler sphygmomanometry method according to the recommendations of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement. Age, sex, body weight, body condition score, position during blood pressure measurement and apparent stress level were assessed. If a systolic blood pressure >160 mmHg was found, measurements were repeated to evaluate if persistent hypertension or situational hypertension was present. The first set of blood pressure measurements were used for all the statistical analyses. RESULTS The median systolic blood pressure for this population was 140 mmHg. The prevalence of persistent hypertension was at least 14.6% and situational hypertension at least 5.4%. Factors significantly associated with hypertension were age, higher apparent stress levels and a sitting position during measurement. Sex, body weight or body condition score did not significantly influence systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Both persistent hypertension and situational hypertension are common in elderly cats. There are no reliable parameters to distinguish between the two, underlining the importance of a standard protocol and repeating measurements during a follow-up visit when hypertension is found. Age, demeanour and body position during blood pressure measurement influenced blood pressure in this population of elderly cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Knies
- AniCura Clinic Drechtstreek, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans S Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jaturanratsamee K, Choisunirachon N, Soontornvipart K, Darawiroj D, Srisowanna N, Thanaboonnipat C. Ultrasonographic kidney length-to-abdominal aortic diameter for the diagnosis of feline chronic kidney disease: A preliminary study. Vet World 2023; 16:1114-1121. [PMID: 37576749 PMCID: PMC10420722 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1114-1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most important diseases in cats. This study aimed to compare the ultrasonographic kidney length-to-abdominal aortic diameter (K/AO) ratio between healthy and CKD cats and investigate the correlation between K/AO and blood results. Materials and Methods Fifteen healthy cats and 15 CKD cats were included in this clinically prospective study. All cats were evaluated for radiographic and ultrasonographic K, radiographic K-to-second lumbar length ratio (K/L2), and K/AO, indirect systolic blood pressure and plasma creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and symmetric dimethyl arginine (SDMA). Results The radiographic and ultrasonographic kidney lengths of CKD were significantly shorter than those of healthy cats (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively). The average K/L2 and K/AO were significantly lower in CKD than in healthy cats (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). The K/AO had a strong negative correlation with plasma Cr (r = -0.7682, p < 0.0001), BUN (r = -0.6175, p < 0.001), and SDMA (r = -0.589, p < 0.001). However, K/L2 had a moderate negative correlation with plasma Cr (r = -0.5866, p < 0.001), BUN (r = -0.4884, p < 0.01), and SDMA (r = -0.5404, p < 0.01). The optimal cutoff value of K/AO (<10.71) had higher sensitivity and specificity than K/L2 for identifying feline CKD. Conclusion Kidney length-to-abdominal aortic diameter could be a better and more promising parameter than the K/L2 ratio for evaluating kidney size in cats with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nan Choisunirachon
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kumpanart Soontornvipart
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Damri Darawiroj
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naparee Srisowanna
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutimon Thanaboonnipat
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Sparkes A, Garelli-Paar C, Blondel T, Guillot E. 'The Mercury Challenge': feline systolic blood pressure in primary care practice - a European survey. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e310-e323. [PMID: 35757930 PMCID: PMC9511504 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221105844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to collect data from a substantial number of older cats having their systolic blood pressure (SBP) measured in a variety of clinical practices, to describe the findings and assess variables that affected the duration of assessment and the values obtained. METHODS An international (European-based) multicentre convenience sample survey of cats ⩾7 years of age attending veterinary clinics and having SBP measured as part of their clinical assessment. Information gathered included details of the cat, concomitant disease(s) or therapies, SBP results, device used, time taken to assess SBP and the demeanor of the cat. RESULTS Useable data were available from 8884 cats aged 7-26 years, from 811 clinics across 16 countries. The device used to measure SBP was Doppler in 47.4% and oscillometry in 48.5%. The demeanor of the cat was reported to be calm in 45.7%, anxious in 41.9% and nervous in 8.9%; and the duration of assessment was reported to be <5 mins in 50.4%, 5-10 minutes in 41.7% and >10 mins in 7.9%. Concomitant chronic kidney disease (CKD) was reported in 21.8%, hyperthyroidism in 12.0% or both in 3.1%. The median SBP was 150 mmHg (range 80-310), with 18.6% classified as hypertensive (SBP 160-179 mmHg) and 21.1% as severely hypertensive (SBP ⩾180 mmHg). The measured SBP was significantly affected by the cat's demeanor, duration of SBP assessment, presence of CKD and/or hyperthyroidism, the cat's sex and age, and the presence of concomitant therapy. The duration of SBP assessment was significantly affected by the cat's demeanor. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In veterinary clinics, SBP can be measured in most cats within a short period of time using either Doppler or oscillometric equipment. The presence of CKD or hyperthyroidism was associated with significantly higher SBP values, and anxious or nervous cats had higher SBP values and took longer to obtain SBP assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sparkes
- Simply Feline Veterinary Consultancy, Shaftesbury, Dorset, UK
| | | | - Thomas Blondel
- Innovation and Development, Ceva Santé Animale, Libourne, France
| | - Emilie Guillot
- Companion Animal Franchise, Ceva Santé Animale, Libourne, France
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Enache AE, Dietrich UM, Drury O, Trucco E, MacGillivray T, Syme H, Elliott J, Chang YM. Changes in retinal vascular diameters in senior and geriatric cats in association with variation in systemic blood pressure. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:1129-1139. [PMID: 33739170 PMCID: PMC10812161 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x21997629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early diagnosis of arterial hypertension is essential to prevent target organ damage. In humans, retinal arteriolar narrowing predicts hypertension. This blinded prospective observational study investigated the retinal vessel diameters in senior and geriatric cats of varying systolic blood pressure (SBP) status and evaluated retinal vascular changes in hypertensive cats after treatment. METHODS Cats with a median age of 14 years (range 9.1-22 years) were categorised into five groups: group 1, healthy normotensive (SBP <140 mmHg; n = 40) cats; group 2, pre-hypertensive (SBP 140-160 mmHg; n = 14) cats; group 3, cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and normotensive (n = 26); group 4, cats with CKD and pre-hypertensive (n = 13); and group 5, hypertensive cats (SBP >160 mmHg, n = 15). Colour fundus images (Optibrand ClearView) were assessed for hypertensive lesions. Retinal vascular diameters and bifurcation angles were annotated and calculated using the Vascular Assessment and Measurement Platform for Images of the Retina annotation tool (VAMPIRE-AT). When available, measurements were obtained at 3 and 6 months after amlodipine besylate treatment. RESULTS Ten hypertensive cats had retinal lesions, most commonly intraretinal haemorrhages and retinal exudates. Arteriole and venule diameters decreased significantly with increasing age (-0.17 ± 0.05 pixels/year [P = 0.0004]; -0.19 ± 0.05 pixels/year). Adjusted means ± SEM for arteriole and venule diameter (pixels) were 6.3 ± 0.2 and 8.9 ± 0.2 (group 1); 7.6 ± 0.3 and 10.1 ± 0.4 (group 2); 6.9 ± 0.2 and 9.5 ± 0.3 (group 3); 7.4 ± 0.3 and 10.0 ± 0.4 (group 4); and 7.0 ± 0.3 and 9.8 ± 0.4 (group 5). Group 1 arteriole and venule diameters were significantly lower than those of groups 2 and 4. Group 2 arteriole bifurcation angle was significantly narrower than those of groups 1 and 3. Post-treatment, vessel diameters decreased significantly at 3 and 6 months in seven hypertensive cats. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Increased age was associated with reduced vascular diameters. Longitudinal studies are required to assess if vessel diameters are a risk indicator for hypertension in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra-Elena Enache
- North Downs, Specialist Referrals, 3 & 4 The Brewerstreet Dairy Business Park, Brewer Street, Bletchingley, UK
| | | | - Oscar Drury
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Emanuele Trucco
- VAMPIRE Project, Computing, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Tom MacGillivray
- VAMPIRE Project, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harriet Syme
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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Baka RD, Soubasis N, Oevermann A, Koutinas CK, Polizopoulou ZS. Severity of neurological signs in feline hypertensive encephalopathy may be reflected through brain histopathological lesions. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rania D. Baka
- School of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Nektarios Soubasis
- School of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Christos K. Koutinas
- School of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Zoe S. Polizopoulou
- School of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
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Ray M, Carney HC, Boynton B, Quimby J, Robertson S, St Denis K, Tuzio H, Wright B. 2021 AAFP Feline Senior Care Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:613-638. [PMID: 34167339 PMCID: PMC10812122 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211021538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The '2021 AAFP Feline Senior Care Guidelines' are authored by a Task Force of experts in feline clinical medicine and serve as an update and extension of those published in 2009. They emphasize the individual patient evaluation and the process of aging, with references to other feline practice guidelines for a more complete discussion of specific diseases. Focusing on each cat encourages and empowers the owner to become a part of the cat's care every step of the way. A comprehensive discussion during the physical examination and history taking allows for tailoring the approach to both the cat and the family involved in the care. Videos and analysis of serial historical measurements are brought into the assessment of each patient. These Guidelines introduce the emerging concept of frailty, with a description and methods of its incorporation into the senior cat assessment. Minimum database diagnostics are discussed, along with recommendations for additional investigative considerations. For example, blood pressure assessment is included as a minimum diagnostic procedure in both apparently healthy and ill cats. Cats age at a much faster rate than humans, so practical timelines for testing frequency are included and suggest an increased frequency of diagnostics with advancing age. The importance of nutrition, as well as senior cat nutritional needs and deficiencies, is considered. Pain is highlighted as its own syndrome, with an emphasis on consideration in every senior cat. The Task Force discusses anesthesia, along with strategies to allow aging cats to be safely anesthetized well into their senior years. The medical concept of quality of life is addressed with the latest information available in veterinary medicine. This includes end of life considerations like palliative and hospice care, as well as recommendations on the establishment of 'budgets of care', which greatly influence what can be done for the individual cat. Acknowledgement is given that each cat owner will be different in this regard; and establishing what is reasonable and practical for the individual owner is important. A discussion on euthanasia offers some recommendations to help the owner make a decision that reflects the best interests of the individual cat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hazel C Carney
- WestVet Emergency and Specialty Center, Garden City, ID, USA
| | - Beth Boynton
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Quimby
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sheilah Robertson
- Senior Medical Director, Lap of Love Veterinary Hospice, Lutz, FL, USA
| | | | - Helen Tuzio
- Forest Hills Cat Hospital, Middle Village, NY, USA
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Van Vertloo LR, Carnevale JM, Parsons RL, Rosburg M, Millman ST. Effects of Waiting Room and Feline Facial Pheromone Experience on Blood Pressure in Cats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:640751. [PMID: 33748216 PMCID: PMC7973014 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.640751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining accurate blood pressure measurements in cats is challenging due to the stressful nature of clinic visits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of veterinary clinic waiting experiences and a feline pheromone spray on blood pressure in the cat. We hypothesized that reduced stress associated with bypassing the waiting room and use of synthetic feline facial pheromone (FFP) spray would result in lower blood pressure. A 2 × 2 factorial design involved two rooms and two FFP treatments. Thirty-nine healthy adult cats were recruited and were systematically assigned to four treatment combinations administered over four visits in 2016 and 2017. Cats were kept in the hospital waiting room or were taken directly to the exam room, with or without FFP treatment. All cats were then acclimated to the exam room for an additional 10 min, where vocalizations were recorded manually, before blood pressure measurements were collected using Doppler ultrasonography. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models, with room × FFP interaction, visit, sex, and trial year in the model. There was no significant effect of waiting room by FFP interaction on blood pressure (n = 0.95). Mean blood pressure was significantly higher at visit 1 than visits 2 and 4 (P < 0.01), but higher at visit 3 than visit 2 (n = 0.02). Mean blood pressure was higher in males (n = 0.01), and males were more likely to be categorized as borderline hypertensive/hypertensive or severely hypertensive (n = 0.01). Number of vocalizations was significantly associated with waiting room by FFP interactions (P < 0.01), with fewer vocalizations associated with bypassing the waiting room and when FFP was provided. In conclusion, although we found some behavioral evidence supporting stress reduction when feline patients bypass the waiting room and are provided with FFP, these interventions did not result in lower blood pressure in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Van Vertloo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Joyce M Carnevale
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rebecca L Parsons
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Suzanne T Millman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Abstract
Across China and Southeast Asia, over 17,000 bears are currently farmed for bile, predominantly for traditional Chinese medicines. Bears on farms in China are cage confined and undergo repeated daily bile extraction facilitated by surgically implanted catheters or gallbladder fistulas. Numerous health problems have been reported in bile-farmed bears including peritonitis, abdominal hernias, and extraction site abscessation. Between 2009 and 2014, five Asiatic black bears ( Ursus thibetanus) and one Asiatic black/Eurasian brown bear ( Ursus arctos arctos) hybrid, rescued from the bear bile industry in China, died from ruptured and/or dissecting aortic aneurysm. Medical records were reviewed and two bears exhibited no clinical signs prior to death. In four bears, clinical findings varied and included increased stereotypic behavior prior to death, epistaxis, retinal lesions, dysphagia, weight loss, and acute onset of hyporexia. On postmortem examination, hemopericardium with dissection and/or rupture of the ascending aorta and left ventricular wall hypertrophy were present in all cases. No evidence of infectious disease, connective tissue disorders, or congenital cardiac disease was identified. Based on these observations screening thoracic radiography was performed on all bears at the rescue center and aortic dilation was identified in 73 of 134 (54.5%) bile-extracted bears. To the authors' knowledge, aortic aneurysm, rupture, and/or dissection have not been previously reported in any bear species and the high prevalence in this population of bears suggests an association with bile-farming practices. Future studies are needed to investigate the etiopathogenesis of this condition to aid in early diagnosis and improved management of bears being rescued from bile farms across Asia.
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Coleman AE, Brown SA, Traas AM, Bryson L, Zimmering T, Zimmerman A. Safety and efficacy of orally administered telmisartan for the treatment of systemic hypertension in cats: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:478-488. [PMID: 30851066 PMCID: PMC6430933 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information regarding the efficacy of telmisartan for feline systemic arterial hypertension is limited. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the safety and efficacy of PO administered telmisartan solution in hypertensive cats. ANIMALS Client-owned cats with indirect systolic arterial blood pressure (SBP) of 160-200 mm Hg, based on multiple measurements. METHODS This multicenter trial consisted a 28-day, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, efficacy phase and a 154-day extended-use telmisartan phase. Hypertensive cats were randomly assigned to receive 1.5 mg telmisartan/kg PO q12h for 14 days, followed by 2 mg telmisartan/kg PO q24h, or equivalent volume of placebo. Systolic blood pressure was measured on days 0, 14, and 28. Change in SBP compared to baseline was calculated for days 14 and 28. Telmisartan efficacy was defined as significant decrease in SBP at day 14 compared to placebo and a clinically relevant (>20 mm Hg) decrease in SBP at day 28. RESULTS Two-hundred twenty-one cats were included. On day 14, least squares mean (95% confidence interval) SBP decrease was significantly larger in telmisartan-treated (-23.3 mm Hg [-28.2 to -18.3]) versus placebo-treated (-7.5 mm Hg [-13.6 to -1.5]) cats (P = .0005). On day 28, telmisartan treatment resulted in a clinically relevant SBP decrease (-23.9 mm Hg [-27.8 to -20.0]), whereas placebo did not (-11.6 mm Hg [-17.4 to -5.9 mm Hg]). The decrease in SBP persisted over the 6-month trial in telmisartan-treated cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Telmisartan significantly decreased SBP to a clinically relevant extent and was well tolerated in hypertensive cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Coleman
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Georgia College of Veterinary MedicineAthensGeorgia
| | - Scott A. Brown
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Georgia College of Veterinary MedicineAthensGeorgia
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Georgia College of Veterinary MedicineAthensGeorgia
| | - Anne M. Traas
- Pharmaceutical Clinical Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc.St. JosephMissouri
| | - Lawrence Bryson
- Pharmaceutical Clinical Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc.St. JosephMissouri
| | - Tanja Zimmering
- Global PetVet Business Unit, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbHIngelheim am RheinGermany
| | - Alicia Zimmerman
- Pharmaceutical Clinical Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc.St. JosephMissouri
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13
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Hori Y, Heishima Y, Yamashita Y, Iguchi M, Nakamura K, Isayama N, Onodera H, Kitade A, Kanno N, Hirakawa A, Katagi M, Ibaragi T, Yamano S, Aramaki Y, Sawada T. Epidemiological study of indirect blood pressure measured using oscillometry in clinically healthy cats at initial evaluation. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:513-516. [PMID: 30745524 PMCID: PMC6483917 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the clinical characteristics of healthy cats in accordance with the target organ damage (TOD) risk category, on the basis of systolic blood pressure (SBP). This prospective multi-center study included 137 healthy cats. Indirect blood pressure was measured using an oscillometric technique. The median SBP in all cats was 147 mmHg (interquartile range: 134-158). On the basis of the TOD risk category, 57.7, 19.7, 21.9, and 0.7% of the cats were classified into categories I-IV, respectively. Age, sex, and body weight did not affect the SBP. This study provides basic information on the distribution of TOD risk categories in clinically healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Hori
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midori-machi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Heishima
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midori-machi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.,Heisei Animal Hospital, 2-1-1 Futago-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 486-0955, Japan
| | - Yohei Yamashita
- Ebisu Animal Hospital, 3-3-43 Nishitaga, Taihaku, Sendai, Miyagi 982-0034, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iguchi
- Iguchi Animal Hospital, 6-2-34 Kamijima, Naka, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 433-8122, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakamura
- University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192 Japan
| | - Noriko Isayama
- Uenonomori Animal Clinic, 1-5-11 Yanaka Taito, Tokyo 110-0001, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Onodera
- Onodera Animal Hospital, 1-10-4 Chuou, Rifu-cho, Miyagi, Miyagi 981-0104, Japan
| | - Akihito Kitade
- Kitade Animal Hospital, 2 Ichishichotajiri, Tsu, Mie 515-2516, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kanno
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirakawa
- Pet Clinic Hallelujah, 2544-1 Nakabaru, Kasuya-machi, Kasuya, Fukuoka 811-2304, Japan
| | - Michio Katagi
- Katagi Animal Hospital, 565-5 Matoba, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1101, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ibaragi
- Miyoshi Inter Animal Hospital, 27-103 Neura Fukuya-cho, Miyoshi, Aichi 470-0217, Japan
| | - Shigeki Yamano
- Ueda Animal Clinic, 2-202 Ueda, Tenpaku, Nagoya, Aichi 465-0081, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Aramaki
- Bay Veterinary Hospital, 5-6-7 Ujinanishi, Minami, Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-0014, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sawada
- Kitanomori Animal Hospital, 17-1-35 11-Jyou, Shin-kotoni, Kita, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0911, Japan
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14
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Carter J. Hypertensive ocular disease in cats: A guide to fundic lesions to facilitate early diagnosis. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:35-45. [PMID: 30763152 PMCID: PMC10814178 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18818668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Systemic hypertension is common in older cats and can result in damage to organs with a rich arteriolar supply such as the eyes, kidneys, myocardium and brain. Hypertensive disease in these organs is known as target organ damage (TOD). Disease in the eye resulting from hypertension is the most easily identifiable form of TOD and can often be the reason the cat is presented to the veterinarian. Routine blood pressure measurement and fundic examination allows cats with hypertensive ocular lesions to be detected early in the course of the disease, when the lesions have the best chance of responding to treatment. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Detecting early evidence of TOD in the fundus requires a veterinarian to be competent in recognising lesions associated with mild hypertensive disease, as well as the more easily recognised advanced lesions that frequently result in impaired vision and blindness. AUDIENCE This review is written for all veterinarians who treat cats. It provides information and images to facilitate and guide veterinarians performing fundoscopy in cats, in particular in those over 7 years of age, with the aim of diagnosing hypertensive ocular lesions when they are present. EQUIPMENT The clinical manifestations of hypertensive ocular disease can be detected non-invasively with inexpensive equipment. A summary of the equipment available for general practitioners to perform fundoscopy is provided. EVIDENCE BASE This is a comprehensive review of the literature on hypertensive ocular disease in cats. The author has also included images of hypertensive ocular lesions taken in general practice to highlight the variety of lesions that can be detected.
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Glaus TM, Elliott J, Herberich E, Zimmering T, Albrecht B. Efficacy of long-term oral telmisartan treatment in cats with hypertension: Results of a prospective European clinical trial. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:413-422. [PMID: 30561059 PMCID: PMC6430888 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efficacy of telmisartan in treating hypertension (HT) in cats has not been largely investigated. Objective Telmisartan oral solution effectively controls systolic arterial blood pressure (SABP) in hypertensive cats. Animals Two‐hundred eighty‐five client‐owned cats with systemic HT. Methods Prospective, multicenter, placebo‐controlled, randomized, double‐blinded study. Hypertensive cats diagnosed with SABP ≥160 mmHg and ≤200 mmHg without target‐organ‐damage were randomized (2 : 1 ratio) to receive 2 mg/kg telmisartan or placebo q24 PO. A 28‐day efficacy phase was followed by a 120‐day extended use phase. Efficacy was defined as significant difference in mean SABP reduction between telmisartan and placebo on Day 14 and group mean reduction in SABP of > 20 mmHg by telmisartan on Day 28 compared to baseline. Results Two‐hundred fifty‐two cats completed the efficacy and 144 cats the extended use phases. Mean SABP reduction at Day 14 differed significantly between groups (P < .001). Telmisartan reduced baseline SABP of 179 mmHg by 19.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.92‐22.52) and 24.6 (95% CI: 21.11‐28.14) mmHg at Days 14 and 28. The placebo group baseline SABP of 177 mmHg was reduced by 9.0 (95% CI: 5.30‐12.80) and 11.4 (95% CI: 7.94‐14.95) mmHg, respectively. Of note, 52% of telmisartan‐treated cats had SABP <150 mmHg at Day 28. Mean SABP reduction by telmisartan in severe (≥180 mmHg) and moderate HT (160‐179 mmHg) was comparable and persistent over time. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Telmisartan solution (PO) was effective in reducing SABP in hypertensive cats with SABP ≥160 mmHg and ≤200 mmHg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- The Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Young WM, Zheng C, Davidson MG, Westermeyer HD. Visual outcome in cats with hypertensive chorioretinopathy. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:161-167. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney M Young
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
| | - Chaowen Zheng
- Department of Statistics; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
| | - Michael G Davidson
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
| | - Hans D Westermeyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
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17
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Hori Y, Heishima Y, Yamashita Y, Isayama N, Kanno N, Nakamura K, Iguchi M, Ibaragi T, Onodera H, Aramaki Y, Hirakawa A, Yamano S, Katagi M, Kitade A, Sawada T. Relationship between indirect blood pressure and various stages of chronic kidney disease in cats. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:447-452. [PMID: 29311521 PMCID: PMC5880824 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common cause of secondary systemic hypertension in cats. We investigated the relationship between indirect blood pressure and the prevalence of systemic hypertension in various CKD
stages in cats. Client-owned cats (24 control cats and 77 cats with CKD) were included. Biochemical examinations of plasma were conducted by a commercial laboratory. Diseased cats were divided into two groups based on
the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) guidelines (II and III–IV). Indirect blood pressure was measured using an oscillometric technique. Severe hypertension was diagnosed if systolic blood pressure (SBP) was
≥180 mmHg. Indirect blood pressures were significantly higher in IRIS stage III–IV than in the control cats. Of 77 cats with CKD, 25 (32.5%) had severe hypertension. The frequency of severe hypertension increased with an
increase in IRIS stage; 0% in the controls, 27.6% in the IRIS stage II, and 47.4% in the IRIS stage III–IV, respectively. The indirect SBP was weakly correlated with urea nitrogen (r=0.27) and creatinine
(r=0.23) concentrations in plasma. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that if plasma creatinine concentration is >3.7 mg/dl, cats with CKD had an increased risk for
developing severe hypertension (P<0.001). Our results suggest that indirect blood pressure was correlated with the severity of CKD, and the prevalence of severe hypertension increased in cats with
severe CKD. The risk of severe hypertension may be high in cats with severe CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Hori
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midori-machi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Heishima
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midori-machi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.,Heisei Animal Hospital, 2-1-1 Futago-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 486-0955, Japan
| | - Yohei Yamashita
- Ebisu Animal Hospital, 3-3-43 Nishitaga, Taihaku, Sendai, Miyagi 982-0034, Japan
| | - Noriko Isayama
- Uenonomori Animal Clinic, 1-5-11 Yanaka Taito, Tokyo 110-0001, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kanno
- Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakamura
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192 Japan
| | - Masayuki Iguchi
- Iguchi Animal Hospital, 6-2-34 Kamijima, Naka, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 433-8122, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ibaragi
- Miyoshi Inter Animal Hospital, 27-103 Neura Fukuya-cho, Miyoshi, Aichi 470-0217, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Onodera
- Onodera Animal Hospital, 1-10-4 Chuou, Rifu-cho, Miyagi, Miyagi 981-0104, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Aramaki
- Bay Veterinary Hospital, 5-6-7 Ujinanishi, Minami, Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-0014, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirakawa
- Pet Clinic Hallelujah, 2544-1 Nakabaru, Kasuya-machi, Kasuya, Fukuoka 811-2304, Japan
| | - Shigeki Yamano
- Ueda Animal Clinic, 2-202 Ueda, Tenpaku, Nagoya, Aichi 465-0081, Japan
| | - Michio Katagi
- Katagi Animal Hospital, 565-5 Matoba, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1101, Japan
| | - Akihito Kitade
- Kitade Animal Hospital, 2 Ichishichotajiri, Tsu, Mie 515-2516, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sawada
- Kitanomori Animal Hospital, 17-1-35 11-Jyou, Shin-kotoni, Kita, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0911, Japan
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18
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Cole L, Jepson R, Humm K. Systemic hypertension in cats with acute kidney injury. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:577-581. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Cole
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield; Hertfordshire, ALP 7TA UK
| | - R. Jepson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield; Hertfordshire, ALP 7TA UK
| | - K. Humm
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield; Hertfordshire, ALP 7TA UK
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19
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Taffin ERL, Paepe D, Ghys LFE, De Roover K, Van de Maele I, Saunders JH, Duchateau L, Daminet S. Systolic blood pressure, routine kidney variables and renal ultrasonographic findings in cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:672-679. [PMID: 27307141 PMCID: PMC11128819 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16653165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Hypertension is a common cause of proteinuria in HIV-infected people. In cats, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection appears to be associated with proteinuria. Therefore, the results from systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements in naturally infected FIV-positive cats were reviewed to assess whether hypertension contributes to the observed proteinuria in these cats. Ultrasonographic findings in FIV-positive cats were reviewed to complete renal assessment and to extend the scant knowledge on renal ultrasonography in cats. Methods Data from client-owned, naturally infected FIV-positive cats were retrospectively reviewed. To obtain a control group, records were reviewed from age-matched, privately owned, FIV-negative cats. Results Data from 91 FIV-infected and 113 control cats were compared. FIV-infected cats showed a significantly lower SBP ( P <0.0001) and significantly fewer FIV-infected cats were hypertensive (⩾160 mmHg) compared with control cats ( P = 0.025). The prevalence of renal azotaemia did not significantly differ between groups, although FIV-infected cats had significantly lower urine specific gravity (USG) ( P = 0.0273) and a higher incidence of USG below 1.035 ( P = 0.043). Urinary protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) was significantly higher in FIV-infected cats ( P = 0.0005) and proteinuria (UPC >0.4) occurred more frequently in FIV-infected cats ( P <0.001). Renal ultrasonography showed abnormalities in 60/91 FIV-infected cats, with hyperechogenic cortices in 39/91 and enlarged kidneys in 31/91. Conclusions and relevance Hypertension can be excluded as a common cause of renal damage leading to proteinuria in FIV-infected cats. Proteinuria and poorly concentrated urine are common in naturally infected FIV-positive cats, in contrast to azotaemia. Clinicians should cautiously interpret ultrasonographic abnormalities as these occur in over half of FIV-infected cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien RL Taffin
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth FE Ghys
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katrien De Roover
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Isabel Van de Maele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jimmy H Saunders
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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20
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Leclerc A, Trehiou-Sechi E, Greunz EM, Damoiseaux C, Bouvard J, Chetboul V. Systemic arterial hypertension secondary to chronic kidney disease in two captive-born large felids. J Vet Cardiol 2017; 19:308-316. [PMID: 28435002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Systemic arterial hypertension (SHT) has been widely described in the domestic cat (Felis catus). In these feline patients, SHT is considered as the most common vascular disorder of middle-aged to older animals, and secondary SHT related to chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents the most common form of the disease. We describe here the first two cases of spontaneous SHT in large felids, i.e. one 18-year old, 34.4 kg, male North-Chinese leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, case #1) and one 20-year old, 28.7 kg, female snow leopard (Panthera uncia, case #2), both captive-bred and previously diagnosed with CKD. Both animals underwent complete echocardiographic examination under general anesthesia due to abnormal cardiac auscultation (heart murmur and/or gallop sound), and recurrent lethargy in case #1. The combination of left ventricular remodeling with moderate aortic regurgitation of high velocity was highly suggestive of SHT, which was confirmed by indirect blood pressure measurement (systolic arterial blood pressure of 183 mmHg for case #1 and 180 mmHg for case #2). Amlodipine was prescribed (0.35-0.70 mg/kg/day orally) for 31 and 6 months respectively after the initial diagnosis. In case #1, concurrent amlodipine and benazepril treatment was associated with decreased heart murmur grade and reduced aortic insufficiency severity. These reports illustrate that, similarly to domestic cats, SHT should be suspected in old large felids with CKD and that amlodipine is a well-tolerated antihypertensive drug in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leclerc
- Parc Zoologique et de Loisirs de Thoiry, 78770, Thoiry, France.
| | - E Trehiou-Sechi
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 7 avenue Général de Gaulle, 94704, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - E M Greunz
- Parc Zoologique et de Loisirs de Thoiry, 78770, Thoiry, France
| | - C Damoiseaux
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 7 avenue Général de Gaulle, 94704, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - J Bouvard
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 7 avenue Général de Gaulle, 94704, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - V Chetboul
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 7 avenue Général de Gaulle, 94704, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; INSERM, U955, Equipe 03, 51 avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
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21
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Scherk MA, Laflamme DP. Controversies in Veterinary Nephrology: Renal Diets Are Indicated for Cats with International Renal Interest Society Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 2 to 4: The Con View. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2017; 46:1067-94. [PMID: 27593575 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Renal diets typically incorporate protein and phosphorus restriction, supplement with potassium and Omega-3 fatty acids, and address metabolic acidosis. Compared to "maintenance" diets, these modifications appear to benefit cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, there is limited data in cats justifying the specific amounts of the nutrients used in these diets, and there is little evidence supporting protein restriction in cats with CKD. Energy intake, maintenance of body weight, and muscle and body condition need to be addressed, and may take precedence over special diets. Further research is needed to better define optimum diets for cats with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margie A Scherk
- CatsINK 4381 Gladstone Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V5N 4Z4, Canada.
| | - Dottie P Laflamme
- Scientific Communications, 473 Grandma's Place, Floyd, VA 24091, USA
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Oh A, Pearce JW, Gandolfi B, Creighton EK, Suedmeyer WK, Selig M, Bosiack AP, Castaner LJ, Whiting REH, Belknap EB, Lyons LA. Early-Onset Progressive Retinal Atrophy Associated with an IQCB1 Variant in African Black-Footed Cats (Felis nigripes). Sci Rep 2017; 7:43918. [PMID: 28322220 PMCID: PMC5359545 DOI: 10.1038/srep43918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
African black-footed cats (Felis nigripes) are endangered wild felids. One male and full-sibling female African black-footed cat developed vision deficits and mydriasis as early as 3 months of age. The diagnosis of early-onset progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) was supported by reduced direct and consensual pupillary light reflexes, phenotypic presence of retinal degeneration, and a non-recordable electroretinogram with negligible amplitudes in both eyes. Whole genome sequencing, conducted on two unaffected parents and one affected offspring was compared to a variant database from 51 domestic cats and a Pallas cat, revealed 50 candidate variants that segregated concordantly with the PRA phenotype. Testing in additional affected cats confirmed that cats homozygous for a 2 base pair (bp) deletion within IQ calmodulin-binding motif-containing protein-1 (IQCB1), the gene that encodes for nephrocystin-5 (NPHP5), had vision loss. The variant segregated concordantly in other related individuals within the pedigree supporting the identification of a recessively inherited early-onset feline PRA. Analysis of the black-footed cat studbook suggests additional captive cats are at risk. Genetic testing for IQCB1 and avoidance of matings between carriers should be added to the species survival plan for captive management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Oh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jacqueline W. Pearce
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Erica K. Creighton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Ann P. Bosiack
- Animal Eye Care of Richmond LLC, Midlothian, Virginia, USA
| | - Leilani J. Castaner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rebecca E. H. Whiting
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | | | - Leslie A. Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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23
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Taylor SS, Sparkes AH, Briscoe K, Carter J, Sala SC, Jepson RE, Reynolds BS, Scansen BA. ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertension in Cats. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:288-303. [PMID: 28245741 PMCID: PMC11119534 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17693500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Feline hypertension is a common disease in older cats that is frequently diagnosed in association with other diseases such as chronic kidney disease and hyperthyroidism (so-called secondary hypertension), although some cases of apparent primary hypertension are also reported. The clinical consequences of hypertension can be severe, related to 'target organ damage' (eye, heart and vasculature, brain and kidneys), and early diagnosis followed by appropriate therapeutic management should help reduce the morbidity associated with this condition. Clinical challenges: Despite being a common disease, routine blood pressure (BP) monitoring is generally performed infrequently, probably leading to underdiagnosis of feline hypertension in clinical practice. There is a need to: (i) ensure BP is measured as accurately as possible with a reproducible technique; (ii) identify and monitor patients at risk of developing hypertension; (iii) establish appropriate criteria for therapeutic intervention; and (iv) establish appropriate therapeutic targets. Based on current data, amlodipine besylate is the treatment of choice to manage feline hypertension and is effective in the majority of cats, but the dose needed to successfully manage hypertension varies between individuals. Some cats require long-term adjuvant therapy and, occasionally, additional therapy is necessary for emergency management of hypertensive crises. Evidence base: These Guidelines from the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM) are based on a comprehensive review of the currently available literature, and are aimed at providing practical recommendations to address the challenges of feline hypertension for veterinarians. There are many areas where more data is required which, in the future, will serve to confirm or modify some of the recommendations in these Guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katherine Briscoe
- Animal Referral Hospital, 250 Parramatta Road, Homebush, Sydney, NSW 2140, Australia
| | - Jenny Carter
- PO Box 128209, Remuera, Auckland 1541, New Zealand
| | | | - Rosanne E Jepson
- Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | - Brian A Scansen
- Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1678, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Quimby JM. Update on Medical Management of Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Kidney Disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 46:1163-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Jepson RE, Warren HR, Syme HM, Elliott J, Munroe PB. Uromodulin gene variants and their association with renal function and blood pressure in cats: a pilot study. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:580-588. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Jepson
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Nr Hatfield Herts AL9 7TA
| | - H. R. Warren
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London EC1M 6BQ
| | - H. M. Syme
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Nr Hatfield Herts AL9 7TA
| | - J. Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; London NW1 0TU
| | - P. B. Munroe
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London EC1M 6BQ
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Anjos T, Veado J, Araújo R, Leme F, Diniz S, Castro M, Costa F, Tavares C, David L, Quites K, Maia M. Avaliação e comparação entre métodos de mensuração de pressão arterial sistólica em gatos hígidos conscientes. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Após validação de dois diferentes métodos de mensuração de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) não invasivos ou indiretos (oscilométrico e Doppler vascular) com o invasivo ou direto (cateterização arterial - padrão ouro) em 12 gatos hígidos anestesiados de mesma faixa etária, os métodos não invasivos foram avaliados e comparados em 24 gatos hígidos e conscientes, divididos em quatro grupos de idade. Em cada animal, procedeu-se à mensuração da pressão pelos métodos Doppler e oscilométrico. O método oscilométrico foi o primeiro a ser realizado, e, logo em seguida, o método Doppler. Os valores considerados foram obtidos das médias de sete medidas consecutivas para cada método, com intervalo de 30 segundos entre elas. A primeira medida e as medidas discrepantes (variação ˃ 20% PAS), obtidas com sinais óbvios de estresse e/ou com movimentação do animal, foram descartadas. Os métodos de mensuração oscilométrico e Doppler, embora tenham apresentado médias estatisticamente diferentes em todos os grupos, quando comparados em cada grupo, apresentaram uma correlação significativa, alta e positiva. Ou seja, sempre que for obtido um valor elevado por um método, o mesmo fato ocorrerá com o outro método e vice-versa. Clinicamente, a diferença observada não é relevante, uma vez que a diferença média dos valores obtida pelos dois métodos, em cada grupo, foi menor que 1,1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.M. Anjos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - R.B. Araújo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - F.O.P Leme
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - S.A. Diniz
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - F.V.A Costa
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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COMPARISON OF HIGH-DEFINITION OSCILLOMETRIC AND DIRECT ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT IN ANESTHETIZED CHEETAHS (ACINONYX JUBATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:506-16. [DOI: 10.1638/2014-0205.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Biasato I, Francescone L, La Rosa G, Tursi M. Anatomopathological staging of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy through quantitative evaluation based on morphometric and histopathological data. Res Vet Sci 2015; 102:136-41. [PMID: 26412533 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is both clinical and anatomopathological. Since standardized echocardiographic parameters have previously been established for its diagnosis and classification, the aim of the present study is to provide an original, complete and repeatable quantitative anatomopathological evaluation of this myocardial disease. Since ES-HCM is a clearly defined clinicopathological entity of feline HCM, the present study also aims to investigate its temporal evolution. The hearts of 21 cats with previous diagnosis or suspicion of HCM and 6 control animals were submitted for morphometric and histopathological investigations. The proposed quantitative assessment of gross and histopathological features of HCM appears to be original and repeatable. Correlations between morphometric data allow to establish that the progression to the end-stage phenotypes, primarily characterized by increase in left ventricular fibrous tissue deposition, is accompanied by dilation of left ventricular lumen (P=0.0004) and left atrium (P=0.0017) and increase in intramural coronary arteriosclerosis (P=0.0293).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Biasato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | | | - G La Rosa
- Veterinary Practitioner, Turin, Italy
| | - M Tursi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Ferreira A, Sottiaux J, Mandara MT, Motta L. Ascending haemorrhagic myelomalacia associated with systemic hypertension in a hyperthyroid cat. JFMS Open Rep 2015; 1:2055116915589840. [PMID: 28491365 PMCID: PMC5362925 DOI: 10.1177/2055116915589840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CASE SUMMARY An 8-year-old domestic shorthair neutered male cat was presented with acute onset of paraplegia, absent nociception on the pelvic limbs, tail and perianal area, and a previous history of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism (even after thyroidectomy) and chronic hypertension. The magnetic resonance findings (heterogeneous intramedullary ill-defined area, isointense on T1-weighted and hyperintense on short tau inversion recovery and T2-weighted scans between T12 and L5 spinal cord segments) were consistent with ascending haemorrhagic myelomalacia, which was confirmed by histopathology. It also revealed myelomalacia associated with diffuse arteriolar hyalinosis, similar to the reports found with hypertensive encephalopathy. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION Myelomalacia should be considered as a possible outcome in cats with hypertension. Considering that hypertension is a common consequence of hyperthyroidism, emphasis should be given to blood pressure monitoring, especially after treatment of this condition. We describe the histopathological changes occurring in the spinal cord associated with a state of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacques Sottiaux
- Cardiology Department, Grange Pierre, Saint Andre de Corcy, France
| | | | - Luca Motta
- ChesterGates Veterinary Specialists, Neurology Department, Chester, UK
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Rylander H, Eminaga S, Palus V, Steinberg H, Caine A, Summers BA, Gehrke J, West C, Fox PR, Donovan T, Cherubini GB. Feline ischemic myelopathy and encephalopathy secondary to hyaline arteriopathy in five cats. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:832-9. [PMID: 24518252 PMCID: PMC11112216 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14520810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Five cats presented with acute-onset neurological signs. Magnetic resonance imaging in four cats showed a T2-weighted hyperintense spinal cord lesion that was mildly contrast-enhancing in three cats. Owing to inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid changes three cats were treated with immunosuppression. One cat was treated with antibiotics. All cats improved initially, but were eventually euthanased owing to the recurrence of neurological signs. Histopathology in all cats showed hyaline degeneration of the ventral spinal artery, basilar artery or associated branches with aneurysmal dilation, thrombosis and ischemic degeneration and necrosis of the spinal cord and brain. Two cats also had similar vascular changes in meningeal vessels. Vascular hyaline degeneration resulting in vascular aneurysmal dilation and thrombosis should be a differential diagnosis in cats presenting with acute central nervous system signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Rylander
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Howard Steinberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Brian A Summers
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | | | - Chad West
- Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Taryn Donovan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Cardiovascular effects of dietary salt intake in aged healthy cats: a 2-year prospective randomized, blinded, and controlled study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97862. [PMID: 24941013 PMCID: PMC4062415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
High salt dry expanded diets are commercially available for cats to increase water intake and urine volume, as part of the prevention or treatment of naturally occurring urinary stone formation (calcium oxalates and struvites). However, chronic high salt intake may have potential cardiovascular adverse effects in both humans, especially in aging individuals, and several animal models. The objective of this prospective, randomized, blinded, and controlled study was to assess the long-term cardiovascular effects of high salt intake in healthy aged cats. Twenty healthy neutered cats (10.1±2.4 years) were randomly allocated into 2 matched groups. One group was fed a high salt diet (3.1 g/Mcal sodium, 5.5 g/Mcal chloride) and the other group a control diet of same composition except for salt content (1.0 g/Mcal sodium, 2.2 g/Mcal chloride). Clinical examination, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure measurements, standard transthoracic echocardiography and conventional Doppler examinations were repeatedly performed on non-sedated cats by trained observers before and over 24 months after diet implementation. Radial and longitudinal velocities of the left ventricular free wall and the interventricular septum were also assessed in systole and diastole using 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler imaging. Statistics were performed using a general linear model. No significant effect of dietary salt intake was observed on systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure values. Out of the 33 tested imaging variables, the only one affected by dietary salt intake was the radial early on late diastolic velocity ratio assessed in the endocardium of the left ventricular free wall, statistically lower in the high salt diet group at 12 months only (P = 0.044). In conclusion, in this study involving healthy aged cats, chronic high dietary salt intake was not associated with an increased risk of systemic arterial hypertension and myocardial dysfunction, as observed in some elderly people, salt-sensitive patients and animal models.
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Martel E, Egner B, Brown SA, King JN, Laveissiere A, Champeroux P, Richard S. Comparison of high-definition oscillometry -- a non-invasive technology for arterial blood pressure measurement -- with a direct invasive method using radio-telemetry in awake healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:1104-13. [PMID: 23813147 PMCID: PMC10816456 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13495025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study compared indirect blood pressure measurements using a non-invasive method, high-definition oscillometry (HDO), with direct measurements using a radio-telemetry device in awake cats. Paired measurements partitioned to five sub-ranges were collected in six cats using both methods. The results were analysed for assessment of correlation and agreement between the two methods, taking into account all pressure ranges, and with data separated in three sub-groups, low, normal and high ranges of systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure. SBP data displayed a mean correlation coefficient of 0.92 ± 0.02 that was reduced for low SBP. The agreement level evaluated from the whole data set was high and slightly reduced for low SBP values. The mean correlation coefficient of DBP was lower than for SBP (ie, 0.81 ± 0.02). The bias for DBP between the two methods was 22.3 ± 1.6 mmHg, suggesting that HDO produced lower values than telemetry. These results suggest that HDO met the validation criteria defined by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus panel and provided a faithful measurement of SBP in conscious cats. For DBP, results suggest that HDO tended to underestimate DBP. This finding is clearly inconsistent with the good agreement reported in dogs, but is similar to outcomes achieved in marmosets and cynomolgus monkeys, suggesting that this is not related to HDO but is species related. The data support that the HDO is the first and only validated non-invasive blood pressure device and, as such, it is the only non-invasive reference technique that should be used in future validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Martel
- Centre de Recherches Biologiques (CERB), Chemin de Montifault, Baugy, France
| | - Beate Egner
- Clinic for Small Animals, Hoerstein, Germany
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Arnaud Laveissiere
- Centre de Recherches Biologiques (CERB), Chemin de Montifault, Baugy, France
| | - Pascal Champeroux
- Centre de Recherches Biologiques (CERB), Chemin de Montifault, Baugy, France
| | - Serge Richard
- Centre de Recherches Biologiques (CERB), Chemin de Montifault, Baugy, France
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most frequently encountered disorders in cats, having increased in prevalence in recent decades. Although the underlying cause is rarely identified, the common final outcome of feline CKD is tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Knowledge of CKD pathophysiology is necessary for optimal individualised patient management, especially with regard to diagnosis and treatment of extrarenal complications. PATIENT GROUP CKD is most common in senior and geriatric cats, but should be considered in any feline patient with ureterolithiasis, hyperthyroidism, retrovirus infection, systemic hypertension, cardiovascular disease or urinary tract infection. EVIDENCE BASE Most of our knowledge of the pathogenesis of CKD is extrapolated from human nephrology and experimental animal studies. There is, therefore, a need for further studies in cats. The prevalence of clinical signs in feline CKD is well documented. Several concurrent diseases associated with CKD have also been reported in cats, especially in the geriatric population, but there is no or only limited published evidence demonstrating a cause-and-effect relationship between most of these conditions and CKD. Studies performed over the past 15 years have nevertheless allowed identification of major risk factors (proteinuria, plasma phosphate and plasma creatinine) influencing the progression of feline CKD. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Clinical signs occur in the late stages of renal disease, so populations at higher risk of CKD should be screened routinely. CKD-associated complications (systemic hypertension, secondary renal hyperparathyroidism, hypokalaemia, anaemia, metabolic acidosis) must not be overlooked as they may affect the progression of disease. Disease progression is itself unpredictable and renal function may remain stable for extended periods. Most cats with early CKD do not progress to end-stage CKD before they die. AUDIENCE General practitioners play a major role in screening feline patients at risk of development or progression of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice S Reynolds
- Clinical Research Unit, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
| | - Hervé P Lefebvre
- Clinical Research Unit, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
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Paepe D, Verjans G, Duchateau L, Piron K, Ghys L, Daminet S. Routine health screening: findings in apparently healthy middle-aged and old cats. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:8-19. [PMID: 23254237 PMCID: PMC10816488 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12464628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
STUDY RATIONALE Veterinary practitioners often perform geriatric health screening in cats. Unfortunately, scientific information regarding clinical and laboratory abnormalities and normal blood pressure values in elderly cats is scarce. This prospective study evaluated routine health screening tests in apparently healthy middle-aged and old cats. PROTOCOL One hundred cats of 6 years and older underwent blood pressure measurement, physical examination, blood and urine analysis, indirect fundoscopy and bilateral Schirmer tear tests. FINDINGS Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 133.6 ± 21.5 mmHg. Increased SBP (>160 mmHg) was observed in eight cats, submandibular lymphadenopathy in 32, gingivitis in 72, heart murmur in 11, thyroid goitre in 20, increased creatinine in 29, hyperglycaemia in 25, increased total thyroxine in three, feline immunodeficiency virus positivity in 14, crystalluria in 41, borderline proteinuria in 25 and overt proteinuria in two. Mean tear production was very similar for both eyes and none of the cats had ocular lesions secondary to hypertension. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Old cats (>10 years) had significantly higher SBP, heart rate, murmur frequency, thrombocyte count, urine protein:creatinine ratio and serum urea and bilirubin concentrations, and significantly lower body condition score, haematocrit, albumin and total calcium concentrations than middle-aged cats (6-10 years). The common occurrence of physical examination and laboratory abnormalities in apparently healthy old cats underlines the need for regular health checks and the development of age-dependent laboratory reference intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Cannon MJ, Brett J. Comparison of how well conscious cats tolerate blood pressure measurement from the radial and coccygeal arteries. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:906-9. [PMID: 22832888 PMCID: PMC11108010 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12455023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension is a common condition of older cats and acquiring clinically relevant and repeatable blood pressure (BP) measurements in conscious cats is important in its diagnosis and management. The most common sites for indirect BP measurement in the cat are the radial artery (RA) and the coccygeal artery (CA) but, to date, there are no published data comparing how conscious cats tolerate BP measurements from these sites. A high-definition oscillometric BP monitor was used to measure BP in 30 cats admitted to a cat-only veterinary clinic for reasons other than hypertension. Systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) were measured using the RA and CA, alternating which site was used first. The number of failed attempts and total time to achieve six measurements was recorded. Measurement of BP using the CA was better tolerated than the RA, resulting in fewer failures and shorter total time required. SAP measurements were slightly higher from the CA compared with the RA, irrespective of which site was used first. There were no significant differences in MAP and DAP. The coccygeal artery appears to be the more appropriate site to use when measuring BP in conscious cats using this oscillometric machine. Further studies are required using alternative BP monitors, including Doppler machines, to establish whether this is a consistent finding. When measuring BP in cats the site used should be recorded and the same site used for all subsequent measurements from the same cat.
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Quimby JM, Smith ML, Lunn KF. Evaluation of the effects of hospital visit stress on physiologic parameters in the cat. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13:733-7. [PMID: 21839664 PMCID: PMC10832771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Physiologic parameters such as blood pressure, rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate are an important part of the medical assessment of a patient. However, these factors can potentially be affected by stress. The purpose of this study was to compare physiologic parameter data gathered from cats in the home environment with those gathered in a veterinary hospital. Thirty healthy cats were evaluated both at home and at Colorado State University's Veterinary Medical Center. Doppler systolic blood pressure, temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were recorded, and the differences between the values obtained in the home and veterinary clinic environments were evaluated using the Wilcoxon sign rank test. A significant difference was found in blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate between the home and veterinary hospital environments. This information may help practitioners recognize that physiologic abnormalities can sometimes be due to transportation or environmental stress rather than medical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Quimby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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