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Zhang D, Hu Y, Li R, Tang L, Mo L, Pan Y, Mao B, Shao Y, Zhao B, Lei D. Research on Physiological Characteristics and Differential Gene Expression of Rice Hybrids and Their Parents under Salt Stress at Seedling Stage. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:744. [PMID: 38475590 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Soil salinization is one of the most important abiotic stresses which can seriously affect the growth and development of rice, leading to the decrease in or even loss of a rice harvest. Increasing the rice yield of saline soil is a key issue for agricultural production. The utilization of heterosis could significantly increase crop biomass and yield, which might be an effective way to meet the demand for rice cultivation in saline soil. In this study, to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of rice hybrids and their parents that respond to salt stress, we investigated the phenotypic characteristics, physiological and biochemical indexes, and expression level of salt-related genes at the seedling stage. In this study, two sets of materials, encapsulating the most significant differences between the rice hybrids and their parents, were screened using the salt damage index and a hybrid superiority analysis. Compared with their parents, the rice hybrids Guang-Ba-You-Hua-Zhan (BB1) and Y-Liang-You-900 (GD1) exhibited much better salt tolerance, including an increased fresh weight and higher survival rate, a better scavenging ability towards reactive oxygen species (ROS), better ionic homeostasis with lower content of Na+ in their Na+/K+ ratio, and a higher expression of salt-stress-responsive genes. These results indicated that rice hybrids developed complex regulatory mechanisms involving multiple pathways and genes to adapt to salt stress and provided a physiological basis for the utilization of heterosis for improving the yield of rice under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yuanyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Salin-Alkali Tolerant Rice, Sanya 572000, China
- School of Tropical Agricultture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ruopeng Li
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Salin-Alkali Tolerant Rice, Sanya 572000, China
- School of Tropical Agricultture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China
- School of Tropical Agricultture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lin Mo
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Salin-Alkali Tolerant Rice, Sanya 572000, China
- School of Tropical Agricultture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yinlin Pan
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Salin-Alkali Tolerant Rice, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Bigang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China
- School of Tropical Agricultture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ye Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Bingran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Dongyang Lei
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Liang X, Li J, Yang Y, Jiang C, Guo Y. Designing salt stress-resilient crops: Current progress and future challenges. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:303-329. [PMID: 38108117 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Excess soil salinity affects large regions of land and is a major hindrance to crop production worldwide. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of plant salt tolerance has scientific importance and practical significance. In recent decades, studies have characterized hundreds of genes associated with plant responses to salt stress in different plant species. These studies have substantially advanced our molecular and genetic understanding of salt tolerance in plants and have introduced an era of molecular design breeding of salt-tolerant crops. This review summarizes our current knowledge of plant salt tolerance, emphasizing advances in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of osmotic stress tolerance, salt-ion transport and compartmentalization, oxidative stress tolerance, alkaline stress tolerance, and the trade-off between growth and salt tolerance. We also examine recent advances in understanding natural variation in the salt tolerance of crops and discuss possible strategies and challenges for designing salt stress-resilient crops. We focus on the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and the four most-studied crops: rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), maize (Zea mays), and soybean (Glycine max).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jianfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100194, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Caifu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Li P, Li Z, Liu X, Zhang H, Zhang S, Liu F, Li N, Yang Y, Xie K, Ding H, Yao F. Haplotype analysis and marker development of five salt-tolerant-related genes in rice ( Oryza sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1259462. [PMID: 37727858 PMCID: PMC10505798 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1259462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Salinity stress is a great threat to the growth and productivity of crops, and development of salt-tolerant crops is of great necessity to ensure food security. Although a few genes with natural variations that confer salt tolerance at germination and seedling stage in rice have been cloned, effective intragenic markers for these genes are awaited to be developed, which hinder the use of these genes in genetic improvement of salt tolerance in rice. In this study, we first performed haplotype analysis of five rice salt-tolerant-related genes using 38 rice accessions with reference genome and 4,726 rice germplasm accessions with imputed genotypes and classified main haplotype groups and haplotypes. Subsequently, we identified unique variations for elite haplotypes reported in previous studies and developed 11 effective intragenic makers. Finally, we conducted genotyping of 533 of the 4,726 rice accessions from worldwide and 70 approved temperate geng/japonica cultivars in China using the developed markers. These results could provide effective donors and markers of salt-tolerant-related genes and thus could be of great use in genetic improvement of salt tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingbo Li
- Institute of Wetland Agriculture and Ecology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Wetland Agriculture and Ecology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Institute of Wetland Agriculture and Ecology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Institute of Wetland Agriculture and Ecology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shuyong Zhang
- Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Yutai County, Jining, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Institute of Wetland Agriculture and Ecology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Nana Li
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yongyi Yang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Kun Xie
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fangyin Yao
- Institute of Wetland Agriculture and Ecology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
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Yang L, Wang X, Zhao F, Zhang X, Li W, Huang J, Pei X, Ren X, Liu Y, He K, Zhang F, Ma X, Yang D. Roles of S-Adenosylmethionine and Its Derivatives in Salt Tolerance of Cotton. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119517. [PMID: 37298464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is a major abiotic stress that restricts cotton growth and affects fiber yield and quality. Although studies on salt tolerance have achieved great progress in cotton since the completion of cotton genome sequencing, knowledge about how cotton copes with salt stress is still scant. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) plays important roles in many organelles with the help of the SAM transporter, and it is also a synthetic precursor for substances such as ethylene (ET), polyamines (PAs), betaine, and lignin, which often accumulate in plants in response to stresses. This review focused on the biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways of ET and PAs. The current progress of ET and PAs in regulating plant growth and development under salt stress has been summarized. Moreover, we verified the function of a cotton SAM transporter and suggested that it can regulate salt stress response in cotton. At last, an improved regulatory pathway of ET and PAs under salt stress in cotton is proposed for the breeding of salt-tolerant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- Western Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changji 831100, China
| | - Fuyong Zhao
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xianliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- Western Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changji 831100, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- Western Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changji 831100, China
| | - Junsen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yangai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Kunlun He
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- Western Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changji 831100, China
| | - Daigang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
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Tarnawa Á, Kende Z, Sghaier AH, Kovács GP, Gyuricza C, Khaeim H. Effect of Abiotic Stresses from Drought, Temperature, and Density on Germination and Seedling Growth of Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091792. [PMID: 37176849 PMCID: PMC10181215 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination and seedling growth are highly sensitive to deficit moisture and temperature stress. This study was designed to investigate barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds' germination and seedling growth under conditions of abiotic stresses. Constant temperature levels of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C were used for the germination test. Drought and waterlogging stresses using 30 different water levels were examined using two methods: either based at 1 milliliter intervals or, on the other hand, as percentages of thousand kernel weight (TKW). Seedling density in a petri dish and antifungal application techniques were also investigated. Temperature significantly impacted germination time and seedling development with an ideal range of 15-20 °C, with a more comprehensive range to 10 °C. Higher temperatures reversely affected germination percentage, and the lower ones affected the germination and seedling growth rate. Germination commenced at 130% water of the TKW, and the ideal water range for seedling development was greater and more extensive than the range for germination, which means there is a difference between the starting point for germination and the seedling development. Seed size define germination water requirements and provides an objective and more precise basis suggesting an optimal range supply of 720% and 1080% of TKW for barley seedling development. A total of 10 seeds per 9 cm petri dish may be preferable over greater densities. The techniques of priming seeds with an antifungal solution (Bordóilé or Hypo) or antifungal application at even 5 ppm in the media significantly prevented fungal growth. This study is novel regarding the levels and types of abiotic stresses, the crop, the experimental and measurement techniques, and in comparison to the previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Tarnawa
- Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u.1, Gödöllő, 2100 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kende
- Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u.1, Gödöllő, 2100 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Asma Haj Sghaier
- Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u.1, Gödöllő, 2100 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Péter Kovács
- Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u.1, Gödöllő, 2100 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Gyuricza
- Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u.1, Gödöllő, 2100 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hussein Khaeim
- Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u.1, Gödöllő, 2100 Budapest, Hungary
- Field Crop Department, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah 58002, Iraq
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Samanta I, Roy PC, Das E, Mishra S, Chowdhary G. Plant Peroxisomal Polyamine Oxidase: A Ubiquitous Enzyme Involved in Abiotic Stress Tolerance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:652. [PMID: 36771734 PMCID: PMC9919379 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are positively charged amines that are present in all organisms. In addition to their functions specific to growth and development, they are involved in responding to various biotic and abiotic stress tolerance functions. The appropriate concentration of PA in the cell is maintained by a delicate balance between the catabolism and anabolism of PAs, which is primarily driven by two enzymes, namely diamine oxidase and polyamine oxidase (PAO). PAOs have been found to be localized in multiple subcellular locations, including peroxisomes. This paper presents a holistic account of peroxisomal PAOs. PAOs are flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzymes with varying degrees of substrate specificity. They are expressed differentially upon various abiotic stress conditions, namely heat, cold, salinity, and dehydration. It has also been observed that in a particular species, the various PAO isoforms are expressed differentially with a spatial and temporal distinction. PAOs are targeted to peroxisome via a peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS) type 1. We conducted an extensive bioinformatics analysis of PTS1s present in various peroxisomal PAOs and present a consensus peroxisome targeting signal present in PAOs. Furthermore, we also propose an evolutionary perspective of peroxisomal PAOs. PAOs localized in plant peroxisomes are of potential importance in abiotic stress tolerance since peroxisomes are one of the nodal centers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and an increase in ROS is a major indicator of the plant being in stress conditions; hence, in the future, PAO enzymes could be used as a key candidate for generating abiotic stress tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Samanta
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KIIT, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Pamela Chanda Roy
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KIIT, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Eshani Das
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KIIT, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Sasmita Mishra
- Department of Biology, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Gopal Chowdhary
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KIIT, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
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Podia V, Chatzopoulos D, Milioni D, Stravopodis DJ, Dervisi I, Roussis A, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA, Haralampidis K. GUS Reporter-Aided Promoter Deletion Analysis of A. thaliana POLYAMINE OXIDASE 3. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032317. [PMID: 36768644 PMCID: PMC9916862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamine oxidases (PAOs) have been correlated with numerous physiological and developmental processes, as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Their transcriptional regulation is driven by signals generated by various developmental and environmental cues, including phytohormones. However, the inductive mechanism(s) of the corresponding genes remains elusive. Out of the five previously characterized Arabidopsis PAO genes, none of their regulatory sequences have been analyzed to date. In this study, a GUS reporter-aided promoter deletion approach was used to investigate the transcriptional regulation of AtPAO3 during normal growth and development as well as under various inductive environments. AtPAO3 contains an upstream open reading frame (uORF) and a short inter-cistronic sequence, while the integrity of both appears to be crucial for the proper regulation of gene expression. The full-length promoter contains several cis-acting elements that regulate the tissue-specific expression of AtPAO3 during normal growth and development. Furthermore, a number of TFBS that are involved in gene induction under various abiotic stress conditions display an additive effect on gene expression. Taken together, our data indicate that the transcription of AtPAO3 is regulated by multiple environmental factors, which probably work alongside hormonal signals and shed light on the fine-tuning mechanisms of PAO regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Podia
- Section of Botany, Biology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Chatzopoulos
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Biology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Milioni
- Biotechnology Department, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios J. Stravopodis
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Biology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Dervisi
- Section of Botany, Biology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Roussis
- Section of Botany, Biology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Kosmas Haralampidis
- Section of Botany, Biology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0030-2107274131
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Singh P, Choudhary KK, Chaudhary N, Gupta S, Sahu M, Tejaswini B, Sarkar S. Salt stress resilience in plants mediated through osmolyte accumulation and its crosstalk mechanism with phytohormones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1006617. [PMID: 36237504 PMCID: PMC9552866 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1006617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Salinity stress is one of the significant abiotic stresses that influence critical metabolic processes in the plant. Salinity stress limits plant growth and development by adversely affecting various physiological and biochemical processes. Enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced via salinity stress subsequently alters macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and thus constrains crop productivity. Due to which, a decreasing trend in cultivable land and a rising world population raises a question of global food security. In response to salt stress signals, plants adapt defensive mechanisms by orchestrating the synthesis, signaling, and regulation of various osmolytes and phytohormones. Under salinity stress, osmolytes have been investigated to stabilize the osmotic differences between the surrounding of cells and cytosol. They also help in the regulation of protein folding to facilitate protein functioning and stress signaling. Phytohormones play critical roles in eliciting a salinity stress adaptation response in plants. These responses enable the plants to acclimatize to adverse soil conditions. Phytohormones and osmolytes are helpful in minimizing salinity stress-related detrimental effects on plants. These phytohormones modulate the level of osmolytes through alteration in the gene expression pattern of key biosynthetic enzymes and antioxidative enzymes along with their role as signaling molecules. Thus, it becomes vital to understand the roles of these phytohormones on osmolyte accumulation and regulation to conclude the adaptive roles played by plants to avoid salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Choudhary
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Department of Botany, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Nivedita Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shweta Gupta
- Department of Botany, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Mamatamayee Sahu
- Department of Botany, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Boddu Tejaswini
- Department of Botany, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Subrata Sarkar
- Department of Botany, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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