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Papadaki S, Tricha N, Panagiotopoulou M, Krokida M. Innovative Bioactive Products with Medicinal Value from Microalgae and Their Overall Process Optimization through the Implementation of Life Cycle Analysis-An Overview. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:152. [PMID: 38667769 PMCID: PMC11050870 DOI: 10.3390/md22040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are being recognized as valuable sources of bioactive chemicals with important medical properties, attracting interest from multiple industries, such as food, feed, cosmetics, and medicines. This review study explores the extensive research on identifying important bioactive chemicals from microalgae, and choosing the best strains for nutraceutical manufacturing. It explores the most recent developments in recovery and formulation strategies for creating stable, high-purity, and quality end products for various industrial uses. This paper stresses the significance of using Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) as a strategic tool with which to improve the entire process. By incorporating LCA into decision-making processes, researchers and industry stakeholders can assess the environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of raw materials of several approaches. This comprehensive strategy will allow for the choosing of the most effective techniques, which in turn will promote sustainable practices for developing microalgae-based products. This review offers a detailed analysis of the bioactive compounds, strain selection methods, advanced processing techniques, and the incorporation of LCA. It will serve as a valuable resource for researchers and industry experts interested in utilizing microalgae for producing bioactive products with medicinal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Papadaki
- DIGNITY Private Company, 30-32 Leoforos Alexandrou Papagou, Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Tricha
- Laboratory of Process Analysis and Design, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechneiou 9, 157 80 Athens, Greece; (N.T.); (M.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Margarita Panagiotopoulou
- Laboratory of Process Analysis and Design, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechneiou 9, 157 80 Athens, Greece; (N.T.); (M.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Magdalini Krokida
- Laboratory of Process Analysis and Design, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechneiou 9, 157 80 Athens, Greece; (N.T.); (M.P.); (M.K.)
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2
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Mussagy CU, Hucke HU, Ramos NF, Ribeiro HF, Alves MB, Mustafa A, Pereira JFB, Farias FO. Tailor-made solvents for microbial carotenoids recovery. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:234. [PMID: 38400930 PMCID: PMC10894098 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, microbial carotenoids have emerged as a promising alternative for the pharmaceutical and food industries, particularly in promoting human health due to their potent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Microbial carotenoids, particularly those produced by yeast, bacteria, and microalgae, are synthesized intracellularly, requiring the use of solvents for their effective extraction and recovery. The conventional use of toxic volatile organic solvents (VOCs) like hexane, petroleum ether, and dimethyl sulfoxide in the extraction of microbial carotenoids has been common. However, ongoing research is introducing innovative, non-toxic, environmentally friendly tailor-made solvents, such as ionic liquids (IL) and deep eutectic solvents (DES), indicating a new era of cleaner and biocompatible technologies. This review aims to highlight recent advancements in utilizing IL and DES for obtaining carotenoids from microorganisms. Additionally, we explore the utilization of in silico tools designed to determine the solubilities of microbial carotenoids in tailor-made DES and ILs. This presents a promising alternative for the scientific community, potentially reducing the need for extensive experimental screening of solvents for the recovery of microbial carotenoids in the separation processing. According to our expert perspective, both IL and DES exhibit a plethora of exceptional attributes for the recovery of microbial carotenoids. Nevertheless, the current employment of these solvents for recovery of carotenoids is restricted to scientific exploration, as their feasibility for practical application in industrial settings has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. KEY POINTS: • ILs and DES share many tailoring properties for the recovery of microbial carotenoids • The use of ILs and DES for microbial carotenoid extraction remains driven by scientific curiosity. • The economic feasibility of ILs and DES is yet to be demonstrated in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassamo U Mussagy
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2260000, Quillota, Chile.
| | - Henua U Hucke
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2260000, Quillota, Chile
| | - Nataly F Ramos
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2260000, Quillota, Chile
| | - Helena F Ribeiro
- CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II-Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana B Alves
- CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II-Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ahmad Mustafa
- Faculty of Engineering, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Jorge F B Pereira
- CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II-Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Fabiane O Farias
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Center, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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3
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Cao K, Cui Y, Sun F, Zhang H, Fan J, Ge B, Cao Y, Wang X, Zhu X, Wei Z, Yao Q, Ma J, Wang Y, Meng C, Gao Z. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies for producing high-value natural pigments in Microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108236. [PMID: 37586543 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are microorganisms capable of producing bioactive compounds using photosynthesis. Microalgae contain a variety of high value-added natural pigments such as carotenoids, phycobilins, and chlorophylls. These pigments play an important role in many areas such as food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Natural pigments have a health value that is unmatched by synthetic pigments. However, the current commercial production of natural pigments from microalgae is not able to meet the growing market demand. The use of metabolic engineering and synthetic biological strategies to improve the production performance of microalgal cell factories is essential to promote the large-scale production of high-value pigments from microalgae. This paper reviews the health and economic values, the applications, and the synthesis pathways of microalgal pigments. Overall, this review aims to highlight the latest research progress in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology in constructing engineered strains of microalgae with high-value pigments and the application of CRISPR technology and multi-omics in this context. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on the bottlenecks and challenges of microalgal pigment production and their future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yulin Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Fengjie Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Baosheng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yujiao Cao
- School of Foreign Languages, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255090, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Zuoxi Wei
- School of Life Sciences and medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Qingshou Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jinju Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Chunxiao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Zhengquan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
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Guermazi W, Annabi-Trabelsi N, Belmonte G, Guermazi K, Ayadi H, Leignel V. Solar Salterns and Pollution: Valorization of Some Endemic Species as Sentinels in Ecotoxicology. TOXICS 2023; 11:524. [PMID: 37368624 PMCID: PMC10303847 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Solar salterns and salt marshes are unique ecosystems with special physicochemical features and characteristic biota. Currently, there are very few studies focused on the impacts of pollution on these economic and ecological systems. Unfortunately, diversified pollution (metals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, etc.) has been detected in these complex ecosystems. These hypersaline environments are under increasing threat due to anthropogenic pressures. Despite this, they represent a valuable source of microbial diversity, with taxa displaying special features in terms of environmental remediation capacities as well as economical species such as Artemia spp. (Branchiopoda) and Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta). In this review, we discuss the impacts of pollution on these semi-artificial systems. Therefore, we have indicated the sentinel species identified in plankton communities, which can be used in ecotoxicological investigations in solar salterns. In future, researchers should increase their interest in pollution assessment in solar salterns and salt marshes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Guermazi
- Laboratoire Biodiversité Marine et Environnement (LR18ES30), Université de Sfax, Sfax CP 3000, Tunisia; (W.G.); (N.A.-T.); (K.G.); (H.A.)
| | - Neila Annabi-Trabelsi
- Laboratoire Biodiversité Marine et Environnement (LR18ES30), Université de Sfax, Sfax CP 3000, Tunisia; (W.G.); (N.A.-T.); (K.G.); (H.A.)
| | - Genuario Belmonte
- Laboratory of Zoogeography and Fauna, University of the Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Kais Guermazi
- Laboratoire Biodiversité Marine et Environnement (LR18ES30), Université de Sfax, Sfax CP 3000, Tunisia; (W.G.); (N.A.-T.); (K.G.); (H.A.)
| | - Habib Ayadi
- Laboratoire Biodiversité Marine et Environnement (LR18ES30), Université de Sfax, Sfax CP 3000, Tunisia; (W.G.); (N.A.-T.); (K.G.); (H.A.)
| | - Vincent Leignel
- Laboratoire BIOSSE, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France
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Hladnik L, Vicente FA, Košir A, Grilc M, Likozar B. Stirred, ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction process of β-carotene from Rhodotorula glutinis in biorefinery downstream. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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6
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Yadav K, Vasistha S, Nawkarkar P, Kumar S, Rai MP. Algal biorefinery culminating multiple value-added products: recent advances, emerging trends, opportunities, and challenges. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:244. [PMID: 36033914 PMCID: PMC9402873 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Algal biorefinery is rising as a prominent solution to economically fulfill the escalating global requirement for nutrition, feed, fuel, and medicines. In recent years, scientific productiveness associated with microalgae-based studies has elaborated in multiplied aspects, while translation to the commercial level continues to be missing. The present microalgal biorefinery has a challenge in long-term viability due to escalated market price of algal-mediated biofuels and bioproducts. Advancements are required in a few aspects like improvement in algae processing, energy investment, and cost analysis of microalgae biorefinery. Therefore, it is essential to recognize the modern work by understanding the knowledge gaps and hotspots driving business scale up. The microalgae biorefinery integrated with energy-based products, bioactive and green compounds, focusing on a circular bioeconomy, is urgently needed. A detailed investigation of techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) is important to increase the market value of algal products. This review discusses the valorization of algal biomass for the value-added application that holds a sustainable approach and cost-competitive algal biorefinery. The current industries, policies, technology transfer trends, challenges, and future economic outlook are discussed. This study is an overview through scientometric investigation attempt to describe the research development contributing to this rising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushi Yadav
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313 India
| | - Shrasti Vasistha
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313 India
| | - Prachi Nawkarkar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Shashi Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Monika Prakash Rai
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313 India
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7
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Calijuri ML, Silva TA, Magalhães IB, Pereira ASADP, Marangon BB, Assis LRD, Lorentz JF. Bioproducts from microalgae biomass: Technology, sustainability, challenges and opportunities. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135508. [PMID: 35777544 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are a potential feedstock for several bioproducts, mainly from its primary and secondary metabolites. Lipids can be converted in high-value polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as omega-3, carbohydrates are potential biohydrogen (bioH2) sources, proteins can be converted into biopolymers (such as bioplastics) and pigments can achieve high concentrations of valuable carotenoids. This work comprehends the current practices for the production of such products from microalgae biomass, with insights on technical performance, environmental and economical sustainability. For each bioproduct, discussion includes insights on bioprocesses, productivity, commercialization, environmental impacts and major challenges. Opportunities for future research, such as wastewater cultivation, arise as environmentally attractive alternatives for sustainable production with high potential for resource recovery and valorization. Still, microalgae biotechnology stands out as an attractive topic for it research and market potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lúcia Calijuri
- Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Department of Civil Engineering, Advanced Environmental Research Group - NPA, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Abrantes Silva
- Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Department of Civil Engineering, Advanced Environmental Research Group - NPA, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Iara Barbosa Magalhães
- Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Department of Civil Engineering, Advanced Environmental Research Group - NPA, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Alexia Saleme Aona de Paula Pereira
- Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Department of Civil Engineering, Advanced Environmental Research Group - NPA, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Bianca Barros Marangon
- Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Department of Civil Engineering, Advanced Environmental Research Group - NPA, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Rodrigues de Assis
- Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Department of Civil Engineering, Advanced Environmental Research Group - NPA, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira Lorentz
- Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Department of Civil Engineering, Advanced Environmental Research Group - NPA, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
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8
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Assessing the Environmental and Economic Sustainability of Functional Food Ingredient Production Process. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Development and application of novel technologies in food processing is vital for ensuring the availability of adequate, safe, and convenient food with the desired quality and functional properties. Environmental and economic sustainability of technologies is essential prior to their application in the food processing sector. The objective of this research is to determine the environmental and economic feasibility of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for recovering functional food ingredients from seaweed. Experimental data is used to conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) to investigate the environmental performance with a functional unit (FU) of obtaining 1 g of extracted polyphenols, measured as gallic acid equivalents (mg GAE)/g seaweed. A life cycle impact assessment is performed with ReCiPe 2016 at midpoint. The cost of manufacturing (COM) of phenolic-rich extracts (as functional ingredient, bioactive, or nutraceutical) is estimated using time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC). The environmental profile findings show that across all categories, the UAE has considerably lower impacts than the conventional method, with electricity as the most important impact contributor, followed by solvent production. An economic assessment estimates the COM over a one-year period at a large scale using the UAE to be EUR 1,200,304, EUR 2,368,440, and EUR 4,623,290 for extraction vessel capacities of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 m3, respectively. Raw materials (including the type of raw material) and operational labour costs are the primary contributors to the COM. The findings thus present evidence to support the adoption of an environmentally and economically viable technology for functional ingredient production.
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Cassani L, Marcovich NE, Gomez-Zavaglia A. Valorization of fruit and vegetables agro-wastes for the sustainable production of carotenoid-based colorants with enhanced bioavailability. Food Res Int 2022; 152:110924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Zhao X, Liang K, Zhu H. Carotenoids in Cereals and Related Foodstuffs: A Review of Extraction and Analysis Methods. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2027438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Food Monitoring and Evaluation Center, Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Kehong Liang
- Food Monitoring and Evaluation Center, Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Food Monitoring and Evaluation Center, Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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11
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Chung MMS, Bao Y, Zhang BY, Le TM, Huang JY. Life Cycle Assessment on Environmental Sustainability of Food Processing. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 13:217-237. [PMID: 34936816 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-062420-014630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Food processing represents a critical part of the food supply chain that converts raw materials into safe and nutritious food products with high quality. However, the fast-growing food processing industry has imposed enormous burdens on the environment. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is widely used for evaluating the sustainability of food systems; nonetheless, current attention mainly concentrates on the agricultural production stage. This article reviews recent LCA studies on dairy, fruits and vegetables, and beverage products, with a particular emphasis on their processing stage. The environmental impacts of various foods are summarized, and the hotspots in their processing lines as well as potential remediation strategies are highlighted. Moreover, an outlook on the environmental performance of nonthermal processing, modified atmosphere packaging, and active packaging is provided, and future research directions are recommended. This review enables quantitative assessments and comparisons to be made by food manufacturers that are devoted to implementing sustainable processing technologies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiwen Bao
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
| | - Bruce Yizhe Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
| | - Thanh Minh Le
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
| | - Jen-Yi Huang
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA; .,Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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12
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Weickert S, Grahl S, Weinrich R. Algae production technology: Effect of framing on German consumer acceptance. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Santiago B, Feijoo G, Moreira MT, González-García S. Identifying the sustainability route of asparagus co-product extraction: From waste to bioactive compounds. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Santos PDDF, Rubio FTV, da Silva MP, Pinho LS, Favaro-Trindade CS. Microencapsulation of carotenoid-rich materials: A review. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110571. [PMID: 34399544 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural pigments that present several bioactive properties, including antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and provitamin A activities. However, these compounds are susceptible to degradation when exposed to a number of conditions (e.g. light, heat, oxygen), leading to loss of benefits and hampering their application in food products. Their hydrophobicity also makes incorporation into water-based foods more difficult. Microencapsulation techniques have been applied for decades to provide stability to carotenoid-rich extracts under typical conditions of processing and storage of foods, besides offering several other advantages to the use and application of these materials. This work reviews the recent advances in the microencapsulation of carotenoid-rich extracts, oils and oleoresins from varying sources, evidencing the technologies applied to encapsulate these materials, the effects of encapsulation on the obtained particles, and the impact of such processes on the bioaccessibility and release profile of carotenoids from microparticles. Moreover, recent applications of carotenoid-rich microparticles in food products are discussed. Most of the applied processes were effective in improving different aspects of the encapsulated materials, especially the stability of carotenoids during storage, resulting in microparticles with promising properties for future applications in food products. However, the lack of information about the effects of microencapsulation on carotenoids during processing of model foods, the sensory acceptance of enriched food products and the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of microencapsulated carotenoids reveals gaps that should be explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Dayane de Freitas Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 - 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Thaís Vieira Rubio
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 - 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marluci Palazzolli da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 - 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lorena Silva Pinho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 - 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carmen Sílvia Favaro-Trindade
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 - 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Lu Y, Gu X, Lin H, Melis A. Engineering microalgae: transition from empirical design to programmable cells. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:1233-1256. [PMID: 34130561 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1917507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Domesticated microalgae hold great promise for the sustainable provision of various bioresources for human domestic and industrial consumption. Efforts to exploit their potential are far from being fully realized due to limitations in the know-how of microalgal engineering. The associated technologies are not as well developed as those for heterotrophic microbes, cyanobacteria, and plants. However, recent studies on microalgal metabolic engineering, genome editing, and synthetic biology have immensely helped to enhance transformation efficiencies and are bringing new insights into this field. Therefore, this article, summarizes recent developments in microalgal biotechnology and examines the prospects for generating specialty and commodity products through the processes of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. After a brief examination of empirical engineering methods and vector design, this article focuses on quantitative transformation cassette design, elaborates on target editing methods and emerging digital design of algal cellular metabolism to arrive at high yields of valuable products. These advances have enabled a transition of manners in microalgal engineering from single-gene and enzyme-based metabolic engineering to systems-level precision engineering, from cells created with genetically modified (GM) tags to that without GM tags, and ultimately from proof of concept to tangible industrial applications. Finally, future trends are proposed in microalgal engineering, aiming to establish individualized transformation systems in newly identified species for strain-specific specialty and commodity products, while developing sophisticated universal toolkits in model algal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xinping Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hanzhi Lin
- Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, Center for Environmental Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Anastasios Melis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Kumar PC, Oberoi HS, Azeez S. Basella- an Underutilized Green Leafy Vegetable with a Potential for Functional Food Development. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1874410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Chethan Kumar
- Division of Post Harvest Technology and Agricultural Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Harinder Singh Oberoi
- Division of Post Harvest Technology and Agricultural Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, India
- Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Shamina Azeez
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, India
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17
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Deprá MC, Severo IA, dos Santos AM, Zepka LQ, Jacob-Lopes E. Environmental impacts on commercial microalgae-based products: Sustainability metrics and indicators. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Onorato C, Rösch C. Comparative life cycle assessment of astaxanthin production with Haematococcus pluvialis in different photobioreactor technologies. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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19
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Life cycle assessment of polyphenols extraction processes from waste biomass. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13632. [PMID: 32788710 PMCID: PMC7423940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70587-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Waste biomass from forestry and wood processing industries is a source to obtain fine chemicals, and its processing is a good example of circular economy, but it generates secondary environmental impacts. The main objective of this study was to analyse the environmental performances of laboratory scale processes for polyphenols extraction from spruce bark by means of life cycle assessment (LCA) and to simulate and evaluate the scale-up possibilities of the most favourable alternative. The assessed extraction processes were: a classic Soxhlet extraction using ethanol as solvent (SE), a high-temperature extraction in 1% NaOH solution (NaOH-SLE) and an ultrasound assisted extraction process (UAE). The functional unit was 1 mg of extracted polyphenols, measured as gallic acid equivalents (mg GAE)/g spruce bark. The life cycle inventory has included specific laboratory scale operations and extraction processes (infrastructure and transport processes were not considered). Life cycle impact assessment was performed with ReCipe 2016 at midpoint. For all extraction processes, the environmental profiles were dominated by the electricity use for heating and this has generated the highest impacts in most of the impact categories, followed by the production and use of ethanol as solvent. For the ultrasound assisted extraction, a scale-up scenario has proven that by raising capacity to a 30 L extraction vessel and by changing the heating source to a biomass-fired boiler, environmental impacts may be greatly diminished. The paper discusses also the uncertainty of lab-scale generated data for LCA. A sensitivity analysis has proven that for this case, the energy efficiency of different lab-scale equipment induce acceptable degrees of uncertainty for the LCA results.
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Porcelli R, Dotto F, Pezzolesi L, Marazza D, Greggio N, Righi S. Comparative life cycle assessment of microalgae cultivation for non-energy purposes using different carbon dioxide sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137714. [PMID: 32171140 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability of microalgae to sequester carbon and at the same time synthesise valuable compounds with potential applications in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries makes them attractive for commercial deployment, especially in view of a blue bioeconomy. Among microalgae, the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum is considered as an important potential source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentanoic acid, an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to perform the Life Cycle Assessment of the cultivation of P. tricornutum - at semi-industrial scale in photobioreactor - for the production of high-quality bioactive compounds comparing synthetic carbon dioxide supply to a supply with waste carbon dioxide from a biogas upgrading process hypothesizing industrial symbiosis network. The effect of renewable energy use instead of the European electricity mix was also examined. Primary data on the production process, including the stages of cleaning and sterilisation, cultivation, harvesting and freeze-drying, were used. The midpoint impact categories recommended in the ILCD Handbook were used for performing the impact assessment. A sensitivity analysis was also performed on algal productivity, culture medium recirculation factor and amount of solvents per cleaning cycle. Firstly, results indicate in general cultivation and freeze-drying as the most contributing stages to the impacts. Secondly, they demonstrate in the comparative assessment that the use of carbon dioxide from the biogas upgrading is a feasible and attractive alternative to the synthetic one, as it allows for the improvement of the environmental performance of the production process in all the analysed impact categories. Finally, sensitivity analysis suggests that the environmental performance could be further improved by acting on other key factors, such as electricity source, nutrients culture medium and cleaning solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Porcelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federica Dotto
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Pezzolesi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Renewable Resources, Environment, Sea and Energy, University of Bologna, via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Diego Marazza
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Renewable Resources, Environment, Sea and Energy, University of Bologna, via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Nicolas Greggio
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Renewable Resources, Environment, Sea and Energy, University of Bologna, via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Serena Righi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Renewable Resources, Environment, Sea and Energy, University of Bologna, via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
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Rajesh Banu J, Kavitha S, Gunasekaran M, Kumar G. Microalgae based biorefinery promoting circular bioeconomy-techno economic and life-cycle analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 302:122822. [PMID: 32007307 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are source of third generation biofuel having the key advantage of high lipid productivity. In recent times, biorefinery is seen as promising option to further reduce the production cost of microalgae biofuel. However, exact energy balance analysis has not been performed on important biorefinery routes. In this aspect, three biorefinery routes, all based on lipid based biorefinery route are evaluated for economical production of microalgal biofuel and valorised products. Biorefinery route 1 involves production of biodiesel, pigments, and animal feed. Biorefinery route 2 involves biogas and pigments production and two stage fermentation, and third biorefinery route involves bio-hydrogen and pigments production. Finally, the technoeconomic assessment of three biorefinery routes were reviewed, net energy savings, and life-cycle costing approaches to economize microalgal biorefinery are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India
| | - S Kavitha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India
| | - M Gunasekaran
- Department of Physics, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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22
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Elik A, Yanık DK, Göğüş F. Microwave-assisted extraction of carotenoids from carrot juice processing waste using flaxseed oil as a solvent. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Green Chemistry Extractions of Carotenoids from Daucus carota L.-Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Enzyme-Assisted Methods. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234339. [PMID: 31783600 PMCID: PMC6930531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple reviews have been published on various aspects of carotenoid extraction. Nevertheless, none of them focused on the discussion of recent green chemistry extraction protocols, especially for the carotenoids extraction from Daucus carota L. This group of bioactive compounds has been chosen for this review since most of the scientific papers proved their antioxidant properties relevant for inflammation, stress-related disorders, cancer, or neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, such as stroke and Alzheimer's Disease. Besides, carrots constitute one of the most popular sources of carotenoids. In the presented review emphasis has been placed on the supercritical carbon dioxide and enzyme-assisted extraction techniques for the relevant tetraterpenoids. The detailed descriptions of these methods, as well as practical examples, are provided. In addition, the pros and cons of each method and comparison with the standard solvent extraction have been discussed.
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24
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Opening up the black box: A systematic literature review of life cycle assessment in alternative food processing technologies. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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de Morais MG, de Morais EG, Duarte JH, Deamici KM, Mitchell BG, Costa JAV. Biological CO2 mitigation by microalgae: technological trends, future prospects and challenges. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:78. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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Thomassen G, Van Dael M, Van Passel S. The potential of microalgae biorefineries in Belgium and India: An environmental techno-economic assessment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:271-280. [PMID: 30025324 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study performs an environmental techno-economic assessment (ETEA) for multiple microalgae biorefinery concepts at different locations, those being Belgium and India. The ETEA methodology, which integrates aspects of the TEA and LCA methodologies and provides a clear framework for an integrated assessment model, has been proposed and discussed. The scenario in India has a higher profitability with a NPV of €40 million over a period of 10 years, while the environmental impact in Belgium is lower. The inclusion of a medium recycling step provides the best scenario from both perspectives. The crucial parameters for feasibility are the β-carotene price and content, the upstream environmental impact of electricity and the maximum biomass concentration during cultivation. The identification of these parameters by the ETEA guides future technology developments and shortens the time-to-market for microalgal-based biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenny Thomassen
- UHasselt, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; VITO, Unit Separation and Conversion Technologies, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Miet Van Dael
- UHasselt, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; VITO, Unit Separation and Conversion Technologies, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Passel
- UHasselt, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Engineering Management, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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27
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Pinela J, Prieto MA, Pereira E, Jabeur I, Barreiro MF, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR. Optimization of heat- and ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces for natural food colorants. Food Chem 2018; 275:309-321. [PMID: 30724201 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heat- and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods were applied to recover anthocyanins from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces. The extraction variables, time (t), ethanol proportion (S), and temperature (T) or ultrasonic power (P), were combined in a 5-level experimental design and analysed by response surface methodology for process optimization. The delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside (C1) and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside (C2) levels were monitored by LC-DAD-ESI/MSn and used as response criteria. The developed models were successfully fitted to the experimental data and used to determine optimal extraction conditions. UAE was the most efficient method yielding 51.76 mg C1 + C2/g R under optimal conditions (t = 26.1 min, P = 296.6 W and S = 39.1% ethanol, v/v). The dose-response effects of the solid/liquid ratio on the extraction rate were also determined. The anthocyanin levels herein reported are higher than those found in the literature, which support the potential use of H. sabdariffa as a sustainable source of natural colorants with application in different industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pinela
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - M A Prieto
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Eliana Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Inès Jabeur
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Maria Filomena Barreiro
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
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28
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Extraction of carotenoids from cantaloupe waste and determination of its mineral composition. Food Res Int 2018; 111:391-398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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29
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Ye C, Mu D, Horowitz N, Xue Z, Chen J, Xue M, Zhou Y, Klutts M, Zhou W. Life cycle assessment of industrial scale production of spirulina tablets. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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31
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Papadaki S, Kyriakopoulou K, Tzovenis I, Krokida M. Environmental impact of phycocyanin recovery from Spirulina platensis cyanobacterium. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Carotenoids from microalgae: A review of recent developments. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1396-1412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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