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Tancreda G, Ravera S, Panfoli I. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential: Bioactive Molecules and Dietary Interventions in Multiple Sclerosis Management. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:5595-5613. [PMID: 38921006 PMCID: PMC11202103 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, the etiology of which is still unclear. Its hallmarks are inflammation and axonal damage. As a disease primarily impacting younger individuals, the social cost of MS is high. It has been proposed that environmental factors, smoking, and dietary habits acting on a genetic susceptibility play a role in MS. Recent studies indicate that diet can significantly influence the onset and progression of MS. This review delves into the impact of natural bioactive molecules on MS development and explores the dietary interventions that hold promise in managing the disease. Dietary patterns, including ketogenic and Mediterranean diets, are discussed. Theories about the potential mechanistic associations beneath the noted effects are also proposed. Several dietary components and patterns demonstrated the potential for a significant impact on MS. However, extensive prospective clinical trials are necessary to fully understand the role of natural bioactive molecules as disease modifiers in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Tancreda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Oh J, Kwon TW, Choi JH, Kim Y, Moon SK, Nah SY, Cho IH. Ginsenoside-Re inhibits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by downregulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155065. [PMID: 37856989 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenosides are main active compounds of Panax ginseng with pharmacological effects on immunological/neurological diseases. Recently, ginsenoside-Re (G-Re) has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, whether G-Re has an effect on multiple sclerosis (MS), a representative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), has not been revealed yet. PURPOSE AND METHODS The purpose of this study was to investigate pharmacological effects of G-Re and related molecular mechanisms using a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-immunized experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model of MS and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bEND.3 cells as an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). RESULTS G-Re attenuated motor impairment of EAE, demyelination, and inflammation in spinal cords of EAE mice. G-Re reduced infiltration/activation of microglia/macrophages and decreased mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), chemokines (MIP-1α, MCP-1, and RANTES), and enzymes (iNOS) in spinal cords of EAE mice. G-Re inhibited alterations of BBB constituents (such as astrocytes, cell adhesion molecule (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1), and tight junctional molecules (occludin and zonula occludens-1)) and toll like receptor 4 (TLR4)/MyD88/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathways in spinal cords of EAE mice and LPS-stimulated bEND.3 cells. Interestingly, combination treatment with G-Re and TLR4 inhibitor (TAK242) significantly inhibited the upregulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated bEND.3 cells. TLR4 inhibitor- and activator-treated EAE mice showed conflicting behavior patterns. CONCLUSION G-Re might alleviate motor impairment of EAE and its pathological/inflammatory events in the spinal cord by preventing BBB disruption via downregulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways. These findings for the first time suggest that G-Re might be a potential therapeutic for MS through maintenance of BBB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Oh
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Woo Kwon
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hee Choi
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunna Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Kwan Moon
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Lee MJ, Choi JH, Kwon TW, Jo HS, Ha Y, Nah SY, Cho IH. Korean Red Ginseng extract ameliorates demyelination by inhibiting infiltration and activation of immune cells in cuprizone-administrated mice. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:672-680. [PMID: 37720568 PMCID: PMC10499591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), the steamed root of Panax ginseng, has pharmacological activities for immunological and neurodegenerative disorders. But, the role of KRGE in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear. Purpose To determine whether KRG extract (KRGE) could inhibit demyelination in corpus callosum (CC) of cuprizone (CPZ)-induced murine model of MS. Methods Male adult mice were fed with a standard chow diet or a chow diet supplemented with 0.2% (w/w) CPZ ad libitum for six weeks to induce demyelination while were simultaneously administered with distilled water (DW) alone or KRGE-DW (0.004%, 0.02 and 0.1% of KRGE) by drinking. Results Administration with KRGE-DW alleviated demyelination and oligodendrocyte degeneration associated with inhibition of infiltration and activation of resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages as well as downregulation of proinflammatory mediators in the CC of CPZ-fed mice. KRGE-DW also attenuated the level of infiltration of Th1 and Th17) cells, in line with inhibited mRNA expression of IFN-γ and IL-17, respectively, in the CC. These positive effects of KRGE-DW mitigated behavioral dysfunction based on elevated plus maze and the rotarod tests. Conclusion The results strongly suggest that KRGE-DW may inhibit CPZ-induced demyelination due to its oligodendroglial protective and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting infiltration/activation of immune cells. Thus, KRGE might have potential in therapeutic intervention for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Lee
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
| | - Jong Hee Choi
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kwon
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sung Jo
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Ha
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Alam MZ. A review on plant-based remedies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2023; 81:775-789. [PMID: 36963654 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease of central nervous system, which is degenerative in nature usually appears between 20-40years of age. The exact cause of MS is still not clearly known. Loss of myelin sheath and axonal damage are the main features of MS that causes induction of inflammatory process and blocks free conduction of impulses. Till date FDA has approved 18 drugs to treat or modify MS symptoms. These medicines are disease-modifying in nature directed to prevent relapses or slow down the progression of disease. The use of the synthetic drug over an extended period causes undesirable effects that prompt us to look at Mother Nature. Complementary and alternative medicine involves the use of medicinal plants as an alternative to the existing modern medical treatment. However, modern drugs cannot be replaced completely with medicinal plants, but the two types of drugs can be used harmoniously with later one can be added as an adjuvant to the existing treatment. These medicinal plants have the potential to prevent progression and improve the symptoms of MS. Various plants such like Nigella sativa, ginger, saffron, pomegranate, curcumin, resveratrol, ginsenoside have been tested as therapeutics for many neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this write-up is to make information available about medicinal plants in their potential to treat or modify the symptoms of MS. Chronically ill patients tend to seek medicinal plants as they are easily available and there is a general perception about these medicines of having fewer undesirable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zubair Alam
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Jang M, Choi JH, Jang DS, Cho IH. Micrandilactone C, a Nortriterpenoid Isolated from Roots of Schisandra chinensis, Ameliorates Huntington's Disease by Inhibiting Microglial STAT3 Pathways. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050786. [PMID: 36899922 PMCID: PMC10000367 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the motor control system of the brain. Its pathological mechanism and therapeutic strategies have not been fully elucidated yet. The neuroprotective value of micrandilactone C (MC), a new schiartane nortriterpenoid isolated from the roots of Schisandra chinensis, is not well-known either. Here, the neuroprotective effects of MC were demonstrated in 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA)-treated animal and cell culture models of HD. MC mitigated neurological scores and lethality following 3-NPA treatment, which is associated with decreases in the formation of a lesion area, neuronal death/apoptosis, microglial migration/activation, and mRNA or protein expression of inflammatory mediators in the striatum. MC also inhibited the activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the striatum and microglia after 3-NPA treatment. As expected, decreases in inflammation and STAT3-activation were reproduced in a conditioned medium of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 cells pretreated with MC. The conditioned medium blocked the reduction in NeuN expression and the enhancement of mutant huntingtin expression in STHdhQ111/Q111 cells. Taken together, MC might alleviate behavioral dysfunction, striatal degeneration, and immune response by inhibiting microglial STAT3 signaling in animal and cell culture models for HD. Thus, MC may be a potential therapeutic strategy for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Jang
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Choi
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.S.J.); (I.-H.C.)
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.S.J.); (I.-H.C.)
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Kwon OW, Kim D, Koh E, Yang HJ. Korean Red Ginseng and Rb1 facilitate remyelination after cuprizone diet-induced demyelination. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:319-328. [PMID: 36926609 PMCID: PMC10014189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Demyelination has been observed in neurological disorders, motivating researchers to search for components for enhancing remyelination. Previously we found that Rb1, a major ginsenoside in Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), enhances myelin formation. However, it has not been studied whether Rb1 or KRG function in remyelination after demyelination in vivo. Methods Mice were fed 0.2% cuprizone-containing chow for 5 weeks and returned to normal chow with daily oral injection of vehicle, KRG, or Rb1 for 3 weeks. Brain sections were stained with luxol fast blue (LFB) staining or immunohistochemistry. Primary oligodendrocyte or astrocyte cultures were subject to normal or stress condition with KRG or Rb1 treatment to measure gene expressions of myelin, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, antioxidants and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Results Compared to the vehicle, KRG or Rb1 increased myelin levels at week 6.5 but not 8, when measured by the LFB+ or GST-pi+ area within the corpus callosum. The levels of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, astrocytes, and microglia were high at week 5, and reduced afterwards but not changed by KRG or Rb1. In primary oligodendrocyte cultures, KRG or Rb1 increased expression of myelin genes, ER stress markers, and antioxidants. Interestingly, under cuprizone treatment, elevated ER stress markers were counteracted by KRG or Rb1. Under rotenone treatment, reduced myelin gene expressions were recovered by Rb1. In primary astrocyte cultures, KRG or Rb1 decreased LIF expression. Conclusion KRG and Rb1 may improve myelin regeneration during the remyelination phase in vivo, potentially by directly promoting myelin gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Wook Kwon
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dalnim Kim
- Korea Institute of Brain Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Koh
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Hyun-Jeong Yang
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Brain Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Healthcare, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, 284-31, Gyochonjisan-gil, Mokcheon-eup, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31228, Republic of Korea.
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Khan A, Shal B, Khan AU, Bibi T, Zeeshan S, Zahra SS, Crews P, Haq IU, Din FU, Ali H, Khan S. Suppression of MAPK/NF-kB and activation of Nrf2 signaling by Ajugarin-I in EAE model of multiple sclerosis. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 36789832 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating neurodegenerative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The current study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective properties of Ajugarin-I (Aju-I) against the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS and explored the underlying mechanism involved. The protective potential of Aju-I was first confirmed against glutamate-induced HT22 cells and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-induced BV2 cells. Next, an EAE model has been established to investigate the mechanisms of MS and identify potential candidates for MS treatment. The behavioral results demonstrated that Aju-I post-immunization treatment markedly reduced the EAE-associated clinical score, motor impairment, and neuropathic pain. Evans blue and fluorescein isothiocyanate extravasation in the brain were markedly reduced by Aju-I. It effectively restored the EAE-associated histopathological changes in the brain and spinal cord. It markedly attenuated EAE-induced inflammation in the CNS by reducing the expression levels of p-38/JNK/NF-κB but increased the expression of IkB-α. It suppressed oxidative stress by increasing the expression of Nrf2 but decreasing the expression of keap-1. It suppressed EAE-induced apoptosis in the CNS by regulating Bax/Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 expression. Taken together, this study suggests that Aju-I treatment exhibits neuroprotective properties in the EAE model of MS via regulation of MAPK/NF-κB, Nrf2/Keap-1, and Bcl2/Bax signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,DHQ Teaching Hospital Timergara, Lower Dir, Timergara, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Shal
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Ashraf Ullah Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Tehmina Bibi
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sara Zeeshan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Saniya Zahra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Phillip Crews
- Division of Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Ihsan Ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Ud Din
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hussain Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Costantini E, Masciarelli E, Casorri L, Di Luigi M, Reale M. Medicinal herbs and multiple sclerosis: Overview on the hard balance between new therapeutic strategy and occupational health risk. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:985943. [PMID: 36439198 PMCID: PMC9688751 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.985943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination and axonal loss of the central nervous system (CNS). Despite its spread throughout the world, the mechanisms that determine its onset are still to be defined. Immunological, genetic, viral, and environmental factors and exposure to chemicals may trigger MS. Many studies have highlighted the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of medicinal herbs, which make them a natural and complementary treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. A severe reduction of several MS symptoms occurs with herbal therapy. Thus, the request for medicinal plants with potential beneficial effects, for MS patients, is constantly increasing. Consequently, a production increase needs. Unfortunately, many medicinal herbs were untested and their action mechanism, possible adverse effects, contraindications, or interactions with other drugs, are poorly or not investigated. Keeping in mind the pathological mechanisms of MS and the oxidative damages and mitochondrial dysfunctions induced by pesticides, it is important to understand if pesticides used to increase agricultural productivity and their residues in medicinal plants, may increase the risk of developing MS in both workers and consumers. Studies providing some indication about the relationship between environmental exposure to pesticides and MS disease incidence are few, fragmentary, and discordant. The aim of this article is to provide a glance at the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants and at the risk for MS onset of pesticides used by medicinal plant growers and present in medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Eva Masciarelli
- Department of Technological Innovations and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements, National Institute for Insurance Against Accidents at Work, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Casorri
- Department of Technological Innovations and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements, National Institute for Insurance Against Accidents at Work, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Luigi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL Research Center, National Institute for Insurance Against Accidents at Work, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marcella Reale,
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Lee A, Kwon OW, Jung KR, Song GJ, Yang HJ. The effects of Korean Red Ginseng-derived components on oligodendrocyte lineage cells: Distinct facilitatory roles of the non-saponin and saponin fractions, and Rb1, in proliferation, differentiation and myelination. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:104-114. [PMID: 35035243 PMCID: PMC8753459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormalities of myelin, which increases the efficiency of action potential conduction, are found in neurological disorders. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) demonstrates therapeutic efficacy against some of these conditions, however effects on oligodendrocyte (OL)s are not well known. Here, we examined the effects of KRG-derived components on development and protection of OL-lineage cells. Methods Primary OL precursor cell (OPC) cultures were prepared from neonatal mouse cortex. The protective efficacies of the KRG components were examined against inhibitors of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity. For in vivo function of Rb1 on myelination, after 10 days of oral gavage into adult male mice, forebrains were collected. OPC proliferation were assessed by BrdU incorporation, and differentiation and myelination were examined by qPCR, western blot and immunocytochemistry. Results The non-saponin promoted OPC proliferation, while the saponin promoted differentiation. Both processes were mediated by AKT and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. KRG extract, the saponin and non-saponin protected OPCs against oxidative stress, and both KRG extract and the saponin significantly increased the expression of the antioxidant enzyme. Among 11 major ginsenosides tested, Rb1 significantly increased OL membrane size in vitro. Moreover, Rb1 significantly increased myelin formation in adult mouse brain. Conclusion All KRG components prevented OPC deaths under oxidative stress. While non-saponin promoted proliferation, saponin fraction increased differentiation and OL membrane size. Furthermore, among all the tested ginsenosides, Rb1 showed the biggest increase in the membrane size and significantly enhanced myelination in vivo. These results imply therapeutic potentials of KRG and Rb1 for myelin-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahreum Lee
- Korea Institute of Brain Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Wook Kwon
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwi Ryun Jung
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Yang
- Korea Institute of Brain Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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Understanding Abnormal c-JNK/p38MAPK Signaling Overactivation Involved in the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis: Possible Therapeutic Targets and Impact on Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1630-1650. [PMID: 34432262 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination, immune dysregulation, and neuroinflammation are the most common triggers of motor neuron disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic demyelinating neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system caused by abnormal immune activation, which causes myelin sheath damage. Cell signal transduction pathways are required for a variety of physiological and pathological processes in the brain. When these signaling systems become overactive, they can lead to disease progression. In various physiological conditions, abnormal mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation is associated with several physiological dysfunctions that cause neurodegeneration. Previous research indicates that c-JNK and p38MAPK signaling play critical roles in neuronal growth and differentiation. c-JNK/p38MAPK is a member of the MAPK family, which regulates metabolic pathways, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis that control certain neurological activities. During brain injuries, c-JNK/p38MAPK also affects neuronal elastic properties, nerve growth, and cognitive processing. This review systematically linked abnormal c-JNK/p38MAPK signaling activation to multiple neuropathological pathways in MS and related neurological dysfunctions. MS progression is linked to genetic defects, oligodendrocyte destruction, glial overactivation, and immune dysregulation. We concluded that inhibiting both the c-JNK/p38MAPK signaling pathways can promote neuroprotection and neurotrophic effects against the clinical-pathological presentation of MS and influence other neurological disorders. As a result, the potential benefits of c-JNK/p38MAPK downregulation for the development of disease-modifying treatment interventions in the future could include MS prevention and related neurocomplications.
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Wang N, Wang X, He M, Zheng W, Qi D, Zhang Y, Han CC. Ginseng polysaccharides: A potential neuroprotective agent. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:211-217. [PMID: 33841001 PMCID: PMC8020291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatments of nervous system diseases (NSDs) have long been difficult issues for researchers because of their complexity of pathogenesis. With the advent of aging society, searching for effective treatments of NSDs has become a hot topic. Ginseng polysaccharides (GP), as the main biologically active substance in ginseng, has various biological properties in immune-regulation, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation and etc. Considering the association between the effects of GP and the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, many related experiments have been conducted in recent years. In this paper, we reviewed previous studies about the effects and mechanisms of GP on diseases related to nervous system. We found GP play an ameliorative role on NSDs through the regulation of immune system, inflammatory response, oxidative damage and signaling pathway. Structure-activity relationship was also discussed and summarized. In addition, we provided new insights into GP as promising neuroprotective agent for its further development and utilization.
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Key Words
- AG, Arabinogalactan
- BBB, Blood–brain barrier
- BDNF, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- GP, Ginseng polysaccharides
- Ginseng
- HG, Homogalacturonan
- IFN-γ, Interferon-γ
- IL-17α, Interleukin-17 α
- MS, Multiple sclerosis
- Molecular mechanism
- NSDs, Nervous system diseases
- Nervous system
- Polysaccharides
- RG, Rhamnogalacturonan
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianlei Wang
- National Oceanographic Center, Qingdao, 88 Xuzhou Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao He
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxiu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Qi
- Experimental center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-chao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People’s Republic of China
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Lee MJ, Choi JH, Oh J, Lee YH, In JG, Chang BJ, Nah SY, Cho IH. Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng extract inhibits blood-brain barrier disruption in an animal model of multiple sclerosis by modulating expression of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:433-441. [PMID: 34025136 PMCID: PMC8134843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are primarily characterized as dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Ginsenoside-Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng extract (Rg3-KRGE) is known to exert neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects on neurological disorders. However, effects of Rg3-KRGE in EAE remain unclear. Methods Here, we investigated whether Rg3-KRGE may improve the symptoms and pathological features of myelin oligodendroglial glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 peptide – induced chronic EAE mice through improving the integrity of the BBB. Results Rg3-KRGE decreased EAE score and spinal demyelination. Rg3-KRGE inhibited Evan's blue dye leakage in spinal cord, suppressed increases of adhesion molecule platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, extracellular matrix proteins fibronection, and matrix metallopeptidase-9, and prevented decreases of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, claudin-3, and claudin-5 in spinal cord following EAE induction. Rg3-KRGE repressed increases of proinflammatory transcripts cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but enhanced expression levels of anti-inflammatory transcripts arginase-1 and IL-10 in the spinal cord following EAE induction. Rg3-KRGE inhibited the expression of oxidative stress markers (MitoSOX and 4-hydroxynonenal), the enhancement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2) and NOX4, and NADPH activity in the spinal cord of chronic EAE mice. Furthermore, apocynin, a NOX inhibitor, mimicked beneficial effects of Rg3-KRGE in chronic EAE mice. Conclusion Our findings suggest that Rg3-KRGE might alleviate behavioral symptoms and pathological features of MS by improving BBB integrity through modulation of NOX2/4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Lee
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Choi
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Oh
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Science in Korean Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hyun Lee
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Science in Korean Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gyo In
- Laboratory of Analysis R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joon Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Science in Korean Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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The "Treatise on the spleen and stomach" ( Pí Wèi Lùn) as the first record of multiple sclerosis in the medical literature - A hypothesis based on the analysis of clinical presentation and herbal medicine. J Tradit Complement Med 2020; 10:288-300. [PMID: 32670824 PMCID: PMC7340878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The “Treatise on the spleen and stomach” (Pí Wèi Lùn) is the work of the scholar and physician Li Gao (Jin-Yuan dynasties, 1115–1368 C.E., China). Li Gao described a clinical presentation that today would fall under the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and proposed the treatment with herbal medicine and nutritional guidelines. The PWL is well known for its application in the treatment of MS and autoimmune conditions. However, this theoretical “MS” has not yet been analyzed through a scientific investigation, and research on its herbal formulations for MS is scant. Methods We analyzed the PWL “MS” clinical presentation considering biomedical diagnostic criteria and neurological correlates. To support our review, we searched Pubmed for studies on the PWL main herbal formulas and their herbs/isolates used for the believed “MS” which treated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)/MS. Results We found a very close correlation between the PWL “MS” and the current MS diagnosis. Twenty four studies on the herbs-isolates showed significant amelioration of EAE, neuronal damage, and demyelination. Discussion Collectively, Astragali radix, Ginseng radix, Glycyrrhizae radix, and berberine containing Phellodendri cortex reduced the severity of EAE through different signaling pathways and mechanisms of action. These herbs provided a wide range of properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microglial activation, anti-infiltration of leukocytes, apoptotic/anti-apoptotic balance, and neuronal protection. Conclusion Our review proposes that the PWL is the first record of MS in the medical literature. Its formulas and herbs-isolates offer a fertile area for MS research and an invaluable potential for its treatment. We propose that the Pí Wèi Lùn is the first record of MS in the medical literature. All twenty four studies on the PWL’s selected herbs/isolates showed improvement of EAE. Different signaling pathways/mechanisms of action provided synergistic properties. In the PWL, the gastrointestinal system is key for MS and science supports it. The PWL offers a fertile area of research and enormous potential for MS treatment.
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Ratan ZA, Haidere MF, Hong YH, Park SH, Lee JO, Lee J, Cho JY. Pharmacological potential of ginseng and its major component ginsenosides. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:199-210. [PMID: 33841000 PMCID: PMC8020288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been used as a traditional herb in Asian countries for thousands of years. It contains a large number of active ingredients including steroidal saponins, protopanaxadiols, and protopanaxatriols, collectively known as ginsenosides. In the last few decades, the antioxidative and anticancer effects of ginseng, in addition to its effects on improving immunity, energy and sexuality, and combating cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and neurological diseases, have been studied in both basic and clinical research. Ginseng could be a valuable resource for future drug development; however, further higher quality evidence is required. Moreover, ginseng may have drug interactions although the available evidence suggests it is a relatively safe product. This article reviews the bioactive compounds, global distribution, and therapeutic potential of plants in the genus Panax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Ahmed Ratan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Faisal Haidere
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Oog Lee
- Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Bio-Inspired Aerospace Information Laboratory, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Biomolecule Control and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan, 2066 Seobu-Ro, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Nam SM, Choi SH, Cho HJ, Seo JS, Choi M, Nahm SS, Chang BJ, Nah SY. Ginseng Gintonin Attenuates Lead-Induced Rat Cerebellar Impairments during Gestation and Lactation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030385. [PMID: 32131481 PMCID: PMC7175158 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gintonin, a novel ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, improves brain functions and protects neurons from oxidative stress. However, little is known about the effects of gintonin against Pb-induced brain maldevelopment. We investigated the protective effects of gintonin on the developing cerebellum after prenatal and postnatal Pb exposure. Pregnant female rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, Pb (0.3% Pb acetate in drinking water), and Pb plus gintonin (100 mg/kg, p.o.). Blood Pb was increased in dams and pups; gintonin treatment significantly decreased blood Pb. On postnatal day 21, the number of degenerating Purkinje cells was remarkably increased while the number of calbindin-, GAD67-, NMDAR1-, LPAR1-immunoreactive intact Purkinje cells, and GABA transporter 1-immunoreactive pinceau structures were significantly reduced in Pb-exposed offspring. Following Pb exposure, gintonin ameliorated cerebellar degenerative effects, restored increased pro-apoptotic Bax, and decreased anti-apoptotic Bcl2. Gintonin treatment attenuated Pb-induced accumulation of oxidative stress (Nrf2 and Mn-SOD) and inflammation (IL-1β and TNFα,), restoring the decreased cerebellar BDNF and Sirt1. Gintonin ameliorated Pb-induced impairment of myelin basic protein-immunoreactive myelinated fibers of Purkinje cells. Gintonin attenuated Pb-induced locomotor dysfunctions. The present study revealed the ameliorating effects of gintonin against Pb, suggesting the potential use of gintonin as a preventive agent in Pb poisoning during pregnancy and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Nam
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.M.N.); (J.S.S.); (M.C.); (S.-S.N.); (B.-J.C.)
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (H.-J.C.)
| | - Hee-Jung Cho
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (H.-J.C.)
| | - Jin Seok Seo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.M.N.); (J.S.S.); (M.C.); (S.-S.N.); (B.-J.C.)
| | - Minsuk Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.M.N.); (J.S.S.); (M.C.); (S.-S.N.); (B.-J.C.)
| | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.M.N.); (J.S.S.); (M.C.); (S.-S.N.); (B.-J.C.)
| | - Byung-Joon Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.M.N.); (J.S.S.); (M.C.); (S.-S.N.); (B.-J.C.)
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (H.-J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-4154
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16
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Jung JH, Kang TK, Oh JH, Jeong JU, Ko KP, Kim ST. The Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on Symptoms and Inflammation in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2020; 100:712S-719S. [PMID: 32070136 DOI: 10.1177/0145561320907172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean red ginseng (KRG) has been traditionally used in Korea for health improvement. However, the clinical effect of KRG intake on the symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis remains unknown. Our study was performed to identify the clinical effects of KRG on patients with allergic rhinitis and to examine the effect of KRG on allergic inflammatory reaction. We evaluated 60 patients with allergic rhinitis. All the patients were treated for 4 weeks. The patients were divided into 3 groups, according to the medication. Twenty patients were treated with KRG, 20 patients with the placebo, and 20 patients with the antihistamine. The patients recorded their symptoms in a daily symptom diary card. The patients checked the peak nasal inspiratory flow rate 2 times a day. Total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and serum-specific IgE were measured by ImmunoCap method before and after 4-week medication. The Th2 cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-10 were checked in the serum before and after the 4-week treatment. The eosinophil counts in the nasal smears were checked. Korean red ginseng group has shown the significant improvement in rhinorrhea, nasal itching, and eye itching. Both the antihistamine and KRG groups showed a significant decrease in total IgE level at the end of treatment. The serum IL-4 level and eosinophil counts in the nasal smears were significantly decreased both in the antihistamine and in the KRG groups. In conclusion, KRG might be a useful treatment modality for patients with allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, 65437Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Tae Kyu Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, 65437Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Oh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, 65437Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jin Uk Jeong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, 65437Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kwang Pil Ko
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, 65437Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seon Tae Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, 65437Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
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Mohd Sairazi NS, Sirajudeen KNS. Natural Products and Their Bioactive Compounds: Neuroprotective Potentials against Neurodegenerative Diseases. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:6565396. [PMID: 32148547 PMCID: PMC7042511 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6565396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, natural products, which originate from plants, animals, and fungi, together with their bioactive compounds have been intensively explored and studied for their therapeutic potentials for various diseases such as cardiovascular, diabetes, hypertension, reproductive, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are characterized by the progressive dysfunction and loss of neuronal structure and function that resulted in the neuronal cell death. Since the multifactorial pathological mechanisms are associated with neurodegeneration, targeting multiple mechanisms of actions and neuroprotection approach, which involves preventing cell death and restoring the function to damaged neurons, could be promising strategies for the prevention and therapeutic of neurodegenerative diseases. Natural products have emerged as potential neuroprotective agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. This review focused on the therapeutic potential of natural products and their bioactive compounds to exert a neuroprotective effect on the pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Shafika Mohd Sairazi
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Medical Campus, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - K. N. S. Sirajudeen
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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18
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Ginseng Gintonin Enhances Hyaluronic Acid and Collagen Release from Human Dermal Fibroblasts Through Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor Interaction. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244438. [PMID: 31817172 PMCID: PMC6943507 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gintonin is a newly discovered component of ginseng and acts as a ligand for G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors. It is currently unclear whether gintonin has skin-related effects. Here, we examined the effects of a gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) on [Ca2+]i transient induction in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). We found that GEF treatment transiently induced [Ca2+]i in a dose-dependent manner. GEF also increased cell viability and proliferation, which could be blocked by Ki16425, an LPA1/3 receptor antagonist, or 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester) (BAPTA-AM), a calcium chelator. We further found that GEF stimulated hyaluronic acid (HA) release from HDFs in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which could be attenuated by Ki16425, U73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor, 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), an IP3 receptor antagonist, and BAPTA-AM. Moreover, we found that GEF increased HA synthase 1 (HAS1) expression in a time-dependent manner. We also found that GEF stimulates collagen release and the expression of collagen 1, 3, and 7 synthases in a time-dependent manner. GEF-mediated collagen synthesis could be blocked by Ki16425, U73122, 2-APB, and BAPTA-AM. GEF treatment also increased the mRNA levels of LPA1-6 receptor subtypes at 8 h and increased the protein levels of LPA1-6 receptor subtypes at 8 h. Overall, these results indicate that the GEF-mediated transient induction of [Ca2+]i is coupled to HA and collagen release from HDFs via LPA receptor regulations. We can, thus, conclude that GEF might exert a beneficial effect on human skin physiology via LPA receptors.
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Adam GO, Kim GB, Lee SJ, Lee H, Kang HS, Kim SJ. Red Ginseng Reduces Inflammatory Response via Suppression MAPK/P38 Signaling and p65 Nuclear Proteins Translocation in Rats and Raw 264.7 Macrophage. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:1589-1609. [PMID: 31645122 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) cause systemic inflammatory responses, which are characterized by high mortality and multiple signs, including metabolic disturbances, respiratory acidosis, hypotension, and vital organs disorder. Cytokines secretion and oxidative stress are the main features of the disease. Diagnosis and treatment of systemic inflammation (SI) remain a challenge. Korean Red Ginseng (RG) is one of medicinal herbs that showed a potent anti-oxidant effect. We aimed to study the protective effects of RG on systemic inflammatory response in rats and RAW 264.7 macrophage cells induced by LPS. The rats were treated with water and alcohol extracts of RG for four weeks to prevent the inflammatory response. The result showed that LPS toxin increased morbidity and mortality, and induced liver, kidney, and lung injuries manifested by deteriorated biomarkers. Hypotension, hypomagnesemia, acidosis, and oxidative stress were observed in septic rats. However, RG extracts attenuated liver, kidney, and lung enzymes and metabolites in treated groups via its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Furthermore, RG improved magnesium and blood pressure in the treated groups. RAW 264.7 macrophage cells exposed to LPS disturbance in translocation of p65 and MAPK/p38. Nevertheless, RG-pretreated cells did not significantly alter. In conclusion, RG reduced the rates of mortality and morbidity of treated rats - liver, kidney, and lung injuries were protected in the treated groups through the potentiation of anti-oxidant defense. RG was able to conserve mitochondrial function, inhibiting the activation of MAPK/p38 signaling and suppressing NF-κB p65 cytoplasm-nucleus transport. Further studies are needed to examine the effects on chronic conditions in animal models and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareeballah Osman Adam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box No. 204, Hilat Kuku, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Gi-Beum Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Jin Lee
- Korea Basic Science Institute Jeonju Center, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeryung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea.,Hansarang Animal Clinic, 27 Seongbuk-ro, Seoul 02880, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sub Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Shang-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea
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Lee JI, Park KS, Cho IH. Panax ginseng: a candidate herbal medicine for autoimmune disease. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:342-348. [PMID: 31308804 PMCID: PMC6606836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer (P. ginseng; Korean ginseng) is well known for its medicinal properties. It can alleviate pathological symptoms, promote health, and prevent potential diseases via its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, homeostatic, and other positive effects on biological metabolism. Although many studies have determined effects of P. ginseng on various diseases, such as cardiovascular, neurological, and immunological diseases, little is known about the effect of P. ginseng on autoimmune diseases. Here, we review a few reports about effects of P. ginseng on autoimmune diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, atopic dermatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis) and suggest the possibility of P. ginseng as a candidate herbal medicine to prevent and treat autoimmune diseases as well as the need to study it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Il Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sun Park
- Department of Korean Medicine Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science and Institute of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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