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Cheng X, Li X, Liao B, Xu J, Hu L. Improved performance of proteomic characterization for Panax ginseng by strong cation exchange extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463692. [PMID: 36549145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng is a precious and ancient medicinal plant. The completion of its genome sequencing has laid the foundation for the study of proteome and peptidome. However, the high abundance of secondary metabolites in ginseng reduces the identification efficiency of proteins and peptides in mass spectrometry. In this report, strong cation exchange pretreatment was carried out to eliminate the interference of impurities. Based on the charge separation of proteolytic peptides and metabolites, the sensitivity of mass spectrometry detection was greatly improved. After pretreatment, 2322 and 2685 proteins were identified from the root and stem leaf extract. Further, the ginseng peptidome was analyzed based on this optimized strategy, where 970 and 653 endogenous peptides were identified from root and stem leaf extract, respectively. Functional analysis of proteins and endogenous peptides provided valuable information on the biological activities, metabolic processes, and ginsenoside biosynthesis pathways of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Cheng
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baosheng Liao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Lianghai Hu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Fu B, Ma R, Liu F, Chen X, Teng X, Yang P, Liu J, Zhao D, Sun L. Ginsenosides improve reproductive capability of aged female Drosophila through mechanism dependent on ecdysteroid receptor (ECR) and steroid signaling pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:964069. [PMID: 36017314 PMCID: PMC9396376 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.964069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging ovaries caused diminished fertility and depleted steroid hormone level. Ginsenosides, the active ingredient in ginseng, had estrogen-like hormonal effects. Although ginsenosides were well known for their ability to alleviate many age-related degenerative diseases, the effect of ginsenosides on the decline in reproductive capability caused by aging, as well as the mechanism, are unknown. We found that ginsenosides improved the quantity and quality of the offspring, prolonged life and restored muscle ability in aged female Drosophila. In addition, ginsenosides inhibited ovarian atrophy and maintained steroid hormone 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile-preserving hormone (JH)) levels. Ginsenosides activated ecdysteroid receptor (ECR) and increased the expression of the early transcription genes E74 and Broad (Br), which triggered steroid signaling pathway. Meanwhile, ginsenosides promoted JH biosynthesis by increasing the expression of Hydroxyl-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) and juvenile hormone acid O-methyltransferase (JHAMT). Subsequently, JH was bound to Methoprene Tolerant (Met) and activated the transcription of the responsive gene Kruppel Homolog 1 (Kr-h1), which coordinated with 20E signaling to promote the reproduction of aged female Drosophila. The reproductive capacity and steroid hormone levels were not improved and the steroid signaling pathway was not activated in ginsenoside-treated ECR knockout Drosophila. This suggested that ginsenosides played a role dependent on targeted ECR. Furthermore, 17 kinds of ginsenoside monomers were identified from the total ginsenosides. Among them, Rg1, Re and Rb1 improved the reproductive capacity and steroid hormone levels of aged female Drosophila, which has similar effects to the total ginsenoside. These results indicated that ginsenosides could enhance the reproductive capacity of aged female Drosophila by activating steroid signals dependent on nuclear receptor ECR. In addition, ginsenoside monomers Rg1, Rb1 and Re are the main active components of total ginsenosides to improve reproductive ability. This will provide strong evidence that ginsenosides had the potential to alleviate age-induced reproductive degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Fu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Liwei Sun, ; Rui Ma,
| | - Fangbing Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xuenan Chen
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyu Teng
- College of Science, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Pengdi Yang
- College of Science, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Jianzeng Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Liwei Sun, ; Rui Ma,
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Hou W, Pei J. Proteomic Analysis of Red Ginseng on Prolonging the Life Span of Male Drosophila melanogaster. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:618123. [PMID: 34177563 PMCID: PMC8232884 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.618123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.) is a traditional medicine that has been utilized for over 2000 years in Asia and shows varied pharmacological effects. Red ginseng (RG) is steamed and dried ginseng root and is considered to be more effective. Heating inactivates its catabolic enzymes and increases the activities of RG, which can improve the immune system, alleviate fatigue, and has anti-inflammatory effects and antioxidant activity. In addition, RG has a good anti-aging effect, but its mechanism is unclear. Senescence, a side-effect of normal developmental and metabolic processes, is a gradual decline in physiological integrity and function of the body. Senescence is usually associated with a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes. Research on anti-aging and the prolongation of life span has always been a focus topic. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of RG that results in prolonged the life span for male Drosophila melanogaster. Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was used to identify protein changes in an old male D. melanogaster treated with RG. The differential proteins were verified by qRT-PCR and western blotting. The results showed that 12.5 mg/ml RG prolonged its life span significantly. iTRAQ results showed that, compared to the control group, 32 upregulated proteins and 62 downregulated proteins displayed significantly differential expression in the RG group. In this study, we explored the pathways that RG may participate in that extend the life span of D. melanogaster, and the results showed that the PI3K/AKT/FoxO pathway was involved. In addition, 4E-BP increased and participated in the regulation of life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Pei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Jayapalan JJ, Subramanian P, Kani A, Hiji J, Najjar SG, Abdul-Rahman PS, Hashim OH. Hesperidin modulates the rhythmic proteomic profiling in Drosophila melanogaster under oxidative stress. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 105:e21738. [PMID: 32924199 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock regulates vital aspects of physiology including protein synthesis and oxidative stress response. In this investigation, we performed a proteome-wide scrutiny of rhythmic protein accrual in Drosophila melanogaster on exposure to rotenone, rotenone + hesperidin and hesperidin in D. melanogaster. Total protein from fly samples collected at 6 h intervals over the 24 h period was subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics tool, Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships classification system was used to the determine the biological processes of the proteins of altered abundance. Conspicuous variations in the proteome (151 proteins) of the flies exposed to oxidative stress (by rotenone treatment) and after alleviating oxidative stress (by hesperidin treatment) were observed during the 24 h cycle. Significantly altered levels of abundance of a wide variety of proteins under oxidative stress (rotenone treatment) and under alleviation of oxidative stress (rotenone + hesperidin treatment) and hesperidin (alone) treatment were observed. These proteins are involved in metabolism, muscle activity, heat shock response, redox homeostasis, protein synthesis/folding/degradation, development, ion-channel/cellular transport, and gustatory and olfactory function of the flies. Our data indicates that numerous cellular processes are involved in the temporal regulation of proteins and widespread modulations happen under rotenone treatment and, action of hesperidin could also be seen on these categories of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime J Jayapalan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Perumal Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akshaya Kani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jumriah Hiji
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sara G Najjar
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Puteri S Abdul-Rahman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Onn H Hashim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Nam YH, Jeong SY, Kim YH, Rodriguez I, Nuankaew W, Bhawal UK, Hong BN, Kang TH. Anti-aging effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) in differentiated embryo chondrocyte (DEC) knockout mice. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:183-190. [PMID: 33437170 PMCID: PMC7790900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The circadian rhythm is the internal clock that controls sleep-wake cycles, metabolism, cognition, and several processes in the body, and its disruption has been associated with aging. The differentiated embryo chondrocyte (Dec) gene is related to circadian rhythm. To our knowledge, there are no reports of the relationship between dec gene expression and KRG effect. Therefore, we treated Dec gene knockout (KO) aging mice with KRG to study anti-aging related effects and possible mechanisms. Methods We evaluated KRG and expression of Dec genes in an ototoxicity model. Dec genes expression in livers of aging mice was further analyzed. Then, we assessed the effects of DEC KO on hearing function in mice by ABR. Finally, we performed DNA microarray to identify KRG-related gene expression changes in mouse liver and assessed the results using KEGG analysis. Results KRG decreased the expression of Dec genes in ototoxicity model, which may contribute to its anti-aging efficacy. Moreover, KRG suppressed Dec genes expression in liver of wild type indicating inhibition of senescence. ABR test indicated that KRG improved auditory function in aging mouse, demonstrating KRG efficacy on aging related diseases. Conclusion Finally, in KEGG analysis of 238 genes that were activated and 158 that were inhibited by KRG in DEC KO mice, activated genes were involved in proliferation signaling, mineral absorption, and PPAR signaling whereas the inhibited genes were involved in arachidonic acid metabolism and peroxisomes. Our data indicate that inhibition of senescence-related Dec genes may explain the anti-aging efficacy of KRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Hee Nam
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yule Jeong
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Isabel Rodriguez
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanlapa Nuankaew
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Ujjal K. Bhawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bin Na Hong
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong Ho Kang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi, 17104, Republic of Korea
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Hou W, Pei J, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zheng H, Cui R. Anti-ageing effects of red ginseng on female Drosophila melanogaster. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3751-3755. [PMID: 32022406 PMCID: PMC7131930 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng (RG) was recently reported to extend the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster. However, the mechanism underlying this effect has not yet been elucidated. The present study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the RG‐mediated prolongation of the lifespan of female D melanogaster. In this study, protein changes in 36‐day‐old female D melanogaster were identified using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), and levels of differentially expressed proteins were verified by quantitative real‐time PCR and Western blotting. Our studies have shown that RG concentrations of 12.5, 15 and 17.5 mg/mL significantly prolonged the lifespan. Eleven proteins were up‐regulated and 46 were down‐regulated between the RG and control groups; and Pebp1 expression was significantly down‐regulated. In addition, AKT and p‐AKT were down‐regulated, and ERK, p‐ERK and Raf1 were up‐regulated by RG. Therefore, RG significantly prolonged the lifespan of female D melanogaster by reducing the expression of Pebp1, up‐regulating ERK and inhibiting the AKT pathway. RG may be a potential drug for anti‐ageing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Pei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - YingPing Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - HouSheng Zheng
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Yang YY, Yang FQ, Gao JL. Differential proteomics for studying action mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicines. Chin Med 2019; 14:1. [PMID: 30636970 PMCID: PMC6325846 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-018-0223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential proteomics, which has been widely used in studying of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) during the past 10 years, is a powerful tool to visualize differentially expressed proteins and analyzes their functions. In this paper, the applications of differential proteomics in exploring the action mechanisms of TCMs on various diseases including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, liver diseases, kidney disorders and obesity, etc. were reviewed. Furthermore, differential proteomics in studying of TCMs identification, toxicity, processing and compatibility mechanisms were also included. This review will provide information for the further applications of differential proteomics in TCMs studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yao Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Li Gao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
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Zhang W, Chu W, Liu Q, Coates D, Shang Y, Li C. Deer thymosin beta 10 functions as a novel factor for angiogenesis and chondrogenesis during antler growth and regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:166. [PMID: 29921287 PMCID: PMC6009950 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deer antlers are the only known mammalian organ with vascularized cartilage that can completely regenerate. Antlers are of real significance as a model of mammalian stem cell-based regeneration with particular relevance to the fields of chondrogenesis, angiogenesis, and regenerative medicine. Recent research found that thymosin beta 10 (TMSB10) is highly expressed in the growth centers of growing antlers. The present study reports here the expression, functions, and molecular interactions of deer TMSB10. METHODS The TMSB10 expression level in both tissue and cells in the antler growth center was measured. The effects of both exogenous (synthetic protein) and endogenous deer TMSB10 (lentivirus-based overexpression) on antlerogenic periosteal cells (APCs; nonactivated antler stem cells with no basal expression of TMSB10) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs; endothelial cells with no basal expression of TMSB10) were evaluated to determine whether TMSB10 functions on chondrogenesis and angiogenesis. Differences in deer and human TMSB10 in angiogenesis and molecular structure were determined using animal models and molecular dynamics simulation, respectively. The molecular mechanisms underlying deer TMSB10 in promoting angiogenesis were also explored. RESULTS Deer TMSB10 was identified as a novel proangiogenic factor both in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemistry revealed that TMSB10 was widely expressed in the antler growth center in situ, with the highest expression in the reserve mesenchyme, precartilage, and transitional zones. Western blot analysis using deer cell lines further supports this result. Both exogenous and endogenous deer TMSB10 significantly decreased proliferation of APCs (P < 0.05), while increasing the proliferation of HUVECs (P < 0.05). Moreover, deer TMSB10 enhanced chondrogenesis in micromass cultures and nerve growth as assessed using a dorsal root ganglion model (P < 0.05). Deer TMSB10 was proangiogenic using models of chicken chorioallantoic membrane, tube formation, and aortic arch assay. At the molecular level, endogenous deer TMSB10 elevated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D, and VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 in HUVECs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Deer TMSB10, in contrast to its human counterpart, was identified as a novel stimulating factor for angiogenesis, cartilage formation, and nerve growth, which is understandable given that deer antlers (as the arguably fastest mammalian growing tissue) may require this extra boost during a period of rapid growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, Jilin, People's Republic of China
- State Key Lab for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun City, 130112, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Chu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, Jilin, People's Republic of China
- State Key Lab for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun City, 130112, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxiu Liu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, Jilin, People's Republic of China
- State Key Lab for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun City, 130112, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawn Coates
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Yudong Shang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, Jilin, People's Republic of China
- State Key Lab for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun City, 130112, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Li
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Lab for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, 4899 Juye Street, Changchun City, 130112, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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