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Xu F, Valappil AK, Mathiyalagan R, Tran TNA, Ramadhania ZM, Awais M, Yang DC. In Vitro Cultivation and Ginsenosides Accumulation in Panax ginseng: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3165. [PMID: 37687411 PMCID: PMC10489967 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of in vitro tissue culture for herbal medicines has been recognized as a valuable source of botanical secondary metabolites. The tissue culture of ginseng species is used in the production of bioactive compounds such as phenolics, polysaccharides, and especially ginsenosides, which are utilized in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. This review paper focuses on the in vitro culture of Panax ginseng and accumulation of ginsenosides. In vitro culture has been applied to study organogenesis and biomass culture, and is involved in direct organogenesis for rooting and shooting from explants and in indirect morphogenesis for somatic embryogenesis via the callus, which is a mass of disorganized cells. Biomass production was conducted with different types of tissue cultures, such as adventitious roots, cell suspension, and hairy roots, and subsequently on a large scale in a bioreactor. This review provides the cumulative knowledge of biotechnological methods to increase the ginsenoside resources of P. ginseng. In addition, ginsenosides are summarized at enhanced levels of activity and content with elicitor treatment, together with perspectives of new breeding tools which can be developed in P. ginseng in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Xu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (F.X.); (T.N.A.T.); (Z.M.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Anjali Kariyarath Valappil
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (A.K.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (A.K.V.); (R.M.)
| | - Thi Ngoc Anh Tran
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (F.X.); (T.N.A.T.); (Z.M.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Zelika Mega Ramadhania
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (F.X.); (T.N.A.T.); (Z.M.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (F.X.); (T.N.A.T.); (Z.M.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (F.X.); (T.N.A.T.); (Z.M.R.); (M.A.)
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (A.K.V.); (R.M.)
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Lee JW, Kim JU, Bang KH, Kwon N, Kim YC, Jo IH, Park YD. Efficient Somatic Embryogenesis, Regeneration and Acclimatization of Panax ginseng Meyer: True-to-Type Conformity of Plantlets as Confirmed by ISSR Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1270. [PMID: 36986958 PMCID: PMC10053578 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer grows in east Russia and Asia. There is a high demand for this crop due to its medicinal properties. However, its low reproductive efficiency has been a hindrance to the crop's widespread use. This study aims to establish an efficient regeneration and acclimatization system for the crop. The type of basal media and strength were evaluated for their effects on somatic embryogenesis, germination, and regeneration. The highest rate of somatic embryogenesis was achieved for the basal media MS, N6, and GD, with the optimal nitrogen content (≥35 mM) and NH4+/NO3- ratio (1:2 or 1:4). The full-strength MS medium was the best one for somatic embryo induction. However, the diluted MS medium had a more positive effect on embryo maturation. Additionally, the basal media affected shooting, rooting, and plantlet formation. The germination medium containing 1/2 MS facilitated good shoot development; however, the medium with 1/2 SH yielded outstanding root development. In vitro-grown roots were successfully transferred to soil, and they exhibited a high survival rate (86.3%). Finally, the ISSR marker analysis demonstrated that the regenerated plants were not different from the control. The obtained results provide valuable information for a more efficient micropropagation of various P. ginseng cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institution of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Uk Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institution of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Hwan Bang
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institution of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayeong Kwon
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institution of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chang Kim
- Research Policy Bureau, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875, Republic of Korea
| | - Ick-Hyun Jo
- Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Doo Park
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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Bardukov NV, Artamonova VS. Principles of Identification of Nucleotide Sequences in ISSR Marker Spectra. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Atanacio-López R, Luna-Rodríguez M, Soto-Contreras A, Rojas-Avelizapa LI, Sánchez-Coello NG, Mora-Collado N, Núñez-Pastrana R. Inorganic Compounds that Aid in Obtaining Somatic Embryos. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2527:203-221. [PMID: 35951193 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2485-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process that allows formation of embryos from somatic cells; this biological process has different stages that first require micropropagation and conditioning of explant, and then induction, multiplication, development, and germination of somatic embryos (SoE), to obtain seedlings that will be acclimatized and grown in a greenhouse to further be cultivated in the field. Inorganic compounds are supplemented by macro- and micronutrients that can conform different culture media, and with other compounds such as a carbon source, vitamins, and plant growth regulators (PGRs), will direct the fate of the plant cells to obtain SoE that will regenerate into plants. The concentration of these inorganic compounds must be optimized, since at very high concentrations they can cause toxicity and at low concentrations they may not induce the desired response. The objective of this chapter is to describe the most significant advances in the use of inorganic elements during the different stages of SE, starting with the description of the most used basal media and later describing the use of the main studied mineral elements during establishment of SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Atanacio-López
- Posgrado en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Luna-Rodríguez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Anell Soto-Contreras
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana, Amatlán de los Reyes, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Luz I Rojas-Avelizapa
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana, Amatlán de los Reyes, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Nadia G Sánchez-Coello
- Posgrado en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Norma Mora-Collado
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana, Amatlán de los Reyes, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Rosalía Núñez-Pastrana
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana, Amatlán de los Reyes, Veracruz, Mexico.
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Modification of ginsenoside saponin composition via the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase gene in Panax ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:505-514. [PMID: 35818421 PMCID: PMC9270645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The roots of Panax ginseng contain two types of tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins, namely, protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type saponins and protopanaxatiol (PPT)-type saponins. In P. ginseng, the protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase (PPT synthase) enzyme catalyses protopanaxatriol (PPT) production from protopanaxadiol (PPD). In this study, we constructed homozygous mutant lines of ginseng by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the PPT synthase gene and obtained the mutant ginseng root lines having complete depletion of the PPT-type ginsenosides. Methods Two sgRNAs (single guide RNAs) were designed for target mutations in the exon sequences of the two PPT synthase genes (both PPTa and PPTg sequences) with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Transgenic ginseng roots were generated through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The mutant lines were screened by ginsenoside analysis and DNA sequencing. Result Ginsenoside analysis revealed the complete depletion of PPT-type ginsenosides in three putative mutant lines (Cr4, Cr7, and Cr14). The reduction of PPT-type ginsenosides in mutant lines led to increased accumulation of PPD-type ginsenosides. The gene editing in the selected mutant lines was confirmed by targeted deep sequencing. Conclusion We have established the genome editing protocol by CRISPR/Cas9 system in P. ginseng and demonstrated the mutated roots producing only PPD-type ginsenosides by depleting PPT-type ginsenosides. Because the pharmacological activity of PPD-group ginsenosides is significantly different from that of PPT-group ginsenosides, the new type of ginseng mutant producing only PPD-group ginsenosides may have new pharmacological characteristics compared to wild-type ginseng. This is the first report to generate target-induced mutations for the modification of saponin biosynthesis in Panax species using CRISPR–Cas9 system.
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Comparative Study of the Genetic and Biochemical Variability of Polyscias filicifolia (Araliaceae) Regenerants Obtained by Indirect and Direct Somatic Embryogenesis as a Source of Triterpenes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115752. [PMID: 34072251 PMCID: PMC8198449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyscias filicifolia (Araliaceae) is broadly used in traditional medicine in Southeast Asia due to its antimicrobial, immunomodulating and cytotoxic activities. The main groups of compounds responsible for pharmacological effects are believed to be oleanolic triterpene saponins. However, Polyscias plants demonstrate relatively slow growth in natural conditions, which led to applying a developing sustainable source of plant material via primary (PSE), secondary (DSE) and direct somatic embryogenesis from DSE (TSE). The AFLP and metAFLP genotyping resulted in 1277 markers, amplified by a total of 24 pairs of selective primers. Only 3.13% of the markers were polymorphic. The analysis of variance showed that the PSE and TSE regenerants differed only in terms of root number, while the DSE plantlets differed for all studied morphological characteristics. Further, the chemical analysis revealed that oleanolic acid (439.72 µg/g DW), ursolic acid (111.85 µg/g DW) and hederagenin (19.07 µg/g DW) were determined in TSE regenerants. Our results indicate that direct somatic embryogenesis ensures the production of homogeneous plant material, which can serve as a potential source of triterpene compounds. Plants obtained via somatic embryogenesis could also be reintroduced into the natural environment to protect and preserve its biodiversity.
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Yang Y, Wang N, Zhao S. Functional characterization of a WRKY family gene involved in somatic embryogenesis in Panax ginseng. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:449-458. [PMID: 31760482 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As a perennial herbaceous species, Panax ginseng is widely cultivated and used as traditional herbal medicine. The root of Panax ginseng commonly remains expensive as conventional breeding of Panax ginseng is difficult. Somatic embryogenesis (S.E.) is a useful tool for plant propagation and optimal model for understanding the mechanisms of plant embryogenesis. In Panax ginseng, increasing studies have been widely performed to optimize the technology of S.E., while the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this paper, we cloned and identified a WRKY family gene named PgWRKY6 which is upregulated in response to 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)-induced embryogenic callus development. The silencing of PgWRKY6 obviously reduces the induction rate of embryogenic callus, indicating its crucial role in S.E. of Panax ginseng hairy root. The expressions of several ROS-scavenging genes are also inducible during embryogenic callus development, and the transcriptions of PgGST, PgAPX1, and PgSOD are demonstrated to be regulated by PgWRKY6. Recombinant PgWRKY6, an approximate 40-KDa protein purified from Escherichia coli, shows a specific DNA-binding activity with a potential recognition site of TTGAC(C/T). This work demonstrated that as a conserved WRKY family transcription factor, PgWRKY6 functions upstream of PgGST, PgAPX1, and PgSOD, and potentially mediated auxins -ROS signaling pathway in the process of S.E. in Panax species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions, Jining Medical University, No. 133 Hehua Street, Jining, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, China
| | - Ni Wang
- Changchun Vocational Institute of Technology, No. 3278 Weixing Street, Changchun, China
| | - Shoujing Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, No. 5988, Renmin Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, China.
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Chen JC, Tong CG, Lin HY, Fang SC. Phalaenopsis LEAFY COTYLEDON1-Induced Somatic Embryonic Structures Are Morphologically Distinct From Protocorm-Like Bodies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1594. [PMID: 31850050 PMCID: PMC6896055 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is commonly used for clonal propagation of a wide variety of plant species. Induction of protocorm-like-bodies (PLBs), which are capable of developing into individual plants, is a routine tissue culture-based practice for micropropagation of orchid plants. Even though PLBs are often regarded as somatic embryos, our recent study provides molecular evidence to argue that PLBs are not derived from somatic embryogenesis. Here, we report and characterize the somatic embryonic tissues induced by Phalaenopsis aphrodite LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (PaLEC1) in Phalaenopsis equestris. We found that PaLEC1-induced somatic tissues are morphologically different from PLBs, supporting our molecular study that PLBs are not of somatic embryonic origin. The embryonic identity of PaLEC1-induced embryonic tissues was confirmed by expression of the embryonic-specific transcription factors FUSCA3 (FUS3) and ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), and seed storage proteins 7S GLOBULIN and OLEOSIN. Moreover, PaLEC1-GFP protein was found to be associated with the Pa7S-1 and PaFUS3 promoters containing the CCAAT element, supporting that PaLEC1 directly regulates embryo-specific processes to activate the somatic embryonic program in P. equestris. Despite diverse embryonic structures, PaLEC1-GFP-induced embryonic structures are pluripotent and capable of generating new shoots. Our study resolves the long-term debate on the developmental identity of PLB and suggests that somatic embryogenesis may be a useful approach to clonally propagate orchid seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhun-Chen Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Gong Tong
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yin Lin
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chiung Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Niazian M. Application of genetics and biotechnology for improving medicinal plants. PLANTA 2019; 249:953-973. [PMID: 30715560 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissue culture has been used for conservation, micropropagation, and in planta overproduction of some pharma molecules of medicinal plants. New biotechnology-based breeding methods such as targeted genome editing methods are able to create custom-designed medicinal plants with different secondary metabolite profiles. For a long time, humans have used medicinal plants for therapeutic purposes and in food and other industries. Classical biotechnology techniques have been exploited in breeding medicinal plants. Now, it is time to apply faster biotechnology-based breeding methods (BBBMs) to these valuable plants. Assessment of the genetic diversity, conservation, proliferation, and overproduction are the main ways by which genetics and biotechnology can help to improve medicinal plants faster. Plant tissue culture (PTC) plays an important role as a platform to apply other BBBMs in medicinal plants. Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation and artificial polyploidy induction are the main BBBMs that are directly dependent on PTC. Manageable regulation of endogens and/or transferred genes via engineered zinc-finger proteins or transcription activator-like effectors can help targeted manipulation of secondary metabolite pathways in medicinal plants. The next-generation sequencing techniques have great potential to study the genetic diversity of medicinal plants through restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) technique and also to identify the genes and enzymes that are involved in the biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolites through precise transcriptome profiling (RNA-seq). The sequence-specific nucleases of transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), zinc-finger nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated (Cas) are the genome editing methods that can produce user-designed medicinal plants. These current targeted genome editing methods are able to manage plant synthetic biology and open new gates to medicinal plants to be introduced into appropriate industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Niazian
- Department of Tissue and Cell Culture, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, 3135933151, Iran.
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