1
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Wang M, Wang L, Huang Y, Qiao Z, Yi S, Zhang W, Wang J, Yang G, Cui X, Kou X, Zhao Y, Wang H, Jiang C, Gao S, Chen J. Loss of Tet hydroxymethylase activity causes mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation bias and developmental defects. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024:10.1007/s11427-024-2631-x. [PMID: 39037697 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-024-2631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The TET family is well known for active DNA demethylation and plays important roles in regulating transcription, the epigenome and development. Nevertheless, previous studies using knockdown (KD) or knockout (KO) models to investigate the function of TET have faced challenges in distinguishing its enzymatic and nonenzymatic roles, as well as compensatory effects among TET family members, which has made the understanding of the enzymatic role of TET not accurate enough. To solve this problem, we successfully generated mice catalytically inactive for specific Tet members (Tetm/m). We observed that, compared with the reported KO mice, mutant mice exhibited distinct developmental defects, including growth retardation, sex imbalance, infertility, and perinatal lethality. Notably, Tetm/m mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) were successfully established but entered an impaired developmental program, demonstrating extended pluripotency and defects in ectodermal differentiation caused by abnormal DNA methylation. Intriguingly, Tet3, traditionally considered less critical for mESCs due to its lower expression level, had a significant impact on the global hydroxymethylation, gene expression, and differentiation potential of mESCs. Notably, there were common regulatory regions between Tet1 and Tet3 in pluripotency regulation. In summary, our study provides a more accurate reference for the functional mechanism of Tet hydroxymethylase activity in mouse development and ESC pluripotency regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of the Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yanxin Huang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhibin Qiao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shanru Yi
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Weina Zhang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of the Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Xinyu Cui
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of the Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Xiaochen Kou
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Cizhong Jiang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of the Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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2
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Rehman A, Fatima I, Noor F, Qasim M, Wang P, Jia J, Alshabrmi FM, Liao M. Role of small molecules as drug candidates for reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells: A comprehensive review. Comput Biol Med 2024; 177:108661. [PMID: 38810477 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
With the use of specific genetic factors and recent developments in cellular reprogramming, it is now possible to generate lineage-committed cells or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from readily available and common somatic cell types. However, there are still significant doubts regarding the safety and effectiveness of the current genetic methods for reprogramming cells, as well as the conventional culture methods for maintaining stem cells. Small molecules that target specific epigenetic processes, signaling pathways, and other cellular processes can be used as a complementary approach to manipulate cell fate to achieve a desired objective. It has been discovered that a growing number of small molecules can support lineage differentiation, maintain stem cell self-renewal potential, and facilitate reprogramming by either increasing the efficiency of reprogramming or acting as a genetic reprogramming factor substitute. However, ongoing challenges include improving reprogramming efficiency, ensuring the safety of small molecules, and addressing issues with incomplete epigenetic resetting. Small molecule iPSCs have significant clinical applications in regenerative medicine and personalized therapies. This review emphasizes the versatility and potential safety benefits of small molecules in overcoming challenges associated with the iPSCs reprogramming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rehman
- Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Israr Fatima
- Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Fatima Noor
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University of Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University of Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Peng Wang
- Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Jinrui Jia
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fahad M Alshabrmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mingzhi Liao
- Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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3
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Tsitkov S, Valentine K, Kozareva V, Donde A, Frank A, Lei S, E Van Eyk J, Finkbeiner S, Rothstein JD, Thompson LM, Sareen D, Svendsen CN, Fraenkel E. Disease related changes in ATAC-seq of iPSC-derived motor neuron lines from ALS patients and controls. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3606. [PMID: 38697975 PMCID: PMC11066062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), like many other neurodegenerative diseases, is highly heritable, but with only a small fraction of cases explained by monogenic disease alleles. To better understand sporadic ALS, we report epigenomic profiles, as measured by ATAC-seq, of motor neuron cultures derived from a diverse group of 380 ALS patients and 80 healthy controls. We find that chromatin accessibility is heavily influenced by sex, the iPSC cell type of origin, ancestry, and the inherent variance arising from sequencing. Once these covariates are corrected for, we are able to identify ALS-specific signals in the data. Additionally, we find that the ATAC-seq data is able to predict ALS disease progression rates with similar accuracy to methods based on biomarkers and clinical status. These results suggest that iPSC-derived motor neurons recapitulate important disease-relevant epigenomic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Tsitkov
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kelsey Valentine
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Velina Kozareva
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aneesh Donde
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aaron Frank
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan Lei
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve Finkbeiner
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dhruv Sareen
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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Pazzin DB, Previato TTR, Budelon Gonçalves JI, Zanirati G, Xavier FAC, da Costa JC, Marinowic DR. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Organoids in Advancing Neuropathology Research and Therapies. Cells 2024; 13:745. [PMID: 38727281 PMCID: PMC11083827 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the groundbreaking impact of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and three-dimensional organoid models in propelling forward neuropathology research. With a focus on neurodegenerative diseases, neuromotor disorders, and related conditions, iPSCs provide a platform for personalized disease modeling, holding significant potential for regenerative therapy and drug discovery. The adaptability of iPSCs, along with associated methodologies, enables the generation of various types of neural cell differentiations and their integration into three-dimensional organoid models, effectively replicating complex tissue structures in vitro. Key advancements in organoid and iPSC generation protocols, alongside the careful selection of donor cell types, are emphasized as critical steps in harnessing these technologies to mitigate tumorigenic risks and other hurdles. Encouragingly, iPSCs show promising outcomes in regenerative therapies, as evidenced by their successful application in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Bottega Pazzin
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
- Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Thales Thor Ramos Previato
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
| | - João Ismael Budelon Gonçalves
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Gabriele Zanirati
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Fernando Antonio Costa Xavier
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
| | - Daniel Rodrigo Marinowic
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil; (D.B.P.); (T.T.R.P.); (J.I.B.G.); (G.Z.); (F.A.C.X.); (J.C.d.C.)
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5
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Chen X, Fan K, Lu J, Zhang S, Dong J, Qin J, Fan W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Peng H, Zhang Z, Sun Z, Yu C, Xiong Y, Song Y, Ye Q, Mai S, Wang Y, Wang Q, Zhang F, Wen X, Zhou T, Han L, Long M, Pan G, Burke JF, Zhang X. Selecting Monoclonal Cell Lineages from Somatic Reprogramming Using Robotic-Based Spatial-Restricting Structured Flow. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0338. [PMID: 38464498 PMCID: PMC10923610 DOI: 10.34133/research.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Somatic cell reprogramming generates induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which serve as a crucial source of seed cells for personalized disease modeling and treatment in regenerative medicine. However, the process of reprogramming often causes substantial lineage manipulations, thereby increasing cellular heterogeneity. As a consequence, the process of harvesting monoclonal iPSCs is labor-intensive and leads to decreased reproducibility. Here, we report the first in-house developed robotic platform that uses a pin-tip-based micro-structure to manipulate radial shear flow for automated monoclonal iPSC colony selection (~1 s) in a non-invasive and label-free manner, which includes tasks for somatic cell reprogramming culturing, medium changes; time-lapse-based high-content imaging; and iPSCs monoclonal colony detection, selection, and expansion. Throughput-wise, this automated robotic system can perform approximately 24 somatic cell reprogramming tasks within 50 days in parallel via a scheduling program. Moreover, thanks to a dual flow-based iPSC selection process, the purity of iPSCs was enhanced, while simultaneously eliminating the need for single-cell subcloning. These iPSCs generated via the dual processing robotic approach demonstrated a purity 3.7 times greater than that of the conventional manual methods. In addition, the automatically produced human iPSCs exhibited typical pluripotent transcriptional profiles, differentiation potential, and karyotypes. In conclusion, this robotic method could offer a promising solution for the automated isolation or purification of lineage-specific cells derived from iPSCs, thereby accelerating the development of personalized medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Chen
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Fan
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Lu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
- School of Light Industry and Engineering,
South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Dong
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jisheng Qin
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihua Fan
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huo Peng
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhizhong Zhang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Sun
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunlai Yu
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yucui Xiong
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Song
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Ye
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiwen Mai
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanhua Wang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qizheng Wang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengxiang Zhang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wen
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tiancheng Zhou
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Han
- Institute of Electrical Engineering,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mian Long
- Institute of Mechanics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangjin Pan
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Julian F. Burke
- Biological Sciences,
University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People’s Republic of China;
Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Hosseini SM, Borys B, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Neural stem cell therapies for spinal cord injury repair: an update on recent preclinical and clinical advances. Brain 2024; 147:766-793. [PMID: 37975820 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a leading cause of lifelong disabilities. Permanent sensory, motor and autonomic impairments after SCI are substantially attributed to degeneration of spinal cord neurons and axons, and disintegration of neural network. To date, minimal regenerative treatments are available for SCI with an unmet need for new therapies to reconstruct the damaged spinal cord neuron-glia network and restore connectivity with the supraspinal pathways. Multipotent neural precursor cells (NPCs) have a unique capacity to generate neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Due to this capacity, NPCs have been an attractive cell source for cellular therapies for SCI. Transplantation of NPCs has been extensively tested in preclinical models of SCI in the past two decades. These studies have identified opportunities and challenges associated with NPC therapies. While NPCs have the potential to promote neuroregeneration through various mechanisms, their low long-term survival and integration within the host injured spinal cord limit the functional benefits of NPC-based therapies for SCI. To address this challenge, combinatorial strategies have been developed to optimize the outcomes of NPC therapies by enriching SCI microenvironment through biomaterials, genetic and pharmacological therapies. In this review, we will provide an in-depth discussion on recent advances in preclinical NPC-based therapies for SCI. We will discuss modes of actions and mechanism by which engrafted NPCs contribute to the repair process and functional recovery. We will also provide an update on current clinical trials and new technologies that have facilitated preparation of medical-grade human NPCs suitable for transplantation in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Ben Borys
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
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7
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Yang Y, Ma B, Chen J, Liu D, Ma J, Li B, Hao J, Zhou X. Epigenetic regulation and factors that influence the effect of iPSCs-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Clin Epigenetics 2024; 16:30. [PMID: 38383473 PMCID: PMC10880347 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological disorder that causes neurological impairment and disability. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a promising cell therapy strategy for spinal cord regeneration and repair. However, iPSC-derived NS/PCs face many challenges and issues in SCI therapy; one of the most significant challenges is epigenetic regulation and that factors that influence this mechanism. Epigenetics refers to the regulation of gene expression and function by DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin structure without changing the DNA sequence. Previous research has shown that epigenetics plays a crucial role in the generation, differentiation, and transplantation of iPSCs, and can influence the quality, safety, and outcome of transplanted cells. In this study, we review the effects of epigenetic regulation and various influencing factors on the role of iPSC-derived NS/PCs in SCI therapy at multiple levels, including epigenetic reprogramming, regulation, and the adaptation of iPSCs during generation, differentiation, and transplantation, as well as the impact of other therapeutic tools (e.g., drugs, electrical stimulation, and scaffolds) on the epigenetic status of transplanted cells. We summarize our main findings and insights in this field and identify future challenges and directions that need to be addressed and explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubiao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyuan Ma
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Derong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Hao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianhu Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Yang L, Hung LY, Zhu Y, Ding S, Margolis KG, Leong KW. Material Engineering in Gut Microbiome and Human Health. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9804014. [PMID: 35958108 PMCID: PMC9343081 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9804014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made in the past decade regarding our understanding of the gut microbiome's role in human health. Currently, however, a comprehensive and focused review marrying the two distinct fields of gut microbiome and material research is lacking. To bridge the gap, the current paper discusses critical aspects of the rapidly emerging research topic of "material engineering in the gut microbiome and human health." By engaging scientists with diverse backgrounds in biomaterials, gut-microbiome axis, neuroscience, synthetic biology, tissue engineering, and biosensing in a dialogue, our goal is to accelerate the development of research tools for gut microbiome research and the development of therapeutics that target the gut microbiome. For this purpose, state-of-the-art knowledge is presented here on biomaterial technologies that facilitate the study, analysis, and manipulation of the gut microbiome, including intestinal organoids, gut-on-chip models, hydrogels for spatial mapping of gut microbiome compositions, microbiome biosensors, and oral bacteria delivery systems. In addition, a discussion is provided regarding the microbiome-gut-brain axis and the critical roles that biomaterials can play to investigate and regulate the axis. Lastly, perspectives are provided regarding future directions on how to develop and use novel biomaterials in gut microbiome research, as well as essential regulatory rules in clinical translation. In this way, we hope to inspire research into future biomaterial technologies to advance gut microbiome research and gut microbiome-based theragnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letao Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lin Y. Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yuefei Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suwan Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kara G. Margolis
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Horánszky A, Becker JL, Zana M, Ferguson-Smith AC, Dinnyés A. Epigenetic Mechanisms of ART-Related Imprinting Disorders: Lessons From iPSC and Mouse Models. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111704. [PMID: 34828310 PMCID: PMC8620286 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising frequency of ART-conceived births is accompanied by the need for an improved understanding of the implications of ART on gametes and embryos. Increasing evidence from mouse models and human epidemiological data suggests that ART procedures may play a role in the pathophysiology of certain imprinting disorders (IDs), including Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Silver-Russell syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, and Angelman syndrome. The underlying molecular basis of this association, however, requires further elucidation. In this review, we discuss the epigenetic and imprinting alterations of in vivo mouse models and human iPSC models of ART. Mouse models have demonstrated aberrant regulation of imprinted genes involved with ART-related IDs. In the past decade, iPSC technology has provided a platform for patient-specific cellular models of culture-associated perturbed imprinting. However, despite ongoing efforts, a deeper understanding of the susceptibility of iPSCs to epigenetic perturbation is required if they are to be reliably used for modelling ART-associated IDs. Comparing the patterns of susceptibility of imprinted genes in mouse models and IPSCs in culture improves the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of ART-linked IDs with implications for our understanding of the influence of environmental factors such as culture and hormone treatments on epigenetically important regions of the genome such as imprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Horánszky
- BioTalentum Ltd., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.H.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Animal Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Jessica L. Becker
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK; (J.L.B.); (A.C.F.-S.)
| | - Melinda Zana
- BioTalentum Ltd., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.H.); (M.Z.)
| | - Anne C. Ferguson-Smith
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK; (J.L.B.); (A.C.F.-S.)
| | - András Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.H.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Animal Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- HCEMM-USZ Stem Cell Research Group, Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine, H-6723 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-20-510-9632; Fax: +36-28-526-151
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10
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Giallongo S, Rehakova D, Raffaele M, Lo Re O, Koutna I, Vinciguerra M. Redox and Epigenetics in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Differentiation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:335-349. [PMID: 32567336 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Since their discovery, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) had generated considerable interest in the scientific community for their great potential in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and cell-based therapeutic approach, due to their unique characteristics of self-renewal and pluripotency. Recent Advances: Technological advances in iPSC genome-wide epigenetic profiling led to the elucidation of the epigenetic control of cellular identity during nuclear reprogramming. Moreover, iPSC physiology and metabolism are tightly regulated by oxidation-reduction events that mainly occur during the respiratory chain. In theory, iPSC-derived differentiated cells would be ideal for stem cell transplantation as autologous cells from donors, as the risks of rejection are minimal. Critical Issues: However, iPSCs experience high oxidative stress that, in turn, confers a high risk of increased genomic instability, which is most often linked to DNA repair deficiencies. Genomic instability has to be assessed before iPSCs can be used in therapeutic designs. Future Directions: This review will particularly focus on the links between redox balance and epigenetic modifications-in particular based on the histone variant macroH2A1-that determine DNA damage response in iPSCs and derived differentiated cells, and that might be exploited to decrease the teratogenic potential on iPSC transplantation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 335-349.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Giallongo
- International Clinical Research Center, St' Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Rehakova
- International Clinical Research Center, St' Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Informatics, Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marco Raffaele
- International Clinical Research Center, St' Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oriana Lo Re
- International Clinical Research Center, St' Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Koutna
- International Clinical Research Center, St' Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Informatics, Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- International Clinical Research Center, St' Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Induced Pluripotency: A Powerful Tool for In Vitro Modeling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238910. [PMID: 33255453 PMCID: PMC7727808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest breakthroughs of regenerative medicine in this century was the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology in 2006 by Shinya Yamanaka. iPSCs originate from terminally differentiated somatic cells that have newly acquired the developmental capacity of self-renewal and differentiation into any cells of three germ layers. Before iPSCs can be used routinely in clinical practice, their efficacy and safety need to be rigorously tested; however, iPSCs have already become effective and fully-fledged tools for application under in vitro conditions. They are currently routinely used for disease modeling, preparation of difficult-to-access cell lines, monitoring of cellular mechanisms in micro- or macroscopic scales, drug testing and screening, genetic engineering, and many other applications. This review is a brief summary of the reprogramming process and subsequent differentiation and culture of reprogrammed cells into neural precursor cells (NPCs) in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) conditions. NPCs can be used as biomedical models for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), which are currently considered to be one of the major health problems in the human population.
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12
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Arroyave F, Montaño D, Lizcano F. Diabetes Mellitus Is a Chronic Disease that Can Benefit from Therapy with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228685. [PMID: 33217903 PMCID: PMC7698772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, with an increasing incidence worldwide. The impact of DM on public health in developing countries has triggered alarm due to the exaggerated costs of the treatment and monitoring of patients with this disease. Considerable efforts have been made to try to prevent the onset and reduce the complications of DM. However, because insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells progressively deteriorate, many people must receive insulin through subcutaneous injection. Additionally, current therapies do not have consistent results regarding the prevention of chronic complications. Leveraging the approval of real-time continuous glucose monitors and sophisticated algorithms that partially automate insulin infusion pumps has improved glycemic control, decreasing the burden of diabetes management. However, these advances are facing physiologic barriers. New findings in molecular and cellular biology have produced an extraordinary advancement in tissue development for the treatment of DM. Obtaining pancreatic β-cells from somatic cells is a great resource that currently exists for patients with DM. Although this therapeutic option has great prospects for patients, some challenges remain for this therapeutic plan to be used clinically. The purpose of this review is to describe the new techniques in cell biology and regenerative medicine as possible treatments for DM. In particular, this review highlights the origin of induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) and how they have begun to emerge as a regenerative treatment that may mitigate the pathology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Arroyave
- Doctoral Program in Biosciences, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 250008, CU, Colombia;
| | - Diana Montaño
- Center of Biomedical Investigation (CIBUS), Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 250008, CU, Colombia;
| | - Fernando Lizcano
- Doctoral Program in Biosciences, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 250008, CU, Colombia;
- Center of Biomedical Investigation (CIBUS), Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 250008, CU, Colombia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-3144120052 or +57-18615555 (ext. 23906)
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13
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He X, Chi G, Li M, Xu J, Zhang L, Song Y, Wang L, Li Y. Characterisation of extraembryonic endoderm-like cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts induced using chemicals alone. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:157. [PMID: 32299508 PMCID: PMC7164364 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of somatic reprogramming, especially purely chemical reprogramming, has significantly advanced biological research. And chemical-induced extraembryonic endoderm-like (ciXEN) cells have been confirmed to be an indispensable intermediate stage of chemical reprogramming. They resemble extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) cells in terms of transcriptome, reprogramming potential, and developmental ability in vivo. However, the other characteristics of ciXEN cells and the effects of chemicals and bFGF on the in vitro culture of ciXEN cells have not been systematically reported. Methods Chemicals and bFGF in combination with Matrigel were used to induce the generation of ciXEN cells derived from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). RNA sequencing was utilised to examine the transcriptome of ciXEN cells, and PCR/qPCR assays were performed to evaluate the mRNA levels of the genes involved in this study. Hepatic functions were investigated by periodic acid-Schiff staining and indocyanine green assay. Lactate production, ATP detection, and extracellular metabolic flux analysis were used to analyse the energy metabolism of ciXEN cells. Results ciXEN cells expressed XEN-related genes, exhibited high proliferative capacity, had the ability to differentiate into visceral endoderm in vitro, and possessed the plasticity allowing for their differentiation into induced hepatocytes (iHeps). Additionally, the upregulated biological processes of ciXEN cells compared to those in MEFs focused on metabolism, but their energy production was independent of glycolysis. Furthermore, without the cocktail of chemicals and bFGF, which are indispensable for the generation of ciXEN cells, induced XEN (iXEN) cells remained the expression of XEN markers, the high proliferative capacity, and the plasticity to differentiate into iHeps in vitro. Conclusions ciXEN cells had high plasticity, and energy metabolism was reconstructed during chemical reprogramming, but it did not change from aerobic oxidation to glycolysis. And the cocktail of chemicals and bFGF were non-essential for the in vitro culture of ciXEN cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia He
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangfan Chi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinying Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaolin Song
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.,Department of Paediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Human Wharton's Jelly-Cellular Specificity, Stemness Potency, Animal Models, and Current Application in Human Clinical Trials. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041102. [PMID: 32290584 PMCID: PMC7230974 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies offer a great promise for regenerative and reconstructive medicine, due to their self-renewal and differentiation capacity. Although embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, their utilization involves embryo destruction and is ethically controversial. Therefore, adult tissues that have emerged as an alternative source of stem cells and perinatal tissues, such as the umbilical cord, appear to be particularly attractive. Wharton's jelly, a gelatinous connective tissue contained in the umbilical cord, is abundant in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that express CD105, CD73, CD90, Oct-4, Sox-2, and Nanog among others, and have the ability to differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, and other lineages. Moreover, Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) do not express MHC-II and exhibit immunomodulatory properties, which makes them a good alternative for allogeneic and xenogeneic transplantations in cellular therapies. Therefore, umbilical cord, especially Wharton's jelly, is a promising source of mesenchymal stem cells.
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15
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Kabadi A, McDonnell E, Frank CL, Drowley L. Applications of Functional Genomics for Drug Discovery. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 25:823-842. [PMID: 32026742 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220902092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many diseases, such as diabetes, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders, are caused by a dysregulation of a complex interplay of genes. Genome-wide association studies have identified thousands of disease-linked polymorphisms in the human population. However, detailing the causative gene expression or functional changes underlying those associations has been elusive in many cases. Functional genomics is an emerging field of research that aims to deconvolute the link between genotype and phenotype by making use of large -omic data sets and next-generation gene and epigenome editing tools to perturb genes of interest. Here we review how functional genomic tools can be used to better understand the biological interplay between genes, improve disease modeling, and identify novel drug targets. Incorporation of functional genomic capabilities into conventional drug development pipelines is predicted to expedite the development of first-in-class therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Kabadi
- Element Genomics, a UCB company, Durham, NC, USA
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16
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Erharter A, Rizzi S, Mertens J, Edenhofer F. Take the shortcut - direct conversion of somatic cells into induced neural stem cells and their biomedical applications. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3353-3369. [PMID: 31663609 PMCID: PMC6916337 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Second-generation reprogramming of somatic cells directly into the cell type of interest avoids induction of pluripotency and subsequent cumbersome differentiation procedures. Several recent studies have reported direct conversion of human somatic cells into stably proliferating induced neural stem cells (iNSCs). Importantly, iNSCs are easier, faster, and more cost-efficient to generate than induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and also have a higher level of clinical safety. Stably, self-renewing iNSCs can be derived from different cellular sources, such as skin fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and readily differentiate into neuronal and glial lineages that are indistinguishable from their iPSC-derived counterparts or from NSCs isolated from primary tissues. This review focuses on the derivation and characterization of iNSCs and their biomedical applications. We first outline different approaches to generate iNSCs and then discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms. Finally, we summarize the preclinical validation of iNSCs to highlight that these cells are promising targets for disease modeling, autologous cell therapy, and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Erharter
- Department of Molecular Biology & CMBIGenomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative MedicineLeopold‐Franzens‐University InnsbruckAustria
| | - Sandra Rizzi
- Department of Molecular Biology & CMBIGenomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative MedicineLeopold‐Franzens‐University InnsbruckAustria
- Institute of PharmacologyMedical University InnsbruckAustria
| | - Jerome Mertens
- Department of Molecular Biology & CMBIGenomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative MedicineLeopold‐Franzens‐University InnsbruckAustria
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Department of Molecular Biology & CMBIGenomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative MedicineLeopold‐Franzens‐University InnsbruckAustria
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17
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Abstract
The use of retinal organoids requires efficient differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this issue of Cell Reports, Wang et al. (2018) examine how the chromatin landscape after iPSC programming predicts their ability to differentiate into retinal tissue.
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18
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Perrera V, Martello G. How Does Reprogramming to Pluripotency Affect Genomic Imprinting? Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:76. [PMID: 31143763 PMCID: PMC6521591 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSCs) have the capacity to generate a wide range of somatic cells, thus representing an ideal tool for regenerative medicine. Patient-derived hiPSCs are also used for in vitro disease modeling and drug screenings. Several studies focused on the identification of DNA mutations generated, or selected, during the derivation of hiPSCs, some of which are known to drive cancer formation. Avoiding such stable genomic aberrations is paramount for successful use of hiPSCs, but it is equally important to ensure that their epigenetic information is correct, given the critical role of epigenetics in transcriptional regulation and its involvement in a plethora of pathologic conditions. In this review we will focus on genomic imprinting, a prototypical epigenetic mechanism whereby a gene is expressed in a parent-of-origin specific manner, thanks to the differential methylation of specific DNA sequences. Conventional hiPSCs are thought to be in a pluripotent state primed for differentiation. They display a hypermethylated genome with an unexpected loss of DNA methylation at imprinted loci. Several groups recently reported the generation of hiPSCs in a more primitive developmental stage, called naïve pluripotency. Naïve hiPSCs share several features with early human embryos, such as a global genome hypomethylation, which is also accompanied by a widespread loss of DNA methylation at imprinted loci. Given that loss of imprinting has been observed in genetic developmental disorders as well as in a wide range of cancers, it is fundamental to make sure that hiPSCs do not show such epigenetic aberrations. We will discuss what specific imprinted genes, associated with human pathologies, have been found commonly misregulated in hiPSCs and suggest strategies to effectively detect and avoid such undesirable epigenetic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Perrera
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Graziano Martello
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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19
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Reference Gene Validation via RT-qPCR for Human iPSC-Derived Neural Stem Cells and Neural Progenitors. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6820-6832. [PMID: 30927132 PMCID: PMC6728297 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Correct selection of the reference gene(s) is the most important step in gene expression analysis. The aims of this study were to identify and evaluate the panel of possible reference genes in neural stem cells (NSC), early neural progenitors (eNP) and neural progenitors (NP) obtained from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). The stability of expression of genes commonly used as the reference in cells during neural differentiation is variable and does not meet the criteria for reference genes. In the present work, we evaluated the stability of expression of 16 candidate reference genes using the four most popular algorithms: the ΔCt method, BestKeeper, geNorm and NormFinder. All data were analysed using the online tool RefFinder to obtain a comprehensive ranking. Our results indicate that NormFinder is the best tool for reference gene selection in early stages of hiPSC neural differentiation. None of the 16 tested genes is suitable as reference gene for all three stages of development. We recommend using different genes (panel of genes) to normalise RT–qPCR data for each of the neural differentiation stages.
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20
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The Impact of Epigenetic Signatures on Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Fate. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:4274518. [PMID: 30627172 PMCID: PMC6304862 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4274518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications play a significant role in determining the fate of stem cells and in directing the differentiation into multiple lineages. Current evidence indicates that mechanisms involved in chromatin regulation are essential for maintaining stable cell identities. There is a tight correlation among DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small noncoding RNAs during the epigenetic control of stem cells' differentiation; however, to date, the precise mechanism is still not clear. In this context, amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) represent an interesting model due to their unique features and the possible advantages of their use in regenerative medicine. Recent studies have elucidated epigenetic profiles involved in AFSCs' lineage commitment and differentiation. In order to use these cells effectively for therapeutic purposes, it is necessary to understand the basis of multiple-lineage potential and elaborate in detail how cell fate decisions are made and memorized. The present review summarizes the most recent findings on epigenetic mechanisms of AFSCs with a focus on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs (miRNAs) and addresses how their unique signatures contribute to lineage-specific differentiation.
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21
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Chen W, Tang D, Dai Y, Diao H. Establishment of microRNA, transcript and protein regulatory networks in Alport syndrome induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:238-250. [PMID: 30483741 PMCID: PMC6297794 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alport syndrome (AS) is an inherited progressive disease caused by mutations in genes encoding for the α3, α4 and α5 chains, which are an essential component of type IV collagen and are required for formation of the glomerular basement membrane. However, the underlying etiology of AS remains largely unknown, and the aim of the present study was to examine the genetic mechanisms in AS. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated from renal tubular cells. The Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 system and iTRAQ‑coupled 2D liquid chromatography‑tandem mass spectrometry were used to generate the sequences of microRNAs (miRNAs), transcripts and proteins from AS‑iPSCs. Integration of miRNA, transcript and protein expression data was used to construct regulatory networks and identify specific miRNA targets amongst the transcripts and proteins. Relative quantitative proteomics using iTRAQ technology revealed 383 differentially abundant proteins, and high‑throughput sequencing identified 155 differentially expressed miRNAs and 1,168 differentially expressed transcripts. Potential miRNA targets were predicted using miRanda, TargetScan and Pictar. All target proteins and transcripts were subjected to network analysis with miRNAs. Gene ontology analysis of the miRNAs and their targets revealed functional information on the iPSCs, including biological process and cell signaling. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways analysis revealed that the transcripts and proteins were primarily enriched in metabolic and cell adhesion molecule pathways. In addition, the network maps identified hsa‑miRNA (miR)‑4775 as a prominent miRNA that was associated with a number of targets. Similarly, the prominent ELV‑like protein 1‑A and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‑associated transcripts were identified. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to confirm the upregulation of hsa‑miR‑4775 and EGFR. The integrated approach used in the present study provided a comprehensive molecular characterization of AS. The results may also further understanding of the genetic pathogenesis of AS and facilitate the identification of candidate biomarkers for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Donge Tang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China
| | - Yong Dai
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Ding DC, Chu TY, Liu HW. Dedifferentiation of human uterine polyp stem cells into embryo-like cells during inducing pluripotency. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1586-1598. [PMID: 30263010 PMCID: PMC6158719 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.23401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
By introduction of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc, human adult somatic cells can be reprogrammed into embryonic stem cell capable of pluripotent differentiation. In several lines of human endometrial polyp- and cervical polyp-mesenchymal stem cells (EPMSCs and CPMSC), we showed introduction of the four transcription factors led to a dedifferentiation of these cells into early embryo-like cells in three days, ranging from one-cell, two-cell, four-cell embryos, and morula to blastocyst. These early embryo-like cells resembled human early embryo derived from in vitro fertilization (IVF) in morphology, and hatching activity. These cells also expressed hypoblast (GATA4) and trophoblast (Cdx2) markers. After culturing the embryo-like cells for one month, the induced pluripotency stem cells (iPSC) could be formed (proved by pluripotency gene expression, by in vitro and in vivo differentiation). C/EBPα expression was also increased in uterine polyps. In contrast, MSCs derived from normal endometrium could not be induced to dedifferentiation to such early embryo-like cells. We conclude that EPMSCs and CPMSCs could be dedifferentiated to early embryo-like cells by the iPSC cocktail. This suggests that polyps of the organ derived from Mullerian duct may harbor epigenetic markers making them vulnerable to reprogramming to the earliest developmental stage. This study provides a simple model to derive early human embryo-like cells by in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dah-Ching Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Yuan Chu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hwan-Wun Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital; Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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23
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Wu S, FitzGerald KT, Giordano J. On the Viability and Potential Value of Stem Cells for Repair and Treatment of Central Neurotrauma: Overview and Speculations. Front Neurol 2018; 9:602. [PMID: 30150968 PMCID: PMC6099099 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central neurotrauma, such as spinal cord injury or traumatic brain injury, can damage critical axonal pathways and neurons and lead to partial to complete loss of neural function that is difficult to address in the mature central nervous system. Improvement and innovation in the development, manufacture, and delivery of stem-cell based therapies, as well as the continued exploration of newer forms of stem cells, have allowed the professional and public spheres to resolve technical and ethical questions that previously hindered stem cell research for central nervous system injury. Recent in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the potential that reprogrammed autologous stem cells, in particular, have to restore functionality and induce regeneration-while potentially mitigating technical issues of immunogenicity, rejection, and ethical issues of embryonic derivation. These newer stem-cell based approaches are not, however, without concerns and problems of safety, efficacy, use and distribution. This review is an assessment of the current state of the science, the potential solutions that have been and are currently being explored, and the problems and questions that arise from what appears to be a promising way forward (i.e., autologous stem cell-based therapies)-for the purpose of advancing the research for much-needed therapeutic interventions for central neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Wu
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kevin T. FitzGerald
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - James Giordano
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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24
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miR-34a exerts as a key regulator in the dedifferentiation of osteosarcoma via PAI-1-Sox2 axis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:777. [PMID: 29991717 PMCID: PMC6039486 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone cancer with severe chromosomal abnormalities and genetic aberrations. Our previous work reported the dedifferentiation of OS, which is related to poor prognosis. However, the molecular mechanism that regulates OS dedifferentiation is still a subject of exploration. Emerging evidence has suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with the pathogenesis of OS and could potentially be developed for use as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. In the present study, we intended to illustrate the role of miR-34a in the dedifferentiation of OS. Upregulation of miR-34a was observed while OS cells were induced into stem-like phenotype. Notably, inhibition of miR-34a could promote the reprogramming transition of OS. Further exploration on the downstream network of miR-34a identified that blocking plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression could restrain OS dedifferentiation into cancer stem-like cells by downregulating SRY-related-HMG box (Sox) 2. We also showed that Sox2 overexpression rescued the suppression phenotype driven by PAI-1 inhibition. Conversely, PAI-1 inhibitor (PAI-039) could suppress the upregulation of Sox2 expression caused by miR-34a inhibition. Be applying bone extracellular matrix (BEM)-OS models, we demonstrated the phenotypic heterogeneity of OS cells, consistent with a strong concordance between PAI-1 and Sox2 expression levels. Taken together, our findings proved miR-34a to be a bona fide suppressor involved in the regulation of OS dedifferentiation. Targeting miR-34a or its direct target PAI-1 could offer new strategies for OS treatment.
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25
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Highly efficient methods to obtain homogeneous dorsal neural progenitor cells from human and mouse embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:67. [PMID: 29544541 PMCID: PMC5856210 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been widely used to generate cellular models harboring specific disease-related genotypes. Of particular importance are ESC and iPSC applications capable of producing dorsal telencephalic neural progenitor cells (NPCs) that are representative of the cerebral cortex and overcome the challenges of maintaining a homogeneous population of cortical progenitors over several passages in vitro. While previous studies were able to derive NPCs from pluripotent cell types, the fraction of dorsal NPCs in this population is small and decreases over several passages. Here, we present three protocols that are highly efficient in differentiating mouse and human ESCs, as well as human iPSCs, into a homogeneous and stable population of dorsal NPCs. These protocols will be useful for modeling cerebral cortical neurological and neurodegenerative disorders in both mouse and human as well as for high-throughput drug screening for therapeutic development. Methods We optimized three different strategies for generating dorsal telencephalic NPCs from mouse and human pluripotent cell types through single or double inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and/or SMAD pathways. Mouse and human pluripotent cells were aggregated to form embryoid bodies in suspension and were treated with dorsomorphin alone (BMP inhibition) or combined with SB431542 (double BMP/SMAD inhibition) during neural induction. Neural rosettes were then selected from plated embryoid bodies to purify the population of dorsal NPCs. We tested the expression of key dorsal NPC markers as well as nonectodermal markers to confirm the efficiency of our three methods in comparison to published and commercial protocols. Results Single and double inhibition of BMP and/or SMAD during neural induction led to the efficient differentiation of dorsal NPCs, based on the high percentage of PAX6-positive cells and the NPC gene expression profile. There were no statistically significant differences in the variation of PAX6 and SOX1-positive NPCs between the two human pluripotent cell-derived methods; therefore, both methods are suitable for producing stable dorsal NPCs. When further differentiated into mature neurons, NPCs gave rise to a population of almost exclusively forebrain cortical neurons, confirming the dorsal fate commitment of the progenitors. Conclusions The methods described in this study show improvements over previously published studies and are highly efficient at differentiating human and mouse pluripotent cell types into dorsal PAX6-positive NPCs and eventually into forebrain cortical neurons. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0812-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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26
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Liu D, Pavathuparambil Abdul Manaph N, Al-Hawwas M, Zhou XF, Liao H. Small Molecules for Neural Stem Cell Induction. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:297-312. [PMID: 29343174 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from other somatic cells has provided great hopes for transplantation therapies. However, these cells still cannot be used for clinical application due to the low reprogramming and differentiation efficiency beside the risk of mutagenesis and tumor formation. Compared to iPSCs, induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) are easier to terminally differentiate into neural cells and safe; thus, iNSCs hold more opportunities than iPSCs to treat neural diseases. On the other hand, recent studies have showed that small molecules (SMs) can dramatically improve the efficiency of reprogramming and SMs alone can even convert one kind of somatic cells into another, which is much safer and more effective than transcription factor-based methods. In this study, we provide a review of SMs that are generally used in recent neural stem cell induction studies, and discuss the main mechanisms and pathways of each SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Liu
- 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, China .,2 School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute, University of South Austrralia , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Nimshitha Pavathuparambil Abdul Manaph
- 2 School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute, University of South Austrralia , Adelaide, South Australia .,3 Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Mohammed Al-Hawwas
- 2 School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute, University of South Austrralia , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- 2 School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute, University of South Austrralia , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Hong Liao
- 1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, China
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Berridge BR, Schultze AE, Heyen JR, Searfoss GH, Sarazan RD. Technological Advances in Cardiovascular Safety Assessment Decrease Preclinical Animal Use and Improve Clinical Relevance. ILAR J 2017; 57:120-132. [PMID: 28053066 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) safety liabilities are significant concerns for drug developers and preclinical animal studies are predominately where those liabilities are characterized before patient exposures. Steady progress in technology and laboratory capabilities is enabling a more refined and informative use of animals in those studies. The application of surgically implantable and telemetered instrumentation in the acute assessment of drug effects on CV function has significantly improved historical approaches that involved anesthetized or restrained animals. More chronically instrumented animals and application of common clinical imaging assessments like echocardiography and MRI extend functional and in-life structural assessments into the repeat-dose setting. A growing portfolio of circulating CV biomarkers is allowing longitudinal and repeated measures of cardiac and vascular injury and dysfunction better informing an understanding of temporal pathogenesis and allowing earlier detection of undesirable effects. In vitro modeling systems of the past were limited by their lack of biological relevance to the in vivo human condition. Advances in stem cell technology and more complex in vitro modeling platforms are quickly creating more opportunity to supplant animals in our earliest assessments for liabilities. Continuing improvement in our capabilities in both animal and nonanimal modeling should support a steady decrease in animal use for primary liability identification and optimize the translational relevance of the animal studies we continue to do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Berridge
- Brian R. Berridge, DVM, PhD, is a Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy at GlaxoSmithKline in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. A. Eric Schultze, DVM, PhD, is a Senior Research Advisor-Pathologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. Jon R. Heyen, MS, is a Senior Principal Scientist at Pfizer in La Jolla, California. George H. Searfoss, MS, is a Consultant Toxicologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. R. Dustan Sarazan, DVM, PhD, is a cardiovascular consultant currently residing in Rhinelander, Wisconsin
| | - A Eric Schultze
- Brian R. Berridge, DVM, PhD, is a Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy at GlaxoSmithKline in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. A. Eric Schultze, DVM, PhD, is a Senior Research Advisor-Pathologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. Jon R. Heyen, MS, is a Senior Principal Scientist at Pfizer in La Jolla, California. George H. Searfoss, MS, is a Consultant Toxicologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. R. Dustan Sarazan, DVM, PhD, is a cardiovascular consultant currently residing in Rhinelander, Wisconsin
| | - Jon R Heyen
- Brian R. Berridge, DVM, PhD, is a Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy at GlaxoSmithKline in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. A. Eric Schultze, DVM, PhD, is a Senior Research Advisor-Pathologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. Jon R. Heyen, MS, is a Senior Principal Scientist at Pfizer in La Jolla, California. George H. Searfoss, MS, is a Consultant Toxicologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. R. Dustan Sarazan, DVM, PhD, is a cardiovascular consultant currently residing in Rhinelander, Wisconsin
| | - George H Searfoss
- Brian R. Berridge, DVM, PhD, is a Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy at GlaxoSmithKline in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. A. Eric Schultze, DVM, PhD, is a Senior Research Advisor-Pathologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. Jon R. Heyen, MS, is a Senior Principal Scientist at Pfizer in La Jolla, California. George H. Searfoss, MS, is a Consultant Toxicologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. R. Dustan Sarazan, DVM, PhD, is a cardiovascular consultant currently residing in Rhinelander, Wisconsin
| | - R Dustan Sarazan
- Brian R. Berridge, DVM, PhD, is a Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy at GlaxoSmithKline in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. A. Eric Schultze, DVM, PhD, is a Senior Research Advisor-Pathologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. Jon R. Heyen, MS, is a Senior Principal Scientist at Pfizer in La Jolla, California. George H. Searfoss, MS, is a Consultant Toxicologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. R. Dustan Sarazan, DVM, PhD, is a cardiovascular consultant currently residing in Rhinelander, Wisconsin
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28
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Use of Human Neurons Derived via Cellular Reprogramming Methods to Study Host-Parasite Interactions of Toxoplasma gondii in Neurons. Cells 2017; 6:cells6040032. [PMID: 28946615 PMCID: PMC5755492 DOI: 10.3390/cells6040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite, with approximately one-third of the worlds' population chronically infected. In chronically infected individuals, the parasite resides in tissue cysts in neurons in the brain. The chronic infection in immunocompetant individuals has traditionally been considered to be asymptomatic, but increasing evidence indicates that chronic infection is associated with diverse neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, cryptogenic epilepsy, and Parkinson's Disease. The mechanisms by which the parasite exerts affects on behavior and other neuronal functions are not understood. Human neurons derived from cellular reprogramming methods offer the opportunity to develop better human neuronal models to study T. gondii in neurons. Results from two studies using human neurons derived via cellular reprogramming methods indicate these human neuronal models provide better in vitro models to study the effects of T. gondii on neurons and neurological functions. In this review, an overview of the current neural reprogramming methods will be given, followed by a summary of the studies using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons and induced neurons (iNs) to study T. gondii in neurons. The potential of these neural reprogramming methods for further study of the host-parasite interactions of T. gondii in neurons will be discussed.
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29
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Overexpression of Stella improves the efficiency of nuclear transfer reprogramming. J Genet Genomics 2017; 44:363-366. [PMID: 28739047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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30
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Toustrup LB, Zhou Y, Kvistgaard H, Gregersen N, Rittig S, Aagaard L, Corydon TJ, Luo Y, Christensen JH. Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a patient with autosomal dominant familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus caused by a variant in the AVP gene. Stem Cell Res 2016; 19:37-42. [PMID: 28413003 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (adFNDI) is caused by variants in the arginine vasopressin (AVP) gene. Here we report the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a 42-year-old man carrying an adFNDI causing variant in exon 1 of the AVP gene using lentivirus-mediated nuclear reprogramming. The iPSCs carried the expected variant in the AVP gene. Furthermore, the iPSCs expressed pluripotency markers; displayed in vitro differentiation potential to the three germ layers and had a normal karyotype consistent with the original fibroblasts. This iPSC line is useful in future studies focusing on the pathogenesis of adFNDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Bols Toustrup
- Department of Paediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Helene Kvistgaard
- Department of Paediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Gregersen
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Oluf Palmes Allé 49, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Søren Rittig
- Department of Paediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Lars Aagaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Juhl Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jane H Christensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie J. Mulligan
- Department of Anthropology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-3610;
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