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Hou J, Ai M, Li J, Cui X, Liu Y, Yang Q. Exogenous salicylic acid treatment enhances the disease resistance of Panax vietnamensis by regulating secondary metabolite production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1428272. [PMID: 39220009 PMCID: PMC11362055 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1428272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound widely found in plants. It plays a key role in exerting plant disease resistance. Panax vietnamensis Ha & Grushv., a valuable medicinal plant, contains high levels of phenolic compounds, which contribute significantly to the resilience of the plant against stress. However, the precise role of SA in regulating the synthesis of secondary metabolites in P.vietnamensis remains elusive. Methods Two-year-old P. vietnamensis seedlings were treated with exogenous SA. We systematically assessed the changes in the physiological parameters of SA-treated P. vietnamensis leaves, employing transcriptome and metabolome analyses to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Results Our results revealed a significant improvement of the plant's antioxidant capacity at 6 h post-treatment. Furthermore, exogenous SA treatment promoted the biosynthesis of lignin and flavonoids such as rutin, coumarin, and cyanidin. In addition, it increased the levels of endogenous SA and jasmonic acid (JA), promoting the disease resistance of the plants. Thus, SA pretreatment enhanced the defense of P. vietnamensis against pathogens. Conclusions Our study provided novel insights into the potential molecular mechanisms underlying SA-mediated biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Furthermore, our results provided a theoretical foundation for optimizing the cultivation practices of P.vietnamensis and the application of SA as a plant immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiae Hou
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Mingtao Ai
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jianbin Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng
, Kunming, China
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Famous-Region Drug, Kunming, China
- Sanqi Research Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng
, Kunming, China
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Famous-Region Drug, Kunming, China
- Sanqi Research Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng
, Kunming, China
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Famous-Region Drug, Kunming, China
- Sanqi Research Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
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2
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Zhao L, Sui M, Zhang T, Zhang K. The interaction between ginseng and gut microbiota. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1301468. [PMID: 38045813 PMCID: PMC10690783 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1301468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut microbiota to human health is attracting increasing attention. It is also involved in ginseng metabolism, mediating the bioactive metabolites of ginsenosides. In response, ginseng, known as the king of herbs, can regulate intestinal flora, including promoting probiotics and restricting the growth of harmful bacteria. Specifically, the interactions between ginseng or ginsenosides and gastrointestinal microbiota are complex. In this review, we summarized the effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on the composition of gut microbiota and discussed the gut microbiota-mediated biotransformation of ginsenosides. In particular, their therapeutic potential and clinical application in related diseases were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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Le HK, Phan TT, Nguyen TMN, Nguyen TC, Tran CL, Hansen PE, That QT. A new sesquiterpene lactone from the leaves of Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. (Vietnamese ginseng). Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3580-3587. [PMID: 35767319 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2094374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Panax vietnamensis (Vietnamese ginseng, Ngoc Linh ginseng) is an endemic Panax species of Vietnam. From the methanol extract of the leaves of Panax vietnamensis, five compounds (1-5) were isolated, including one new sesquiterpene lactone such as panaxolide (1) and four known compounds. The structures of the compounds (1-5) were elucidated by spectral techniques such as 1 D NMR (1H NMR, 13C NMR), 2 D NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY) and mass spectrometry. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined based on the Cotton effects in the CD spectrum. All of the five compounds were screened for their in vitro growth inhibitory activities against cancerous cells (HepG2) and normal cells (fibroblast) using the SRB assay. Panaxolide (1) showed the highest potential for the growth inhibition of cancerous cells HepG2 with the IC50 values of 63.8 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Khang Le
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Tung Phan
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi My Nuong Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Poul Erik Hansen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Quang Ton That
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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4
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Vu VT, Nguyen NH, Anh NTH, Tung PHT, Thuong PT, Tung NH. Panaxindole, a novel indole alkaloid N-glucoside from the leaves of Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. (Vietnamese ginseng). J Nat Med 2023; 77:972-977. [PMID: 37432537 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha and Grushv., Araliaceae) is indigenous in the central highlands of Vietnam and the southernmost distribution in the Panax genus. Like other ginseng, Vietnamese ginseng is well known has been used as a tonic and for management of certain diseases in the traditional medicine. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that in respect to the long history in use and systematic studied on Korean ginseng (P. ginseng), American ginseng (P. quinquefolius), Japanese ginseng (P. japonicus), and Chinese ginseng (P. notoginseng), the up-to-date published database on Vietnamese ginseng is relatively much less extensive. In our ongoing research on the promising Vietnamese medicinal plants, the present phytochemical investigation of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Panax vietnamensis led to the isolation of three compounds (1-3), including a new indole alkaloid N-glycoside (1) and two known compounds. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive physiochemical and chemical methods, especially the interpretation of NMR and MS spectra. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined based on the comparison of its experimental and theoretical ECD spectra along with NMR calculation. Compound 1 is naturally isolated N-glycoside, which is rarely found in natural products. The isolated compounds showed weak or no inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Tuan Vu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, 12116, Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Phuong Thien Thuong
- Vietnam-Korea Institute of Science and Technology (VKIST), Hoa Lac High-Tech Park, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen-Huu Tung
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, 12116, Vietnam.
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5
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Koo H, Lee YS, Nguyen VB, Giang VNL, Koo HJ, Park HS, Mohanan P, Song YH, Ryu B, Kang KB, Sung SH, Yang TJ. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analyses of four Panax species explore the dynamics of metabolite biosynthesis. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:44-53. [PMID: 36644396 PMCID: PMC9834023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Panax in the Araliaceae family has been used as traditional medicinal plants worldwide and is known to biosynthesize ginsenosides and phytosterols. However, genetic variation between Panax species has influenced their biosynthetic pathways is not fully understood. Methods Simultaneous analysis of transcriptomes and metabolomes obtained from adventitious roots of two tetraploid species (Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius) and two diploid species (P. notoginseng and P. vietnamensis) revealed the diversity of their metabolites and related gene expression profiles. Results The transcriptome analysis showed that 2,3-OXIDOSQUALENE CYCLASEs (OSCs) involved in phytosterol biosynthesis are upregulated in the diploid species, while the expression of OSCs contributing to ginsenoside biosynthesis is higher in the tetraploid species. In agreement with these results, the contents of dammarenediol-type ginsenosides were higher in the tetraploid species relative to the diploid species. Conclusion These results suggest that a whole-genome duplication event has influenced the triterpene biosynthesis pathway in tetraploid Panax species during their evolution or ecological adaptation. This study provides a basis for further efforts to explore the genetic variation of the Panax genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Koo
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sun Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Binh Nguyen
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Vo Ngoc Linh Giang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jo Koo
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seung Park
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Padmanaban Mohanan
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hun Song
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeol Ryu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Yang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Li X, Liu J, Zuo TT, Hu Y, Li Z, Wang HD, Xu XY, Yang WZ, Guo DA. Advances and challenges in ginseng research from 2011 to 2020: the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:875-909. [PMID: 35128553 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2011 to the end of 2020Panax species (Araliaceae), particularly P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng, have a long history of medicinal use because of their remarkable tonifying effects, and currently serve as crucial sources for various healthcare products, functional foods, and cosmetics, aside from their vast clinical preparations. The huge market demand on a global scale prompts the continuous prosperity in ginseng research concerning the discovery of new compounds, precise quality control, ADME (absorption/disposition/metabolism/excretion), and biosynthesis pathways. Benefitting from the ongoing rapid development of analytical technologies, e.g. multi-dimensional chromatography (MDC), personalized mass spectrometry (MS) scan strategies, and multi-omics, highly recognized progress has been made in driving ginseng analysis towards "systematicness, integrity, personalization, and intelligentization". Herein, we review the advances in the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis pathway of ginseng over the past decade (2011-2020), with 410 citations. Emphasis is placed on the introduction of new compounds isolated (saponins and polysaccharides), and the emerging novel analytical technologies and analytical strategies that favor ginseng's authentic use and global consumption. Perspectives on the challenges and future trends in ginseng analysis are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Tian-Tian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China. .,College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hong-da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China. .,Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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7
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Thu VT, Kim HK. Majonoside-R2 Postconditioning Protects Cardiomyocytes Against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury by Attenuating the Expression of HIF1 α and Activating RISK Pathway. J Med Food 2021; 24:1222-1229. [PMID: 34714126 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reoxygenation of hypoxic cardiac myocytes can paradoxically induce myocardial injury and affect the recovery processes. Pharmacological postconditioning is an efficient strategy used in clinical practice that protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR) injury. Natural products or foods have been known to possess effective cardioprotective properties. Majonoside-R2 (MR2) is a dominant saponin component of Vietnamese ginseng that has several biological effects. In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of MR2 on HR-stimulated cardiomyocytes and investigated the related molecular mechanisms. H9C2 cardiomyocytes were exposed to HR conditions with or without MR2 supplementation. Samples from experimental groups were used to analyze the expression of apoptosis- and activating reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK)-related factors in response to HR injury by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. Post-treatment, MR2 enhanced cell viability under HR conditions. We found that MR2 suppressed the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1α) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), modulated Akt/GSK3ß/cAMP response element-binding signaling, and regulated gene expression related to apoptosis (B cell lymphoma-extra-large [Bcl-xl], Bcl-2 homologous killer [Bak], Bcl-2 associated X [Bax], and connexin 43 [Cnx43]). Thus, the present findings demonstrate that MR2 protects cardiomyocytes against HR injury by suppressing the expression of HIF1α and activating the RISK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thi Thu
- Center for Life Science Research, Faculty of Biology, and VNU University of Science, Vietnam National Univeristy, Hanoi, Vietnam.,The Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National Univeristy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Center and Inje University, Busan, Korea.,Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
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8
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Thu VT, Yen NTH, Tung NH, Bich PT, Han J, Kim HK. Majonoside-R2 extracted from Vietnamese ginseng protects H9C2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via modulating mitochondrial function and biogenesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 36:127814. [PMID: 33486054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vietnamese ginseng has a therapeutic effect on various diseases; however its bioactivity against cardiac hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR) injury remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the protective roles of total saponin extract (TSE) and majonoside-R2 (MR2) targeting mitochondria in HR-induced rat cardiomyocyte H9C2 cells. The results showed that both TSE and MR2 effectively protected the cells from HR damage. Particularly, 9 µM of MR2 significantly increased the viability of HR-induced cells (p < 0.05). Interestingly, MR2 treatment markedly prevented the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cardiolipin content, and an increase in reactive oxygen species production in HR-treated H9C2 cells. Moreover, MR2 treatment altered the mRNA expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis under HR conditions. The present study documented for the first time the cardioprotective effects of MR2 against HR injury by maintaining mitochondrial function and modulating mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thi Thu
- Center for Life Science Research, Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; The Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, VNU University of Science, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Dinh Tien Hoang Institute of Medicine, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Ngo Thi Hai Yen
- Center for Life Science Research, Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Pham Thi Bich
- Center for Life Science Research, Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Jin Han
- College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Evaluation of Metabolite Profiles of Ginseng Berry Pomace Obtained after Different Pressure Treatments and Their Correlation with the Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020284. [PMID: 33429987 PMCID: PMC7827211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng berry pomace (GBP) is a byproduct of ginseng berry processing and is rich in numerous bioactive components, including ginsenosides and their derivatives. The application of GBP as a beneficial biomaterial is currently limited. In this study, we aimed to evaluate their potential as a promising source of bioactive compounds using metabolite profiling. The GBP obtained after different ultra-high-pressure (UHP) treatments was analyzed by GC-TOF-MS and UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS. In multivariate analyses, we observed a clear demarcation between the control and UHP-treated groups. The results demonstrated that the relative abundance of primary metabolites and a few ginsenosides was higher in the control, whereas UHP treatment contained higher levels of fatty acids and sugars. Furthermore, GBPs were fractionated using different solvents, followed by UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS analyses. The heatmap revealed that phenolics (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol) and fewer polar ginsenosides (e.g., F4, Rh2) were abundant in the ethyl acetate fraction, whereas the levels of lignans (e.g., 7-hydroxysecoisolariciresinol, syringaresinol) and fatty acids (e.g., trihydroxy-octadecenoic acid, oxo-dihydroxy-octadecenoic acid) were high in chloroform. Correlation analysis showed that phenolics, less polar ginsenosides, and fatty acids were positively correlated with the antioxidant activity of GBP. Our study highlights GBP as a functional ingredient for the development of high-quality ginseng berry products.
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10
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Cao Y, Wang K, Xu S, Kong L, Bi Y, Li X. Recent Advances in the Semisynthesis, Modifications and Biological Activities of Ocotillol-Type Triterpenoids. Molecules 2020; 25:E5562. [PMID: 33260848 PMCID: PMC7730845 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is one of the most widely consumed herbs in the world and plays an important role in counteracting fatigue and alleviating stress. The main active substances of ginseng are its ginsenosides. Ocotillol-type triterpenoid is a remarkably effective ginsenoside from Vietnamese ginseng that has received attention because of its potential antibacterial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. The semisynthesis, modification and biological activities of ocotillol-type compounds have been extensively studied in recent years. The aim of this review is to summarize semisynthesis, modification and pharmacological activities of ocotillol-type compounds. The structure-activity relationship studies of these compounds were reported. This summary should prove useful information for drug exploration of ocotillol-type derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yi Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (Y.C.); (K.W.); (S.X.); (L.K.); (X.L.)
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11
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El Sisi HA, Abbas NAT, Awwad IA, Alrasheedi BA. Panax Ginseng Inhibits Maximal Electroshock Induced Convulsions in Mice. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.32527/2020/101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hossam A. El Sisi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- College Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha A. T. Abbas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A. Awwad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- College Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Piao XM, Huo Y, Kang JP, Mathiyalagan R, Zhang H, Yang DU, Kim M, Yang DC, Kang SC, Wang YP. Diversity of Ginsenoside Profiles Produced by Various Processing Technologies. Molecules 2020; 25:E4390. [PMID: 32987784 PMCID: PMC7582514 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is a traditional medicinal herb commonly consumed world-wide owing to its unique family of saponins called ginsenosides. The absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides mainly depend on an individual's gastrointestinal bioconversion abilities. There is a need to improve ginseng processing to predictably increase the pharmacologically active of ginsenosides. Various types of ginseng, such as fresh, white, steamed, acid-processed, and fermented ginsengs, are available. The various ginseng processing methods produce a range ginsenoside compositions with diverse pharmacological properties. This review is intended to summarize the properties of the ginsenosides found in different Panax species as well as the different processing methods. The sugar moiety attached to the C-3, C-6, or C-20 deglycosylated to produce minor ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd→Rg3, F2, Rh2; Re, Rf→Rg1, Rg2, F1, Rh1. The malonyl-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd were demalonylated into ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd by dehydration. Dehydration also produces minor ginsenosides such as Rg3→Rk1, Rg5, Rz1; Rh2→Rk2, Rh3; Rh1→Rh4, Rk3; Rg2→Rg6, F4; Rs3→Rs4, Rs5; Rf→Rg9, Rg10. Acetylation of several ginsenosides may generate acetylated ginsenosides Rg5, Rk1, Rh4, Rk3, Rs4, Rs5, Rs6, and Rs7. Acid processing methods produces Rh1→Rk3, Rh4; Rh2→Rk1, Rg5; Rg3→Rk2, Rh3; Re, Rf, Rg2→F1, Rh1, Rf2, Rf3, Rg6, F4, Rg9. Alkaline produces Rh16, Rh3, Rh1, F4, Rk1, ginsenoslaloside-I, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rh1-60-acetate, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh19, zingibroside-R1 through hydrolysis, hydration addition reactions, and dehydration. Moreover, biological processing of ginseng generates the minor ginsenosides of Rg3, F2, Rh2, CK, Rh1, Mc, compound O, compound Y through hydrolysis reactions, and synthetic ginsenosides Rd12 and Ia are produced through glycosylation. This review with respect to the properties of particular ginsenosides could serve to increase the utilization of ginseng in agricultural products, food, dietary supplements, health supplements, and medicines, and may also spur future development of novel highly functional ginseng products through a combination of various processing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Min Piao
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.M.P.); (H.Z.); (D.C.Y.)
| | - Yue Huo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Jong Pyo Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.M.P.); (H.Z.); (D.C.Y.)
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Dong Uk Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Mia Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular and Neurologic Diseases, College of Korea Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 100011, Korea;
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.M.P.); (H.Z.); (D.C.Y.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Ying Ping Wang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.M.P.); (H.Z.); (D.C.Y.)
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Jean Baptiste S, Le THY, Le TKV, Vu DN, Nguyen DD. Anti-cancer Immune-modulatory Activities of Panax Genus Extracts and Bioactive Compounds. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1817065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thi Hoang Yen Le
- Fungal Technology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T. K. V. Le
- Faculty of Medicinal Processing, National Institution of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duy Nhan Vu
- Institute of Chemistry, Military Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duc Doan Nguyen
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Minh Nguyen H, Truong Nguyen H, Win N, Piow Wong C, Vu Huynh KL, Hoang NN, Do KM, Thi Nguyen H, Viet Ho D, Duc Nguyen M, Morita H. Antimelanogenic Activity of Ocotillol-Type Saponins from Panax vietnamensis. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000037. [PMID: 32163220 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ocotillol (OCT)-type saponins have been known as a tetracyclic triterpenoid, possessing five- or six-membered epoxy ring in the side chain. Interestingly, this type saponin was mostly found in Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv., Araliaceae (VG), hence making VG unique from the other Panax spp. Five OCT-type saponins, majonoside R2, vina-ginsenoside R2, majonoside R1, pseudoginsenoside RT4, vina-ginsenoside R11, together with three protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type saponins and four protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type saponins from VG were evaluated for their antimelanogenic activity. All of isolates were found to be active. More importantly, the five OCT-type saponins inhibited melanin production in B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells, without showing any cytotoxicity. Besides ginsenoside Rd and ginsenoside Rg3 in PPD and notoginsenoside R1 in PPT-type saponins, majonoside R2 was the most potent melanogenesis inhibitory activity in OCT-type saponins. In this article, we highlighted antimelanogenic activity of OCT-type saponins and potential structure-activity relationship (SAR) of ginsenosides. Our results suggested that OCT-type saponins could be used as a depigmentation agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Minh Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi, Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Huy Truong Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi, Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nwet Win
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Chin Piow Wong
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kim Long Vu Huynh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi, Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nhat Nam Hoang
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kiep Minh Do
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hoai Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University 49000, Vietnam
| | - Duc Viet Ho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University 49000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi, Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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Chu LL, Montecillo JAV, Bae H. Recent Advances in the Metabolic Engineering of Yeasts for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:139. [PMID: 32158753 PMCID: PMC7052115 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a group of glycosylated triterpenes isolated from Panax species. Ginsenosides are promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of cancer as well as food additives. However, owing to a lack of efficient approaches for ginsenoside production from plants and chemical synthesis, ginsenosides may not yet have reached their full potential as medicinal resources. In recent years, an alternative approach for ginsenoside production has been developed using the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-conventional yeasts such as Yarrowia lipolytica and Pichia pastoris. In this review, various metabolic engineering strategies, including heterologous gene expression, balancing, and increasing metabolic flux, and enzyme engineering, have been described as recent advanced engineering techniques for improving ginsenoside production. Furthermore, the usefulness of a systems approach and fermentation strategy has been presented. Finally, the present challenges and future research direction for industrial cell factories have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Luong Chu
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea
| | | | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea
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16
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Increase in Protective Effect of Panax vietnamensis by Heat Processing on Cisplatin-Induced Kidney Cell Toxicity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244627. [PMID: 31861213 PMCID: PMC6943650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a platinum-based anticancer agent used for treating a wide range of solid cancers. One of the side effects of this drug is its severe nephrotoxicity, limiting the safe dose of cisplatin. Therefore, many natural products have been studied and applied to attenuate the toxicity of this compound. In this study, we found that steamed Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) could significantly reduce the kidney damage of cisplatin in an in vitro model using porcine proximal tubular LLC-PK1 kidney cells. From processed ginseng under optimized conditions (120 °C, 12 h), we isolated seven compounds (20(R,S)-ginsenoside Rh2, 20(R,S)-ginsenoside Rg3, ginsenoside Rk1, ginsenoside-Rg5, and ocotillol genin) that showed kidney-protective potential against cisplatin toxicity. By comparing the 50% recovery concentration (RC50), the R form of ginsenoside, Rh2 and Rg3, had RC50 values of 6.67 ± 0.42 µM and 8.39 ± 0.3 µM, respectively, while the S forms of ginsenoside, Rh2 and Rg3, and Rk1, had weaker protective effects, with RC50 ranging from 46.15 to 88.4 µM. G-Rg5 and ocotillol, the typical saponin of Vietnamese ginseng, had the highest RC50 (180.83 ± 33.27; 226.19 ± 66.16, respectively). Our results suggest that processed Vietnamese gingseng (PVG), as well as those compounds, has the potential to improve kidney damage due to cisplatin toxicity.
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Lee JH, Ko MJ, Chung MS. Subcritical water extraction of bioactive components from red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Liu J, Xu Y, Yang J, Wang W, Zhang J, Zhang R, Meng Q. Discovery, semisynthesis, biological activities, and metabolism of ocotillol-type saponins. J Ginseng Res 2017; 41:373-378. [PMID: 28701880 PMCID: PMC5489761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocotillol-type saponins are one kind of tetracyclic triterpenoids, sharing a tetrahydrofuran ring. Natural ocotillol-type saponins have been discovered in Panax quinquefolius L., Panax japonicus, Hana mina, and Vietnamese ginseng. In recent years, the semisynthesis of 20(S/R)-ocotillol-type saponins has been reported. The biological activities of ocotillol-type saponins include neuroprotective effect, antimyocardial ischemia, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, and antitumor activities. Owing to their chemical structure, pharmacological actions, and the stereoselective activity on antimyocardial ischemia, ocotillol-type saponins are subjected to extensive consideration. In this review, we sum up the discovery, semisynthesis, biological activities, and metabolism of ocotillol-type saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingguo Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
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19
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Xia P, Bai Z, Liang T, Yang D, Liang Z, Yan X, Liu Y. High-performance liquid chromatography based chemical fingerprint analysis and chemometric approaches for the identification and distinction of three endangeredPanaxplants in Southeast Asia. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3880-3888. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengguo Xia
- Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou
| | - Zhenqing Bai
- Shaanxi Research Center of TCM Fingerprint and NP Library, College of Life Sciences; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Yangling China
| | - Tongyao Liang
- Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou
- Shaanxi Research Center of TCM Fingerprint and NP Library, College of Life Sciences; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Yangling China
| | - Xijun Yan
- Tianjin Tasly Modern TCM Resources Co. Ltd; Tianjin China
| | - Yan Liu
- Tianjin Tasly Modern TCM Resources Co. Ltd; Tianjin China
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20
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Dela Peña IJI, Kim HJ, Botanas CJ, de la Peña JB, Van Le TH, Nguyen MD, Park JH, Cheong JH. The psychopharmacological activities of Vietnamese ginseng in mice: characterization of its psychomotor, sedative-hypnotic, antistress, anxiolytic, and cognitive effects. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:201-208. [PMID: 28413325 PMCID: PMC5386119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. or Vietnamese ginseng (VG) is a recently discovered ginseng species. Studies on its chemical constituents have shown that VG is remarkably rich in ginseng saponins, particularly ocotillol saponins. However, the psychopharmacological effects of VG have not been characterized. Thus, in the present study we screened the psychopharmacological activities of VG in mice. Methods VG extract (VGE) was orally administered to mice at various dosages to evaluate its psychomotor (open-field and rota-rod tests), sedative–hypnotic (pentobarbital-induced sleeping test), antistress (cold swimming test), anxiolytic (elevated plus-maze test), and cognitive (Y-maze and passive-avoidance tests) effects. Results VGE treatment increased the spontaneous locomotor activity, enhanced the endurance to stress, reduced the anxiety-like behavior, and ameliorated the scopolamine-induced memory impairments in mice. In addition, VGE treatment did not alter the motor balance and coordination of mice and did not potentiate pentobarbital-induced sleep, indicating that VGE has no sedative-hypnotic effects. The effects of VGE were comparable to those of the Korean Red Ginseng extract. Conclusion VG, like other ginseng products, has significant and potentially useful psychopharmacological effects. This includes, but is not limited to, psychomotor stimulation, anxiolytic, antistress, and memory enhancing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Joy I Dela Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chrislean Jun Botanas
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - June Bryan de la Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Thi Hong Van Le
- School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Effect of Amino Acids on the Generation of Ginsenoside Rg3 Epimers by Heat Processing and the Anticancer Activities of Epimers in A2780 Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:3146402. [PMID: 27051448 PMCID: PMC4804038 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3146402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are the active components of Panax ginseng. Many research studies indicate that these deglycosylated, less-polar ginsenosides have better bioactivity than the major ginsenosides. In the present study, we sought to verify the enhanced anticancer effect of P. ginseng extract after undergoing the Maillard reaction as well as elucidate the underlying mechanism of action. The effects of 9 amino acids were tested; among them, the content of 20(S)-Rg3 in the ginseng extract increased to more than 30, 20, and 20% when processed with valine, arginine, and alanine, respectively, compared with that after normal heat processing. The ginseng extract that was heat-processed with arginine exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect on A2780 ovarian cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, the generation of 20(S)-Rg3 was suggested to be involved in this effect. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of 20(S)-Rg3 on A2780 cell proliferation was significantly stronger than that of 20(R)-Rg3. Protein expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and PARP in the A2780 ovarian cancer cells markedly increased, whereas the expression of BID decreased after 20(S)-Rg3 treatment. Therefore, we confirmed that the anticancer effects of the products of ginseng that was heat-processed with arginine are mediated mainly via the generation of the less-polar ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3.
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Nguyen HT, Lee DK, Lee WJ, Lee G, Yoon SJ, Shin BK, Nguyen MD, Park JH, Lee J, Kwon SW. UPLC-QTOFMS based metabolomics followed by stepwise partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) explore the possible relation between the variations in secondary metabolites and the phylogenetic divergences of the genus Panax. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1012-1013:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Park JY, You H, Lee D, Huh W, Hwang GS, No KT, Kim KH, Ham J, Yamabe N, Kim Y, Kang KS. Comparison of the Wound-Healing Effects of Ginsenosides, their Metabolites, and Aglycones. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yeon Park
- College of Korean Medicine; Gachon University; Seongnam 461-701 Korea
| | - Hwan You
- Bioinformatics & Molecular Design Research Center; Seoul 120-749 Korea
- Department of Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Dahae Lee
- College of Korean Medicine; Gachon University; Seongnam 461-701 Korea
| | - Wonsang Huh
- College of Korean Medicine; Gachon University; Seongnam 461-701 Korea
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine; Gachon University; Seongnam 461-701 Korea
| | - Kyoung Tai No
- Bioinformatics & Molecular Design Research Center; Seoul 120-749 Korea
- Department of Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Korea
| | - Jungyeob Ham
- KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Gangneung 210-340 Korea
| | - Noriko Yamabe
- College of Korean Medicine; Gachon University; Seongnam 461-701 Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Bioinformatics & Molecular Design Research Center; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine; Gachon University; Seongnam 461-701 Korea
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Nguyen NL, Kim YJ, Hoang VA, Kang JP, Singh P, Yang DC. Paenibacillus panaciterrae sp. nov., isolated from ginseng-cultivated soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:4080-4086. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel bacterium, designated DCY95T, was isolated from ginseng-cultivated soil in Quang Nam province, Vietnam. On the basis of 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequence analysis, this isolate was assigned to the genus Paenibacillus and found to be closely related to Paenibacillus sacheonensis SY01T (97.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Paenibacillus taihuensis THMBG22T (96.4 %). The partial gyrB gene of DCY95T possessed 69.6–83.9 % sequence identity to those of other members of the genus Paenibacillus. Strain DCY95T was Gram-reaction-negative, catalase-negative, oxidase-positive, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped and motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Ellipsoidal free spores or subterminal endospores were produced in sporangia. MK-7 was the diagnostic menaquinone. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diamonopimelic acid as the diamino acid. Whole-cell sugars comprised ribose, mannose and glucose. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified aminophospholipids, and two unidentified phospholipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 60.7 ± 0.9 mol%. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic results placed strain DCY95T within the genus Paenibacillus. However, DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain DCY95T and P. sacheonensis KACC 14895T or P. taihuensis NBRC 108766T were lower than 36 %. The low DNA relatedness data in combination with phylogenetic and (GTG)5-PCR analyses, as well as biochemical tests, indicated that strain DCY95T could not be assigned to any recognized species. In conclusion, the results in this study support the classification of strain DCY95T as a representative of a novel species within the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus panaciterrae is proposed. The type strain is DCY95T ( = KCTC 33581T = DSM 29477T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Lan Nguyen
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Van-An Hoang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Pyo Kang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
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Wang Z, Zhu K, Chen L, Ou Yang L, Huang Y, Zhao Y. Preventive effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-like behavior in male C57/B6 mice. Neurosci Lett 2015; 605:24-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lee SY, Jeong JJ, Le THV, Eun SH, Nguyen MD, Park JH, Kim DH. Ocotillol, a Majonoside R2 Metabolite, Ameliorates 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis in Mice by Restoring the Balance of Th17/Treg Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7024-7031. [PMID: 26194345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In a preliminary experiment, majonoside R2 (MR2), isolated from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.), inhibited differentiation to Th17 cells and was metabolized to ocotillol via pseudoginsenoside RT4 (PRT4) by gut microbiota. Therefore, we examined the inhibitory effects of MR2 and its metabolites PRT4 and ocotillol against Th17 cell differentiation. These ginsenosides significantly suppressed interleukin (IL)-6/tumor growth factor beta-induced differentiation of splenic CD4(+) T cells into Th17 cells and expression of IL-17 in vitro. Among these ginsenosides, ocotillol showed the highest inhibitory effect. We also examined the anti-inflammatory effect of ocotillol in mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. Oral administration of ocotillol significantly suppressed TNBS-induced colon shortening, macroscopic score, myeloperoxidase activity, and production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. Ocotillol treatment increased TNBS-suppressed expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 in the colon. Treatment with ocotillol inhibited TNBS-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β, as well as activation of NF-κB and MAPKs. Moreover, treatment with ocotillol inhibited TNBS- induced differentiation to Th17 cells in the lamina propria of colon, as well as expression of T-bet, RORγt, IL-17, and IL-23. Ocotillol treatment also increased Treg cell differentiation and Foxp3 and IL-10 expression. These findings suggest that orally administered MR2 may be metabolized to ocotillol in the intestine by gut microbiota and the transformed ocotillol may ameliorate inflammatory diseases such as colitis by restoring the balance of Th17/Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yun Lee
- †Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Jeong
- †Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Thi Hong Van Le
- ‡School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Dinh Tien Hoang Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Su-Hyeon Eun
- †Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- ‡School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Dinh Tien Hoang Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- §College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 151-742, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- †Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Jeong JJ, Van Le TH, Lee SY, Eun SH, Nguyen MD, Park JH, Kim DH. Anti-inflammatory effects of vina-ginsenoside R2 and majonoside R2 isolated from Panax vietnamensis and their metabolites in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:700-6. [PMID: 26256699 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv., with its main constituents vina-ginsenoside R2 (VR2) and majonoside R2 (MR2), is used in traditional folk medicine in the hill tribes of Vietnam for anti-fatigue, anti-inflammatory, and life-saving purposes. In a preliminary study, VR2 and MR2 were shown to be metabolized to pseudoginsenoside RT4 (PRT4) and ocotillol by human gut microbiota. Therefore, we measured the anti-inflammatory effects of VR2, MR2, and their metabolites in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. Among these ginsenosides, only VR2 exhibited cytotoxicity against peritoneal macrophages. MR2, PRT4, and ocotillol inhibited LPS-stimulated transcription factor (NF)-κB activation, and expression of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-1. However, these ginsenosides did not inhibit peptidoglycan-induced NF-κB activation in the macrophages. These three ginsenosides also inhibited LPS-stimulated cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible NO synthase expression, and phosphorylation of NF-κB signal molecules IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 and tumor growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 in peritoneal macrophages. Treatment with either PRT4 or ocotillol inhibited the Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated LPS-mediated shift of macrophages, as observed by flow cytometry. They also potently inhibited the binding of LPS to TLR4 on peritoneal macrophages, both with and without transfected MyD88 siRNA. Among the tested ginsenosides, ocotillol exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on inflammation in LPS-stimulated macrophages via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Based on these findings, orally administered VR2 and MR2 of P. vietnamensis may be metabolized to ocotillol via PRT4, and the metabolites, particularly ocotillol, may inhibit inflammation by inhibiting the binding of LPS to TLR4 on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ju Jeong
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Thi Hong Van Le
- School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Dinh Tien Hoang Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sang-Yun Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Su-Hyeon Eun
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Dinh Tien Hoang Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu 151-742, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea.
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Vo HT, Cho JY, Ham HJ, Hur JH, Choi YE, Jeong YH. WITHDRAWN: Antiproliferative activity of Panax vietnamensis ginseng decoction products in HeLa cells. J Ginseng Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Le THV, Lee SY, Lee GJ, Nguyen NK, Park JH, Nguyen MD. Effects of steaming on saponin compositions and antiproliferative activity of Vietnamese ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2015. [PMID: 26199560 PMCID: PMC4506370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Steaming of ginseng is known to change its chemical composition and biological activity. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different steaming time-scales on chemical constituents and antiproliferative activity of Vietnamese ginseng (VG). Methods VG was steamed at 105°C for 2–20 h. Its saponin constituents and antiproliferative activity were studied. The similarity of chemical compositions between steamed samples at 105°C and 120°C were compared. Results Most protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides lost the sugar moiety at the C-20 position with 10–14 h steaming at 105°C and changed to their less polar analogues. However, ocotillol (OCT) ginsenosides were reasonably stable to steaming process. Antiproliferative activity against A549 lung cancer cells was increased on steaming and reached its plateau after 12 h steaming. Conclusion Steaming VG at 105°C showed a similar tendency of chemical degradation to the steaming VG at 120°C except the slower rate of reaction. Its rate was about one-third of the steaming at 120°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hong Van Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Seo Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gwang Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ngoc Khoi Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Cheon GJ, Kim KH, Park JY, Lee D, Jang HJ, Kwak JH, Choi KM, Kim JH, Hwang GS, Ham J, Lee S, Eom DW, Kang KS. Caspase-mediated Apoptotic Effects of Diol-type Ginseng Sapogenins on Human Hepatoma Cell Lines. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gab Jin Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital; Gangneung 210-711 Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Korea
| | - Jun Yeon Park
- College of Korean Medicine; Gachon University; Seongnam 461-701 Korea
| | - Dahae Lee
- College of Korean Medicine; Gachon University; Seongnam 461-701 Korea
| | - Hyuk-Jai Jang
- Department of Surgery; University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital; Gangneung 210-711 Korea
| | - Jin Ho Kwak
- Department of Surgery; University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital; Gangneung 210-711 Korea
| | - Kun Moo Choi
- Department of Surgery; University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital; Gangneung 210-711 Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Surgery; University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital; Gangneung 210-711 Korea
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine; Gachon University; Seongnam 461-701 Korea
| | - Jungyeob Ham
- Natural Products Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Gangneung 210-340 Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science; Chung-Ang University; Anseong 456-756 Korea
| | - Dae-Woon Eom
- Department of Pathology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital; Gangneung 210-711 Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine; Gachon University; Seongnam 461-701 Korea
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Le THV, Lee GJ, Vu HKL, Kwon SW, Nguyen NK, Park JH, Nguyen MD. Ginseng Saponins in Different Parts of Panax vietnamensis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 63:950-4. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hong Van Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City
| | - Gwang Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University
| | - Huynh Kim Long Vu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University
| | - Ngoc Khoi Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City
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Jo SK, Kim IS, Yoon KS, Yoon HH, Yoo HH. Preparation of ginsenosides Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5-selectively enriched ginsengs by a simple steaming process. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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