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Majeed T, Lee CC, Orts WJ, Tabassum R, Shah TA, Jardan YAB, Dawoud TM, Bourhia M. Characterization of a thermostable protease from Bacillus subtilis BSP strain. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:49. [PMID: 39010004 PMCID: PMC11247832 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study used conservative one variable-at-a-time study and statistical surface response methods to increase the yields of an extracellular thermostable protease secreted by a newly identified thermophilic Bacillus subtilis BSP strain. Using conventional optimization techniques, physical parameters in submerged fermentation were adjusted at the shake flask level to reach 184 U/mL. These physicochemical parameters were further optimized by statistical surface response methodology using Box Behnken design, and the protease yield increased to 295 U/mL. The protease was purified and characterized biochemically. Both Ca2+ and Fe2+ increased the activity of the 36 kDa protease enzyme. Based on its strong inhibition by ethylenediaminetetracetate (EDTA), the enzyme was confirmed to be a metalloprotease. The protease was also resistant to various organic solvents (benzene, ethanol, methanol), surfactants (Triton X-100), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Tween 20, Tween-80 and oxidants hydrogen per oxide (H2O2). Characteristics, such as tolerance to high SDS and H2O2 concentrations, indicate that this protease has potential applications in the pharmaceutical and detergent industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Majeed
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan.
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Charles C Lee
- Bioproducts Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - William J Orts
- Bioproducts Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Romana Tabassum
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tawaf Ali Shah
- College of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China.
| | - Yousef A Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki M Dawoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. BOX 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Laayoune, 70000, Morocco.
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de Albuquerque Mendes MK, dos Santos Oliveira CB, da Silva Medeiros CM, Dantas C, Carrilho E, de Araujo Nogueira AR, Lopes Júnior CA, Vieira EC. Application of experimental design as a statistical approach to recover bioactive peptides from different food sources. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1559-1583. [PMID: 38623435 PMCID: PMC11016049 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-024-01540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides (BAPs) derived from samples of animals and plants have been widely recommended and consumed for their beneficial properties to human health and to control several diseases. This work presents the applications of experimental designs (DoE) used to perform factor screening and/or optimization focused on finding the ideal hydrolysis condition to obtain BAPs with specific biological activities. The collection and discussion of articles revealed that Box Behnken Desing and Central Composite Design were the most used. The main parameters evaluated were pH, time, temperature and enzyme/substrate ratio. Among vegetable protein sources, soy was the most used in the generation of BAPs, and among animal proteins, milk and shrimp stood out as the most explored sources. The degree of hydrolysis and antioxidant activity were the most investigated responses in obtaining BAPs. This review brings new information that helps researchers apply these DoE to obtain high-quality BAPs with the desired biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Clecio Dantas
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão – UEMA, P.O. Box, 65604-380, Caxias, MA Brazil
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13566-590 Brazil
| | | | - Cícero Alves Lopes Júnior
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Piauí – UFPI, P.O. Box 64049-550, Teresina, PI Brazil
| | - Edivan Carvalho Vieira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Piauí – UFPI, P.O. Box 64049-550, Teresina, PI Brazil
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Elaine Mankge M, Penistacia Maela M, Mark Abrahams A, Hope Serepa-Dlamini M. Screening of Bacillus spp. bacterial endophytes for protease production, and application in feather degradation and bio-detergent additive. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30736. [PMID: 38765083 PMCID: PMC11098850 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on proteases and secondary metabolites from endophytes is an area that requires attention from researchers. In this study, proteases from Bacillus sp. strain MHSD16 and Bacillus sp. strain MHSD17 endophytes were characterised, and their potential biotechnological applications were investigated. Optimum protease production was achieved when isolates were grown in media containing (g/L): glucose 10g, casein 5g, yeast extract 5g, KH2PO4 2g, Na2CO3 10g at pH 9. The crude protease extracts were active in alkaline environments, thus referred to as alkaline proteases with optimal pH of 10. Additionally, Bacillus sp. strain MHSD 16 and Bacillus sp. strain MHSD17 proteases were active at high temperatures, with optimum enzyme activity at 50 °C. Thermostability profiles of these proteases showed that the enzymes were highly stable between (40-60 °C), maintaining over 85 % stability after 120 min incubation at 60 °C. Furthermore, the enzymes were stable and compatible with various household and laundry detergents. In the presence of commercial laundry detergent, OMO® 68 % and 72 % activity was retained for Bacillus sp. strain MHSD16 and Bacillus sp. strain MHSD17, respectively, while 67 % and 68 % activity were retained in the presence of Sunlight®. The potential application for use in detergents was investigated through the removal of blood stains with the crude alkaline extracts displaying efficient stain removal abilities. Feather degradation was also investigated and Bacillus sp. MHSD17 exhibited feather keratin degrading properties more effectively than Bacillus sp. MHSD16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malese Elaine Mankge
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Mehabo Penistacia Maela
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Adrian Mark Abrahams
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Mahloro Hope Serepa-Dlamini
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
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Srivastava N, Shiburaj S, Khare SK. Improved production of alkaline and solvent-stable proteases from a halotolerant Exiguobacterium isolate through heterologous expression. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129507. [PMID: 38244731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Halophiles are excellent sources of detergent proteases that are attributed to stability in alkaline pH, salts, surfactants, and hydrophobic solvents. The lower enzymatic yields and tedious downstream processes necessitate the search for newer halophilic sources. We have previously reported a halotolerant Exiguobacterium sp. TBG-PICH-001, which secretes solvent-tolerant alkaline protease/s. The present study describes the heterologous expression of two protease genes, namely, rsep metalloprotease (WP_195864791, 1.23 Kb) and tpa serine protease (WP_195864453, 0.879 Kb) genes. These were cloned into the pET 22b + plasmid vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant proteases rsep and tpa showed respective yields of 6.3 and 6.7 IU/mg, 11 and 12-fold higher than the crude native protease/s from TBG-PICH-001. These showed soluble expression at 46 and 32 KDa, respectively. These were purified to homogeneity through Ni-NTA-affinity chromatography. The purified proteases were characterized for properties like pH & temperature optima and stability, substrate specificity, kinetic parameters, and detergent attributes. They showed affinity towards various substrates with a respective Km of 392 and 301 μM towards casein. The recombinant proteases exhibited stability in the alkaline pH (7-10), surfactants, metal ions, detergents, and hydrophobic solvents, rendering their suitability as detergent additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Srivastava
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sugathan Shiburaj
- Department of Botany, University of Kerala, Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695034, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Allison SD, AdeelaYasid N, Shariff FM, Abdul Rahman N. Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Application of Organic Solvent-Stable and Detergent-Compatible Thermostable Alkaline Protease from Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius SKF4. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:436-456. [PMID: 38044750 PMCID: PMC10940756 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2306.06050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Several thermostable proteases have been identified, yet only a handful have undergone the processes of cloning, comprehensive characterization, and full exploitation in various industrial applications. Our primary aim in this study was to clone a thermostable alkaline protease from a thermophilic bacterium and assess its potential for use in various industries. The research involved the amplification of the SpSKF4 protease gene, a thermostable alkaline serine protease obtained from the Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius SKF4 bacterium through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The purified recombinant SpSKF4 protease was characterized, followed by evaluation of its possible industrial applications. The analysis of the gene sequence revealed an open reading frame (ORF) consisting of 1,206 bp, coding for a protein containing 401 amino acids. The cloned gene was expressed in Escherichia coli. The molecular weight of the enzyme was measured at 28 kDa using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The partially purified enzyme has its highest activity at a pH of 10 and a temperature of 80°C. In addition, the enzyme showed a half-life of 15 h at 80°C, and there was a 60% increase in its activity at 10 mM Ca2+ concentration. The activity of the protease was completely inhibited (100%) by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF); however, the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) resulted in a 20% increase in activity. The enzyme was also stable in various organic solvents and in certain commercial detergents. Furthermore, the enzyme exhibited strong potential for industrial use, particularly as a detergent additive and for facilitating the recovery of silver from X-ray film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman D Allison
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Moddibo Adama University, Yola 640230, Nigeria
| | - Nur AdeelaYasid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fairolniza Mohd Shariff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor'Aini Abdul Rahman
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
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Melchor-Moncada JJ, García-Barco A, Zuluaga-Vélez A, Veloza LA, Sepúlveda-Arias JC. Scale-Up of the Fermentation Process for the Production and Purification of Serratiopeptidase Using Silkworm Pupae as a Substrate. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:19. [PMID: 38525777 PMCID: PMC10961818 DOI: 10.3390/mps7020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Serratiopeptidase, a bacterial metalloprotease known for its pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties, can be produced through fermentation with S. marcescens. This study aimed to identify key factors related to nutrient composition and physicochemical conditions for production in Erlenmeyer flasks and to scale up the mixture to a bioreactor to obtain the maximum proteolytic activity. A Plackett-Burman design was used to determine whether the presence of silkworm pupae (at 1.5%) was a significant parameter for serratiopeptidase production. Along with the variables pH, temperature, and time, they were optimized using a Taguchi experimental design, resulting in values of 7, 25 °C, and 36 h, respectively. Scaling up with a kLa of 25.45 ± 3.12 h-1 showed the highest serratiopeptidase production at 24 h. A factorial design was used for ultrafiltration, resulting in an LMH (liters per square meter per hour) of 960 L/m2h, a TMP (transmembrane pressure) of 15 psi, and a concentration factor of five, with a specific activity of 24,325.81 ± 1515.69 U/mg. Afterward, the retentate was purified using strong anion exchange chromatography and ultrafiltration, yielding a 19.94 ± 3.07% recovery and a purification factor of 1.59 ± 0.31. In conclusion, waste from the sericulture industry can be used for serratiopeptidase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon Jairo Melchor-Moncada
- Grupo Infección e Inmunidad, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia; (J.J.M.-M.); (A.G.-B.); (A.Z.-V.)
| | - Alejandra García-Barco
- Grupo Infección e Inmunidad, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia; (J.J.M.-M.); (A.G.-B.); (A.Z.-V.)
| | - Augusto Zuluaga-Vélez
- Grupo Infección e Inmunidad, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia; (J.J.M.-M.); (A.G.-B.); (A.Z.-V.)
| | - Luz Angela Veloza
- Grupo Polifenoles, Facultad de Tecnología, Escuela de Tecnología Química, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia;
| | - Juan Carlos Sepúlveda-Arias
- Grupo Infección e Inmunidad, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia; (J.J.M.-M.); (A.G.-B.); (A.Z.-V.)
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Wang F, Chen Y, Zheng J, Yang C, Li L, Li R, Shi M, Li Z. Preparation of potential organic fertilizer rich in γ-polyglutamic acid via microbial fermentation using brewer's spent grain as basic substrate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130216. [PMID: 38122994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is a main byproduct of the beer industry. BSG is rich in a variety of nutrients, and the search for its effective, high-value utilization is ongoing. Environmental probiotic factor γ-PGA was produced by fermenting Bacillus subtilis with BSG substrate and the fermenting grain components were analyzed. The γ-PGA yield reached 31.58 ± 0.21 g/kg of BSG. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and non-targeted metabolomics analyses revealed 73 new volatile substances in the fermenting grains. Furthermore, 2,376 metabolites were upregulated after fermentation and several components were beneficial for plant growth and development (such as ectoine, acetyl eugenol, L-phenylalanine, niacin, isoprene, pantothenic acid, dopamine, glycine, proline, jasmonic acid, etc). These results show that it is possible to synthesize adequate amounts of γ-PGA for use as a functional fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqing Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- College of Biotechnology, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Jia Zheng
- Wuliangye Yibin Co., Ltd., Yibin, Sichuan 644000, China
| | - Can Yang
- College of Biotechnology, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Biotechnology, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Rong Li
- College of Biotechnology, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Meilin Shi
- College of Biotechnology, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Zhongxuan Li
- College of Biotechnology, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 644000, China.
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Costa EP, Brandão-Costa RMP, Albuquerque WWC, Nascimento TP, Sales Conniff AE, Cardoso KBB, Neves AGD, Batista JMDS, Porto ALF. Extracellular collagenase isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus UFPEDA 3421: purification and biochemical characterization. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:260-271. [PMID: 37355277 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2225090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Collagenases are proteases able to degrade native and denatured collagen, with broad applications such as leather, food, and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this research was to purify and characterize a collagenase from Streptomyces antibioticus. In the present work, the coffee ground substrate provided conditions to obtaining high collagenase activity (377.5 U/mL) using anion-exchange DEAE-Sephadex G50 chromatographic protocol. SDS-PAGE revealed the metallo-collagenase with a single band of 41.28 kDa and was able to hydrolyzed type I and type V collagen producing bioactive peptides that delayed the coagulation time. The enzyme activity showed stability across a range of pH (6.0-11) and temperature (30-55 °C) with optima at pH 7.0 and 60 °C, respectively. Activators include Mg+2, Ca+2, Na+, K+, while full inhibition was given by other tested metalloproteinase inhibitors. Kinetic parameters (Km of 27.14 mg/mol, Vmax of 714.29 mg/mol/min, Kcat of 79.9 s-1 and Kcat/Km of 2.95 mL/mg/s) and thermodynamic parameters (Ea of 65.224 kJ/mol, ΔH of 62.75 kJ/mol, ΔS of 1.96 J/mol, ΔG of 62.16 kJ/mol, ΔGE-S of 8.18 kJ/mol and ΔGE-T of -2.64 kJ/mol) were also defined. Coffee grounds showed to be an interesting source to obtaining a collagenase able to produce bioactive peptides with anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizianne Pereira Costa
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Lúcia Figueiredo Porto
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Alici EH, Arabaci G. Strawberry Protease as a Laundry Detergent Additive Candidate: Immobilization, Compatibility Study with Detergent Ingredients, and Washing Performance Test. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2024; 8:2300102. [PMID: 38223888 PMCID: PMC10784196 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The potential of strawberry-derived protease as a component of laundry detergent is investigated. The compatibility of the enzyme with various surfactants, oxidizing agents, and commercial detergents is tested. The immobilized enzyme prepared by immobilizing Co2+ ions together with the enzyme is also tested. Strawberry crude protease shows high stability in the presence of surfactants frequently used in detergents. The enzyme is found to be relatively stable to oxidizing agents. In addition, it is determined that strawberry protease works in excellent compatibility with different commercial solid and liquid detergents in the Turkish market and also maintains its stability very well. Washing tests based on visual examination also reveal that the enzyme improves the washing performance of the tested detergent. All these properties and high activity at alkaline pH make this enzyme a very strong candidate for use in laundry detergent formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Hande Alici
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceSakarya UniversitySerdivan‐Sakarya54187Turkey
| | - Gulnur Arabaci
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceSakarya UniversitySerdivan‐Sakarya54187Turkey
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Sengupta S, Basak P, Ghosh P, Pramanik A, Chakraborty A, Mukhopadhyay M, Sen A, Bhattacharyya M. Study of nano-hydroxyapatite tagged alkaline protease isolated from Himalayan sub-alpine Forest soil bacteria and role in recalcitrant feather waste degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127317. [PMID: 37820911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Purified calcium serine metalloprotease from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain SMPB12 exhibits highest enzyme activity at pH 9 and temperature range between 15 °C-25 °C. Enzyme supplemented with 40 μM Ca-Hap-NP (NP-protease) showed maximum elevated activity of 17.29 μmole/min/ml (1.9-fold of original protease activity). The thermostability of the enzyme was maintained for 1 h at 60 °C over an alkaline pH range 7.5-10, as compared to the NP untreated enzyme whose activity was of 8.97 μmole/min/ml. A significant loss of activity with EDTA (1.05 μmole/min/ml, 11.75 %), PMSF (0.93 μmole/min/ml, 10.46 %) and Hg2+ (3.81 μmole/min/ml, 42.49 %) was also observed. Kinetics study of NP-protease showed maximum decreases in Km (28.11 %) from 0.28 mM (NP untreated enzyme) to 0.22 mM (NP-protease) along with maximum increase in Vmax (42.88 %) from 1.25 μmole/min/ml to 1.79 μmole/min/ml at varying temperatures. The enhanced activity of NP-protease was able to efficiently degrade recalcitrant solid wastes like feather to produce value-added products like amino acids and helps in declogging recalcitrant solid wastes. The nano-enabled protease may be utilized in a smaller amount for degrading in bulk recalcitrant solid proteinaceous waste at 15 °C temperature as declogging agents providing an eco-friendly efficient process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shritoma Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pijush Basak
- Jagadis Bose National Science Talent Search, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Piya Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology, Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Pramanik
- Jagadis Bose National Science Talent Search, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | | | - Aparna Sen
- Department of Microbiology, Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Bensmail S, Boudjema K, Naimi-Fazouane F, Bensmail S, Djouahra-Fahem D, Ferhoum F, Bourfis N. Factors affecting acid protease production by Mucor circinelloides MG603064.1 through SmF process: characterization and fromage frais making. BIOTECHNOLOGIA 2023; 104:333-349. [PMID: 38213480 PMCID: PMC10777721 DOI: 10.5114/bta.2023.132770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of food industry wastes and their conversion into value-added products present a promising and continuously growing field, given the diversity of elaborated wastes. The current work aimed to utilize sweet cheese whey as a growth medium for acid protease production by a local fungus strain. The biochemical and physicochemical properties of the cheese whey, such as pH, conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand (BOD5), total nitrogen and protein contents, and mineral salts, were assessed using various analytical methods. The effect of certain parameters on acid protease production by Mucor circinelloides MG603064.1 through the SmF process was investigated using the conventional design method "One factor at a time". Subsequent to characterization, the crude extract was used in a trial to create fromage frais, compared to the commercial rennin CHY-MAX® Powder Extra. Cheese whey characterization revealed its richness in total nitrogen (1.044 ± 0.044 g/l), protein content (6.52 ± 0.04 g/l), and principal mineral salts: calcium (1.637 ± 0.037 g/l), phosphorus (1.173 ± 0.023 g/l), and chloride (1.66 ± 0.09 g/l). The optimal values of the SmF process for acid protease production, such as the inoculum size, beef extract, and KH2PO4 supplements, the initial pH of cheese whey, and incubation temperature were, respectively, 11% (v/v), 0.4% (w/v), 0.5% (w/v), 5.5, and 30°C. Under these conditions, the lowest milk-clotting time of 290 s was achieved, representing an 18.41-fold increase compared to the initial step using the unoptimized medium. The enzyme showed maximum milk-clotting activity at pH 5, a temperature of 60°C, and in the presence of 0.025 M of CaCl2. The enzyme activity also significantly improved with sonication (35 kHz) for 10 min. The crude extract of M. circinelloides ensured the production of fresh cheese samples with characteristics roughly similar to those obtained by the control (CHY-MAX® rennin). The acid protease of M. circinelloides could successfully substitute the conventional rennin in the manufacture of fresh cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhila Bensmail
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences and Earth Sciences, Akli Mohand Oulhadj University, Bouira, Algeria
- Research Laboratory of Food Technology, M’hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes, Algeria
| | - Khaled Boudjema
- Research Laboratory of Food Technology, M’hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes, Algeria
| | - Fethia Naimi-Fazouane
- Research Laboratory of Food Technology, M’hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes, Algeria
| | - Samira Bensmail
- Laboratory of Valorization and Conservation of Biological Resources, M’hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes, Algeria
| | - Djamila Djouahra-Fahem
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences and Earth Sciences, Akli Mohand Oulhadj University, Bouira, Algeria
| | - Fatiha Ferhoum
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences and Earth Sciences, Akli Mohand Oulhadj University, Bouira, Algeria
| | - Nassima Bourfis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences and Earth Sciences, Akli Mohand Oulhadj University, Bouira, Algeria
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12
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Sun B, Zou K, Zhao Y, Tang Y, Zhang F, Chen W, Tang X, Chang C, Zheng Y. The fermentation optimization for alkaline protease production by Bacillus subtilis BS-QR-052. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1301065. [PMID: 38169798 PMCID: PMC10758460 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1301065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Proteases exhibit a wide range of applications, and among them, alkaline proteases have become a prominent area of research due to their stability in highly alkaline environments. To optimize the production yield and activity of alkaline proteases, researchers are continuously exploring different fermentation conditions and culture medium components. Methods In this paper, the fermentation conditions of the alkaline protease (EC 3.4.21.14) production by Bacillus subtilis BS-QR-052 were optimized, and the effect of different nutrition and fermentation conditions was investigated. Based on the single-variable experiments, the Plackett-Burman design was used to explore the significant factors, and then the optimized fermentation conditions, as well as the interaction between these factors, were evaluated by response surface methodology through the Box-Behnken design. Results and discussion The results showed that 1.03% corn syrup powder, 0.05% MgSO4, 8.02% inoculation volume, 1:1.22 vvm airflow rate, as well as 0.5% corn starch, 0.05% MnSO4, 180 rpm agitation speed, 36°C fermentation temperature, 8.0 initial pH and 96 h incubation time were predicted to be the optimal fermentation conditions. The alkaline protease enzyme activity was estimated to be approximately 1787.91 U/mL, whereas subsequent experimental validation confirmed it reached 1780.03 U/mL, while that of 500 L scale-up fermentation reached 1798.33 U/mL. This study optimized the fermentation conditions for alkaline protease production by B. subtilis through systematic experimental design and data analysis, and the activity of the alkaline protease increased to 300.72% of its original level. The established model for predicting alkaline protease activity was validated, achieving significantly higher levels of enzymatic activity. The findings provide valuable references for further enhancing the yield and activity of alkaline protease, thereby holding substantial practical significance and economic benefits for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Sun
- Zhejiang Cheery Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Jiaxing, China
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiaxing, China
| | - Kai Zou
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yingqing Zhao
- Sinochem Linyi Crop Nutrition Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Yinfang Tang
- Zhejiang Cheery Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Jiaxing, China
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Zhejiang Cheery Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Jiaxing, China
| | - Weijing Chen
- Zhejiang Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xiaoting Tang
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Chenran Chang
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, China
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13
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Xu Y, Xuan X, Gao R, Xie G. Increased Expression Levels of Thermophilic Serine Protease TTHA0724 through Signal Peptide Screening in Bacillus subtilis and Applications of the Enzyme. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15950. [PMID: 37958933 PMCID: PMC10648325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermostable protease TTHA0724 derived from Thermus thermophilus HB8 is an ideal industrial washing enzyme due to its thermophilic characteristics; although it can be expressed in Escherichia coli via pET-22b, high yields are difficult to achieve, leading to frequent autolysis of the host. This paper details the development of a signal peptide library in the expression system of B. subtilis and the optimization of signal peptides for enhanced extracellular expression of TTHA0724. When B. subtilis was used as the host and the optimized signal peptide was used, the expression level of TTHA0724 was 16.7 times higher compared with E. coli. B. subtilis as an expression host does not change the characteristics of TTHA0724. The potential application fields of TTHA0724 are studied. TTHA0724 can be used as a detergent additive at 60 °C, which can sterilize and eliminate mites while thoroughly cleaning protein stains. Soybean meal enzymatic hydrolysis with TTHA0724 at a high temperature produced a higher content of antioxidant peptides. These results indicate that TTHA0724 has great potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.X.); (R.G.)
| | - Xiaoran Xuan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.X.); (R.G.)
| | - Renjun Gao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.X.); (R.G.)
| | - Guiqiu Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
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14
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Valenzuela B, Solís-Cornejo F, Araya R, Zamorano P. Isolation and Characterization of Thermus thermophilus Strain ET-1: An Extremely Thermophilic Bacterium with Extracellular Thermostable Proteolytic Activity Isolated from El Tatio Geothermal Field, Antofagasta, Chile. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14512. [PMID: 37833960 PMCID: PMC10572604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the isolation of an extremely thermophilic bacterium from El Tatio, a geyser field in the high planes of Northern Chile. The thermophile bacterium named Thermus thermophilus strain ET-1 showed 99% identity with T. thermophilus SGO.5JP 17-16 (GenBank accession No. CP002777) by 16S rDNA gene analysis. Morphologically, the cells were non-sporeforming Gram-negative rods that formed colonies with yellow pigmentation. This strain is able to proliferate between 55 and 80 °C with a pH range of 6-10, presenting an optimum growth rate at 80 °C and pH 8. The bacterium produces an extracellular protease activity. Characterization of this activity in a concentrated enzyme preparation revealed that extracellular protease had an optimal enzymatic activity at 80 °C at pH 10, a high thermostability with a half-life at 80 °C of 10 h, indicating that this enzyme can be classified as an alkaline protease. The proteolytic enzyme exhibits great stability towards chelators, divalent ions, organic solvents, and detergents. The enzyme was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), implying that it was a serine protease. The high thermal and pH stability and the resistance to chelators/detergents suggest that the protease activity from this T. thermophilus. strain could be of interest in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardita Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Microorganismos Extremófilos, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile;
| | - Francisco Solís-Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Microorganismos Extremófilos, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile;
| | - Rubén Araya
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Alexander von Humboldt, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile;
| | - Pedro Zamorano
- Laboratorio de Microorganismos Extremófilos, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile;
- Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta; Antofagasta 1240000, Chile
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15
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Song P, Zhang X, Wang S, Xu W, Wang F, Fu R, Wei F. Microbial proteases and their applications. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1236368. [PMID: 37779686 PMCID: PMC10537240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases (proteinases or peptidases) are a class of hydrolases that cleave peptide chains in proteins. Endopeptidases are a type of protease that hydrolyze the internal peptide bonds of proteins, forming shorter peptides; exopeptidases hydrolyze the terminal peptide bonds from the C-terminal or N-terminal, forming free amino acids. Microbial proteases are a popular instrument in many industrial applications. In this review, the classification, detection, identification, and sources of microbial proteases are systematically introduced, as well as their applications in food, detergents, waste treatment, and biotechnology processes in the industry fields. In addition, recent studies on techniques used to express heterologous microbial proteases are summarized to describe the process of studying proteases. Finally, future developmental trends for microbial proteases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- Shandong Aobo Biotech Co. Ltd., Liaocheng, China
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Shuhua Wang
- Shandong Aobo Biotech Co. Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Rongzhao Fu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Feng Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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16
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Zhang Q, Kong G, Zhao G, Liu J, Jin H, Li Z, Zhang G, Liu T. Microbial and enzymatic changes in cigar tobacco leaves during air-curing and fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:5789-5801. [PMID: 37458766 PMCID: PMC10439857 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic enzyme activity and microbial composition of the air-curing and fermentation processes determine the quality of cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs). In this study, we reveal the evolution of the dominant microorganisms and microbial community structure at different stages of the air-curing and fermentation processes of CTLs. The results showed that the changes in metabolic enzymes occurred mainly during the air-curing phase, with polyphenol oxidase (PPO) being the most active at the browning phase. Pseudomonas, Bacteroides, Vibrio, Monographella, Bipolaris, and Aspergillus were the key microorganisms in the air-curing and fermentation processes. Principal coordinate analysis revealed significant separation of microbial communities between the air-curing and fermentation phases. Redundancy analysis showed that bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Acidobacteriota and fungi such as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were correlated with enzyme activity and temperature and humidity. Bacteria mainly act in sugar metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, while fungi mainly degrade lignin, cellulose, and pectin through saprophytic action. Spearman correlation network analysis showed that Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the key bacterial taxa, while Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes were the key fungal taxa. This research provides the basis for improving the quality of cigars by improving the air-curing and fermentation processes. KEY POINTS: • Changes in POD and PPO activity control the color change of CTLs at the air-curing stage. • Monographella, Aspergillus, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio play an important role in air-curing and fermentation. • Environmental temperature and humidity mainly affect the fermentation process, whereas bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Acidobacteriota and fungi such as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are associated with enzyme activity and temperature and humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, Yunnan, China
| | - Gaokun Zhao
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Raw Materials Department of HongYun HongHe Tobacco (Group) Limited Liability Company, Kunming, 650221, Yunnan, China
| | - Honggang Jin
- Raw Materials Department of HongYun HongHe Tobacco (Group) Limited Liability Company, Kunming, 650221, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Raw Materials Department of HongYun HongHe Tobacco (Group) Limited Liability Company, Kunming, 650221, Yunnan, China
| | - Guanghai Zhang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, Yunnan, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
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17
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Alei A, Moradian F, Farhadi A, Rostami M. Identification, Isolation, Cloning, and Expression of a New Alkaline Serine Protease Gene from Native Iranian Bacillus sp. RAM 53 for Use in the Industry. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:5730-5746. [PMID: 37289418 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are one of the most important and widely applicable proteolytic enzymes that are used in various industries. The aim of this study was to identify, isolate, characterize, and clone the new extracellular alkaline protease from the native bacterium Bacillus sp. RAM53 that was isolated from rice fields in Iran. In this study, first, the primary assay of protease production was performed. The bacteria were cultured in a nutrient broth culture medium at 37° C for 48 h, and then, the enzyme extraction was performed. Enzyme activity was measured by standard methods in the range of 20 to 60 °C and the range of pH 6.0 to 12. Degenerate primers were designed to alkaline protease gene sequences. The isolated gene was cloned into the pET28a+ vector, the positive clones were transferred to Escherichia coli BL21, and the expression of the recombinant enzyme was optimized. The results showed that the optimum temperature and pH of the alkaline protease were 40° C and 9.0, respectively, and were stable at 60° C for 3 h. The molecular weight of the recombinant enzyme was 40 kDa in SDS-PAGE. The recombinant alkaline protease was inhibited by the PMSF inhibitor, indicating that the enzyme was serine protease. The results showed that the sequence alignment of the enzyme gene with the other alkaline protease gene sequences related to Bacillus was 94% identity. The result of Blastx showed about 86% identity to the S8 peptidase family in Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis and other Bacillus species. The enzyme may be useful for various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Alei
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, P.O. Box 578, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, P.O. Box 578, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Ayoub Farhadi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rostami
- Rice Research Institute of Iran, Mazandaran Branch, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, P.O. Box 145, Amol, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Xie CY, Li WJ, Feng H. Tuning transcription factor DegU for developing extracellular protease overproducer in Bacillus pumilus. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:163. [PMID: 37635205 PMCID: PMC10464342 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global transcription machinery engineering (gTME) is an effective approach employed in strain engineering to rewire gene expression and reshape cellular metabolic fluxes at the transcriptional level. RESULTS In this study, we utilized gTME to engineer the positive transcription factor, DegU, in the regulation network of major alkaline protease, AprE, in Bacillus pumilus. To validate its functionality when incorporated into the chromosome, we performed several experiments. First, three negative transcription factors, SinR, Hpr, and AbrB, were deleted to promote AprE synthesis. Second, several hyper-active DegU mutants, designated as DegU(hy), were selected using the fluorescence colorimetric method with the host of the Bacillus subtilis ΔdegSU mutant. Third, we integrated a screened degU(L113F) sequence into the chromosome of the Δhpr mutant of B. pumilus SCU11 to replace the original degU gene using a CRISPR/Cas9 system. Finally, based on transcriptomic and molecular dynamic analysis, we interpreted the possible mechanism of high-yielding and found that the strain produced alkaline proteases 2.7 times higher than that of the control strain (B. pumilus SCU11) in LB medium. CONCLUSION Our findings serve as a proof-of-concept that tuning the global regulator is feasible and crucial for improving the production performance of B. pumilus. Additionally, our study established a paradigm for gene function research in strains that are difficult to handle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ying Xie
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jin Li
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Feng
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Improvement of soybean meal quality by one-step fermentation with mixed-culture based on protease activity. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2023.103311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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20
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Fahmy NM, El-Deeb B. Optimization, partial purification, and characterization of a novel high molecular weight alkaline protease produced by Halobacillus sp. HAL1 using fish wastes as a substrate. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:48. [PMID: 37121925 PMCID: PMC10149429 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrolytic enzymes from halophilic microorganisms have a wide range of industrial applications. Herein, we report the isolation of Halobacillus sp. HAL1, a moderately halophilic bacterium that produces a novel high molecular weight extracellular alkaline protease when grown in fish processing wastes as a substrate. RESULTS Results showed that the isolated strain belonged to the genus Halobacillus, and it was designated as Halobacillus sp. HAL1 with the GenBank accession number OK001470. The strain secreted an extracellular alkaline protease, and the highest yield was obtained when it was grown in a medium with fish wastes substrate as the sole nutritional source (10 g/L) and incubated at 25 °C under shaking conditions. The enzyme was partially purified by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. Zymographic analysis showed two casein degrading bands of about 190 and 250 KDa. The optimum enzyme activity was at a temperature of 50 °C at pH 8. The proteolytic activity was enhanced in the presence of metal ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+), surfactants (Tween 80, SDS, and Triton-X100), H2O2, and EDTA. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that Haobacillus sp. HAL1 is a moderately halophilic strain and secrets a novel high molecular wight alkaline protease that is suitable for detergent formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayer M Fahmy
- Marine Microbiology Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Bahig El-Deeb
- Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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21
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Zhang Y, Hu J, Zhang Q, Cai D, Chen S, Wang Y. Enhancement of alkaline protease production in recombinant Bacillus licheniformis by response surface methodology. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:27. [PMID: 38647919 PMCID: PMC10991860 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alkaline protease is widely used in the food, detergent, and pharmaceutical industries because of its comparatively great hydrolysis ability and alkali tolerance. To improve the ability of the recombinant Bacillus licheniformis to produce alkaline protease, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) were utilized to determine and develop optimal culture conditions. The results showed that three factors (corn starch content, soybean meal content, and initial medium pH) had significant effects on alkaline protease production (P < 0.05), as determined through the Plackett‒Burman design. The maximum enzyme activity was observed with an optimal medium composition by central composite design (CCD): corn starch, 92.3 g/L; soybean meal, 35.8 g/L; and initial medium pH, 9.58. Under these optimum conditions, the alkaline protease activity of strain BL10::aprE was 15,435.1 U/mL, 82% higher than that in the initial fermentation medium. To further investigate the application of the optimum fermentation medium, the overexpressed strain BL10::aprE/pHYaprE was cultured using the optimized medium to achieve an enzyme activity of 39,233.6 U/mL. The present study achieved the highest enzyme activity of alkaline protease by B. licheniformis at the shake-flask fermentation level, which has important application value for large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O. Box 329, Shanghai, 20037, China
| | - Jingmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O. Box 329, Shanghai, 20037, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Environmental, Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongbo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Environmental, Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Environmental, Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, P.O. Box 329, Shanghai, 20037, China.
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22
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Mahakhan P, Apiso P, Srisunthorn K, Vichitphan K, Vichitphan S, Punyauppa-path S, Sawaengkaew J. Alkaline Protease Production from Bacillus gibsonii 6BS15-4 Using Dairy Effluent and Its Characterization as a Laundry Detergent Additive. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:195-202. [PMID: 36697226 PMCID: PMC9998202 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2210.10007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Protease is a widely used enzyme particularly in the detergent industry. In this research, we aimed to isolate alkaline protease-producing bacteria for characterization as a laundry detergent additive. The screening of alkaline protease production was investigated on basal medium agar plus 1% skim milk at pH 11, with incubation at 30°C. The highest alkaline protease-producing bacterium was 6BS15-4 strain, identified as Bacillus gibsonii by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. While the optimum pH was 12.0, the strain was stable at pH range 7.0-12.0 when incubated at 45°C for 60 min. The alkaline protease produced by B. gibsonii 6BS15-4 using dairy effluent was characterized. The optimum temperature was 60°C and the enzyme was stable at 55°C when incubated at pH 11.0 for 60 min. Metal ions K+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Na+, and Zn2+ exhibited a slightly stimulatory effect on enzyme activity. The enzyme retained over 80% of its activity in the presence of Ca2+, Ba2+, and Mn2+. Thiol reagent and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid did not inhibit the enzyme activity, whereas phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride significantly inhibited the protease activity. The alkaline protease from B. gibsonii 6BS15-4 demonstrated efficiency in blood stain removal and could therefore be used as a detergent additive, with potential for various other industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polson Mahakhan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Patapee Apiso
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kannika Srisunthorn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kanit Vichitphan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Fermentation Research Center for Value-Added Agricultural Products (FerVAAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sukanda Vichitphan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Fermentation Research Center for Value-Added Agricultural Products (FerVAAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sukrita Punyauppa-path
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Surin Campus, Surin 32000, Thailand
| | - Jutaporn Sawaengkaew
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Fermentation Research Center for Value-Added Agricultural Products (FerVAAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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23
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Kokwe L, Nnolim NE, Ezeogu LI, Sithole B, Nwodo UU. Thermoactive metallo-keratinase from Bacillus sp. NFH5: Characterization, structural elucidation, and potential application as detergent additive. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13635. [PMID: 36852054 PMCID: PMC9957710 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent times, robust green technological developments have advanced the goal of a circular economy by minimizing waste generation. The study was undertaken to explore the keratinolytic activity of chicken feather-degrading bacteria from South African soil. Isolates coded as SSN-01 and HSN-01 were identified as Bacillus sp. NFH5 and Bacillus sp. FHNM and their sequences were deposited in GenBank, with accession numbers MW165830.1 and MW165831.1, respectively. Extracellular enzyme production and thiol group generation by Bacillus sp. NFH5 peaked at 120 h with 1879.09 ± 88.70 U/mL and 9.49 ± 0.78 mM, respectively. Glutamic acid (4.44%), aspartic acid (3.50%), arginine (3.23%), glycine (2.61%), serine (2.08%), and proline (2.08%) were relatively higher in concentration. Keratinase (KerBAN) activity was highest at pH 8.0 and 90 °C but was inhibited by both EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline. In addition, the keratinase-encoding gene (kerBAN) accessioned OK033360 had 362 amino acid residues, with molecular weight and theoretical isoelectric point of 39 kDa and 8.81, respectively. Findings from this study highlight the significance of Bacillus sp. NFH5 in the bio-recycling of recalcitrant keratinous wastes to protein hydrolysates - potential dietary supplements for livestock feeds. The properties of KerBAN underscore its application potential in green biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupho Kokwe
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Private Bag X1314, 5700, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
| | - Nonso E Nnolim
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Private Bag X1314, 5700, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
| | - Lewis I Ezeogu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Bruce Sithole
- The Biorefinery Industry Development Facility, Chemicals Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 359 Mazisi Kunene Road, 4001, Glenwood, Durban, South Africa
| | - Uchechukwu U Nwodo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Private Bag X1314, 5700, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
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Bokveld A, Nnolim NE, Digban TO, Okoh AI, Nwodo UU. Chryseobacterium aquifrigidense keratinase liberated essential and nonessential amino acids from chicken feather degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:293-303. [PMID: 34397312 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1969597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Keratinous biomass valorization for value-added products presents a high prospect in ecological management and the advancement of the bio-economy. Consequently, soil samples from the poultry dumpsite were collected. The bacteria isolated on the basal salt medium were screened for keratinolytic activity. The potent chicken feathers degrading bacteria were identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Fermentation process conditions were optimized, and the amino acid compositions of the feather hydrolysate were likewise quantified. Ten (10) proteolytic bacteria evaluated on skimmed milk agar showed intact chicken feather degradation ranging from 33% (WDS-03) to 88% (FPS-09). The extracellular keratinase activity ranged from 224.52 ± 42.46 U/mL (WDS-03) to 834.55 ± 66.86 U/mL (FPS-07). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, the most potent keratinolytic isolates coded as FPS-07, FPS-09, FPS-01, and WDS-06 were identified as Chryseobacterium aquifrigidense FANN1, Chryseobacterium aquifrigidense FANN2, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ANNb, and Bacillus sp. ANNa, respectively. C aquifrigidense FANN2 maximally produced keratinase (1460.90 ± 26.99 U/mL) at 72 h of incubation under optimal process conditions of pH (6), inoculum side (5%; v/v), temperature (30°C), and chicken feather (25 g/L). The feather hydrolysate showed a protein value of 67.54%, with a relative abundance of arginine (2.84%), serine (3.14%), aspartic acid (3.33%), glutamic acid (3.73%), and glycine (2.81%). C. aquifrigidense FANN2 yielded high keratinase titre and dismembered chicken feathers into amino acids-rich hydrolysate, highlighting its significance in the beneficiation of recalcitrant keratinous wastes into dietary proteins as potential livestock feed supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amahle Bokveld
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Nonso E Nnolim
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Tennison O Digban
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Uchechukwu U Nwodo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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Purification of Extracellular Protease from Staphylococcus simulans QB7and Its Ability in Generating Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Peptides from Meat Proteins. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010065. [PMID: 36615723 PMCID: PMC9824131 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases, especially microbial proteases, are widely used in food processing. The purpose of this study was aimed to purify an extracellular protease produced by the strain Staphylococcus simulans QB7 and to evaluate its ability in hydrolyzing meat proteins and generating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory peptides. The optimal conditions for producing the enzyme were as follows: inoculum ratio, 10%; initial pH, 6.5; temperature, 32 °C; incubation time, 36 h; and rotation speed, 160 rpm. The protease had a molecular weight of approximately 47 kDa, possessing the optimal activity at 50 °C, pH 7.0, The protease was stable at pH 4.0-8.0 and 30-60 °C, and the activity was improved by Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Zn2+ ions, whereas it was inhibited by Cu2+, Co2+, Fe3+, Ba2+, Fe2+, β-M, and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA). The protease could effectively hydrolyze meat proteins, and the generated hydrolysate could significantly inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)-induced oxidative stress, including superoxide and malondialdehyde levels and inflammation (vascular adhesion molecule-1 [VCAM-1] and cyclooxygenase 2 [COX2)) in human vascular EA.hy926 cells. The present findings support the ability of S. simulans QB7 protease in generating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory peptides during the fermentation of meat products.
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Zhai W, Li X, Duan X, Gou C, Wang L, Gao Y. Development of a microbial protease for composting swine carcasses, optimization of its production and elucidation of its catalytic hydrolysis mechanism. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:36. [PMID: 36443757 PMCID: PMC9703648 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dead swine carcass composting is an excellent method for harmless treatment and resource utilization of swine carcass. However, poor biodegradation ability of traditional composting results in poor harmless treatment effect. Researches report that the biodegradation ability of composting can be improved by inoculation with enzyme-producing microorganisms or by inoculation with enzyme preparations. At present, the researches on improving the efficiency of dead swine carcass composting by inoculating enzyme-producing microorganisms have been reported. However, no work has been reported on the development of enzyme preparations for dead swine carcass composting. METHODOLOGY The protease-producing strain was isolated by casein medium, and was identified by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. The optimal fermentation conditions for maximum protease production were gradually optimized by single factor test. The extracellular protease was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex G-75 gel exclusion chromatography. The potential for composting applications of the purified protease was evaluated by characterization of its biochemical properties. And based on amino acid sequence analysis, molecular docking and inhibition test, the catalytic hydrolysis mechanism of the purified protease was elucidated. RESULTS In this study, a microbial protease was developed for swine carcass composting. A protease-producing strain DB1 was isolated from swine carcass compositing and identified as Serratia marcescen. Optimum fermentation conditions for maximum protease production were 5 g/L glucose, 5 g/L urea, 1.5 mmol/L Mg2+, initial pH-value 8, inoculation amount 5%, incubation temperature 30 °C and 60 h of fermentation time. The specific activity of purified protease reached 1982.77 U/mg, and molecular weight of the purified protease was 110 kDa. Optimum pH and temperature of the purified protease were 8 and 50 °C, respectively, and it had good stability at high temperature and in alkaline environments. The purified protease was a Ser/Glu/Asp triad serine protease which catalyzed substrate hydrolysis by Glu, Arg, Ser, Asp and Tyr active residues. CONCLUSIONS In general, the microbial protease developed in this study was suitable for industrial production and has the potential to enhance composting at thermophilic stage. Moreover, the catalytic hydrolysis mechanism of the protease was further analyzed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhai
- grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin Province China
| | - Xintian Li
- grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin Province China
| | - Xinran Duan
- grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin Province China
| | - Changlong Gou
- grid.411647.10000 0000 8547 6673College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028000 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Lixia Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102 Jilin Province China
| | - Yunhang Gao
- grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 Jilin Province China
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Brandelli A, Daroit DJ. Unconventional microbial proteases as promising tools for the production of bioactive protein hydrolysates. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4714-4745. [PMID: 36377687 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2145262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis is the most prominent strategy to release bioactive peptides from different food proteins and protein-rich by-products. Unconventional microbial proteases (UMPs) have gaining increased attention for such purposes, particularly from the 2010s. In this review, we present and discuss aspects related to UMPs production, and their use to obtain bioactive protein hydrolysates. Antioxidant and anti-hypertensive potentials, commonly evaluated through in vitro testing, are mainly reported. The in vivo bioactivities of protein hydrolysates and peptides produced through UMPs action are highlighted. In addition to bioactivities, enzymatic hydrolysis acts by modulating the functional properties of proteins for potential food uses. The compiled literature indicates that UMPs are promising biocatalysts to generate bioactive protein hydrolysates, adding up to commercially available enzymes. From the recent interest on this topic, continuous and in-depth research is needed to advance toward the applicability and commercial utility of both UMPs and obtained hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Brandelli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Joner Daroit
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente e Tecnologias Sustentáveis (PPGATS), Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Cerro Largo, Brazil
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Olicón-Hernández DR, Guerra-Sánchez G, Porta CJ, Santoyo-Tepole F, Hernández-Cortez C, Tapia-García EY, Chávez-Camarillo GM. Fundaments and Concepts on Screening of Microorganisms for Biotechnological Applications. Mini Review. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:373. [PMID: 36302918 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microbial biotechnology uses microorganisms and their derivatives to generate industrial and/or environmental products that impact daily life. Modern biotechnology uses proteomics, metabolomics, quantum processors, and massive sequencing methods to yield promising results with microorganisms. However, the fundamental concepts of microbial biotechnology focus on the specific search for microorganisms from natural sources and their correct analysis to implement large-scale processes. This mini-review focuses on the methods used for the isolation and selection of microorganisms with biotechnological potential to empathize the importance of these concepts in microbial biotechnology. In this work, a review of the state of the art in recent years on the selection and characterization of microorganisms with a basic approach to understanding the importance of fundamental concepts in the field of biotechnology was carried out. The proper selection of isolation sources and the design of suitable selection criteria according to the desired activity have generated substantial changes in the development of biotechnology for more than three decades. Some examples include Taq polymerase in the PCR method and CRISPR technology. The objective of this mini review is to establish general ideas for the screening of microorganisms based on basic concepts of biotechnology that are left aside in several articles and maintain the importance of the basic concepts that this implies in the development of modern biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario R Olicón-Hernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomas, 11340, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Guadalupe Guerra-Sánchez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomas, 11340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carla J Porta
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomas, 11340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fortunata Santoyo-Tepole
- Departamento de Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomas, 11340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Cecilia Hernández-Cortez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomas, 11340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Erika Y Tapia-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomas, 11340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Griselda Ma Chávez-Camarillo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomas, 11340, Ciudad de México, México
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Cold-Active Enzymes and Their Potential Industrial Applications-A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185885. [PMID: 36144621 PMCID: PMC9501442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 70% of our planet is covered by extremely cold environments, nourishing a broad diversity of microbial life. Temperature is the most significant parameter that plays a key role in the distribution of microorganisms on our planet. Psychrophilic microorganisms are the most prominent inhabitants of the cold ecosystems, and they possess potential cold-active enzymes with diverse uses in the research and commercial sectors. Psychrophiles are modified to nurture, replicate, and retain their active metabolic activities in low temperatures. Their enzymes possess characteristics of maximal activity at low to adequate temperatures; this feature makes them more appealing and attractive in biotechnology. The high enzymatic activity of psychrozymes at low temperatures implies an important feature for energy saving. These enzymes have proven more advantageous than their mesophilic and thermophilic counterparts. Therefore, it is very important to explore the efficiency and utility of different psychrozymes in food processing, pharmaceuticals, brewing, bioremediation, and molecular biology. In this review, we focused on the properties of cold-active enzymes and their diverse uses in different industries and research areas. This review will provide insight into the areas and characteristics to be improved in cold-active enzymes so that potential and desired enzymes can be made available for commercial purposes.
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Jin S, Wang Y, Zhao X. Cold-adaptive mechanism of psychrophilic bacteria in food and its application. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105652. [PMID: 35753601 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychrophilic bacteria are a type of microorganisms that normally grow in low-temperature environments. They are usually found in extremely cold environments. However, as people's demand for low-temperature storage of food becomes higher, psychrophilic bacteria have also begun to appear in cold storage and refrigerators, which has become a food safety hazard. In this paper, the optimal cooling strategies of psychrophilic bacteria are reviewed from the aspects of the cell membrane, psychrophilic enzymes, antifreeze proteins, cold shock proteins, gene regulation, metabolic levels and antifreeze agents, and the principle of psychrophilic mechanism is briefly described. The application of thermophilic bacteria and its products adapted to cold environments in food fields are analyzed. The purpose of this paper is to provide ideas for future research on psychrophilic bacteria based on the mechanism and application of psychrophilic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Jin
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Yizhe Wang
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Xihong Zhao
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
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Hendrick Q, Nnolim NE, Nontongana N, Nwodo UU. Sphingobacterium multivorum HNFx produced thermotolerant and chemostable keratinase on chicken feathers. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lee TY, Lee YS, Yeh RH, Chen KH, Chen KL. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CU33 fermented feather meal-soybean meal product improves the intestinal morphology to promote the growth performance of broilers. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102027. [PMID: 35917672 PMCID: PMC9352539 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed to select optimum keratin degradation ability from Bacillus strains for feather meal-soybean meal fermentation, and favorably water content for the strain during fermentation of feather meal-soybean meal, and finally investigate the effects of the fermented feather meal-soybean meal product (FFSMP) on growth performance, carcass trait, clinical blood biochemistry, and intestinal morphology of broilers. Thirty-six bacteria strains from soil, sewage pool, and feather waste were screened and selected Bacillus subtilis var. natto N21 (N21), B. subtilis CU14 (CU14), and B. amyloliquefaciens CU33 (CU33) with better keratinase activity and feather-degrading rate. The result of trial 1 showed that the FFSMP produced by CU33 had the optimum physiochemical characterizations, amino acid composition and feeding performance for broilers. Hence the effects of water content (45, 50, 55, and 60%) on FFMSP fermentation of CU33 were investigated in trial 2. Result showed that pH value, counts of Bacillus-like bacteria, γ-PGA, viscosity, surfactin yield and odor all significantly increased according to the water content (P < 0.05). The protease activity reached significantly highest in the 55% and 60% water content groups (P < 0.01). The broilers performance of 55% and 60% water content group were significantly higher than control group (P < 0.05) in weight gain (WG), feed intake (b) at 0 to 21-d-old and the WG, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and production efficiency factor at 0 to 35-d-old, and could reach the similar growth performance as fish meal group (P > 0.05). The fermentation groups significantly decreased urea nitrogen (P < 0.05) and increased creatinine (P < 0.05) in the blood. The fermentation groups also significantly decreased the crypt depth in the duodenum (P < 0.05) and increased villus height to crypt depth ratio of the duodenum (P < 0.05). In conclusion, CU33 shows the best degradation rate for feather and keratinase activity, and the FFSMP with a water content of 50% to 60% during fermentation is suggested. Diets supplemented with 5% FFSMP can promote the growth of broilers by improving the morphology of the duodenum and achieve the feeding effect of high-quality fish meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Lee
- Nutrition Division, Council of Agriculture-Livestock Research Institute, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program of Agriculture Science, National Chiayi University, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Sheng Lee
- Ph.D. Program of Agriculture Science, National Chiayi University, Taiwan; Department of Animal Science, National Chiayi University, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Han Yeh
- Animal Products Processing Division, Council of Agriculture-Livestock Research Institute, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hsin Chen
- Department of Animal Science, National Chiayi University, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Lung Chen
- Department of Animal Science, National Chiayi University, Taiwan.
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Alahmad Aljammas H, Yazji S, Azizieh A. Optimization of protease production from Rhizomucor miehei Rm4 isolate under solid-state fermentation. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:82. [PMID: 35635657 PMCID: PMC9151939 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease is one of the most important industrial enzymes. The importance of protease bioproduction comes from meeting the increasing demand for this enzyme especially in the cheese industry. Rhizomucor miehei protease is the preferred substitute for the traditional rennet. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) shows promising results in enzyme production. An optimization strategy was applied to optimize the production of Rhizomucor miehei protease in a solid medium. The components of the fermentation medium were screened by using the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach. The optimization process then was performed by using the response surface methodology (RSM) approach based on five factors (fermentation time, temperature, pH, moisture content, nitrogen concentration) at five levels. Specific milk clotting activity and milk clotting activity/proteolytic activity ratio were considered as response variables in the optimization process. RESULTS Among several combinations, wheat bran was selected as the best substrate. Casein was selected based on preliminary screening of nitrogen sources. The optimal conditions identified by RSM analysis were found to be 81.21 h, 41.11°C, 6.31, 80%, and 1.33% for fermentation time, temperature, pH, moisture content, and casein concentration, respectively. The performed fermentation process under the optimized conditions gave an enzymatic extract with the values of 5.11 mg/mL, 2258.13 Soxhlet unit/mL, 441.90 Soxhlet unit/mg, 1.14 protease unit/mg, and 388.66 for protein content, milk clotting activity, specific clotting activity, specific proteolytic activity, and milk clotting activity/proteolytic activity ratio, respectively. The aforementioned values were close to the predicted values. CONCLUSION The high milk clotting activity and the relatively low proteolytic activity signify higher specificity of the produced enzyme, which is favorable in cheese making. The observed results reveal the efficiency of the applied statistical approaches in obtaining desired values of response variables and minimizing experimental runs, as well as achieving good predictions for response variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houthail Alahmad Aljammas
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Sabah Yazji
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Abdulhakim Azizieh
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
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Li X, Ren S, Song G, Liu Y, Li Y, Lu F. Novel Detection Method for Evaluating the Activity of an Alkaline Serine Protease from Bacillus clausii. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3765-3774. [PMID: 35311282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Until now, the detection methods for serine proteases have been quite time-consuming or cannot indicate the "real" protease activity. Here, a rapid and simple method for determining the "real" activity of serine proteases toward AAPX (a kind of mixed polypeptide substrates, with X representing 20 standard amino acids) was developed. This AAPX method has high reliability, sensitivity, and repeatability and can be used for detecting the serine protease activity spectrophotometrically. Additionally, the site-directed saturation mutagenesis library of alkaline serine protease PRO (BcPRO) from Bacillus clausii was screened with this AAPX method. Three beneficial mutants S99R, S99H, and S99W were identified, and S99W displayed the highest activity. In comparison to wild-type BcPRO, S99W exhibited enhanced catalytic performance toward eight AAPX monomers, and the molecular dynamics simulation revealed the mechanism responsible for its improved activity toward AAPM. Consequently, this work provides an efficient method for detecting, characterizing, mining, and high-throughput screening of serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaodong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangchao Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
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Effects of pH and Osmotic Changes on the Metabolic Expressions of Bacillus subtilis Strain 168 in Metabolite Pathways including Leucine Metabolism. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020112. [PMID: 35208188 PMCID: PMC8880083 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is often exposed to diverse culture conditions with the aim of improving hygiene or food quality. This can lead to changes in the volatile metabolite profiles related to the quality of fermented foods. To comprehensively interpret the associated metabolic expressions, changes in intracellular primary and extracellular secondary volatile metabolites were investigated by exposing B. subtilis to an alkaline pH (BP, pH 8.0) and a high salt concentration (BS, 1 M). In particular, B. subtilis was cultured in a leucine-enriched medium to investigate the formation of leucine-derived volatile metabolites. This study observed metabolic changes in several metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and leucine degradation. The formation of proline (an osmolyte), furans, pyrrole, and monosaccharide sugars (glucose, galactose, and fructose) was enhanced in BS, whereas fatty acid derivatives (ketones and alcohols) increased in BP. In the case of leucine degradation, 3-methyl-butanal and 3-methylbutanol could be salt-specific metabolites, while the contents of 3-methylbutanoic acid and 3-methylbutylacetate increased in BP. These results show culture condition-specific metabolic changes, especially secondary volatile metabolites related to the sensory property of foods, in B. subtilis.
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Naeem M, Manzoor S, Abid MUH, Tareen MBK, Asad M, Mushtaq S, Ehsan N, Amna D, Xu B, Hazafa A. Fungal Proteases as Emerging Biocatalysts to Meet the Current Challenges and Recent Developments in Biomedical Therapies: An Updated Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020109. [PMID: 35205863 PMCID: PMC8875690 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing world population, demand for industrialization has also increased to fulfill humans' living standards. Fungi are considered a source of essential constituents to produce the biocatalytic enzymes, including amylases, proteases, lipases, and cellulases that contain broad-spectrum industrial and emerging applications. The present review discussed the origin, nature, mechanism of action, emerging aspects of genetic engineering for designing novel proteases, genome editing of fungal strains through CRISPR technology, present challenges and future recommendations of fungal proteases. The emerging evidence revealed that fungal proteases show a protective role to many environmental exposures and discovered that an imbalance of protease inhibitors and proteases in the epithelial barriers leads to the protection of chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation. Moreover, mitoproteases recently were found to execute intense proteolytic processes that are crucial for mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis function, including mitochondrial biogenesis, protein synthesis, and apoptosis. The emerging evidence revealed that CRISPR/Cas9 technology had been successfully developed in various filamentous fungi and higher fungi for editing of specific genes. In addition to medical importance, fungal proteases are extensively used in different industries such as foods to prepare butter, fruits, juices, and cheese, and to increase their shelf life. It is concluded that hydrolysis of proteins in industries is one of the most significant applications of fungal enzymes that led to massive usage of proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050025, China;
| | - Saba Manzoor
- Department of Zoology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan;
| | | | | | - Mirza Asad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Sajida Mushtaq
- Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot 51040, Pakistan;
| | - Nazia Ehsan
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Dua Amna
- Institute of Food Science & Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University (BNU-HKBU) United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (A.H.)
| | - Abu Hazafa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (A.H.)
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Espoui AH, Larimi SG, Darzi GN. Optimization of protease production process using bran waste using Bacillus licheniformis. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Heng X, Chen H, Lu C, Feng T, Li K, Gao E. Study on synergistic fermentation of bean dregs and soybean meal by multiple strains and proteases. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Xie F, Feng F, Liu D, Quan S, Liu L, Zhang X, Chen G. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 35 M can exclusively produce and secrete proteases when cultured in soybean-meal-based medium. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 209:112188. [PMID: 34742021 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Some microbial strains are ideal producers of extracellular enzymes that can be used in various industries. However, in many fields, especially in the pharmaceutical field, these enzymes need to be recovered and purified through multistep processes and tedious procedures before they can be used. The recovery process is difficult and increases the cost of enzyme production. Therefore, reducing purification steps will greatly benefit the utilization of microbial enzymes. The 35 M strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, which has high extracellular protease production, was isolated from a phosphate mine. When cultured in a medium with soybean meal as the main component, the maximum activity of extracellular protease reached 16,992 U/mL. SDS-PAGE showed that there were two main proteins in the fermentation supernatant, with a paucity of other defined protein bands. Mass spectrometry and zymogram analysis showed that the two main bands were two proteases, corresponding to alkaline protease (AprM) and neutral protease (NprM), respectively. Gene cloning, sequencing, and further comparisons were used to confirm AprM and NprM correspond to these proteases from B. amyloliquefaciens. Notably, SDS-PAGE and zymogram analysis showed that NprM had obviously higher catalytic efficiency toward casein than did AprM. Strain 35 M is a promising protease producer with great potential for applications in industrial protease production. Additionally, this study demonstrates strain 35 M may be particularly well suited to use in degrading anti-nutritional factors in soybean meal, so as to improve the nutritional value of soybean meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhong Xie
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes, Biology Institute of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China; Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
| | - Fei Feng
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes, Biology Institute of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China; Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Dehai Liu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes, Biology Institute of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China; Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Shujing Quan
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes, Biology Institute of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China; Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Li Liu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes, Biology Institute of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China; Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Xiujiang Zhang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes, Biology Institute of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China; Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Guocan Chen
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes, Biology Institute of Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China; Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450008, China
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Rozanov AS, Shekhovtsov SV, Bogacheva NV, Pershina EG, Ryapolova AV, Bytyak DS, S E Peltek. Production of subtilisin proteases in bacteria and yeast. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:125-134. [PMID: 34901710 PMCID: PMC8629363 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the progress in the study and modification of subtilisin proteases. Despite longstanding applications of microbial proteases and a large number of research papers, the search for new protease genes, the construction of producer strains, and the development of methods for their practical application are still relevant and important, judging by the number of citations of the research articles on proteases and their microbial producers. This enzyme class represents the largest share of the industrial production of proteins worldwide. This situation can explain the high level of interest in these enzymes and points to the high importance of designing domestic technologies for their manufacture. The review covers subtilisin classification, the history of their discovery, and subsequent research on the optimization of their properties. An overview of the classes of subtilisin proteases and related enzymes is provided too. There is a discussion about the problems with the search for (and selection of) subtilases from natural strains of various microorganisms, approaches to (and specifics of) their modification, as well as the relevant genetic engineering techniques. Details are provided on the methods for expression optimization of industrial subtilases of various strains: the details of the most important parameters of cultivation, i.e., composition of the media, culture duration, and the influence of temperature and pH. Also presented are the results of the latest studies on cultivation techniques: submerged and solid-state fermentation. From the literature data reviewed, we can conclude that native enzymes (i.e., those obtained from natural sources) currently hardly have any practical applications because of the decisive advantages of the enzymes modified by genetic engineering and having better properties: e.g., thermal stability, general resistance to detergents and specific resistance to various oxidants, high activity in various temperature ranges, independence from metal ions, and stability in the absence of calcium. The vast majority of subtilisin proteases are expressed in producer strains belonging to different species of the genus Bacillus. Meanwhile, there is an effort to adapt the expression of these enzymes to other microbes, in particular species of the yeast Pichia pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Rozanov
- Kurchatov Genomic Center of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S V Shekhovtsov
- Kurchatov Genomic Center of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N V Bogacheva
- Kurchatov Genomic Center of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E G Pershina
- Kurchatov Genomic Center of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A V Ryapolova
- Innovation Centre "Biruch-NT", Malobykovo village, Belgorod region, Russia
| | - D S Bytyak
- Innovation Centre "Biruch-NT", Malobykovo village, Belgorod region, Russia
| | - S E Peltek
- Kurchatov Genomic Center of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Jasim BH, Ali EH. Isolation, Extraction, Purification, and Characterization of Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Estimation of the Molecular Weight of the Enzyme. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 76:809-820. [PMID: 35096316 PMCID: PMC8790973 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.355745.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from injuries of patients' wounds and burns, and to ensure that the isolate was belonging to P. aeruginosa, several tests were performed, such as staining techniques, a biochemical test, morphological test, Vitek 2 system, and sensitivity test. The results of the gram stain test showed rod pink gram-negative bacteria, demonstrating that the isolate belonged to P. aeruginosa. Growth optimization of bacterial was performed by assessing different combinations of pH and temperatures. It is revealed that the best conditions for increasing the number of bacteria were achieved at 37°C with the bacterial number of 5.53×108 and pH 6 with the bacterial number of 5.87×108. Fibrinolytic enzyme is an agent that lysis fibrin clots. This fibrinolytic factor has prospective use to treat cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke and heart attack. Cardiovascular diseases have attracted worldwide attention for their elevation morbidity and mortality. Fibrinolytic enzyme was extracted by centrifugation at 10000 × g at 4°C for 10 min, the supernatant was kept and the pellet having bacterial cells was discarded. Purification of the fibrinolytic enzyme was achieved using salt precipitation, ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatographic techniques. The results showed that the gel filtration chromatography had optimal specific activity and purification fold at 562.6 U/ml, and the final specific activity of the purified enzyme increased 4.1 times. The molecular weight of the fibrinolytic enzyme was determined at26 kDa by gel filtration chromatography. The purified fibrinolytic enzyme had optimum activity atpH 7 and40°C.The pH stability for the enzyme activity was found in pH 6-7 and the range of 10-40°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. H Jasim
- Biotechnology Branch, Departments of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - E. H Ali
- Biotechnology Branch, Departments of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
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Li T, Zhan C, Guo G, Liu Z, Hao N, Ouyang P. Tofu processing wastewater as a low-cost substrate for high activity nattokinase production using Bacillus subtilis. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:57. [PMID: 34620130 PMCID: PMC8499530 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though tofu is a traditional Chinese food loved by Asian people the wastewater generated during the production of tofu can pollute the environment, and the treatment of this generated wastewater can increase the operating cost of the plant. In this study, the production of nattokinase could be achieved by using the nitrogen source in tofu processing wastewater (TPW) instead of using the traditional nattokinase medium. This meets the need for the low-cost fermentation of nattokinase and at the same time addresses the environmental pollution concerns caused by the wastewater. Bacillus subtilis 13,932 is, a high yielding strain of nattokinase, which is stored in our laboratory. To increase the activity of nattokinase in the tofu process wastewater fermentation medium, the medium components and culture parameters were optimized. Nattokinase with high enzymatic activity was obtained in 7 L and 100 L bioreactors when TPW was used as the sole nitrogen source catalyzed by Bacillus subtilis. Such a result demonstrates that the production of nattokinase from TPW fermentation using B. subtilis can be implemented at an industrial level. RESULTS The peptide component in TPW is a crucial factor in the production of nattokinase. Box-Behnken design (BBD) experiments were designed to optimize various critical components, i.e., Glucose, TPW, MgSO4·7H2O, CaCl2, in nattokinase fermentation media. A maximum nattokinase activity was recorded at 37 °C, pH 7.0, 70 mL liquid medium, and 200 rpm. The highest nattokinase activities obtained from 7 to 100 L bioreactors were 8628.35 ± 113.87 IU/mL and 10,661.97 ± 72.47 IU/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS By replacing the nitrogen source in the original medium with TPW, there was an increase in the enzyme activity by 19.25% after optimizing the medium and culture parameters. According to the scale-up experiment from conical flasks to 100 L bioreactors, there was an increase in the activity of nattokinase by 47.89%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chenyi Zhan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Gege Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhaoxing Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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Nogueira LS, Tavares IMDC, Santana NB, Ferrão SPB, Teixeira JM, Costa FS, Silva TP, Pereira HJV, Irfan M, Bilal M, de Oliveira JR, Franco M. Thermostable trypsin-like protease by Penicillium roqueforti secreted in cocoa shell fermentation: Production optimization, characterization, and application in milk clotting. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:2069-2080. [PMID: 34617635 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The increased demand for cheese and the limited availability of calf rennet justifies the search for milk-clotting enzymes from alternative sources. Trypsin-like protease by Penicillium roqueforti was produced by solid-state fermentation using cocoa shell waste as substrate. The production of a crude enzyme extract that is rich in this enzyme was optimized using a Doehlert-type multivariate experimental design. The biochemical characterization showed that the enzyme has excellent activity and stability at alkaline pH (10-12) and an optimum temperature of 80°C, being stable at temperatures above 60°C. Enzymatic activity was maximized in the presence of Na+ (192%), Co2+ (187%), methanol (153%), ethanol (141%), and hexane (128%). Considering the biochemical characteristics obtained and the milk coagulation activity, trypsin-like protease can be applied in the food industry, such as in milk clotting and in the fabrication of cheeses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laísa Santana Nogueira
- Department of Rural and Animal Technology, State University of Southwest Bahia, Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Nívio Batista Santana
- Department of Rural and Animal Technology, State University of Southwest Bahia, Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tatielle Pereira Silva
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | | | - Marcelo Franco
- Department of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
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Abstract
Proteases are ubiquitous enzymes, having significant physiological roles in both synthesis and degradation. The use of microbial proteases in food fermentation is an age-old process, which is today being successfully employed in other industries with the advent of ‘omics’ era and innovations in genetic and protein engineering approaches. Proteases have found application in industries besides food, like leather, textiles, detergent, waste management, agriculture, animal husbandry, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics. With the rising demands and applications, researchers are exploring various approaches to discover, redesign, or artificially synthesize enzymes with better applicability in the industrial processes. These enzymes offer a sustainable and environmentally safer option, besides possessing economic and commercial value. Various bacterial and fungal proteases are already holding a commercially pivotal role in the industry. The current review summarizes the characteristics and types of proteases, microbial source, their current and prospective applications in various industries, and future challenges. Promoting these biocatalysts will prove significant in betterment of the modern world.
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Butt MQ, Zeeshan N, Ashraf NM, Akhtar MA, Ashraf H, Afroz A, Shaheen A, Naz S. Environmental impact and diversity of protease-producing bacteria in areas of leather tannery effluents of Sialkot, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:54842-54851. [PMID: 34021452 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Massive discharge of wastes produced by the processing of leather so far confers the most important environmental challenge facing the tanneries worldwide. Waste material from tanneries mostly consists of skin remnants and proteinaceous substances as by-products of leather processing. In these conditions, protease-producing bacteria play a vital role in degrading wastes in this sludge. Therefore, an investigation was made to study the effect of long-term tannery sludge contamination on the diversity of both protease-producing microbes and of bacterial extracellular proteases near tanneries of Sambrial and Sialkot. The high amount of carbon and nitrogen in the soil samples reflected their effect on the diversity of the microbial communities in these areas. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences suggest that the isolated proteolytic bacteria belonged to 9 different genera including Pseudomonas (26.19%), Proteus (19.04%), Serratia (16.66%), Klebsiella (14.28%), Providencia (9.52%), Achromobacter (7.14%), Enterobacter (2.38%), Myroides (2.38%), and Acinetobacter (2.38%). Enzyme activity showed that among all Pseudomonas and Proteus showed relatively high protease production, and inhibition studies revealed that proteases produced by all isolates were strongly inhibited by serine and/or metalloprotease inhibitors, and a smaller proportion was inhibited by inhibitors of cysteine and/or aspartic proteases. Furthermore, isolated bacteria revealed promising degradation activities against casein and/or gelatin with only a few that could hydrolyze elastin, suggesting proteases produced by these isolated bacteria belong to different classes of proteases, i.e., serine and metalloproteases. This study provided new insights on the community structure of cultivable protease-producing bacteria near tannery sludge of Sambrial and Sialkot. This study would be beneficial not only for establishing the way for effective degradation of tannery slugs but also for questing the novel properties of proteases for a future technological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim Butt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Zeeshan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Naeem Mahmood Ashraf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aftab Akhtar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Hina Ashraf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Amber Afroz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Shaheen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Naz
- Department of Bioscience, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, 47000, Punjab, Pakistan
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Joshi N, Kocher GS, Kalia A, Banga HS. Bacillus circulans MTCC 7906 aided facile development of bioconjugate nano-silica alkaline protease formulation with superlative dehairing potential. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117181. [PMID: 33964559 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The tannery industries utilize environmentally hazardous chemicals to achieve dehairing of animal hides, which causes enormous waterbed pollution & high TDS load. Alkaline protease enzyme for dehairing can be an effective solution to resolve the environmental problems of the tannery industry waste. However, stable, cost-efficient and eco-benign formulations of alkaline protease need to be developed for commercial applications in the tannery industry. This works aimed at development of a nano-formulation of the enzyme alkaline protease (AKP) as a bioconjugate nano silica-alkaline protease enzyme (BC-SiNP-AKP). This work reports one pot green synthesis of the BC-SiNP-AKP bionanoconjugate complex which included both biotemplating and immobilization of the AKP on to the synthesized silica nanoparticles from cell-free extracts of Bacillus circulans grown in potato peel based medium. Among the cell free crude, acetone concentrated and purified sols of the enzyme AKP, acetone precipitated enzyme sol was found to be best for the biological SiNP synthesis and formation of BC-SiNP-AKP conjugate. The BC-SiNP-AKP had size ranging from 100 to 200 nm with crystalline morphologies varying from spherical, tubular to laminated crystallites. The developed bioconjugate formulation displayed 1.7-fold increase in the enzyme activity post nano-conjugation with superlative dehairing potential on goat skin. The optimized parameters for dehairing were found to be as temperature 37 °C for 24 h of incubation and with enzyme to buffer ratio (2: 50 mL). Thereafter, the dehaired skin was assessed for its histopathological effects, which were found to be safe without any deteriorative changes. The developed formulation is environmentally congenial for its use as depilating agent for animal hides in terms of being green, single pot and cost effective synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishu Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147001, India.
| | - Gurvinder Singh Kocher
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141001, India
| | - Anu Kalia
- Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141001, India
| | - Harmanjit Singh Banga
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141 004, Punjab, India
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Use of a Sequential Fermentation Method for the Production of Aspergillus tamarii URM4634 Protease and a Kinetic/Thermodynamic Study of the Enzyme. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial proteases are commonly produced by submerged (SmF) or solid-state fermentation (SSF), whose combination results in an unconventional method, called sequential fermentation (SF), which has already been used only to produce cellulolytic enzymes. In this context, the aim of the present study was the development of a novel SF method for protease production using wheat bran as a substrate. Moreover, the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of azocasein hydrolysis were estimated, thus providing a greater understanding of the catalytic reaction. In SF, an approximately 9-fold increase in protease activity was observed compared to the conventional SmF method. Optimization of glucose concentration and medium volume by statistical means allowed us to achieve a maximum protease activity of 180.17 U mL−1. The obtained enzyme had an optimum pH and temperature of 7.0 and 50 °C, respectively. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters highlighted that such a neutral protease is satisfactorily thermostable at 50 °C, a temperature commonly used in many applications in the food industry. The results obtained suggested not only that SF could be a promising alternative to produce proteases, but also that it could be adapted to produce several other enzymes.
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Tacias-Pascacio VG, Morellon-Sterling R, Castañeda-Valbuena D, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Kamli MR, Tavano O, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Immobilization of papain: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:94-113. [PMID: 34375660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Papain is a cysteine protease from papaya, with many applications due to its broad specificity. This paper reviews for first time the immobilization of papain on different supports (organic, inorganic or hybrid supports) presenting some of the features of the utilized immobilization strategies (e.g., epoxide, glutaraldehyde, genipin, glyoxyl for covalent immobilization). Special focus is placed on the preparation of magnetic biocatalysts, which will permit the simple recovery of the biocatalyst even if the medium is a suspension. Problems specific to the immobilization of proteases (e.g., steric problems when hydrolyzing large proteins) are also defined. The benefits of a proper immobilization (enzyme stabilization, widening of the operation window) are discussed, together with some artifacts that may suggest an enzyme stabilization that may be unrelated to enzyme rigidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veymar G Tacias-Pascacio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico; Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Roberto Morellon-Sterling
- Departamento de Biocatálisis. ICP-CSIC./Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid. Spain; Student of Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid. Spain
| | - Daniel Castañeda-Valbuena
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Majid Rasool Kamli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddad 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddad 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olga Tavano
- Faculty of Nutrition, Alfenas Federal Univ., 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis. ICP-CSIC./Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid. Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External advisory board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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An Updated review on production of food derived bioactive peptides; focus on the psychrotrophic bacterial proteases. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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50
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Isolation and biochemical characterization of a novel serine protease identified from solid tannery waste metagenome. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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